Chap 1 - Introduction To RC Concrete

Structural and Materials Division
Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction to Structural Reinforced
Concrete Design
COURSE OUTCOME
CO 1 : Analyse reinforced concrete and steel

sections in accordance with the relevant
standards.
2
PROGRAMME
OUTCOME
PO 2 : Identify and analyse well-defined engineering

problems reaching substantiated conclusions
using codified methods of analysis specific to
their field of activity.
3
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
• Explain the basic concept of reinforced concrete design

• Describe the material used in construction and the
function of members in building
• Describe and explain the limit state design (ultimate &
serviceability limit state)
• Discuss the concept & importance of partial factor of
safety in structural design
• List and elaborate on the types of loadings subjected to
a structure
4
INTRODUCTION
AS DESIGNER, WHERE ARE WE?

FUNCTION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
Determine the best structural systems/forms to bring
the architect’s concept into being.
Analyse and design the structure.
Produce the structural drawings.
6
ARCHITECT DRAWING
STRUCTURAL DRAWING
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN DEFINITION
• A process of material selection and

determination of elements sizes of the
structure to be built.
• In consideration of the loadings subjected to
the structure.
9
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN STEPS
1. Idealisation of the structure into frames and
elements.
2. Estimation of loads.
3. Analysis to determine the moments and forces.
4. Design of elements.
5. Production of detail drawings and bar schedules.
10
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN OBJECTIVES
FUNCTION AND AESTHETIC

The arrangement of space, span, ceiling height, access ability and traffic flow
must complement the intended use. The structure should fit its environment
and be aesthetically pleasing.
SAFETY AND RELIABILITY

A structure must be strong enough to support all loadings safely.
ECONOMY AND COST EFFECTIVE

The overall cost of the structure should not exceed the client’s budget. The designer
should take into account not only the cost of materials, but also the buildability,
construction time, cost of temporary structures required and cost of maintenance.
MAINTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY

A structure should be designed to require minimum maintenance and be able to
be maintained with ease.
11
INTRODUCTION
CODE OF PRACTICE
• Document that provides

recommendations for the
design and construction of
structures.
• It contains detailed
requirements regarding
loads, stresses, strengths,
design formulae and
methods on achieving the
required performance of
completed structures.
12
INTRODUCTION
CODE OF PRACTICE
13
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN WORKING LIFE
14
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION
GLASS STEEL BRICK
REINFORCED TIMBER METAL

CONCRETE
15
INTRODUCTION
REINFORCED CONCRETE
• A composite material that combines concrete

with steel reinforcements.
• Since concrete is a brittle material and is
strong in compression but…
• It is weak in tension, so steel is used inside
concrete for strengthening and reinforcing
the
tensile strength of concrete.
16
INTRODUCTION
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
ROOF
COLUMN
BEAM
SLAB
<FOUNDATION>
17
ROOF
Function of roof:
 To protect building from climatic element
 To discharge rainwater to drainage system
SLAB
Function of slab:
 Provide a flat surface to support load
 Sound, heat and fire insulator
 Upper slab became the ceiling for the storey below
 Space between slab and ceiling can be used to place building
facilities
BEAM
Function of beam:
 To carry loads from slab, roof and ceiling
COLUMN
Function of column:
• To carry loads from beam and slab
FOUNDATION
Function of foundation:
• To carry loads of building and disperse the load
to earth
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF

CONCRETE STRUCTURES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Economical Low ductility
Can be cast Volume instability
High compressive strength Low tensile strength
Good in fire resistance Low strength weight ratio
Long service life
23
INTRODUCTION
BASIC PRINCIPAL OF RC DESIGN
A simply supported concrete beam is subjected to –ve UDL

load, w (kN/m). When subjected to loadings, the beam will
deflect.
24
INTRODUCTION
COMBINATION OF CONCRETE
AND STEEL
Compressive stress
• catered by concrete which is strong in compression
Tensile stress
• catered by steel reinforcements which is strong in tension
25
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE AND

STEEL
26
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE OF
CONCRETE
• As the load is applied, the ratio between the stresses and strains is
approximately linear at first and the concrete behaves almost as an
“elastic material” and becomes a “plastic material” after yield point
27
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
SIMPLIFIED STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

OF STEEL
Modulus of elasticity of steel can be taken as 200

kN/mm2
28
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE AND STEEL
Characteristic strength :
The value of strength of concrete, fck

