CHAPTER- 01

INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction:

Poverty is a constant companion of most of the people of Bangladesh due to some specific reasons for
which the rich are becoming richer and the poor are becoming poorer. Bangladesh formerly known and
East Pakistan won its independence on December 16, 1971 after a long blood-shed and bitter struggle
against Pakistan. Bangladesh is considered as one of the poorest countries in the world, faces three major
crises namely economically, politically and environmentally. The economy of Bangladesh is predominantly
agrarian. But scientific method of cultivation is not yet introduced. On the other hand, the cultivable lands
are decreasing due to river erosion and new building construction. So our agricultural sector is in the face
of threat which is a negative effect in our economy. Political instability is another cause of Poverty. Since
the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, political instability and corruption were increasing monotonically
which are the major causes of poverty. But it is a matter of great pleasure that the present government is
trying best to remove corruption. Environmentally there is a widespread forest destruction and
environmental degradation, which causes natural disaster. So the government itself can’t remove poverty
from the society. Because maximum people’s support is necessary. Therefore the role of NGO’s is
inevitable for the planned development of any country. Accordingly, a lot of NGO’s are working
simultaneously in the country. NGO is an association of persons formed through the personal initiatives of
a few committed persons dedicated to the design, study and implementation of development projects at the
grass-root level. They work outside government structure but operate within the legal framework of the
country and their target population are the rural poor. In Bangladesh different kinds of NGO’s are
working positively for poverty reduction and socio-economic development. At present, about 56 million of
people are living below the poverty line and 30 million are hard core poor and in extreme poverty. Poverty
reduction and implementation of livelihood of the poorest of the poor has always been one of the
major goals of all development.

Social Definitions of Poverty:

Some people describe poverty as a lack of essential items – such as food, clothing, water, and shelter –
needed for proper living. At the UN’s World Summit on Social Development, the ‘Copenhagen
Declaration’ described poverty as “…a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs,
including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information.” When
people are unable to eat, go to school, or have any access to health care, then they can be considered to be
in poverty, regardless of their income. To measure poverty in any statistical way, however, more rigid
definitions must be used.
Statistical Definitions of Poverty:

While there are various numerically defined methods to measure and quantify poverty, two are simple
enough that they are often used to define poverty (other methods are examined in the Measuring Poverty I
and Measuring Poverty II sections of this site), relative poverty measurement and absolute poverty
measurement. Both are based on income or consumption values making gathering information to compile
statistics on poverty much easier.

Relative Poverty:

Relative poverty measures are the simplest ways to determine the extent of poverty in individual countries.
Using this method, the entire population is ranked in order of income per capita. The bottom 10% (or
whatever percentage the government chooses to use) is then considered ‘poor’ or ‘impoverished.’ This can
be fine for country-wide measurements, but it has some major drawbacks in global use. If, say, a 10%
relative poverty measurement was applied in a global setting, it would appear that both an industrialized
country, such as the U.S., and a sub-Saharan African country had the same 10% poverty rate, even though
the conditions of the poor in sub-Saharan Africa are much worse than conditions in the U.S. For this reason,
absolute poverty measures are more often used to define poverty on a global scale.

Problem Statement:

Poverty stands for those people who are in want of any of their fundamental needs. If an individual is in
short of any of the needs, he or she will fall under the curtain of poverty. We can say that poverty means
the people living under poverty line. In another sense, poverty means the state of being poor. The most
common measure of poverty is the number of household’s below poverty line where poverty line is
calculated on the basis of the level of expenditure required attaining minimum calorie requirement. The
poor people are in lack of education, shelter, food, cloth, security and income earnings. Above all, they are
under poverty line. Poverty is their constant companion. After experiencing with those frustrated chaotic
situation some heroic sons of our beloved country formed an association named BRAC under the dynamic
leadership of Mr. Fazle Hasan Abed in 1972 and other benevolent welfare association. Through the
concerted efforts of all the people of that committee, BRAC has tried their best to alleviate the poverty and
ensure the experiment of marginalized women and the poor. Besides, a lot of NGO`s are working for
poverty reduction. On the other hand, the role of Grameen Bank under the dynamic leadership of Noble
Laureate Prof. Dr. Yunus is remarkable.
CHAPTER NO- 02

Objective
2. Objective:

