Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

INSTRUCTION cum EXPERIMENTS

MANUAL

FOR

THERMAL RADIATION
Model TH 072

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

WARRANTY CERTIFICATE

Supply of Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

The above instrument is warranted to be free from defects in workmanship and material and if it
proves so defective within 15 (Fifteen months) calendar months from the date of shipment to the
original purchaser, named above it shall be repaired or replaced free of. charge provided
The Purchaser sends promptly to M/s. SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED
102, Regency, New Link Road, Dahisar (West), Mumbai 400 068. INDIA. , notice of defect and
satisfactory proof thereof as abolishing that the instrument has been properly maintained and operated
within the limits of rated capacity and normal usages, and
 Assumes the obligation of all expenses of returning the defective instrument, properly packed
to the Factory at the address given in (a) above, if required.
 On parts of products incorporated in the instrument but not manufactured by M/s. SCI-
TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED, this warranty is limited to extending to the
purchaser the same warranty as given by the supplier of such part or products.
This guarantee dose not covers consumable parts such as Bulbs, Fuses, and Rubber Seals etc.
Under the circumstances shall M/s SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED , have any
liability whatsoever for loss of use or for any indirect or consequential damages.
We can only undertake to send our men to a distance to investigate and put right alleged defects on the
distinct understanding that we are paid for their time and expenses in every case.
M/s. SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED decision about repairing or replacing the
equipment or its parts will be final and binding on all concerned parties.
Unless superseded or in contractual form, this warranty is made expressly in lieu of all the other
liabilities and obligations on our part.
For SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED
Place: Mumbai/INDIA

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

INDEX

Sr. No. Description Page no.

1. WARRANTY CERTIFICATE 2

2. PHOTOGRAPH OF SYSTEM 4

3. COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM 5

4 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE 7

5 PRECAUTION 9

6 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 11

7 THEORY 13

9 EXPERIMENT NO-1 18

10 EXPERIMENT NO-2 20

11 EXPERIMENT NO-3 22

12 EXPERIMENT NO-4 24

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

PICTORIAL DESCRIPTION

Fig. Thermal Radiation

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

COMPONENT LIST

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

COMPONENT LIST

After unpacking the consignment you will find the following items mounted on the main
structure.
1. Thermal Radiator
2. Light source
3. Black Body emitter with thermopile
4. Absorption plates with thermocouples
5. Reflection plates
5. Lux meter
6. Color filters (Red, Green, Infrared) and apertures

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

INSTALLATION PROCEDURE

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

INSTALLATION PROCEDURE

INSTALLING OF THE SYSTEM:-

Identify the parts of the system before installing:-

1) Place the structure on an equal, rigid, leveled surface.

2) Ensure that structure & supports are firmly assembled.
3) Give 230 V AC supply to the Heater.
4) Switch ON the mains. Make sure that all the indicators and display are working.

USB Kit installation:

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

PRECAUTIONS

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

PRECAUTIONS

1. Ensure the fittings have been done properly.

2. Handle equipment carefully to avoid any damage.
3. Keep your hands away from thermal radiator.

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION:
The Sci-Tech Thermal Radiation TH 072 unit contains a black body emitter with a thermopile
for the investigation of thermal radiation. A light source with lux meter for illuminance
measurements and absorption plates with thermocouples for the investigation of Kirchhoff’s
laws. The intensity of thermal and visible radiation can be adjusted. The colour filters and
apertures extend the range of experiments. The measured values are displayed digitally on the
measuring unit.

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION:

1. Base Stand - It is made up of Aluminum structure as per the system configuration. All
the components are mounted on this structure.
2. Rotating light source – It is used to generate an illuminance.

3. Thermal Radiator – It is used to transfer the heat from one medium to another.

4. Thermocouple – It is a sensor used to measure the temperature.

5. Thermopile – It is used to investigate the thermal radiation by converting the thermal

energy into electrical energy.
6. Color Filters – Three different color filters (Red, Green and Infrared ) are provided to
study the illuminance effect.

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

THEORY

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
Thermal radiation, process by which energy, in the form
of electromagnetic radiation, is emitted by a heated surface in all
directions and travels directly to its point of absorption at the speed of
light; thermal radiation does not require an intervening medium to
carry it.
Thermal radiation ranges in wavelength from the longest infrared rays
through the visible-light spectrum to the shortest ultraviolet rays. The
intensity and distribution of radiant energy within this range is
governed by the temperature of the emitting surface. The total radiant
heat energy emitted by a surface is proportional to the fourth power of
its absolute temperature (the Stefan–Boltzmann law).
The rate at which a body radiates (or absorbs) thermal radiation depends
upon the nature of the surface as well. Objects that are good emitters
are also good absorbers (Kirchhoff’s radiation law). A blackened
surface is an excellent emitter as well as an excellent absorber. If the
same surface is silvered, it becomes a poor emitter and a poor
absorber. A blackbody is one that absorbs all the radiant energy that
falls on it. Such a perfect absorber would also be a perfect emitter.
The heating of the Earth by the Sun is an example of transfer of energy by
radiation. The heating of a room by an open-hearth fireplace is another
example. The flames, coals, and hot bricks radiate heat directly to the
objects in the room with little of this heat being absorbed by the
intervening air. Most of the air that is drawn from the room and heated
in the fireplace does not reenter the room in a current
of convection but is carried up the chimney together with the products
of combustion.

