Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
net/publication/237269400
CITATIONS READS
0 52
1 author:
Cristian Marunteanu
University of Bucharest
19 PUBLICATIONS 15 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Elaborarea si implementarea de tehnologii inovative pentru monitorizarea hazardului natural si antropic privind deplasarile de teren
– MONISENZ. 2014-2017. Contract 83/2014. PN II. Competitia nationala 2013 View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Cristian Marunteanu on 11 November 2014.
CRISTIAN MARUNTEANU
University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, 6 Traian Vuia St.,
Bucharest, Romania
Mechanical properties of the rocks vary from brittle sandstone to plastic marly-shale.
The proportion of shale in the roof strata ranges from 25 to 56% of the total volume.
Although the thickness and the continuity of the shale beds are variable, physical tests
and granulometric analysis of the marly-shale rocks show uniform properties
(Table 1). Their compressive strength are rather weak and isotropic (Table 2),
however higher than the strength of the coal (Table 3).
Swelling of shales can cause the heaving of the floor with 25-50 cm in mining
works. In laboratory investigations, uniaxial swelling of clay-shale rocks could swell
1-5% for coaly shales and over 24% for grey shales within 24 h.
The sandstones are often sandy or even silty, clay and carbonate cemented. Their
weak cohesion and strength are responsible of their breaking up into small pieces.
These properties of the rocks determine subsidence by collapse of the immediate
roof, followed by slow settlement, without fracturing the roof strata to the surface.
The clayey rocks will deform as plastic material while the sandstones will suffer small
displacements accompanied by joint closing and opening in areas affected by
compression and extension, respectively. Superficial deposits, sometimes 20 m thick,
reduce also the influence of subsidence on the ground surface, amortising the
displacement and limiting fracture propagation.
Tectonic factors
Monoclinal geological structure and lack of faults (see Fig. 1) prevent severe
334 Christian Marunteanu
Location Specific weight ys Unit wei:ght 7Moisture w Porosity n Pore index Saturation
(kN m"3) (kN m"3) (%) (%) e degree Sr
Seam 1 floor 27.19 25.07 7.4 15.0 0.18 0.88
roof 26.45 23.95 6.6 15.6 0.18 0.91
Seam 2 floor 25.57 21.60 8.2 21.7 0.27 0.76
roof 27.02 23.74 6.2 17.5 0.21 0.80
differential subsidence being induced at the surface in the zone of influence of the
fault.
Hydrogeological factors
The presence of two aquifers in the roof strata of the coal seams requires preliminary
underground dewatering below a protective layer.
Seam thickness
L E GEN
I I river bed
Holocene C D PhtS
meadow terraces
rnghu
PleistoceneQ qp2-3tJ3middle
r=T terrace
Sarmatian III Mi N1sm
Oligocène ES2 Pg3
Seam inclination
For inclined seams, the surface subsidence trough is displaced towards the less deep
edge of the opening (Bomboe & Marunteanu, 1993), maximum subsidence increasing
with the seam inclination. The isobath map at the bed level of the two seams (Fig. 3)
shows a monoclinal structure constant along the direction. The seams inclination vary
from 20-30° in the deeper part to 30-35° in the upper edge of the structure.
The width and depth of the underground opening determine together both the
amplitude of the subsidence and the "critical area" or "area of influence". For a given
point P on the surface the lines inclined with angles equal to the angles of limit of
subsidence up dip and down dip drawn from P intersect the coal seam at points A and
B (Fig. 4). The length AB is called the critical width. In relation to the critical area,
a given working will be subcritical or supercritical. The maximum possible subsidence
is only achieved when the width of working is either critical or greater than critical.
