Common Prefixes

Prefix Meaning Examples

a-, an- without, lack of, not amoral, acellular, abyss, achromatic, anhydrous
ante- before, earlier, in front of antecedent, antedate, antemeridian, anterior
anti- against, opposite of anticlimax. antiaircraft, antiseptic, antibody
auto- self, same autopilot, autobiography, automobile, autofocus
circum- around, about circumvent, circumnavigate, circumscribe
co- with, together copilot, coworker, coexist, coauthor
com-, con- together, with companion, commingle, contact, concentrate
contra-, contro- against, opposite contradict, contrast, contrary, controversy
de- down, off, away from devalue, deactivate, debug, degrade, deduce
dis- not, apart, away disappear, disagreeable, disbar, dissect
en- put into, cover with enclose, entangle, enslave, encase
ex- out of, from, former extract, exhale, excavate, ex-president
extra- beyond, outside, more than extracurricular, extramarital, extravagant
hetero- different, other heterosexual, heterodox, heterogeneous
homo-, homeo- same, alike homonym, homophone, homeostasis, homosexual
hyper- over, more, beyond hyperactive, hypersensitive, hypercritical
il-, im-, in-, ir- not, without illegal, immoral, inconsiderate, irresponsible
in- in, into insert, inspection, infiltrate
inter- between, among intersect, interstellar, intervene, interpenetrate
intra-, intro- within, inside intravenous, intragalactic, introvert
macro- large, prominent macroeconomics, macrostructure, macrocosm
micro- very small microscope, microcosm, microbe
mono- one, single, alone monocle, monologue, monogamy, monotony
non- not, without nonentity, nonaggressive, nonessential, nonfiction
omni- all, every omniscient, omnivorous, omniscient, omnidirectional
post- after, behind postmortem, posterior, postscript, postoperative
pre-, pro- before, forward precede, predict, project, prologue
sub- under, lower submarine, subsidiary, substandard
sym-, syn- same time, together symmetry, symposium, synchronize, synapse
trans- across, beyond, through transmit, transaction, translation, transfer
tri- three, every third tricycle, trimester, triangle, triathlon
un- not, lacking, opposite of unfinished, unskilled, ungraceful, unfriendly
uni- one, single unicorn, unicellular, unicycle, unilateral

Prefix
A prefix is a group of letters placed before the root of a word. For example, the word "unhappy" consists of
the prefix "un-" [which means "not"] combined with the root (stem) word "happy"; the word "unhappy"
means "not happy."

A Short List of Prefixes:

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

de- from, down, away reverse, opposite decode, decrease
dis- not, opposite, reverse, away disagree, disappear
ex- out of, away from, lacking, former exhale, explosion
il- not illegal, illogical
im- not, without impossible, improper
in- not, without inaction, invisible
mis- bad, wrong mislead, misplace
 non- not nonfiction, nonsense
pre- before prefix, prehistory
pro- for, forward, before proactive, profess, program
re- again, back react, reappear
un- against, not, opposite undo, unequal, unusual

Suffix
A suffix is a group of letters placed after the root of a word. For example, the word flavorless consists of the
root word "flavor" combined with the suffix "-less" [which means "without"]; the word "flavorless" means
"having no flavor."

A Short List of Suffixes:

SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

-able able to, having the quality of comfortable, portable
-al relating to annual, comical
-er comparative bigger, stronger
-est superlative strongest, tiniest
-ful full of beautiful, grateful
-ible forming an adjective reversible, terrible
-ily forming an adverb eerily, happily, lazily
-ing denoting an action, a material, or a gerund acting, showing
-less without, not affected by friendless, tireless
-ly forming an adjective clearly, hourly
-ness denoting a state or condition kindness, wilderness
-y full of, denoting a condition, or a diminutive glory, messy, victory,
Common Suffixes in English