This term paper has been prepared as a compulsory part of 92 Foundation Training Course. This course
plays an important role in creating creativity especially in the field of research. As a participant of 92 FTC,
the name of my term paper is “The role of NGO on poverty alleviation in Bangladesh”. The objectives for
preparing this term paper are as follows:

1. To uncover the facts regarding the role of NGO`s in poverty alleviation.

2. To remove the negative idea about NGO`s.
3. To make the people aware of the activities of NGO`s in a positive sense.
4. Clear pen picture of NGO`s in Bangladesh.
5. To remove the religious superstitions and false notions that is available in the mind of the people
about the activities of NGO`s.
6. To know the present status of poverty in Bangladesh
7. To assess the programme take by the Government for poverty reduction.
8. To find out the effectiveness of the poverty reduction programmes in Bangladesh Government.
9. To scan the weakness of the programmers initiated for poverty alleviation.
10. To present some remedial measures and Recommendation to the Bangladesh Government.
11. To innovate some programmes which can meet the changing need of time.
 CHAPTER NO- 03
Data Source and Methodology
3. Data Source and Methodology:

1. Source of data
2. Process of collecting data. The main target of research is to identify the problem, collecting data
from different sources and neutral reports. So at the time of preparing the term paper, I collected
different kinds of data from primary and secondary levels for this purpose. I first made some
questionnaire for the workers of NGO`s and the beneficiaries. For secondary data, I had to take
help from different research papers and different books related to NGO`s.

Definition:

a) Poverty: Poverty refers to form of economic, social and psychological deprivation occurring among
people or countries lacking sufficient ownership, control or access to resources to maintain or provide
individual or collective minimum levels of living.

b) NGO: Non-Government Organization generally means any organization not established by

government. It is fully conducted by Non-Government sector. Government doesn’t interfere in their work.

Limitations:

1. If I could collect primary data, the paper would be more enriched.

2. The time to prepare this term paper was limited.

3. Lack of time to visit poverty stricken areas was a big limitation.

4. Lack of knowledge to present such big issue to a small term paper was a big problem.

5. Lack of availability of documents in this topic was a big problem.

6. There is no fund for this Research work.

 CHAPTER NO- 04
Literature Review
4. Literature Review:

The evolution of NGO’s in Bangladesh:

NGO’s started shortly after the 1971 war of liberation, initially providing relief services and rehabilitation
assistance to war savaged victims. Those NGO’s shifted their development programmes and strategies
towards community development, giving special preference to the poor and to the powerless segments of
Bangladeshi society.

Dr. David Korten analysis the evoluation of the NGO’s sector in Bangladesh within the framework of the
four Generation of NGO’s.

1st Generation: NGO’s put emphasis on relief and rehabilitation work (1971-72).

2nd Generation: Development efforts of NGO’s are aimed towards community development (1973-75) with
a number of sectoral activities.

3rd Generation: This is known as sustainable system development where the NGO’s extend the breath of
their programs, enormity sustainability through under taking large-scale program, complementing the
national development system and involving various organization and institutions.

4th Generation: Which entirely depends on the development phase of NGO’s in realizing their vision of
society characterized by strong people’s movements.

Role of NGO’s is poverty alleviation:

On this planet, more than 140 crore of people, two-thirds of whom are women live in abject poverty, earning
less than one dollar in a day. At the same time our planets ability to sustain itself is eroding. Declining
ecosystem and growing social and ecological vulnerability affect everybody but poor people supper their
consequences more than others. The main challenge that developing countries face is providing access to
food, safe water, sanitation, and education and health services to ever increasing population who are mostly
poor. So, major challenge of all poor countries is poverty alleviation and for a country like Bangladesh this
is at the top as a priority. But the question arises why they are poor? Is it that they have chosen to remain
poor or they are poor because they are poor mentally, physically, economically and environmentally? Nobel
Laureate Dr. Amartya Sen concludes, they are poor because they are deprived of their access to resources
and they suffer from poverty. Poverty is caused by the lack of exchange entitlement in a market economy.
Bangladesh Scenario:

Like many other developing countries Bangladesh has succeeded in ensuring sustainable growth in the last
decades and reduced income poverty level significantly. But we are still now where near articulating a
complete theory of the growth-poverty-inequality relationship. Poverty stands for those people who are in
want of any of their basic needs. If an individual is in short of any of the following needs. She/he will fall
under poverty line.

