A DENSITY MEASUREMENT SYSTEM BASED ON SOUND WAVES.

Abstract.
This project is about the sound waves use in different mediums. The sound machine
generators design is simple. It can be used to measure the density of a chosen
material by calculating the initial sound velocity using basic physics principles. We
will analyze the propagation of sound waves in order to test its relation between its
wave speed and the propagation medium. Furthermore, we are going to use sound
waves to determine density in different materials. We have to find the relation
between density and the speed of propagation of sound. The speed of a sound wave
is fixed by the type of wave and the physical properties of the medium where it
travels.

Introduction:

This paper contains a brief introduction to the field in a density measurement system
based on sound waves, where the concepts of reflection and transmission at sound
waves, and characteristic about impedance are introduced. The most important
characteristics relevant for this work are also introduced. The theory given here can
be found in most standard textbooks about the physics, e.g. [1], Physical properties
as well as the limitations of the devices used in ultrasonic sensors described here.
The reason the sound waves propagation is discussed, because this theory is used
throughout in this work.

Theoretical Framework:

For the explanation of the experiment we will explain some concepts about the
speed of sound waves in some media, the properties of sound waves, finally the
refraction and transmission of sound waves through certain bodies.

The speed of sound waves in a medium is related to the compressibility and density
of the medium. These factors will depend on the type of medium in which the sound
wave is developing. Within the easiest environments to study are water and air due
to its ease of experimental measurement. The volumetric modules (B) are tabulated
in general tables. In the case of air the volume is 1.42 × 105 Pa. De esta manera
obtenemos que la rapidez de las ondas es de:
 𝐵
𝑣=√
𝜌

One of the properties we need to clarify is the impedance. This concept simply
explains the ability to transmit within the media that drives all types of waves. The
transmission between two means occurs always and when the impedances between
them will be equal.

Description of Project:

The project aims to measure material densities using the speed of sound waves.
Sound waves take a certain time to reach the boundary between media. At this
moment the terms of the impedance of the different means to know the capacity of
transmission of the sound waves must be considered. The materials needed for the
experiment were: fishbowl, Ultrasonic Ranging Module HC - SR04, protoboard,
arduino, computer and materials with known densities. An important material for
obtaining sound wave information was a program used in arduino.

Kabir describe el programa porfa

Finally, these data will be used to calculate the density of the material using as the
basis the first equation on the speed of sound waves in different media.

Procedures and Observations: (Kabir)

Analysis of Results:

Finally we were able to measure two materials whose densities were already
tabulated. Iron and aluminum were the chosen ones. The first result for the
aluminum is 64029.54 kg / m3 however the actual density is 27000 kg / m3, This big
difference is due to the waves that interfere with the pulse of the sensor. These
interferences were due to computers, cell phones and music reproduction that was
close to the workplace. These devices emit sound waves, electromagnetic waves
among others. These emissions interfere with the clarity of the Ultrasonic Ranging
Module HC - SR04. The second result for the iron was 90312.89 kg / m3 however
the actual density is 78000 kg / m3, This measurement is closer to the actual due to
the isolation we generate. To achieve greater insulation we use a fish tank that will
eliminate the sound waves that may be affecting the wave emitted by the Ultrasonic
Ranging Module HC - SR04.

Conclusions:

In conclusion, this chapter provides detailed background to ultrasonic type sensors

and their application in dynamic environments. Pure pulses can be guaranteed by
avoidance and suppression from radial mode vibrations and adequate dimensioning
respect to give pulse duration and material properties.

We can determine the velocity; it depends on density and on the compressibility

material. The distance between the sonic transmitter and sonic receiver is known.
The sonic velocity can be calculated by measuring the travel sonic signal time.
We can observed the ultrasound waves nature and their associated parameters, the
basic properties of ultrasonic technologies and their associated are using in various
sensors ranges in industrial applications.
We can analyze the sensor firmware; it calculates the sonic velocity using the known
distance between the transmitter and receiver. The typical sensor design includes
transmitter and receiver within one rough construction.

References:
[1] Serway 5th Edition