Noun Suffixes
Suffix Meaning Example
-acy state or quality privacy, fallacy, delicacy
-al act or process of refusal, recital, rebuttal
-ance, -ence state or quality of maintenance, eminence, assurance
-dom place or state of being freedom, kingdom, boredom
-er, -or one who trainer, protector, narrator
-ism doctrine, belief communism, narcissism, scepticism
-ist one who chemist, narcissist, plagiarist
-ity, -ty quality of inactivity, veracity, parity, serenity
-ment condition of argument, endorsement, punishment
-ness state of being heaviness, sadness, rudeness, testiness
-ship position held fellowship, ownership, kinship, internship
-sion, -tion state of being concession, transition, abbreviation

Verb Suffixes
-ate become regulate, eradicate, enunciate, repudiate
-en become enlighten, awaken, strengthen
-ify, -fy make or become terrify, satisfy, rectify, exemplify
-ize, -ise* become civilize, humanize, socialize, valorize

Adjective Suffixes
-able, -ible capable of being edible, presentable, abominable, credible
-al pertaining to regional, grammatical, emotional, coastal
-esque reminiscent of picturesque, statuesque, burlesque
-ful notable for fanciful, resentful, woeful, doubtful
-ic, -ical pertaining to musical, mythic, domestic, chiastic
-ious, -ous characterized by nutritious, portentous, studious
-ish having the quality of fiendish, childish, snobbish
-ive having the nature of creative, punitive, divisive, decisive
-less without endless, ageless, lawless, effortless
-y characterized by sleazy, hasty, greasy, nerdy, smelly
Common Latin and Greek roots
Common Latin Roots
Latin Root Definition Examples
ambi both ambiguous, ambidextrous
aqua water aquarium, aquamarine
aud to hear audience, audition
bene good benefactor, benevolent
cent one hundred century, percent
circum around circumference, circumstance
contra/counter against contradict, encounter
dict to say dictation, dictator
duc/duct to lead conduct, induce
fac to do; to make factory, manufacture
form shape conform, reform
fort strength fortitude, fortress
fract to break fracture, fraction
ject throw projection, rejection
jud judge judicial, prejudice
mal bad malevolent, malefactor
mater mother material, maternity
mit to send transmit, admit
mort death mortal, mortician
multi many multimedia, multiple
pater father paternal, paternity
port to carry portable, transportation
rupt to break bankrupt, disruption
scrib/scribe to write inscription, prescribe
sect/sec to cut bisect, section
sent to feel; to send consent, resent
spect to look inspection, spectator
struct to build destruction, restructure
vid/vis to see video, televise
voc voice; to call vocalize, advocate

Common Greek Roots

Greek Root Definition Examples
anthropo man; human; humanity anthropologist, philanthropy
auto self autobiography, automobile
bio life biology, biography
chron time chronological, chronic
dyna power dynamic, dynamite
dys bad; hard; unlucky dysfunctional, dyslexic
gram thing written epigram, telegram
graph writing graphic, phonograph
hetero different heteronym, heterogeneous
homo same homonym, homogenous
hydr water hydration, dehydrate
hypo below; beneath hypothermia, hypothetical
logy study of biology, psychology
meter/metr measure thermometer, perimeter
micro small microbe, microscope
mis/miso hate misanthrope, misogyny
mono one monologue, monotonous
morph form; shape morphology, morphing
nym name antonym, synonym
phil love philanthropist, philosophy
phobia fear claustrophobia, phobic
phon sound phone, symphony
photo/phos light photograph, phosphorous
pseudo false pseudonym, pseudoscience
psycho soul; spirit psychology, psychic
scope viewing instrument microscope, telescope
techno art; science; skill technique, technological
tele far off television, telephone
therm heat thermal, thermometer

Examples of Affix
Here are some examples of affixes:

incapable - The affix is the prefix in-

ex-President - The affix is the prefix ex-
laughing - The affix is the suffix ing-

