Synchronous Machines (1) : ECE 330 Power Circuits and Electromechanics

ECE 330
POWER CIRCUITS AND ELECTROMECHANICS
LECTURE 21
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES (1)
Acknowledgment-These handouts and lecture notes given in class are based on material from Prof. Peter
Sauer’s ECE 330 lecture notes. Some slides are taken from Ali Bazi’s presentations
Disclaimer- These handouts only provide highlights and should not be used to replace the course textbook.
11/26/2017
Copyright © 2017 Hassan Sowidan
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
• The main element in terms of generation of power.

• Range all the way from a few MVA to 1100 MVA.
• Can be operated as either a generator or motor.
• The large majority of applications are as generators.
• The three-phase generators have an AC winding on
the stator with a wye-connection.
• The rotor is excited by a DC field winding
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• It is connected to the prime movers, such as steam or
hydro-turbine.
• As motors, synchronous machines are less used
except at low power levels such as permanent
magnet synchronous motors (PMSM).
• In certain cases, synchronous machines at a high
rating are operated to act as power factor correcting
devices.
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• We will discuss the fundamental concepts of
deriving torque expressions and only the sinusoidal
steady-state operation using the equivalent circuit.
• For a proper understanding of a three-phase
machine, we will motivate it via the single- and two-
phase machines.
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Source: emadrlc.blogspot.com
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Source: pelectric.blogsky.com
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SALIENT POLE
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ROUND ROTOR
• Source: en.partzsch.de
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SINGLE-PHASE ROTATING MACHINE
The fundamental component of mutual inductance

N s N r L0 1  2 /   will be M cos .
In practical machines, the number of turns are
so positioned on stator and rotor that the higher
harmonics are minimized and the mutual inductance is
largely due to this fundamental component.
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The winding, instead of being concentrated, is

distributed.
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• We have already seen flux linkage derivation of

single-phase machines:
 2 
s  N L0is  N s N r L0 1 
2
 ir  Ls is  Lsr ( )ir
s
  
 2 
r  N r L0ir  N s N r L0 1 
2
 is  Lr ir  Lrs ( )is
  
Lsr ( )  Lrs ( )  M cos( )
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• The co-energy and torque are:
is ir
W m '   s (i , 0,  ) d i   r (i s , i ,  ) d i
s
'
s
' '
r
'
r
0 0
1 1
 L s i s  L r i r2  Lsr ( )i s i r
2
2 2
W m ' L sr ( )
T 
e
 i s i r  i s i r M sin( )
 
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• The electrical differential equations are:
d s
vs  is Rs 
dt
d r
vr  ir Rr 
dt
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• The mechanical differential equation is:

d 2 d
J 2  K  B  T e  Tm
dt dt
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Under sinusoidal excitation, the power becomes:
i s  I s cos(s t )
i r  I r cos(s t )
d
Pm  T  T e m  m I s I r M cos(s t ) cos(r t )sin( )
e
dt
  m t   ( is some arbitary const .)
 Pm  m I s I r M cos(s t ) cos(r t )sin(m t   )
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• Power can also be expressed as:
sin (1 t   )  sin (2 t   ) 

Pm  m I s I r M   4
  sin (3 t   )  sin (4 t   ) 
where:
1  m  s  r , 2  m  s  r
3  m  s  r , 4  m  s  r
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Since a sinusoidal function can have no average value
Pm can have an average value only if i = 0 for
i = 1, 2, 3 , or 4, i.e., m = s  r
• If 2  0 , m  s  r
m I s I r M sin( )
 Pm (av ) 
4
A necessary condition for average power is that one of

the i ’s is zero, and a sufficient condition is that sin   0
11/26/2017
. Copyright © 2017 Hassan Sowidan
17
TWO-PHASE ROTATING MACHINE
There is average power when there is pulsating torque

due to other i’ s.
To eliminate this, we can have a two-phase machine.
In the two-phase machine, there is an additional
winding on both the stator and the rotor. The two-
phase machine creates a rotating magnetic field.
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• We look at the stator magnetic field of one- and two-
phase machines.
H Nsis/(2g) ψ H
Ns, is
-2π -π 0 π 2π ψ
-Nsis/(2g) N s is
H sin( )
2g
• With sinusoidal excitation, no rotating field as it is
• always maximum at ψ = 90o: H  N s I s sin( ) cos(s t )
2g
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• Two-phase machine: Rotating magnetic field!
Ha Nsias/(2g)
Ns, ias
3π -π 0 π 3π ψ ψ Ha,Hb
2 2 2 2
-Nsias/(2g) Ns, ibs
Hb Nsibs/(2g)
-2π -π 0 π 2π ψ
-Nsibs/(2g)
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H s  H as  H bs
N s i as N s i bs
Hs  cos ( )  sin ( )
2g 2g
Assume : i as  I s cos s t , i bs  I s sin s t
N sIs
H  cos( ) cos(s t )  sin( ) sin(s t )
2g
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N sIs
H  cos(s t  )
2g
Revolving magnetic field
at t  0, peak is at   0
t  t , peak is at   s t
Revolves continue clockwise
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Synchronous Machines (1) : ECE 330 Power Circuits and Electromechanics

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ECE 330

POWER CIRCUITS AND ELECTROMECHANICS

• The main element in terms of generation of power.

The fundamental component of mutual inductance

The winding, instead of being concentrated, is

• We have already seen flux linkage derivation of

• The mechanical differential equation is:

Under sinusoidal excitation, the power becomes:

• Power can also be expressed as:

sin (1 t   )  sin (2 t   ) 

A necessary condition for average power is that one of

There is average power when there is pulsating torque

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