Biology Autumn revision

Cells
● Some organisms are unicellular (with no transport systems)
● Others are multicellular (often containing sophisticated transport systems
● Cells are tiny, they can often only be seen with a light microscope
● When they are created the are divided by mitosis
● Stem cells are cells that can transfer into any different function (there are two types:
embryonic and adult – one can transfer into anything, the other can only go into multiple
certain examples
● Bone marrow transplants can help you regenerate
● Examples of specialized cells
o Red blood cells carry vital nutrients around the body
o Nerve cells carry electrical impulses from one organ to another

Animal cells have:

- A nucleus to store DNA and control the activity of the cell

-A partially permeable oily layer to control what enters and exits the cell (membrane)

-A cytoplasm which is the site of many chemical reactions

-Some mitochondrion to host aerobic respiration

-Ribosomes for protein photosynthesis

Plant cell have:

- A nucleus to store DNA and control the activity of the cell

-A partially permeable oily layer to control what enters and exits the cell (membrane)

-A cytoplasm which is the site of many chemical reactions

-Some mitochondrion to host aerobic respiration

-Ribosomes for protein photosynthesis

-Cell walls for protection and structure

-A vacuole to contain cell sap and uphold the structure

-Chloroplasts for photosynthesis

 Organisation
organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism
● The _____ is a group of specialized ______ working together to fill a specific purpose

Movement of substances into & out of cells

Active transport
Active transport uses respirational energy to move proteins from a low to a high concentration of
said protein.

Osmosis
Osmosis is exclusively the movement of only water through a selectively permeable membrane from
a low to a high (therefore a high to a low water concentration) concentration of particles. Osmosis
is a type of diffusion.

Diffusion
Diffusion is movement from a high to a low concentration of a substance. Diffusion is a passive
process - NO ENERGY INPUT (all particles above absolute 0 have kinetic energy) REQUIRED. Diffusion
is when liquids and gasses spread out (from a high to a low concentration)

Diffusion can be sped up by:

● Surface area to volume ratio
● Amount of kinetic energy (temperature)
● Distance the substance has to diffuse
● Concentration gradient (how large the difference in concentration is)

Solute, Solvent and solution

● Solute – The substance of the solution which the solvent dissolved in
● Solvent - The substance that dissolves in another solution
● Solution - A molecular mixture of 2 or more substances

These are the main differences between arteries and veins.

Artery Vein
Carries blood away from the heart Carries blood towards the heart
Carries oxygenated blood (except pulmonary Carries deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary
artery) vein)
Arteries do not have/need valves Veins require valves
Under relatively high pressure Under relatively low pressure
Thicker walls Thinner walls
Smaller lumen Larger lumen
Multiple cells thick One cell thick for faster diffusion
Cannot fit between cells Can fir between cells