Affix Phonetic Pronunciation Affix Phonetic Pronunciation

a afraid ive captive
able drinkable less restless
age package ly friendly
al animal ment shipment
be behold mid midterm
bi bicycle ness goodness
com commit ous monstrous
con confess out outlast
de deport post postseason
dis dismiss pre pretend
er hotter pro provide
est saddest re resell
ex expand semi semicircle
ful helpful ship friendship
im imperfect teen fifteen
in inside un unhappy
ing dusting uni uniform
ion action ward seaward
ish punish y muddy
Exercise
Put the words in brackets in the appropriate form - use a prefixes or a suffixes:

 He was acting in a very ________way. (child)

 He wants to be a ________ when he grows up. (mathematics)
 He passed his exam. He was ________ for the second time. (succeed)
 She looked ________ .She started to cry. (happy)
 I couldn't find any ________ in his theory. (weak)
 The road was too narrow, so they had to ________ it. (wide)
 There were only a ________ of people at the match. (hand)
 The team that he supported were able to win the ________ . (champion)
 He was sitting _____ in his seat on the train. (comfort)
 She had no ____ of going to see him. (intend)
 This word is very difficult to spell, and even worse, it's _____. (pronounce)
 The party was _______ , everything went wrong. (disaster)
 I try not to go to the supermarket at 5pm because it's ______. (practice)
 I arrived late for work because I had _____ . (sleep)
 He was ______ . He wouldn't change his mind. (compromise)
 You need a _______ of motivation, organization and hard work to realize your dreams.(combine)
 I think that you should _______ your decision. It may not be the best thing to do. (consider)

Match the words in the B column to the general meaning in A

Answer A = General Meaning B = Words

__________ again or back unpopular, unkind, unlucky, unhappy
__________ badly or wrongly delete, deforestation, decongest, decentralize
__________ Not (opposite of something) repeat, resend,reply, remember, restart, reboot
__________ far television,telephone, telecommunication, telescope
__________ before biannual, biweekly, bimonthly
__________ remove or take away preview, prefix, predict, preparation, prehistoric
__________ eight submarine, subway, subdue, subordinates, subtract
__________ Many or more than two multiply, multicolored, multiple, multilingual
__________ twice octopus, October, octave, octogenarian
__________ under or Low mistake, misread, misunderstand, misbehave, miscalculate
__________ one, whole, same unify, uniform

List of Affixes
An affix that comes at the beginning of a word is called a prefix. Each of these prefixes gives the reader a
hint about the word's meaning. Recognize many prefixes from the list below:

o an- (to be without)

o anti- (against)
o bi- (two)
o contra- (against)
o dis- (not)
o ex- (without; not including)
o homo- (the same)
o inter- (between)
o micro- (small)
o pre- (before)
o tetra- (four)
o tri- (three)
o un- (not)
o uni- (one)
A suffix is series of letters added at the end of a word. The list below includes common suffixes that
happens on a daily basis:

o -able (able to do)

o -acy (quality)
o -er (someone who does something)
o -esque (similar to)
o -ish (having a similar quality)
o -ism (a belief)
o -ist (someone who does something)
o -less (without)
o
 Examples of Affixes
 Mentioned below are the example of Affixes:

a-, an- atypical, antecedent

co- co-pilot
com-, con- companion, contract
de- devalue
dis- disappear
en- enclose
ex- ex-minister
-ion, -tion attraction, attrition
il-, im-, in-, ir- illegal, impractical, inconsiderate, irresponsible
non- nonstarter
pre-, pro- precede, project
un- unfinished
-able comfortable
-ed danced
-en, -er, -est golden, worker, nicest
-ful careful
-ing singing, learning
-less, -ly fearless, nicely
-ous, -eous, -ious erroneous, joyous,
-s, -es tables, foxes
-y happy, jumpy

KEEP YOUR HUSBAND

.
EVERY WOMAN SHOULD READ THESE 30 RULES FOR GODLY WOMEN-----------

1). Never raise your voice for any reason to your husband. Its a sign of disrespect.(Prov 15v1)
2). Don't expose your husband's weaknesses toyour family and friends. It will bounce back at you.You are each other's keeper.(Eph 5v12)

3). Never use attitudes and moods to communicate to your husband, you never know how your husband will interpret them. Defensive women
don't have a happy home.(Prov 15v13)

4). Never compare your husband to other men, you've no idea what their life is all about. If you attack his Ego, his Love for you will diminish.

