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Copy: https://emedicine.medscape.com/pediatrics_cardiac
Contents
CARDIOLOGY
Acquired Mitral Stenosis
Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery
Aortopulmonary Septal Defect
Atrioventricular Node Reentry Supraventricular Tachycardia
Bicuspid Aortic Valve
Coarctation of the Aorta
Commotio Cordis
Congenital Mitral Stenosis
Coronary Artery Anomalies
Coronary Artery Fistula
Coronary Sinus Atrial Septal Defects
Double Aortic Arch
Double Orifice Mitral Valve
Double Outlet Right Ventricle With Normally Related Great Arteries
Double Outlet Right Ventricle With Transposition
Double-Chambered Right Ventricle
Endocardial Fibroelastosis
Heterotaxy Syndrome and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
High Altitude Pulmonary Hypertension
Infundibular Pulmonary Stenosis
Interrupted Aortic Arch
Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia
Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect
Myocardial Infarction in Childhood
Ostium Primum Atrial Septal Defects
Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defects
Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Pediatric Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pediatric Atrial Ectopic Tachycardia
Pediatric Atrial Flutter
Pediatric Atrial Septal Defects
Pediatric Bacterial Endocarditis
Pediatric Cardiac Tumors
Pediatric Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defects
Pediatric Congenital Atrioventricular Block
Pediatric Congestive Heart Failure
Pediatric Cor Triatriatum
Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Pediatric Ebstein Anomaly
Pediatric Fungal Endocarditis
Pediatric Holt-Oram Syndrome
Pediatric Hypertension
Pediatric Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Pediatric Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Pediatric Idiopathic Pulmonary Artery Hypertension
Pediatric Infective Pericarditis
Pediatric Left Bundle Branch Block
Pediatric Lipid Disorders in Clinical Practice
Pediatric Long QT Syndrome
Pediatric Malignant Pericardial Effusion
Pediatric Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Pediatric Mitral Valve Prolapse
Pediatric Nonviral Myocarditis
Pediatric Partial and Intermediate Atrioventricular Septal Defects
Pediatric Patent Foramen Ovale Atrial Septal Defects
Pediatric Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Pediatric Rheumatic Heart Disease
Pediatric Right Bundle Branch Block
Pediatric Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block
Pediatric Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm
Pediatric Subvalvar Aortic Stenosis
Pediatric Supravalvar Aortic Stenosis
Pediatric Third-Degree Acquired Atrioventricular Block
Pediatric Tricuspid Atresia
Pediatric Unbalanced Atrioventricular Septal Defects
Pediatric Valvar Aortic Stenosis
Pediatric Ventricular Fibrillation
Pediatric Ventricular Tachycardia
Pediatric Viral Myocarditis
Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect
Persistent Newborn Pulmonary Hypertension
Postpericardiotomy Syndrome
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistulae
Pulmonary Artery Sling
Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Ventricular Septum
Right Aortic Arch in Vascular Ring Defects
Single Ventricle
Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defects
Supracristal Ventricular Septal Defect
Supravalvular Ring Mitral Stenosis
Tetralogy of Fallot With Absent Pulmonary Valve
Tetralogy of Fallot With Pulmonary Atresia
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
Transposition of the Great Arteries
Truncus Arteriosus
Valvar Pulmonary Stenosis
Velocardiofacial Syndrome
Ventricular Inversion
Ventricular Septal Defects
Williams Syndrome
CARDIOTHORACIC SURGERY
Aortopulmonary Window Surgery
Atrioventricular Septal Defect Surgery
Chest Wall Deformities
Circulatory Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Bypass Hypothermia
Congenital Lung Malformations
Cor Triatriatum Surgery in the Pediatric Patient
Double Outlet Right Ventricle Surgery
Ebstein Malformation Surgery
Heart Anatomy
Neurologic/Myocardial Protection During Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Pediatric Surgery for Unroofed Coronary Sinus
Pediatric Thoracic Trauma
Pulmonary Artery Banding
