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1
Introduction to Pump Curves
A performance curve is nor- specific process or in a home. The pump develops energy
mally a curved line drawn on Often the water is at a lower called discharge pressure or
a grid or graph of vertical and level and gravity will not total dynamic head (tdh). This
horizontal lines. This curved allow it to flow uphill, so a pressure is expressed in units
line represents the perfor- pump is used. A pump is a of measure called pounds per
mance of a specific pump. The machine used to transfer or square inch (psi) or feet of
vertical and horizontal lines move a volume of water (or head(ft.). NOTE: 1 psi will
represent units of measure fluid) a given distance. This push a column of water up a
that illustrate that perfor- volume is measured over a pipe a distance of 2.31’. A
mance. period of time expressed in performance curve is used to
gallons per minute (gpm) or determine which pump best
In our application there is a gallons per hour (gph). This meets the system require-
tank or well full of water. We volume is also referred to as ments.
want to use the water for a capacity or flow.
2
Example 1
The graph below would be head, which is a term used by gallons per minute and is
used to illustrate a pump’s many engineers. Sometimes shown across the bottom
performance. It is important the measure will say total (horizontal axis). Start at the
to determine the value of each dynamic head -- feet of water. bottom, left corner with 0 and
grid line or square. Onthe left This is another term which go to the right. These numbers
hand side of the graph Total means a gauge was installed at relate to the ability of the
Dynamic Head (TDH) is the discharge of the pump and pump to produce flow of
shown with the unit of mea- a reading was taken in psi. water expressed as capacity in
sure in feet. The numbers start This reading is converted to gallons per minute (GPM).
at the bottom, left hand cor- feet (1 psi = 2.31 feet) and
ner with 0 and go up the water was the liquid being Also shown are the metric
vertical axis. This is the ability pumped. measures in meters for the
of the pump to produce TDH and cubic meters per
pressure expressed in feet of The other unit of measure is hour for the capacity.
METERS FEET
500
140
120 400
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
100
300
80
60 200
40
100
20
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 GPM
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 m3/h
CAPACITY
3
Example 2a
To produce a performance ferred to as the maximum flowmeter reads 5 gpm and
curve the pump is operated shutoff pressure. Covert this another pressure reading is
using a pressure gauge, throt- psi reading (1 psi = 2.31 ft.) taken from the gauge. A
tling valve and flowmeter to feet of head and this is the second point (2) is marked on
installed in the discharge pipe. pump’s maximum Total Dy- the graph to indicate this
The pump is run with the namic Head (TDH) at 0 performance. This process is
throttling valve completely capacity. A mark is placed on continued at 5 gpm incre-
closed so there is no flow and the graph to indicate this ments across the graph.
a reading is taken from the performance (Point 1). The
pressure gauge. This is re- valve is opened until the
METERS FEET
500
1
140 2
120 400
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
100
300
80
60 200
40
100
20
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 GPM
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 m3/h
CAPACITY
4
Example 2b
We now connect all the Head (H) is expressed in feet The pump will always run
points. This curved line is and capacity (Q) is expressed somewhere on the curve.
called a head/capacity curve. in gallons per minute (GPM).
METERS FEET
500
140
120 400
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
H-Q
100
300
80
60 200
40
100
20
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 GPM
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 m3/h
CAPACITY
5
Example 3
There are many different type Let’s compare two sizes: When you add impellers, the
curves shown in our catalog. pump makes more pressure
Here is a composite perfor- 1. First look at the 18GS07, (expressed in feet). This
mance curve (more than one 3/4 HP, 6 impellers. At 15 allows the pump to go deeper
pump) for the 18GS perfor- GPM capacity this model in a well, but also takes more
mance submersible. There is a will make 158 feet. horsepower.
separate curve for each horse- 2. Now look at the 18GS20,
power size. 2 HP, 14 impellers. At 15
GPM capacity this model
will make 360 feet.
