Inverse &

Logarithm Function
Inverse Function
Definition :

Let f be a function with domain, D and range, E. The inverse of f is the

function f-1 defined by:
𝒇−𝟏 𝒃 = 𝒂

Where a is chosen so that

𝒇 𝒂 =𝒃

So
𝒇−𝟏 𝒇 𝒙 =𝒙 , 𝒇 𝒇−𝟏 𝒙 =𝒙
One-to-One Functions
A function is a one-to-one function if each value in the range corresponds
with exactly one value in the domain.

For a function to be one-to-one, it must not only pass the

vertical line test, but also the horizontal line test.
y y y

x x x
Function Not a one-to-one One-to one
function function
Inverse Functions
If f(x) is a one-to-one function with ordered pairs of the form (x,y), its inverse
function, f -1(x), is a one-to-one function with ordered pairs of the form (y,x).

Function: {(2, 6), (5,4), (0, 12), (4,

1)}
Inverse Function: {(6, 2), (4,5), (12, 0), (1, 4)}

• Only one-to-one functions have inverse functions.

• Note that the domain of the function becomes the
range of the inverse function, and the range
becomes the domain of the inverse function.
Inverse Functions
To Find the Inverse Function of a One-to-One Function
1. Replace f(x) with y.
2. Interchange the two variables x and y.
3. Solve the equation for y.
4. Replace y with f –1(x). (This gives the inverse function
using inverse function notation.)

Example:
Find the inverse function of f  x   x  1, x  1.
Graph f(x) and f(x) –1 on the same axes.
Inverse Functions
Example continued:
f  x   x  1,  1

y  x 1 Replace f(x) with y.

x y 1 Interchange x and y.

 
2
x2  y 1 Solve for y.

x2  y  1

x2  1  y

f 1( x)  x 2  1, x  0 Replace y with f –1(x) .

Inverse Functions
f 1( x)  x 2  1, x  0

f  x   x  1, x  1

Note that the symmetry is about the line y = x.

 Finding the inverse
1st example, begin with your function
f(x) = 3x – 7 replace f(x) with y

y = 3x - 7
Interchange x and y to find the inverse
x = 3y – 7 now solve for y

x + 7 = 3y
=y
x7
3
f-1(x) = x7 replace y with f-1(x)
3
Finding the inverse
2nd example

g(x) = 2x3 + 1 replace g(x) with y

y = 2x3 + 1
Interchange x and y to find the inverse
x = 2y3 + 1 now solve for y

x - 1 = 2y3

x 1
2 = y3

3
x 1 =y
2
g-1(x) = x 1 replace y with g-1(x)
3
2
Verifying inverses
Recall, to verify you have found the inverse you check that composition
of the function with the inverse, in both orders, equals x

Using specific ordered pairs can illustrate how the inverse works, but
does not verify that it is the inverse.
Function with a restricted
domain
Consider f(x) =
x4

What is the domain?

x+4>0
x > -4 or the interval [-4, ∞)

What is the range?

y>0 or the interval [0, ∞)
Function with a restricted
domain
Now find the inverse:
f(x) = x  D:
4 [-4, ∞) R: [0, ∞)
y= x4

Interchange x and y
y4
x=
x2 = y + 4
x2 – 4 = y
f-1(x) = x2 – 4 D: [0, ∞) R: [-4, ∞)
Functions with a restricted
domain
Finally, let us consider the graphs:
f(x) =x  4
D: [-4, ∞) R: [0, ∞)

blue graph

f-1(x) = x2 – 4
D: [0, ∞) R: [-4, ∞)

red graph
Function with a restricted
domain
2nd example
Consider g(x) = 5 - x2 D: [0, ∞)

What is the range?

Make a very quick sketch of the graph

R: (-∞, 5]
Function with a restricted
domain
Now find the inverse:

g(x) = 5 - x2 D: [0, ∞) R: (-∞, 5]

y = 5 - x2

Interchange x and y

x = 5 - y2

x – 5 = -y2

5 – x = y2
 5 x =y

but do we want the + or – square root?

5 x
g-1(x) = D: (-∞, 5] R: [0, ∞)
Functions with a restricted
domain
And, now the graphs:
g(x) = 5 - x2
D: [0, ∞) R: (-∞, 5]

blue graph

5 x

g-1(x) =
D: (-∞, 5] R: [0, ∞)

red graph
Composites and Inverses
If two functions f(x) and f –1(x) are inverses of each other,
(f f 1)( x)  x and ( f 1 f )( x)  x

Example:
f  x   x  1, x  1 and f 1( x)  x 2  1, x  0

Show that ( f f 1)( x)  x and ( f 1 f )( x)  x ..

f  x  x  1 f 1( x)  x 2  1
 
2
1
(f 1
f )( x)  x  1  1
2
f ( x)  x 1 1
 x2  x  x 1 1  x
Example 4:
Two functions f and g are inverse functions if and only if
both of their compositions are the identity function;
f(x) = x.

