Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

Annotated Bibliography:

Adolescent Cosmetic Surgery

Raul Tolentino

The University of Texas at El Paso

RWS 1301

Dr. Vierra

October 22, 2018

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2

Research Questions

1. How much does the surgery cost?

2. What are some possible negative and positive outcomes that could happen

after the surgery?

3. Will it make you feel better about yourself?

4. What is the percentage you will have a positive outcome?

5. Do you want to go through the process and do such a thing to your body?

6. At last most importantly is it worth the risk?

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 3

Annotated Bibliography

Blanchard, J. (2004). Cosmetic Surgery. In S. Loue & M. Sajatovic (Eds.), Encyclopedia of

Women's Health (pp. 200-201). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

According to Janet Blanchard (2004) cosmetic surgery or plastic surgery is used to

correct true deformities or to improve undesirable appearances. Blanchard claims that

individuals influenced by wanting to change their appearance comes from social

situations, especially television and magazines (para. 1). Both televisions and magazines

play a large role in how individuals feel uncomfortable with their own body image due to

the fact that both sources show people who do not have unpleasant physical features.

Blanchard mentions that both men and women feel the pressure to look their very best

around others and that is why they seek the procedure of cosmetic surgery.

DeMello, M. (2007). Cosmetic Surgery. In Encyclopedia of Body Adornment (pp. 84-86).

Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

According to Margo DeMello (2007) cosmetic surgery developed during WW1 since

doctors needed a way of repairing the bodies and faces of soldiers who were wounded in

the war. DeMello claims that over time reasons for cosmetic surgery have changed.

Cosmetic surgery is now a voluntary procedure done to change the body image of

individuals. The surgery can include of facelifts, eyelid surgery, nose jobs, breast

implants, and many more. DeMello emphasizes that cosmetic surgery is not typically

covered by health insurance and is only a procedure that wealthy people can afford (para.

4). These procedures are mainly done by wealthy men and women whose face or bodies

are not naturally beautiful and want to improve their body image.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4

Hurst, R. (2011). Cosmetic Surgery. In M. Z. Stange, C. K. Oyster, & J. E. Sloan (Eds.),

Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World (Vol. 1, pp. 341-344). Thousand Oaks, CA:

SAGE Reference.

According to Rachel Hurst (2011) cosmetic surgery is a highly controversial topic

worldwide. Hurst claims that the practice of cosmetic surgery is viewed as the practice of

medicine since the surgeons are practicing on healthy bodies and do not require surgery

in order to improve the function of the body. Hurst emphasizes that there are two types of

reasons for getting cosmetic surgery. One of the being reconstructive, which is surgery

that will restore what has been affected in the body and the second being unnecessary

medical surgery meaning improving your physical appearance (para. 5). An example of

unnecessary surgery in women is breast implants, as they do that procedure in order to

improve their physical appearance.

Kamburoğlu, H. O., & Özgür, F. (2007). Postoperative satisfaction and the patient’s body image,

life satisfaction, and self-esteem: a retrospective study comparing adolescent girls and

boys after cosmetic surgery. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 31(6), 739-745.

According to Haldun O. Kamburoglu (2007) cosmetic surgery is more complex for

adolescents compared to adults. Kamburoglu claims that with an adolescent, there are

more factors affecting the patient’s satisfaction. Kamburoglu also emphasizes that with

any other surgery that is not cosmetic surgery, the main concern is illness but with

cosmetic surgery it is achieving the body image or aesthetic body form. Most of the

patients who go through the process of cosmetic surgery is due to the fact that they are

unhappy with their appearance. Kamburoglu mentions that body image has to do with the
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5

relationship with the mind and body, and that although adolescents are good candidates

for cosmetic surgery patients must be evaluated carefully.

Larson, K., & Gosain, A. K. (2012). Cosmetic surgery in the adolescent patient. Plastic and

reconstructive surgery, 129(1), 135e-141e.

Kelsey Larson and Arun K. Gosain (2012) claimed that individuals younger than the age

of 18 represent 2 percent of cosmetic patients in the United States. According to Larson

and Gosain, the reason for cosmetic surgery in adolescents is not necessarily done

because of necessities but done because of people being unhappy with their physical

appearance or body image. In Cosmetic Surgery in the Adolescent Patient (para. 3) it

talks about adolescents struggling to accept the way they look because it is a period in

time when they as teens begin to go through puberty and worry on what their peers may

say or think of them.

Pearl, A., & Weston, J. (2003). Attitudes of adolescents about cosmetic surgery. Annals of

plastic surgery, 50(6), 628-630.

Anne Pearl and Jane Weston (2003) claimed that out of 40 individuals who choose to get

cosmetic surgery, 90% choose it because they were uncomfortable with their appearance.

Pearl and Weston emphasize that the motivation for cosmetic surgery is to feel better

about themselves and help to gain self-confidence with their appearance or body image.