220
700
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
200
180 600
18GS30
160
500
140
100
300 18GS15
80
18GS10
60 200
18GS07
40
100
20
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 GPM
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 m3/h
CAPACITY
6
Example 4
Here is a different kind of 2. Find 425 GPM at 800’. Pump manufacturers describe
curve you will find used on From this point read verti- pumps in terms of the flow
some grids called “efficiency cally DOWN until you rate at the best efficiency
curve”. Efficiency as a per- touch the efficiency curve point. In Example 4, the
centage is shown on the scale line. Then go horizontally pump would be classified as a
at the right side of the grid. to the right to find the 425 gallon per minute pump.
percent. In this example it
1. Find 425 GPM at 500’. would be 72%. We have included a sheet
From this point read verti- called (4A) “How to figure
cally UP until you touch the The highest point of the horsepower and operating
efficiency curve line. Then efficiency curve line is called cost”. You may want to make
go horizontally to the right the “B.E.P.” or “Best Effi- copies and pass this out. This
to find the percent. In this ciency Point”. sheet shows why, with larger
example it would be 72%. pumps, you want to select the
one that has the best effi-
ciency.
METERS FEET
250 80
800
2
72%
700 70
200
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
600 60
1
Efficiency — %
150 500 50
400 40
100
300 30
200 20
50
100 10
0 0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 GPM
Note: No motor is 100% efficient, so we say 1 HP = 1000 Watts which is (1) kilowatt or KW
We assume — 1 kilowatt hour (KWH) cost $ .10/KWH. We multiply the HP difference 2.0 HP x $
.10 and the Cost Savings per hour $ .20. If the pump runs 10 hours per day then the cost savings is
$2.00 per day. In 30 days, the savings is $60. Take the cost difference and divide by the cost savings
per day ($320 / $2.00) and the difference in price is paid back in 160 days.
8
Example 5
Find the point 350 GPM at To determine this find 350 abnormally high flows, which
300 feet. What is the effi- GPM at 300’ again. From this results when there is insuffi-
ciency? 70% is correct. When point go horizontally to the cient head on the pump, this
your capacity/head that you right until you touch the 40 thrust is upset and goes the
plan to use falls between two HP, H-Q curve line. A pump opposite way because the
horsepower sizes, the curve will always run somewhere on impeller is not developing
line you always use is the one its curve. At 420 GPM what is sufficient head. This is called
above or the larger horse- the pump’s efficiency? 72%. upthrust. To prevent this,
power. install a throttling valve and
There is one other consider- throttle the pump to 575
We have decided to use the 40 ation called upthrust, which GPM when running the pump
HP pump and our head re- may occur when running the open discharge.
quirements are 300 feet. We pump at open discharge. Note
have to install a throttling that each curve line stops just
valve, and throttle the pump past 575 GPM. Under normal
capacity to 350 GPM. If we conditions the thrust in a
don’t, the pump will run with submersible pump is down-
a capacity of 420 GPM. wards, toward the motor. At
700 70
200 70%
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
600 60
50 HP/5 STG.
50
Efficiency — %
150 500
40 HP/4 STG.
400 40
100
300 STG. 30
200 20
HP/2 STG.
50
100 10
10 HP/1 STG.
0 0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 GPM
METERS FEET
30 100
90
25 80
70
20
60
15 50
40
10
30
20
5 25’ 20’ 15’ 10’ 5’
10
0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 GPM
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 m3/h
CAPACITY
10
Example 7
Here is a new curve line line. Then go horizontally to Find 110 GPM at 71’ again.
shown called BHP (Brake the right to find the horse- What is the efficiency? 66% is
Horsepower). BHP is charted power required. In this case, it correct.
to the right just past efficiency is 3.1 BHP. The motor used is
scale. 3 HP with 1.15 service factor
(3 x 1.15 = 3.45). We really
Find 110 GPM at 71’. From have 3.45 HP to use.
this point read vertically down
until you touch the BHP curve
25 80
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
EFF. BHP
%
70
20
60 60
EFF.