• Example : Concrete Class 25/30
• The characteristic cylinder crushing strength of 25 N/mm2 and cube
strength of 30 N/mm2
• Take fck = 25 N/mm2 for design
The yield or proof strength of reinforcement, fyk

• The specified characteristic strength, fyk for reinforcement bar is 500
N/mm2
29
LIMIT STATE DESIGN
• The state of a structure which represents the

acceptable limit of an aspect of structural
behaviour.
• The criterion for safe design is that the structure
should not become unfit for use (should not
reach limit state during its intended life).
• Major groups for EC2 RC structural limit states:
• Ultimate Limit State
• Serviceability Limit State
30
LIMIT STATE DESIGN
ULS AND SLS
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

Deals with the strength and stability of the structures
under the maximum design load it is expected to carry.
Structure must be able to withstand:
• With an adequate FOS against collapse
• Possibility of buckling or overturning
• Internal explosion
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE
Deal with the condition beyond which specified service
requirements:
• Deflection – should the comfort of building users
be adversely affected
• Cracking – must not effect the appearance or
• durability of the structure
• Durability – condition of exposure 31
ACTIONS AND LOADS
Permanent actions, Gk ( self weight )

• Weight of all permanent element in construction
• Constant magnitude and fixed location
Variable actions, Qk ( transient and not constant

in magnitude)
• Loads produced by use and occupancy of the structure.
• Maximum loads likely to be produced by the intended
use.
• Not less than the minimum uniformly distributed load
given by Code.
32
FACTOR OF SAFETY
• Allowance of possible variations such as

constructional tolerances.
• This is applied to the strength of materials
and actions.
33
FACTOR OF SAFETY
PARTIAL FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR

MATERIAL
 To cater for errors during construction or

manufacturing process.
 Steel : manufactured in a factory with stringent care
(smaller partial factor of safety)
 Concrete: Constructed on site (leads to higher
partial factor of safety)
34
FACTOR OF SAFETY

LOADS
To cater for errors/inaccuracies due to:

• Design assumptions and inaccuracy in
calculation
• Possible unusual load increment
• Unforeseen stress redistribution
• Constructional errors
35
FACTOR OF SAFETY

LOADS
36
LOADING
• EXAMPLE
• Figure shows a simply supported main beam of 5 m span. Total unfactored
permanent action on the beam is 8.56 kN/m (including self weight and brick wall)
and unfactored variable action is 1.5 kN/m. Calculate the design load.
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Cover = 40 mm
fck = 30 MPa
fyk = 500 MPa
Beam size = 250 x 500 mm
Permanent actions calculation (Gk)
• Beam
= Concrete density (kN/m3) x width (m) x height
(m)
• Slab
= concrete density (kN/m3) x thickness (m) x
length (1m)
Permanent actions calculation (Gk)
• Brickwall
= material density (kN/m3) x thickness (m) x
height (m)
• Plaster
= load intensity (kN/m2) x thickness (m)
HEIGHT AND DEPTH
Until we meet again in the next class..

Chap 1 - Introduction To RC Concrete

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Structural and Materials Division

Faculty of Civil Engineering

CO 1 : Analyse reinforced concrete and steel

PO 2 : Identify and analyse well-defined engineering

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

• Explain the basic concept of reinforced concrete design

AS DESIGNER, WHERE ARE WE?

• A process of material selection and

3. Analysis to determine the moments and forces.

5. Production of detail drawings and bar schedules.

FUNCTION AND AESTHETIC

SAFETY AND RELIABILITY

ECONOMY AND COST EFFECTIVE

MAINTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY

• Document that provides

DESIGN WORKING LIFE

GLASS STEEL BRICK

REINFORCED TIMBER METAL

• A composite material that combines concrete

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF

BASIC PRINCIPAL OF RC DESIGN

A simply supported concrete beam is subjected to –ve UDL

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE AND

SIMPLIFIED STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

Modulus of elasticity of steel can be taken as 200

The value of strength of concrete, fck

The yield or proof strength of reinforcement, fyk

• The state of a structure which represents the

ULS AND SLS

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

Permanent actions, Gk ( self weight )

Variable actions, Qk ( transient and not constant

• Allowance of possible variations such as

PARTIAL FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR

 To cater for errors during construction or

PARTIAL FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR

To cater for errors/inaccuracies due to:

PARTIAL FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR

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