Although few of these adolescent individuals got cosmetic surgery, Pearl and Jane

mentioned that individuals who did not get cosmetic surgery accused the people that did

get the surgery “vain.” According to Pearl, these individual also mentioned that a main

reason for the surgery was because they believed they were “fat” and felt like they wear

unattractive.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 6

Polonijo, A. N., & Carpiano, R. M. (2008). Representations of cosmetic surgery and emotional

health in women's magazines in Canada. Women's Health Issues, 18(6), 463-470.

According to Andrea N. Polonijo (2009), cosmetic surgery has emerged as an

increasingly popular option for women. Polinijo claims cosmetic surgery is an option that

mostly women use in order to look better and increase or boost their emotional well-

being (para. 1). Polinijo mentioned that in Canada, cosmetic surgery magazines play a

big impact on the influence of individuals getting cosmetic surgery (para. 2). This is due

to the fact individuals are attracted to the models on the magazines and begin to feel self-

conscious or un happy with their body image. Along the same lines, Heike Steinhoff

(2015) mentions that wanting to change your body begins with observing other

discourses and being unhappy with their body image.

Silvas, G. (August 11, 1983,). Student face insurance hike. The Prospector, pp. 2.

In the year 1983, The Prospector in the UTEP newspaper mentioned what was known as

an insurance hike. This was due to increasing medical costs and students in the university

had to make sure they were covered by some type of insurance. The University of UT El

Paso would accept bid from different insurance companies, wanting the best plans for

students. In the year 1983, the insurance bid went to the Credit Life insurance Company

of Texas. Some things were not covered by the insurance such as cosmetic surgery. The

only way the insurance company would cover cosmetic surgery in students was if it were

due to injury, not wanting to change their physical appearance.

Steinhoff, H. (2015). Transforming bodies: Makeovers and monstrosities in American

culture Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 7

According to Heike Steinhoff, author of Transforming Bodies (2015) wanting to change

your body begins with the observations of other discourses. Steinhoff claims that bodies

are changed by self-emotion and by how individuals think of other individuals. These

changes can include beauty, gender, sexuality, and many more. Steinhoff emphasizes

that in this study he uses a term known as “transforming bodies” (p. 4) This study goes

further into detail as to why some individuals feel it is a necessity to change their body

appearance. The term transforming bodies is also to help understand the transformation in

American contemporary culture and what effects a procedure such as surgery might have

on individuals.

Tari, B. (2011). Cosmetic Surgery. In D. Sotherton (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Consumer Culture

(Vol. 1, pp. 366-367). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference.

According to Berna Tari (2011) cosmetic surgery is considered as a method of

beautification. Tari claims that cosmetic surgery refers to operations changing,

transforming, and shaping the body by adding or removing body parts for aesthetic

purposes (para. 1). Tari mentions there can be a variety of motivations for wanting

cosmetic surgery, one of them being the need to look better or improve your physical

appearance (para. 6). Cosmetic surgery can include of operations on the face, such as

face-lift or rhinoplasty which is known as the nose job and operations on other parts of

the body such the breasts (para. 1).

Timmins, F., & McCabe, C. (2009). Day Surgery: Contemporary approaches to nursing

care Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.

According to Anne-Marie Brady (2009) procedures such as cosmetic surgery or any other

type of surgery requires a professional set of individuals to be a part of an organized

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 8

team. Brady claims that when it comes to a procedure this big, these individuals must

both management and leadership functions. To add to that, Brady emphasizes that the

four most important keys of management during a surgery are planning, organizing,

directing, and controlling. (p.101) This is important because the emotions and experience

of the patient depend on the work environment. A professional staff and communication

play’s a big role in cosmetic surgery in order to achieve their goal on the patient.

Weaver, S. (September 22, 2004,). Strange but true. The Prospector, pp. 3.

In the year 2004, The Prospector in the UTEP newspaper mentioned the rock ‘n’ roll icon

Elvis Presley and how he had a connection with the topic of cosmetic surgery. The article

mentioned the reasons in which Elvis Presley went through the process of getting

cosmetic surgery. This article emphasized that he got cosmetic surgery at a young age.

Presley had the skin on his face smoothed out due to sacring of acne, he had his nose

slimmed down and straightened, and got implants on his chin as well. Many celebrities

have gone through the process of cosmetic surgery, Presley is one of the few.

Zuckerman, D., & Abraham, A. (2008). Teenagers and cosmetic surgery: Focus on breast

augmentation and liposuction. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(4), 318-324.

Diana Zuckerman and Anisha Abraham (2008) claimed that two of the most popular

cosmetic procedures found in adolescent females are liposuction and breast implants.

According to Zuckerman and Abraham, many adolescents hesitate or think twice about

moving forward with these cosmetic procedures due to concerns on how this will change

their body or how their body will look after the procedure. A big part of moving forward

with the procedure is the emotional and mental impact on the patient, which is stated in

the article that there is not enough data on the effects of the patients. Zuckerman and
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 9

Abraham mention that the medical providers or surgeons are not as involved nor spend

enough time when it comes to counseling the teenage patients on their long-term mental

health and the financial implications when having plastic surgery.