15 50
LIFT 20’ 15’ 10’ 5’
6.1m 4.6 m 3.1 m 1.5 m
40 40 4
3.1
10 30 3
BHP
20 20 2
5
10 1
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 GPM
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 m3/h
CAPACITY
11
Example 8
Pictured is a single line curve GPM. Can this installation What other information is
for a centrifugal pump. handle the additional capac- shown? Efficiency, brake
ity? Notice also that efficiency horsepower, and net positive
Find 70 GPM at 56 ft. Since (EFF), brake horsepower suction head required. All of
the point we need is below the (BHP), and net positive suc- these values are measured on
head/capacity curve line, the tion head required (NPSHR) the left hand side of the grid.
pump will exceed our require- also change, with the capacity
ments. of 80 GPM. Find 70 GPM at 56 ft. again.
We can have the pump meet If we use a throttling valve on What is the efficiency? 70.5%
our exact requirements by the discharge side of the pump is correct.
proper trimming of the impel- we can regulate the capacity of
ler. This will establish a new What is the brake horsepower
the pump to 70 GPM using required? 1.5 BHP is correct.
curve for the pump. The curve the standard impeller. Read
will run approximately paral- vertically up from 70 GPM What is the net positive suc-
lel to the curve shown and until you meet the curve line. tion head required?
through the point required;
The pump will make 581⁄2 ft. NPSHR = 2.2 ft. You will have
i.e., 70 GPM at 56 ft.
Can this installation handle to determine the NPSHA.
What happens if we don’t trim the extra head?
the impeller to meet our exact NPSHA = Net Positive Suction
Remember, trimming the Head available.
requirements? The pump will
impeller will make the pump
run somewhere on its curve. NPSHA has to be greater than
meet your exact requirements,
Our head requirement is 56 ft.
70 GPM at 56 ft. (The head/ NPSHR for the pump to work.
Follow 56 ft. horizontally to
capacity requirements should
the right until you meet the
always be furnished when the
curve line. Your capacity is 80
pump is ordered.)
FEET
55
50
EFF. %
45
80 40
NPSH
70
BHP
35
E F F.
6.0 3.0 60 30
5.0 2.5 50 25
4.0 2.0 40 20
3.0 1.5 30 15
BHP
2.0 1.0 20 10
The Hydraulic Institute defines NPSH impeller. The centrifugal force of the Cavitation is a term used to describe
as the total suction head in feet impeller vanes further increases the the phenomenon which occurs in a
absolute, determined at the suction velocity and decreases the pressure of pump when there is insufficient
nozzle and corrected to datum, less the liquid. The NPSH Required is the NPSH Available. The pressure of the
the vapor pressure of the liquid in feet positive head in feet absolute required liquid is reduced to a value equal to
absolute. Simply stated, it is an at the pump suction to overcome or below its vapor pressure and small
analysis of energy conditions on the these pressure drops in the pump and vapor bubbles or pockets begin to
suction side of a pump to determine if maintain the liquid above its vapor form. As these vapor bubbles move
the liquid will vaporize at the lowest pressure. The NPSH Required varies along the impeller vanes to a higher
pressure point in the pump. with speed and capacity within any pressure area, they rapidly collapse.
The pressure which a liquid exerts on particular pump. Pump The collapse, or “implosion” is so
its surroundings is dependent upon its manufacturer’s curves normally rapid that it may be heard as a
temperature. This pressure, called provide this information. rumbling noise, as if you were
vapor pressure, is a unique character- NPSH Available is a function of the pumping gravel. The forces during
istic of every fluid and increases with system in which the pump operates. It the collapse are generally high enough
increasing temperature. When the is the excess pressure of the liquid in to cause minute pockets of fatigue
vapor pressure within the fluid feet absolute over its vapor pressure failure on the impeller vane surfaces.