Poor are not a homogeneous group but three major categories can be distinguished:

1. Extreme poor
2. Moderate poor.
3. Vulnerable non-poor

On an average in a village 20%, 25% and 30% population is extreme poor, moderate poor and vulnerable
non-poor respectively. The poor and the poverty are used interchangeably and sometimes complementarily.
Those poor people are much downgraded in terms of income gathered, security arrangement, basic needs
fulfillment and income earnings. They are in lake of education, shelter, food, cloth and security. Above all,
they are under poverty level.

We know that the poor are very much suppressed and lead a life of great misfortune. They earn very little
amount of money and suffering from the shelter problem, security problem. They are deprived of getting
education and are not under the web of getting proper sanitation facilities. The most important
characteristics of poor are their dependency on agriculture and most of them are heavily depend on daily
wage earnings. Government of Bangladesh tries were level best since its birth to alleviate the state of
poorness and extreme poverty level and did little being constrained by thousands of reasons. But the
Government can’t do it alone. After observing the situation, some heroic men of our beloved Bangladesh
formed an association named Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee under the dynamic leadership of
Mr. Fazle Hasan Abed in 1972 and accordingly since then, the association is proceeding positively.

Purposes of NGO:

NGO’s exist for a variety of purposes usually to further the political or social goals of their members.
Examples include improving the state of the natural environment, encouraging the observance of human
rights improving the welfare of the disadvantaged or representing a corporate agenda. However, there are
a huge number of such or organizations and their goal were a broad range of political and philosophical
positions. NGO’s vary in their methods. Some act primary as lobbyists, while others conduct programs and
activities primarily. For example, such NGO’s are OXFAM, BRAC, ASA, concerned with poverty
alleviation, might provide needy people with the equipment and skills they need to find food and clean
drinking water.

Prevailing Micro Credit:

Money begets money, Adam smith in his famous book ‘Wealth of Nations’ said “When you have got little,
it is often easy to get more”. The great difficult thing is to get that little. Micro-credit is a small loan that is
given to the poor for self-employment. Micro-credit through institutional arrangement is a recent innovation
for poverty reduction among the poor. Now a day, Bangladesh is called the land of Micro-credit revolution.
Really Porf. Dr. Akter Hamid Khan is the first innovator of Micro-credit in Bangladesh. Afterwards Noble
Laureate Prof. Dr. Yunus developed it elaborately.

In the micro-credit system, service holders/providers go to the doorsteps of the poor based on the principle
that the people should not go to the bank rather than bank should go to the people.

Micro-credit and Poverty alleviation:

The main objective of micro-credit is to create income of poor households and thereby alleviate poverty.
Micro-credit leads to the improvement of income. The Ex-Secretary General of UN Kofi Anan opined that
eradicating poverty is perhaps the greatest Global Challenge. Out of 6 billion population in the world, 2.8
billion live or less than two dollars income a day. Out of which 1.2 billion people live in Asia and 30 million
in Africa. Micro-credit programs in these region show that it’s a strong weapon. More than 64 million of
the world poorest people have taken part in the past ten years in micro-finance projects with the purpose of
coming out of the vicious circle of poverty and of the hard core people of Bangladesh too. Micro-credit
plays a significant positive role in improving rural women of Bangladesh. Through their involvement in
micro-credit, many women have become leaders, instigating change in social practices and relationships
and mobilizing social action. Women status, both in their homes and communities is improved when they
are responsible for loans and for managing savings. When they generate and control their own income
women gain a level of power that means they can make decision independently.

A research reveals that NGO`s started credit programs in mid-eighties and their activities increased
noticeably higher after 1990. With the increasing number of collateral free micro credit disbursement by
MFIs, some NCBs and specialized Banks like BKB, RAKUB have been encouraged to provide a
considerable amount of their rural credit to the poor without security. However, the amount is much less
compared to the deposit mobilization from the rural sector of the country. Today, some of the PCBs have
also started direct and linkage program with NGO’s total loan disbursement by these four kinds of
institutions will December 2002 won taka 434.55 billion of which disbursement under Government
program was taka 37.77 billion (8.69%) Grameen Bank disbursed taka 154.11 billion (35.46%), of the
Bonus and MFI, NGOs disbursed 78.41 billion (18%) and taka 164.26 billion (37.80%) respectively.