On the map of the ratio width/depth built in the studied coalfield (Fig. 5) and
336 Christian Marunteanu
considering descending mining, the critical area is a bend varying from 50-75 m wide
in the northern part to 250 m wide in the southern part. This bend is limited to the
east by the natural limit of the coal seam and to the west by the calculated limit of the
critical area. Knowing also that the maximum possible subsidence corresponds to a
ratio of width to depth greater than 1.4 independent of the type of support used
(Orchard, 1964 and others), the subsidence will be maximum in the supercritical area
with values of width/depth ratio greater than 1.4 (Fig. 5).
Type of support
Under the conditions of the Comanesti coalfield, the only efficient extraction method
is the longwall method with caving of the roof, the maximum possible subsidence
attaining in this case 80-90% of the cumulative seam thickness.
Limit of influence
The angle of limit of subsidence is the angle between the horizontal to the edge of the
A geotechnical model of mining subsidence, Comanesti coalfield 337
opening and a line connecting the edge of the opening and a point at the surface where
subsidence diminishes to zero. The surface directly above excavated openings subsides
in a trough, the limit of which is defined by the angles of limit of subsidence up dip
(7), down dip ((3) and along the strike (<5). Angles of limit of subsidence or angles of
influence ranges from 45° to 90° depending on coalfield and local factors. Table 4
shows some cited angles of limit of subsidence in different countries.
The angles of influence in the Comanesti coalfield were defined by Mining Board
Instructions as a function of mechanical properties (ac = 60-200 daN cm"2) seam
thickness (0.4-4.0 m) and seam inclination (10-70°) (Table 5). In the coarse superficial
deposits the considered angle of influence is 40°. The angles of influence are shown
in the geological sections (Fig. 6) and the limits of the subsidence trough at different
levels of extraction are drawn on the isobath map (Fig. 3).
A geotechnical model of mining subsidence, Comanesti coalfield 339
down dip j3 70 68 63 58 56 52 49 45 42
up dip 7 73*
along the strike 8 75*
LEGEND
Quaternary k'V.-'ll
Sarmatian | 1 M s m Coal seam
Oligocène I I Pg3
5 - 5
Eocene j | Pg2
- Geological limit
Transgression limit
• Quaternary formation limit
Fault
Influence lines
Fig. 6 Geological sections and the influence lines for different extraction levels.
340 Christian Marunteanu
Ground tilt The tilt or slope of a subsidence profile is found by dividing the
difference in subsidence (or in level) by the distance between two points:
SURFACE DAMAGE
(3)
M= (me)2 W.U (mm)
R
where:
/ = length of the structure,
hc = height of the structure,
me mk = coefficients in relation to the length of the structure (see Table 7),
e = surface strain,
R = curvature radius of the surface.
Most of buildings in the village of Plopu are one floor buildings with maximum
length of 12 m and maximum height of 6 m, or two floor buildings with maximum
length of 20 m and maximum height of 10 m, calculated damage coefficients of which
342 Christian Marunteanu
Table 8 Classification of the possible damage in the Vermesti area (extract only).
are 36 mm and 52 mm, respectively. Strain (e) and radius of curvature (R) considered
were 3 x 10"3 mm m"1 and 12 km, respectively, corresponding to a category IV
subsidence trough.
Classification of damage categories is based on the relationship of damage to
coefficient of building damage and category of building. According to this
classification, partially presented in Table 8, the possible damage to the buildings in
the subsidence area are classified in category I.
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Bomboe, P. & Marunteanu, C. (1993) Mining subsidence forecasting by structural and geomechanical analysis. Bull. Int.
Assoc. Engng Geol. 47, 71-77.
Fota, D. (1981) The influence of the underground works on the stability of surface structures (in Romanian). In:
Engineering Geology (ed. by I. Bâncilà et al.), vol. II, 393-422. published by Tehnica, Bucurest.
Micu, M. (1982) Geology of Comanesti basin (in Romanian). C. R. Inst. Géol. et Géophys. LXIX, 187-208.
Orchard, R. J. (1964) Partial extraction and subsidence. Mining Engineer 123, 417-427.
Peng, S. S. (1978) Coal Mine Ground Control. John Wiley & Sons, New York.