reaches the pressure of the surround- as it arrives at the pump suction. Fig. This action may be progressive, and
ing medium, the fluid begins to 4 shows four typical suction systems under severe conditions can cause
vaporize or boil. The temperature at with the NPSH Available formulas serious pitting damage to the impel-
which this vaporization occurs will applicable to each. It is important to ler.
decrease as the pressure of the correct for the specific gravity of the The accompanying noise is the easiest
surrounding medium decreases. liquid and to convert all terms to way to recognize cavitation. Besides
A liquid increases greatly in volume units of “feet absolute” in using the impeller damage, cavitation normally
when it vaporizes. One cubic foot of formulas. results in reduced capacity due to the
water at room temperature becomes In an existing system, the NPSH vapor present in the pump. Also, the
1700 cu. ft. of vapor at the same Available can be determined by a gage head may be reduced and unstable
temperature. reading on the pump suction. The and the power consumption may be
It is obvious from the above that if we following formula applies: erratic. Vibration and mechanical
are to pump a fluid effectively, we NPSHA = PB - VP ± Gr + hV damage such as bearing failure can
must keep it in liquid form. NPSH is also occur as a result of operating in
Where cavitation.
simply a measure of the amount of
Gr = Gage reading at the The only way to prevent the undesir-
suction head present to prevent this
pump suction expressed in
vaporization at the lowest pressure able effects of cavitation is to insure
feet (plus if above atmo- that the NPSH Available in the system
point in the pump.
spheric, minus if below is greater than the NPSH Required by
NPSH Required is a function of the atmospheric) corrected to
pump design. As the liquid passes the pump.
the pump centerline.
from the pump suction to the eye of
hv= Velocity head in the suction
the impeller, the velocity increases
pipe at the gage connection,
and the pressure decreases. There are
expressed in feet.
also pressure losses due to shock and
turbulence as the liquid strikes the
13
Example 8
continued
PB
LS
PB CL
NPSHA = PB – (VP + LS + hf)
LS CL
NPSHA = p – (LS + VP + hf)
14
Example 8
continued
35
Deduct Vapor Pressure in
Feet of Water From the
Maximum Allowable Suction
Head at Sea Level.
30
25
Vapor Pressure in Feet of Water
20
15
10
15
Example 9
Here is a centrifugal pump with the 5-15/16 inches diam- Can the installation handle
curve showing information eter will more than meet our this extra head?
that we have already covered, needs.
but in a different format. Remember, trimming the
What happens if we install the impeller to the proper diam-
This is a Model 3656, 11⁄2 x 2- pump and don’t trim the eter will make the pump meet
6 ODP. impeller? Our head require- your exact requirements, 140
ment is 95 ft. Follow 95 ft. GPM at 95 ft. (The head/
11⁄2 = Discharge size in inches horizontally to the right until capacity requirements should
2 = Suction size in inches you meet the curve line. Your always be furnished when the
6 = Basic diameter of the capacity is 157 GPM. pump is ordered.)
impeller in inches.
If we use a throttling valve on Consider our original require-
The top head/capacity curve the discharge side of the pump ment again: 140 GPM at 95
line shows an actual impeller we can regulate the capacity of ft. What is the brake horse-
diameter of 515⁄16 inches. the pump to 140 GPM using power required? A little less
the standard impeller. Read than 5 HP. What is the effi-
Our requirement is 140 GPM vertically up from 140 GPM ciency? 71% is correct. What
at 95 ft. We can properly trim until you meet the curve line. is the NPSHR? 13 ft. is correct.
the impeller to meet our The pump will make 109 ft.
requirement, since the pump
40
73 16’
120 72 18’
70 20’
5 1/8 dia.
30 65
60
80
20
50
5H
P
40
10
3H
P
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 GPM
0 10 20 30 40 m3/h
CAPACITY
16
Example 10
To better understand brake Compare the two curves at The 515⁄16” diameter impeller
horsepower as shown in these 150 gallons per minute. at 150 GPM uses more than 5
two curves, consider the Horsepower is given so we HP, but does not exceed 5.75
following: Brake horsepower don’t have to calculate what it HP.