All the non-government organizations are involved in micro-finance activity but they are not under the
same regulatory authority. So there is no single source of information about them. However CDF and NGO
who collect information of MF-NGO reveals that 629 MF- NGOs have mobilized about 13.85 million poor
people. These MF-NGOs disbursed Taka 164.26 billion with outstanding loan amount of taka 25.88 billion.
The outstanding amount of micro-finance extended under government program is taka 7.46 billion the
outstanding balance of GB is taka 12.73 billion and that of other bank is Tk 7.55 billion.

Education Programme:

In the field of education NGO Primary schools with around 2 million students. Account approximately 10%
of currently enrolled students. Of those BRAC alone accounts for over 1.5 million students in 49 thousands
school which was started with 22 one room pilot schools in 1985, 66% of those are girls from poor families.
Net enrolment in the formal education system is now 85% it was 55% in 1985. More over many adult
schools are conducted by many NGO’s throughout Bangladesh.

Standard of Living:

The officers of the NGOs go to the rural and remote areas of the country and by their physical visit and
communication they make the people understand the benefit of building sound health. The villagers don’t
have minimum idea of regarding of the nutrition of food and first aid.

Development of Agriculture:

Generally, NGOs in Bangladesh focus their work on the very poorest sectors of society such as landless,
women and the rural poor. There is now a proliferation of NGO’s in Bangladesh Accounting to ADAB, an
apex forum of NGO’s founded in 1974 with foreign aid and accordingly has been working for the
development of agricultural sectors.
Socio-economic Development:

NGO’s touch the fundamental elements of socio economic development of the country. If human resources
are not properly used. It will be gradually inactive and useless for the country bringing no utility. So NGO’s
with their pragmatic and practical programmes are always acting to bring fruitful after mark of the said
resources.

Uplifting Programme:

NGO’s are active in our grassroots levels with their relief, poverty alleviation, social uplift, environmental
and overall development programmes. The rural poor have now direct access to the aid, credit and support
to the NGO. They are participating in the actively to improve their lot. In many cases, the NGO’s are
working as the awareness building.

Communication Facilities:

NGO’s were working not only for their own sake but also for local and national interest. They build many
roads, bridges and highways to provide communication facilities. Considering uplifting the standard of field
likes of the people the NGO’s have taken lots of the developing programme. They go to the rural and
remotest area of the country. They try to make the people understand the benefit of building sound health.
In all spheres of development NGO’s are reported to have created a landmark in the history of Bangladesh.

Types of NGO’s:

NGO’s are heterogeneous group. A long list of acronyms has developed around the term NGOs

These includes:

(i) INGO- Stands for International Non-Government Organization such an CARE, Helvetas,

ADFA- India.

(ii) BINGO-stands for Bangladesh Business-oriented Non-Government Organization.

(iii) RINGO- Religious International Non-Government Organization such on Catholic Relief.

(iv) ENGO- Environmental Non-Government Organization such as Global-2000.

The primary purpose of an operational NGO is the design and implementation of development related
projects. One categorization about that is frequently used is the division into relief oriented and
development oriented organization. They can also be considered according to whether they stress service
delivery or participation; whether they are religious and secular; and whether they are more public or private
oriented. Operational NGO’s can be community based national or international.

Both the government and non-government organizations have been implementing a number of programmes
for employment and income generation and the uplitment of the poor. About 54 percent of development and
non-development budget has been allocated for direct and indirect poverty reduction activities. These
programmes continue to enhance the entitlement of the poor and at the same time, their empowerment and
awareness building.

Social Safety Net Programmes in Bangladesh:

• Cash transfers programmes

• Food transfers programmes
• Special poverty alleviation programmes
• Micro-credit programmes for self-employment and
• Other Special poverty alleviation activities.

Cash Transfers Programmes:

• Old-Age Allowance programmes

• Allowances programme for widowed, Deserted and Destitute women.
• Honorarium programme for insolvent Freedom fighters
• Training and self-employment programme for insolvent Freedom Fighters and their wards
• Fund for Rehabilitation of the Acid Burnt and the physically handicapped.
• Allowance for the Fully Retarded.
• Cash transfers programmes for education.

_ Primary Education suspend project (PESP); and

_ Female Secondary School Assistance programme.

• Rural Maintenance programme (RMD) and

• Food for Work programme (Cash)
Old-Age Allowance programmes :

The Ministry of social welfare is responsible for implementing this programme. In FY 2005-06 the budget
allocation for this programme was Tk. 324 crore. Under this programme 15 lakh old and destitute people
are getting monthly allowance at the rate of Tk. 180.