5). Never ill treat your husband's friends because you don't like them, the person who's supposed to get rid of them is your husband.(Prov 11v22)

6). Never forget that your husband married you, not your maid or anyone else. Do your duties.(Gen 2v24)

7). Never assign anyone to give attention to your husband, people may do everything else but your husband is your own responsibility.(Eph
5v33)

8). Never blame your husband if he comes back home empty handed. Rather encourage him.(Deut 3v28)

9). Never be a wasteful wife, your husband's sweat is too precious to be wasted.

10). Never pretend to be sick for the purpose of denying your husband sex. You must give it to him how he wants it. Sex is very important to
Men, if you keep denying him, it is a matter of time before another woman takes over theat duty. No man can withstand sex starvation for too
long(even the anointed ones) (SS 7v12)

11). Never compare your husband to your one time sex mate in bedroom, or an Ex-lover. Your home may Never recover from it if you do.(SS
5v9)

12). Never answer for your husband in public opinion polls, let him handle what is directed to him although he may answer for you in public
opinion polls.(Prov 31v23)

13). Never shout or challenge your husband in front of children. Wise Women don't do that.(Eph 4v31)

14). Don't forget to check the smartness of your husband before he checks out.(Prov 12v4)

15). Never allow your friends to be too close to your husband.

16). Never be in a hurry in the bathroom and on the dressing table. Out there your husband is always surrounded by women who took their time
on their looks.( 1 Sam25v3)

17). Your parents or family or friends do not have the final say in your marriage. Don't waste your time looking up to them for a final word. You
must Leave if you want to Cleave.(Luke 21v16)

18). Never base your love on monetary things. Will you still submit to him even if you earn more money than him?

19). Don't forget that husbands want attention and good listeners, never be too busy for him. Good communication is the bed rock of every happy
home. (Gal 6v9)

20). If your idea worked better than his, never compare yourself to him. Its always teamwork.(Gal 6v10)

21). Don't be too judgemental to your husband. No man wants a Nagging wife.(Eph 4v29)

22). A lazy wife is a careless wife. She doesn't even know that her body needs a bath.(Prov 24v27)(Prov 20v13)

23). Does your husband like a kind of cooked food?, try to change your cooking. No man jokes with food. (Prov 31v14)

24). Never be too demanding to your husband,enjoy every moment, resource as it comes.(Luke 11v3)

25). Make a glass of water the very first welcome to your husband and everyone entering your home. Sweetness of attitude is true beauty. (Prov
31v11)

26). Don't associate with women who have a wrong mental attitude about marriage.(Prov 22v14)

27). Your marriage is as valuable to you as the value that you give it. Recklessness is unacceptable.(Heb 13v4)

28). Fruit of the womb is a blessing from the Lord, love your children and teach them well.(Prov 22v6)

29). You are never too old to influence your home. Never reduce your care for your family for any reason. (Prov 31v28)

30). A prayerful wife is a better equipped wife, pray always for your husband and family(1 Thess 5v17)
Have a lovely day..... God bless u all
PIn case plasma layer does not work regularly it allows abnormal development of substance all through the cell.

Lets take for instance the development of water of plasma film allows water to get in into the cell more than what
is required it may cause the blasting of the cell or on the off chance that it allows water from the cell to get out
and leaves the main solute inside this will cause contracting of the cell wherein the two conditions are abnormal

Cell wall acts as an exoskeleton and its provides mechanical support and also balances intracellular osmotic pressure.

