Lab Report Introduction

Name: Touchapol Detchanun (Mos)

Grade: Biology 1002

Due Date: December 6, 2018

Have you ever thought that what do you get from food that you eat every day?

According to Biomolecules Lab's worksheet, paragraph 1 "Plants and animal contain mainly

water and an organic compound, which are molecules made by living organisms such as

plants or animals." Three examples of organic compounds are carbohydrates, lipid, and

protein, which are also called biological molecules (Carbohydrates and lipids’ handout,

paragraph 2). Biological molecules are polymers, which is chainlike molecules create by

many repeating units called monomers joined together, by dehydration synthesis and broken

down by hydrolysis (Carbohydrates and lipids’ handout, paragraph 2). The first example of

organic compounds is a carbohydrate, which consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and

have the same ratio as a water molecule, which is 1:2:1 (Carbohydrates and lipids’ handout:

Carbohydrates, paragraph 1). Moreover, carbohydrates are classifying into three groups,

including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides (Carbohydrates and lipids’

handout: Carbohydrates, paragraph 2). The first group is monosaccharides, which is building

block or monomers of carbohydrates, and when many monosaccharides join another two

parts of carbohydrates will form, including disaccharides and polysaccharides (Carbohydrates

and lipids’ handout: Carbohydrates, paragraph 2). Monosaccharides are single chain

molecule, containing three to seven carbon atoms (Carbohydrates and lipids’ handout:

Carbohydrates, paragraph 3). For examples of the monosaccharide in the body is simple

sugar, like glucose, the universal cellular fuel, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose

(Carbohydrates and lipids’ handout: Carbohydrates, paragraph 4). When many

monosaccharides or simple sugars joined together by dehydration synthesis, disaccharides are

created (Carbohydrates and lipids’ handout: Carbohydrates, paragraph 5). The examples of a

disaccharide are sucrose, which is a combination of glucose and fructose, lactose, which is a

combination of glucose and galactose, and maltose, which is the combination of glucose and

glucose (Carbohydrates and lipids’ handout: Carbohydrates, paragraph 6). The last group of

carbohydrates is polysaccharides, a long chain of monosaccharides combined (Carbohydrates

and lipids’ handout: Carbohydrates, paragraph 7). The examples of polysaccharides are starch

and glycogen which found in plant and animal tissues (Carbohydrates and lipids’ handout:

Carbohydrates, paragraph 8). The functions of carbohydrate are to provide you with energy,

structural purpose and represent a small percent of cell mass (Carbohydrates and lipids'

handout: Carbohydrates, paragraph 9-10). The second type of organic compound is lipids,

which contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms like carbohydrates, and it can be

classified into three types including triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids (Carbohydrates

and lipids’ handout: Lipids, paragraph 1). Triglycerides, or neutral fats, are composed of one

glycerol and three fatty acids (Carbohydrates and lipids’ handout: Lipids, paragraph 2).

Furthermore, there are two types of fatty acids, which are saturated fatty acid, and

unsaturated fatty acid (Carbohydrates and lipids’ handout: Lipids, paragraph 3). The main

differences between them, including that the saturated fatty acids are solid in room

temperature, and their fatty acid chain is straight because it has an only single covalent bond

(Carbohydrates and lipids’ handout: Lipids, paragraph 3). However, the unsaturated fatty acid

has a bent shape fatty acid chain due to multiple bonds, and there is liquid in room

temperature (Carbohydrates and lipids’ handout: Lipids, paragraph 3). The second type of

lipids is phospholipids, which composed of one glycogen, two fatty acids, and phosphorus

containing group (Carbohydrates and lipids’ handout: Lipids, paragraph 6). Because of the

structures, it gives a phospholipids special chemical properties and polarity, the head is

phosphorus-containing group, and it is hydrophilic, which attracted to water and ions, but the
fatty acids chain which is the tail do not because of the hydrophobic property (Carbohydrates

and lipids’ handout: Lipids, paragraph 7). Moreover, because of the phospholipids, the

cellular membranes allow cells to choose what to enter or leave (Carbohydrates and lipids’

handout: Lipids, paragraph 7). The third type of lipids is a steroid, which has the most differs

structure compared to another two type because it composed of for interlocking ring, however

it still fat-soluble, and composed of hydrogen and carbon atom same as another two types

(Carbohydrates and lipids’ handout: Lipids, paragraph 8). Cholesterol is the most important

molecule in steroid because it is the basic material of vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile

salts (Carbohydrates and lipids’ handout: Lipids, paragraph 9). The third example of organic

compounds are proteins, and it has the chemical composition of C, H, O, N, S, which differs

from the carbohydrates and lipids (Protein Notes, section 1). Proteins are a long chain of a

polypeptide, which is a linked of long dipeptides or two amino acids joined together by

peptides bonds (Protein Notes, section 3). The important thing about protein is the sequence

of amino acid because the sequence can affect the final shape and the function of the protein

(Protein Notes, section 3). One of the important functions of protein is it speed up chemical

reactions within the cells (Protein Notes, section 2). The protein starts with the total of 20

amino acids, which is in the primary structure then it folds to the secondary, and tertiary

structure; however some of them can reach to the quaternary structure (Protein Notes, section

3)

In the lab, my group will be testing for carbohydrates in the glucose by using the

indicators, which is Benedict solution. The indicators will change color due to types of

organic molecule. For example, in my experiment, the Benedict solution will be used to

testing glucose or carbohydrates, and then the substance’s color will change to orange

because of the carbohydrate or glucose that contain inside. Then we will compare the

substance that containing glucose, the peered water, and the unknown substance. The purpose
of this lab is to be able to identify the unknown substances that will be provided by the

teacher, whether it is lipids, carbohydrates, or proteins.