Allowance Programme for widowed, Deserted and Destitute Women:

The Ministry of women and children affairs has introduced this programme for widowed deserted and
destitute women. In FY 2005-06 the budget allocation for this programme was Tk. 136 crore. Under this
programme the rate of monthly allowance was enhanced from Tk. 165 to 180 and beneficiary coverage
stood at 6 lakh 25 thousand in FY 2005-06.

Honorarium Programme for Insolvent Freedom Fighters :

In FY 2004-05, the number of beneficiary under this programme, was 60 thousand. The number of
beneficiary coverage was raised from 60 thousand to 70 thousand from 1st July of FY 2005-06.

Training and Self-employment Programme for Insolvent Freedom Fighters and Their
Wards:

In order to bring solvency and to ameliorate the social state of insolvent freedom fighters, the government,
has adopted this programme. As many as 25 thousand insolvent freedom fighters or their words from 64
districts have been identified and included the programme.

Fund for Rehabilitation of the Acid Burnt and the Physically Handicapped:

The Ministry of social welfare has introduced a fund for is responsible for rehabilitation of the acid burnt
women to mitigate the sufferings of distressed women. In FY 2005-06, the government allocated TK. 20
crore under revenue budget.
Allowance for the Fully Retarded:

The Ministry of social welfare is implementing this fully subsistence to 1 lakh thousand programme. To
provide retarded persons, a programme for paying monthly allowance of Tk. 200 has been introduced. The
budget allocation for this programme was Tk. 25 crore in FY 2005-06.

Primary Education stipend project (PESP):

Under the Primary Education stipend project poor children are given financial benefits. Over 55 lakh poor
children derive benefits from this project per annum. Besides, the project give emphasis on the need for
expansion and qualitative improvement of Primary Education.

Female Secondary School Assistance programme:

This programme has been undertaken with a view to increasing the number of female students in secondary
schools, increasing their prospect for future employment and Marriage. In the FY 2005-06, the number of
scholarships at different levels was increased by 10 percent. Besides, to encourage the female students to
study at the graduate level. The rate of monthly stipend has been increased form Tk. 225 to 250 and monthly
scholarship of Tk. 200 is being given to a further 10,000 female students pursuing studies in specialized
subject at graduate honors level.

Food for Work programme (Cash):

The allocation for this programme was to the tune of Tk. 264 crore in the revised budget of FY 2004-05
and the allocation was raised to TK. 300 crore in the budget of FY 2005-06.

Food Transfers Programmes:

Food for works programme

Vulnerable Group Development (VGD) programme;

Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGD) programme;

Test Relief (TR) programme; and

Gratuitous Relief (GR) programme.

Food for Work Programme:

In the revised budget of FY 2004-05, there was an allocation of 8 lakh 70 thousand metric tons of food
grains for VGD, VGF, and Food for works programmes, Test Relief and Gratuitous Relief. This allocation
was raised to 10 lakh 32 thousand metric tons in FY 2005-06.

Special Poverty Alleviation Programmes:

_ Poverty Alleviation and Goat Development Project

_ Providing incentives and financial assistance to poultry and livestock sector;

_ Poverty Alleviation and Micro-credit Programmes undertaken by Department of Fisheries;

_ Fund for Housing the Homeless;

_ Programme for generating employment for the unemployed youth by the karmasangsthan Bank;

_ Abashan (poverty Alleviation and Rehabilitation) Project.

_ Fund for mitigating Risks due to Natural Disaster;

_ Programme for mitigating Economic shocks; and

_ Fund to meet sudden natural disaster.

Poverty Alleviation and Goat Development Project:

Under this Programme, TK. 7.5 crore was disbursed as micro-credit for purchasing goats to 12980
beneficiaries selected from 440 upazilas of 64 districs during FY 2004-05.

Providing incentives and financial assistance to poultry and livestock sector:

Besides resolving complexity in taking bank credit and reducing rate of interest etc. The amount of credit
disbursed to the sector increased from Tk. 79.77 crore in FY 2000-2001 to Tk. 347.8 crore in FY 2005-06.

Poverty Alleviation and Micro-credit Programmes undertaken by Department of Fisheries:

The government disbursed Tk. 3.86 crore as credit to small and marginal fish farmers during FY 2005-06.
Fund for Housing the Homeless:

In order to mitigate the housing problem of the homeless, poor and low-income people in the country. The
government constituted a fund for housing with an allocation of Tk. 75 crore in FY 2005-06.