3 4
Determine whether f ( x)  x  6 and g ( x)  x  8
4 3
are inverse functions.

You must do [f ◦ g](x) and [g ◦ f ](x), if they both

equal x, they are inverses!
[f ◦ g](x) [g ◦ f ](x)
3 4  4 3 
x  8  6  x  6  8

4 3  3 4 

=x+6–6 =x–8+8
=x =x

So, they ARE inverses of each other!

 x 1
Example 5 :Verify that the function g(x) = 2
is the inverse of f(x) = 2x – 1.

( f ( x)  1) (( 2 x  1)  1) 2x
g( f(x)) = = = =x
2 2 2

f(g(x)) = 2g(x) – 1 = 2( x  1) – 1 = (x + 1) – 1 = x
2
It follows that g = f -1.
§ 9.2

EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
Exponential Functions
For any real number a > 0 and a  1,
f(x) = ax
is an exponential function.

For all exponential functions of this form,

1. The domain of the function is(, ).
2. The range of the function is(0, ).
3. The graph passes through the points
(1, 1 ),  0,1 , 1, a  .
a
Exponential Graphs
Example:
Graph the function f(x) = 3x.

Domain:
 1, 3  Range: {y|y > 0}

 -1, 13   0,1
Exponential Graphs
Example:


x
Graph the function f(x) = 1
.
3

Notice that each Domain:

graph passes
 -1, 3  through the point Range: {y|y > 0}
(0, 1).

 0,1 1, 13 
§ 9.3

LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
Exponential Functions
For all positive numbers a, where a  1,
y = logax means x = ay.

logarithm
(exponent) number exponent

y = logax x = ay
means

base number base

Exponential Functions

Exponential Form Logarithmic Form

50 = log101= 0
13
2 = log28= 3

 12  = 161
84
log1 2 1 = 4
16

6-2 = 1 log6 1 = -2
36 36
Logarithmic Functions
For all logarithmic functions of the form y = logax or f(x)
= logax, where a > 0, a  1, and x > 0,
1. The domain of the function is (0, ) .
2. The range of the function is (, ) .
3. The graph passes through the points
( 1 , 1),  1, 0  ,  a,1 .
a
Logarithmic Graphs
Example:

Graph the function f(x) = log10x.

 10,1
 1, 0 

Domain: {x|x > 0}

 1 ,-1
10  Notice that the
graph passes Range:
through the point
(1,0).
Exponential vs. Logarithmic Graphs

Exponential Function Logarithmic Function

y = ax (a > 0, a  y = logax (a > 0, a  1)
Domain:  ,  
1)
 0,  
Range:  0,    ,  

Points on
 1, a1   a1 , 1
Graph:  0,1 x becomes  1, 0 
yy becomes
 1, a  x
 a,1
Exponential vs. Logarithmic Graphs

f(x)

f(x) = 10x

f(x) = log10x

f -1(x)

Notice that the two graphs are inverse functions.

§ 9.4

PROPERTIES OF
LOGARITHMS
Product Rule
Product Rule for Logarithms

For positive real numbers x, y, and a, a  1,

log a xy  log a x  log a y

Example:
log5(4 · 7) = log54 + log57
log10(100 · 1000) = log10100 + log101000 = 2 + 3 =
5
Quotient Rule
Quotient Rule for Logarithms

For positive real numbers x, y, and a, a  1,

log a x  log a x  log a y Property 1
y

Example:
log 7 10  log 7 10  log 7 2
2
log10 1  log10 1  log10 1000  0  3  3
1000
Power Rule
Power Rule for Logarithms

If x and y are positive real numbers, a  1, and n is any

real number, then
loga xn  n loga x Property 2

Example:
log9 34  4log9 3

log10 1002  2log10 100  2  2  4

Additional Properties
Additional Properties of Logarithms

If a > 0, and a  1,
log a a x  x Property 4
a loga x  x (x  0) Property 5

Example:
log9 94  4

log10 106  6
Combination of Properties
Example:

Write the following as the logarithm of a single expression.

5log 6(x  3)  [2log 6(x  4)  3log 6 x] 

log6(x  3)5  [log6(x  4)2  log6 x3]  Power Rule

log6(x  3)5  [log6(x  4)2  x3]  Product Rule

 (x  3)5 
log 6  2 3 Quotient Rule
 (x  4) x 
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