Examples of thermal radiation include the visible light and infrared

light emitted by an incandescent light bulb, the infrared radiation
emitted by animals that is detectable with an infrared camera, and
the cosmic microwave background radiation. Thermal radiation is
different from thermal convection and thermal conduction—a person
near a raging bonfire feels radiant heating from the fire, even if the
surrounding air is very cold.

Stefen- Boltzmann Law:

Total energy emitted over time by a black body is proportional to T4

E =   A T4
Where,
 = Emmisivity
 = proportionality constant = 5.670367 x 10-8 watt / m2/K4

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

T = absolute temperature in degrees kelvin

E = radiant heat energy

What is a black body -

A black body is an idealized object that absorbs all Electromagnetic radiations that falls on it
No EMR passes through it and none is reflected.
Because no light (visible EMR) is reflected or transmitted, the object appears black when it is
cold.

Inverse square law of distance:

Inverse square law states that the intensity of the radiation varies inversely as
the square of the distance from its source.

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

EXPERIMENTS

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

EXPERIMENT NO -1

AIM: To find radient heat energy by Stefen- Boltzmann law

APPARATUS:

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

The Stefan- Boltzmann law describes the power radiated from a black body in terms of its
temperature. Specifically, the Stefan-Boltzmann law states that the total energy radiated per
unit surface area of black body across all wavelengths is directly proportional to the fourth
power of the black body’s thermodynamic temperature T.

E =   A T4
Where,
 = Emissivity
 = proportionality constant = 5.670367 x 10-8 watt / m2/K4
T = absolute temperature in degrees kelvin
E = radiant heat energy

OBSERVATION TABLE

T Surr. (C) Temperature (C) R (W/ m2)

29 92.2 100
29 99.4 109.2
29 99.6 109.6

.
E =   A T4 …………………. Take Emissivity,  = 0.1

= 0.1 x (5.67 x 10^ -8) x 0.01 x (365.2)4

= 1 W/ m2

Total Energy radiated per unit surface area black body is 1 W / m2

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

EXPERIMENT NO -2

AIM: To measure the intensity by Inverse of the distance square law

APPARATUS:

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1.

Inverse- square law of distance:

The inverse-square law, in physics, is any physical law stating that a

specified physical quantity or intensity is inversely proportional to
the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity.

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

Observation Table:

TSurr. (C) T (C) X (mm) R (W/m2)

29 92.2 100 100
29 99.4 150 109.2
29 99.6 200 109.6

To find the value of Rc,

For reading 1
Intensity = 1/ x2
= 1/ 0.12
= 100 W/ m2

For reading 2
Intensity = 1/ 0.1502
= 44.44 W/m2

For reading 3
Intensity = 1/ 0.22
= 25 W /m2

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

EXPERIMENT NO -3

AIM: To measure the illuminance of the rotating light

APPARATUS: Rotating light, Filters (Red, Green, Infrared), Lux Meter

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

Observation Table : At distance 320 mm

Filter E (Lux)
- 85
Green 75
Red 80
Infrared 24

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

EXPERIMENT NO -4

AIM: Study of Kirchhoff’s Radiation Law (i.e. absorption, reflection and

transmission)

APPARATUS:

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

Theory:

Coefficient of absorption (a) :

The coefficient of absorption of a body is defined as the ratio of the quantity of

radiant heat absorbed by it to the total quantity of radiant heat incident upon it
Let Q be the radiant heat incident on the body and Q a be the radiant heat
absorbed. Thus, a = Qa/ Q

Coefficient of reflection (r ) :

The coefficient of reflection of a body is defined as the ratio of the quantity of

radiant heat reflected by it to the total quantity of radiant heat incident upon it
Let Q be the radiant heat incident on the body and Q a be the radiant heat
reflected. Thus, a = Qr / Q

Coefficient of transmission (t ) :

The coefficient of transmission of a body is defined as the ratio of the quantity

of radiant heat transmitted by it to the total quantity of radiant heat incident
upon it
Let Q be the radiant heat incident on the body and Q a be the radiant heat
transmitted. Thus, a = Qt / Q

Relation between coefficient of absorption, reflection, transmission:

Let Q be the total radiant heat incident on the surface of a body. Let Qa , Qr , Qt
be the radient heat absorbed, reflected and transmitted respectively by the body.

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

Then, Qa + Qr +Qt = Q

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 Thermal Radiation Model TH 072

SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED

102, Regency, New  Link Road, Dahisar (West),
Mumbai 400 068.  INDIA.   Tel: +91 98202 49238; 99204 42238.
Website: www.sci-tech.biz
E-mail: sci-tech@sci-tech.biz ; scitechenggpvtltd@yahoo.com

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