Programmes of the karmasangsthan Bank for generating employment for the unemployed youth:

To utilize the unemployed specially the education unemployed youth of the country in different production
oriented and income generating activities, karmasangsthan Bank distributed Tk. 283.06 crore and the
recovery of loan stood at Tk. 173.72 crore against Tk. 213.64 crore as recoverable loans (recovery rate is
81 percent).

Abashan (poverty Alleviation and Rehabilitation) Project:

This project is being implemented by the prime minister office, entirely founded from domestic source. The
project is being implemented over a period of seven years (July 2002-June 2009) at a cost of Tk. 657.20
crore.

Fund for mitigating Risks due to Natural Disasters:

The Government introduced the Fund for mitigating Risks due to Natural Disasters. The fund received
allocations of Tk. 75 crore in FY 2005-06.

Specialized Activities for Poverty Alleviation:

_ Information and communication Technology (ICT) for poverty alleviation;

_ Rural infrastructure Development programme;

_ Local Government Engineering Department (LGED);

_ Urban poverty Reduction programme;

_ Poverty alleviation and socio-economic Development,

_ Palli Daridrya Bimochan Foundation (PDBF)

_ Bangladesh Rural DevelopmentAcademy (BARD), Comilla;

_ Rural DevelopmentAcademy (Bogra); and

Urban poverty Reduction Programme:

The Government is implementing Urban Infrastructure Development Programme for poverty alleviation in
the Urban area. At the same time the Government is Continiung with the micro-credit programme. To
alleviate urban programme is being implemented under direct supervision of 6 city corporations and 21
municipalities.

Poverty Alleviation and Socio-Economic Development under the community based wealth Management
Programme of LGED and funded by IFAD. 1.35 lakh members will be employed through training and
various income generating activities. An amount of Tk. 6.00 crore has been distributed as micro credit
among them.

Palli Daridrya Bimochan Foundation (PDBF):

The objectives of the palli Daridrya Bimochan Foundation (PDBF) are to alleviate poverty in the rural area
and promote Socio-economic development. PDBF has been implementing its activities in 185 upazilas of
28 districts. About 508121 asset less men and women of these areas have been organised into 17195 groups.
These upazilas constitute about one third of the geographical area of the country with highest incidence of
rural poverty. About 94 percent beneficiaries of this Foundation are women. The Foundation made a
cumulative disbusement of Tk. 183457 Crore as micro-credit up to June 2006. the Total amount of savings
of the beneficiaries is to the ture of Tk. 90.61 crore and the recovery rate is 98 percent. To achieve PDBF’s
goals, Training has been imparted for human resource development for about 50 lakh person days.

Bangladesh Rural DevelopmentAcademy (BARD), Comilla:

Small Farmers and landless labours Development programme (SEDP) of Bangladesh Rural Development
Academy (BARD), Comilla provided collateral free micro credit to the ture of Tk. 92.13 crore to 41046
beneficiaries of 8171 non formal groups under 30 Upazilaa of 8 districts up to June 2006 and female
members constitute 51 percent of the total beneficiaries. Beside, under the project titled ‘‘Comprehensive
village Development programme (CVDP)”, 13284 members were enlisted as member in 100 co-operative
societies up to June 2006. the government accepted CVDP as a model of National village development to
expand it throughout the country in 2005 and BARD (comilla), RDA (Bogra), BRDB and Department of
cooperatives have been incorporated within this programme. Other than this, through women education,
income and nutrition Development project, Tk. 2949 lakh was distributed up to June 2006 through 19 non
formal organizations.
Rural DevelopmentAcademy (RDA), Bogra:

RuralDevelopmentAcademy, Bogra has been organising training and applied research programme in order
to alleviate poverty and to improve the Socio-Economic condition of the rural people. During FY 2005-06,
3273 participants were trained through 70 training courses. To develop repliable model for rural
development and poverty alleviation, it is implementing comprehensive rural development programme,
Expansion and modernisation of RDA demonstration farm, Arsenic Free Drinking water supply project,
Good seed initiative etc. The cumulative disbusement and recovery of credit under these projects, Stood at
Tk. 1.91 crore and Tk. 1.80 crore respectively up to June 2006.
CHAPTER NO- 05

Findings
5. Findings:

Having done the study on twenty service providers and analyzed efficient research works some problems
are identified which are as follows:

(i) There are still communication gap between NGOs and grass-root level

(ii) High interest rate is still prevailing.