There are several chloroplasts in the plant cell because plants require a lot of energy. Just one chloroplast would not
be able to handle this demand on its own.

A chloroplast is an organelle not found in animals cells that can carry out the process of photosynthesis. However, a
plant needs a lot of energy to grow and develop from this process. Since life does not increase the size of the
chloroplasts to accommodate for this, it increases the number of the organelles. In this way, the multiple chloroplasts
allow for the needed energy to be fulfilled.

Well vacuoles are the plant cells storage space. They put nutrients and water there but they can also put a lot of
toxins there.

Most toxins that a plant has are used against animals. But many toxins that are harmful to animals can be harmful for
plants as well . We (plants and animals) still share a lot of biochemistry and thus having a lot of toxins in your tissue
can also disrupt processes in the plant itself. But this makes vacuoles an ideal place to store toxins. There are not
many important biochemical processes going on in the vacuoles so there the toxins don’t disrupt the plants
biochemical machinery.

So once a pesky herbivore comes around and chews on the leaves thevacuoles rupture and the toxins are released
and become toxic to the animal.

In some plants it is even more ingenious: A plant can have 2 chemicals that when put together they form a toxin, but
on their own are not that harmfull. But these chemicals are stored in different cell organs or different tissues, so only
when a leave is chewed the two precursors can react and form a dangarous toxin.

Traditional defined benefit pensions have four major characteristics as a matter of plan design. First, they provide
income on a deferred basis at retirement and not before then. Second, they provide such retirement income as
periodic, annuity-type payments, rather than as single lump sums. Third, they are funded collectively, the employer's
contributions being pooled in a common trust fund from which all participants receive their benefits. Finally, the
defined benefit format places on the employer (rather than the employee) the obligation to fund the benefit
promised to the participating employee. In all four respects, the prototypical defined contribution retirement plan,
exemplified by 401(k) arrangements, is today different. The contemporary defined contribution arrangement
distributes to an employee when he leaves employment, even if the employee is well short of retirement age.
Typically, the distribution takes the form of a single, lump sum payout of the employee's individual account balance.

They are alike in that;

-Both stern and years sounds alike so these words are rhymes. Rhymes are the words that correspond and sound
almost the same when they are spoken.

-They differ in meaning such that; Stern means very serious in discipline or assertion of authority and yearns mean
a strong feeling of need and longing of something more particularly for something one has lost.

A mushroom is a type of fungus and belongs to the Fungi Kingdom. A mushroom uses energy, reproduces,
grows/develops, and is composed of cells. All living things are characterized by the previous.
When someone makes an assertion, the distinction between "how did you know" and "how do you know" seems to
be that "how did you know" implies that the person in question is correct in their assertion. "How do you know" is
normally an inquiry into the person's credentials, and often expresses that the assertion is incorrect and/or
ungrounded.

using your eyes, then conveying precisely what you see, my contention is that your writing will become fresher,
customised to the task in hand.

The function of the eyepiece is to allow us to observe the specimenin a microscope. It multiplies and adjusts the
magnification of theobjective lenses. Sometimes, it even corrects aberrations of theobjective lens.

this would be called the sub-stage illuminator reflector, it reflects light up into the microscope objective through the
(transmissive) sample, from a light bulb in the base, or an external lamp

A light microscope is useful for examining pond life, such asinfusoria and other small animals and plants. It is best
used forspecimens which light can pass through. . +++ They are used for all manner of purposes in all manner of
technicalfields. Opaque objects can be viewed by illuminating.
Young people should, beyond any doubt, respect the elderly, but, on the other hand,
they should not blindly rely on their ‘old’ and rather obsolete wisdom.
should seek to become independent individuals. Armed with the logical capability to
recognise what’s right and wrong without blindly following others because of their
age. It’s like following people because of the color of their eyes!