(BHP) is the actual horse- is. The grid shows an ODP
power delivered to the pump motor (Open Drip Proof) BHP =
shaft. The formula for figuring which has a 1.15 service
brake horsepower is: factor. 150 x 100 x 1.0 = 5.37 BHP
3960 x 70.5%
Brake Horsepower = 5 HP x 1.15 SF =
Model 3656/3756
11/2 x 2-6
METERS FEET NPSHR 5.5’
EFF.
3500 RPM
50 40 6’ Group “S”
160 50 7’ 8’
60 10’
65
5 15/16 dia. 70 12’
72 14’
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
40
73 16’
120 72 18’
70 20’
5 1/8 dia.
30 65
80 60
20
50
5H
P
40
10
3H
P
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 GPM
0 10 20 30 40 m3/h
CAPACITY
17
Example 11
Now look at the grid for The 55/8” diameter impeller
TEFC motor (totally enclosed at 150 GPM does not exceed
— fan cooled). the 5 HP line.
5 available horsepower
Model 3656/3756
NPSHR 5.5’ 6’ 11/2 x 2-6
METERS FEET
7’
3500 RPM
EFF. 8’ Group “S”
50 160 10’
40
50 60 65 70 12’
72 14’
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
40 16’
5 5/8 dia.
120 72 18’
70 20’
30 65
4 3/4 dia.
60
80
20
50
5H
P
40
10
3H
P
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 GPM
0 10 20 30 40 m3/h
CAPACITY
18
Example 12
19
Example 12
continued
Plastic Pipe: Friction Loss (in feet of head) per 100 Ft.
3 1 3
⁄8” ⁄2” ⁄4” 1” 11⁄4” 11⁄2” 2” 21⁄2” 3”
GPM GPH
ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft. ft.
25 1,500 38.41 9.71 4.44 1.29 .54 .19
30 1,800 13.62 6.26 1.81 .75 .26
35 2,100 18.17 8.37 2.42 1.00 .35
40 2,400 23.55 10.70 3.11 1.28 .44
45 2,700 29.44 13.46 3.84 1.54 .55
50 3,000 16.45 4.67 1.93 .66
60 3,600 23.48 6.60 2.71 .93
70 4,200 31.73 8.83 3.66 1.24
80 4,800 11.43 4.67 1.58
20
Example 12
continued
METERS FEET
MODEL 55GS
250 5
800 5GS1 SIZE COMPOSITE
0 0– RPM 3450
29 11/2” Pipe % EFF
225 STA 60
GE
700 S
55
200
50
600 55GS7
5–
175 22 S
TAG 45
E S
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
150 500 40
2” Pipe
55GS 35
125 50 –
400 15 ST 3” Pipe
AGES
30
100
300 25
55GS30
75 – 9 STAG 20
ES
200 55GS20 – 7 ST
AGES 15
50
55GS15 – 5 STAGES
10
100
25
5
0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 GPM
0 5 10 15 20 m3/hr
FLOW RATE
21
Example 13
70 F
20 gpm at 55’ TDH.
WS
60 15
BH
F The pumps will
15 50 W
S 10B
operate where the
HF pump curve and
40 system curve cross.
WS0
10
F
7BH The longer the
30
WS0 discharge pipe the
5BHF
20
steeper the curve.
5 WS03
BHF
10
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 U.S. GPM
0 10 20 30 40 50 m3/h
FLOW RATE
22
Notes
23
Goulds Pumps, and the ITT Engineered Blocks
Symbol are registered trademarks and
tradenames of ITT Industries.
www.goulds.com
©2001 Goulds Pumps
Printed in U.S.A. SENECA FALLS, NEW YORK 13148
CINTRO3 (315) 568-2811
24