Pulmonary Atresia With Ventricular Septal Defect
Surgical Approach to Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery
Surgical Approach to Coarctation of the Aorta and Interrupted Aortic Arch
Surgical Approach to Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries
Surgical Approach to Partial and Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
Surgical Treatment of Infections of the Lung, Pleura, and Mediastinum
Surgical Treatment of Pediatric Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Systemic to Pulmonary Artery Shunting for Palliation
Tetralogy of Fallot With Pulmonary Stenosis
The Fontan Procedure for Pediatric Tricuspid Atresia
The Ross Procedure for Treatment of Pediatric Aortic Valve Disease
Vascular Ring and Sling Surgery
Ventricular Septal Defect Surgery in the Pediatric Patient
CRITICAL CARE
Dehydration
Intraosseous Cannulation
Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Pediatric Head Trauma
Pediatric Hepatorenal Syndrome
Pediatric Hyperkalemia
Pediatric Hypernatremia
Pediatric Hypokalemia
Pediatric Hyponatremia
Pediatric Metabolic Acidosis
Pediatric Metabolic Alkalosis
Pediatric Respiratory Acidosis
Pediatric Respiratory Alkalosis
Pediatric Respiratory Failure
Pediatric Status Epilepticus
Pulmonary Infarction
Shock in Pediatrics
Traumatic Brain Injury in Children
Treatment of Sepsis and Septic Shock in Children
NEONATOLOGY
Anemia of Prematurity
Apnea of Prematurity
Benign Neonatal Sleep Myoclonus
Birth Trauma
Bowel Obstruction in the Newborn
Breast Milk Jaundice
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Chorioamnionitis
Congenital Pneumonia
Counseling the Breastfeeding Mother
Ethical Issues in Neonatal Care
Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Nutrition Management of the Newborn
Follow-up of the NICU Patient
Fungal Infections in Preterm Infants
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn
Human Milk and Lactation
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Infant of Diabetic Mother
Kernicterus
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
Multiple Births
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Neonatal Hypertension
Neonatal Jaundice
Neonatal Sepsis
Neural Tube Defects in the Neonatal Period
Omphalitis
Pediatric Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Pediatric Hydrops Fetalis
Pediatric Omphalocele and Gastroschisis
Pediatric Periventricular Leukomalacia
Perinatal Drug Abuse and Neonatal Drug Withdrawal
Perioperative Pain Management in Newborns
Periventricular Hemorrhage-Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Polycythemia of the Newborn
Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios
Prematurity
Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Shock and Hypotension in the Newborn
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
Transport of the Critically Ill Newborn
TOXICOLOGY
Ackee Fruit Toxicity
Amatoxin Toxicity
Castor Bean and Jequirity Bean Poisoning
Cough, Cold, and Allergy Preparation Toxicity
Histamine Toxicity from Fish
Hydrocarbons Toxicity
LSD Toxicity
Oral Hypoglycemic Agent Toxicity
PCP Toxicity
Pediatric Carbamazepine Toxicity
Pediatric Carbon Monoxide Toxicity
Pediatric Ethanol Toxicity
Pediatric Iron Toxicity
Pediatric Lead Toxicity
Pediatric Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Toxicity
Pediatric Organophosphates Toxicity
Pediatric Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Toxicity
Pediatric Single-Dose Fatal Ingestions
Pediatric Theophylline Toxicity
Plant Poisoning, Caladium, Dieffenbachia, and Philodendron
Salicylate Toxicity
Seafood Toxicity
Tricyclic Antidepressant Toxicity in Pediatrics
Acquired Mitral Stenosis
Progressive disease
Rheumatic heart disease primarily affects the mitral valve; mitral regurgitation (MR), or
mitral valve regurgitation hemodynamic consequence.
Lesions of the mitral valve begin as deposits of fibrin and RBCs that form small
verrucae along the borders of the mitral valve leaflets.
When the inflammation subsides, the verrucae are replaced by fibrous tissue.
Over at least several years, the individual may then develop fibrosis of the mitral ring;
contracture of the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles; and
commisural adhesions that result in valve stenosis.
Pathophysiology