Dimensional Engineering News May 30, 2005

A monthly newsletter for Dimensional Engineers Issue 25

Knowledge 0.6

Improves Quality 0.5

--News Mission Statement 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

Simulated Distribution Types in 0.0

3DCS - Part I
0.0 0. 1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0. 5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1. 0

3DCS uses various random number 1

Pdf (x) =
distribution types in simulating variation. (b − a )
The distribution types are summarized ( a + b) (b − a) 2
as follows. Mean = , Variance =
2 12
Figure 2. Uniform Distribution
Normal (Gaussian) Distribution
This type is the most commonly used
distribution type. The Center Limit Theo- Triangle Distribution
rem states that the summation of inde- This distribution reflects the shape of a
pendent random variables tends to be in triangle with a peak in the center. Given
a Normal Distribution. the variate range [a, b], the shape pa-
0.5 rameter is calculated as c = (a + b)/2.
0.4

0.4
0. 6
0.3

0.3 0. 5
0.2

0.2 0. 4

0.1
0. 3
0.1

0.0 0. 2
-6.0 -4.9 -3.8 -2.8 -1.7 -0.6 0.5 1.6 2.6 3.7 4.8 5.9

0. 1

 − (x − µ)2 
1
0. 0

Pdf (x) = exp 

0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1. 0


 2σ
2
σ 2π 
2 2( x − a)
Mean = µ, Variance = σ Pdf (x) = , if a ≤ x ≤ c
(b − a )(c − a )
Figure 1. Normal Distribution 2(b − x)
Pdf (x) = , if c < x ≤ b
The probability density function (pdf) (b − a)(b − c)
can be specified by two parameters: a+b+c
mean (µ) and standard deviation (σ). Mean =
3
a + b + c 2 − ab − ac − bc
2 2
Variance =
18
Uniform (Rectangular) Distribution
Figure 3. Triangle Distribution
Each sample from this distribution has
the same probability of occurrence. The
distribution is specified by range [a, b]. Left Skew Distribution
Two parameters, b and a, are specified This curve only has a left-side tail. The
as plus and minus values. Weibull distribution (with Shape = 2) is
used in simulating this type of variate.

Copyright  2005 By Dimensional Control Systems, Inc. www.3dcs.com Page 1

Dimensional Engineering News May 30, 2005
A monthly newsletter for Dimensional Engineers Issue 25
With Shape c = 2, the distribution is also tion in the center. This type is simulated
called Rayleigh distribution. as a Pearson Type I with fixed parame-
ters of 0 skewness and –12/7 kurtosis.
0.5
0.5
3.0
0.4
0.4
2.5
0.3
0.3 2.0
0.2
1.5
0.2
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.0 0.5
-3.0 -2.5 -1.9 -1.4 -0.8 -0.3 0.2 0.8 1.3 1.9 2.4 2.9
0.0
-1.3 -0.8 -0.2 0.3 0.8 1.4

cz   z c  c −1
Pdf (z) = exp −    if z ≥ 0 Pdf (z) = zν-1 (1 – z) ω-1/B(ν, ω)
bc   b   z = (x - µ)/σ
z = xst – x
Figure 6. Open Up Distribution
Figure 4. Left Skew Distribution
Here the parameters ν and ω are calcu-
Where parameters Scale b and Start xst lated from offset, range, skewness and
are calculated from offset and range in- kurtosis. B(ν, ω) is the beta function.
puts. The distribution type with Pdf (z) is also
called Beta Distribution.
Right Skew Distribution
This curve only has a right-side tail. It is Open Down Distribution
the default radial magnitude in 3DCS® A curve that looks like a concave sur-
circular tolerances. This distribution is face indicates a higher probability of
similar to Left Skew Distribution except variation at its center. This type is simu-
the skew direction. lated as a Pearson Type I with fixed pa-
0.5
rameters of 0 skewness and –1 kurtosis.
0.5
0.4 1.4

0.4
1.2
0.3
1.0
0.3
0.2 0.8
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1 0.4

0.0
0.2
-3.0 -2.5 -1.9 -1.4 -0.8 -0.3 0.2 0.8 1.3 1.9 2.4 2.9
0.0
-1.3 -0.8 -0.2 0.3 0.8 1.4

cz   z c  c −1
Pdf (z) = exp −    if z ≥ 0 Pdf (z) = zν-1 (1 – z) ω-1/B(ν, ω)
bc   b   z = (x - µ)/σ
z = x - xst Figure 7. Open Down Distribution
Figure 5. Right Skew Distribution

Open Up Distribution Editors:

Ying Qing Zhou, yzhou@3dcs.com
A curve that looks like a convex surface Thagu Vivek, vthagu@3dcs.com
indicates a higher probability of variation Victor Monteverde, vmonteverde@3dcs.com
at its extreme limits with very little varia- Earl Morgan, emorgan@3dcs.com

Copyright  2005 By Dimensional Control Systems, Inc. www.3dcs.com Page 2