(iii) Transportation system is undeveloped in the rural areas.

(iv) Universal primary education program is not yet ensured.

(v) Less involvement of male participants.

(vi) The process is complicated.

(vii) Repayment process of loan is defective.

(viii) The original and landless poor people are not targeted.

(ix) The necessary trainings are not always available which is necessary for both parties.

(x) Investment system is still poor.

(xi) Some villagers are affected by conservative value for which they are reluctant to go to NGO’s.

(xii) The role of NGOs in education and Health sectors is still limited.

(xiii) Child labour is still remaining.

(xiv) The people at grass-root level are not motivated to take loan from NGOs.

(xv) Most of the people don’t have opportunity to invest their money.
 CHAPTER NO- 06
Recommendations
6. Recommendations:

For poverty alleviation in Bangladesh the following recommendations should be considered:

(i) Universal primary education should be3 ensured.

(ii) Some sectors should be created so that the poor people may invest their money

(iii) The poor people should be motivated for self- employed.

(iv) The rate of interest should be decreased

(v) The poor people should be encouraged for self-employment avoiding begging

(vi) Micro-credit banks under Government initiatives can be established in rural areas to
streamline micro financing

(vii) A new procedure may be introduced to target people

(viii) The loan repayment system must be consistent

(ix) Male participants should be invited side by side female ones.

(x) Since Bangladesh Islamic country. So Islamic economic system and Islamic banking should be
introduced.

(xi) Every financial institution needs supervision and monitoring. A regulatory commission should be set
up to observe the functioning of micro credit program.

(xii) The person who are completely unable to repay loan should be given some concession.

(xiii) The service providers should be well behaved, tolerant

(xiv) Technical education system may be introduced for women.

(xv) Illiterate people always afraid of outsider. They can’t adopt new concept easily. Proper measures
should be taken to remove such in of tendency.

(xvi) Health facilities must be up-to-date. Safe and sound maternity is highly essential.

(xvii) The size of loan should be enlarged so the poor people can come out from the vicious circle of
poverty.
CHAPTER NO- 07

Conclusion
7. Conclusion:

1. The target group of the Government project is very limited. It must be expended through the Country.
So that all the poor can be benefited.

2. The allocation of Government budget should be increased to make programmes effective and
extensive.

3. New branches of karmasangsthan bank should be open the serve more people.the loan limit of this
bank may be increase especially for establishing labor intensive Agro-based small and cottage industries.

4. Effective measure must be taken to check the losses in the intermediary level so that the poor can
take the best possible benefits from Government project.

5. Government banks and financial institution should pay more attention on small and medium scale
enterprises instead of corporate services.

6. The number of rural development training institute should be increased which will positively
contributed to make skilled manpower.

7. The “cumilla approach “should be extended through the country.

8. A pro-poor land reform should be implemented and equitable distribution of “khas land” to the land
less people must be ensured.

9. Small and landless farmers have to be organized and be motivated in co-operative forming.

10. Modern information and communication technology can be effectively used to increased rural
production and can it boast their marketing system.

11. Development of rural infrastructure is very much needed.

12. The micro-credit loan limits must be increased to make the poverty alleviation imitative dynamic.

13. To reach the desired goal a co-ordination between the Government and NGO’s activities is a must.

14. The Government Banks should be distributed more loan among the poor people.

15. Government should start the Jakat system to alleviate the poverty.
CHAPTER NO- 08

References
8. References:

1. Poverty Issues is rural Bangladesh

PK. MID. Motiur Rahman.

2. The international glossary on poverty.

David Gordon & Paul spicker.

3. Rural poverty in Bangladesh. A Report to the like-Minded Group University Press limited.

4. The Dhaka Courier, volume-21 Nov.2007

5. The Arthakantha, year 2007.

6. Institutional framework of Poverty Alleviation. An Overview of Bangladesh Experiences.

Dr. Salahuddin Aminuzzaman.

7. Poverty Reduction: Bangladesh scenario.

Md. Zafar Alam.

8. Non-Government Organizations and their works.

Rakibul Hasan.

Web addresses.

www.ngobureubd.com.

www.bracbd.com.