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Performance Analysis of a New Hybrid

Cooling–Drying System
Merve Senturk Acara and Oguz Arslan b
a
Tavsanlı Vocational School, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya 43300, Turkey; merve.senturkacar@dpu.edu.tr (for correspondence)
b
Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik 11230, Turkey;
oguz.arslan@bilecik.edu.tr (for correspondence)
Published online 00 Month 2017 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ep.12832

In this study, the Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube (RHVT)- tube, which a high-pressure gas stream enters tangentially
aided hybrid cooling and drying system (RHVTHCD), nonhy- and the high-pressure gas pass through the helical generator
brid cooling and drying system (NCDS), and RHVT-aided and then a swirling flow occurred in the RHVT body which
hybrid cooling and drying system in which used the input resulted in the hot and cold streams were separated [5–7]. In
stream of RHVT is obtained from the different system as a literature, the hot and cold streams of RHVT were analyzed
waste (RHVTHCDW) were investigated using energy and by energy and exergy analysis [8,9]. Sommers and Jacobi
exergy analysis. In this aim, many systems were designed studied to improve the heat transfer on the air side of the
and evaluated with net present value (NPV) in the viewpoint cooling evaporator used with vortex generator [10]. Aydın
of life cycle cost (LCC). Additionally, several RHVTs with the and Baki investigated the design parameters and performan-
9 different helical vortex generators, 3 different control valve ces of counterflow vortex tubes experimentally [11]. Dincer
angle (a 5 308, 458, and 608), 3 different vortex tube body and Baskaya (2009) examined the change of exergy effi-
(480, 350, and 210 mm), 5 different opening position of the ciency of the Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube for the five different
control valve, and 5 different inlet flow pressure of RHVT values of the control valve angle (a 5 308, 608, 908, 1208, and
(201.325–601.325 kPa) were performed experimentally. The 1508) and the different values of the pressure of the inlet
cold outlet flow of RHVT was integrated to the vapor com- flow [12]. Maximum exergy was achieved at a 5 908 and inlet
pression system with a heat exchanger, where the hot one flow pressure of 320 kPa. Kabeel et al. (2010) were theoreti-
was integrated in the drying system. The energy and exergy cally and experimentally investigated the cooling perfor-
efficiencies of RHVTHCD system increase with the increase of mance of a tractor cabinet by using RHVT [13]. They have
the evaporator temperature. The maximum NPV value of the determined that the temperature of the feed air must be
RHVTHCD system obtained was 37256.63 e. The highest reduced or the velocity increased in order to improve the
energy and exergy efficiencies were calculated as 24.74% spot cooling performance. Saidi and Vaalipour (2003) investi-
and 9.69%, respectively. V C 2017 American Institute of Chemical
gated the effects diameter and body length of the RHVT, and
Engineers Environ Prog, 00: 000–000, 2017
nozzle number of RHVT generator on the cold temperature
Keywords: economic analysis, energy analysis, exergy
difference in a counter-flow vortex tube [6]. They have deter-
analysis, hybrid of cooling and drying, vortex tube
mined the maximum cold air temperature difference was
found for RHVT body length to tube diameter ratio ranged
INTRODUCTION from 20 to 55.5. Rafiee and Sadeghiazad [14] were investi-
As a result of the rapid increase of the population, the gated the heat transfer and energy separation inside a
sustainability of the food supply and energy sources have counter-flow vortex tube for different shapes of hot control
gained importance. The drying and cooling are regional valves. Kumar et al. [15] were experimentally investigated the
methods used for long-term storage of foods for decades. cold/hot temperature and humidity separations in vortex
Sun drying is cheaper than other drying methods, but the tube for the different fractions of the cold mass at the differ-
length of drying time, the low quality of the final product, ent pressures. Cebeci et al. [16] investigated the effects of the
and dependence on weather conditions were disadvantages orifice nozzle number and the inlet pressure on heating and
of the sun drying [1]. These negative factors cause began to cooling performance of a counterflow Ranque–Hilsch type
be used the artificial mechanical drying methods. However, vortex tube. Dutta et al. [17], Thakare, and Parekh [18,19]
these methods make the energy requirements increase. investigated the energy separation phenomena using compu-
Because of the limited energy resources and increasing tational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for RHVT.
energy needs will require the use of energy efficient. For the The usage of RHVT is one of the methods to improve the
recent years, the studies, aiming to improve the energy and coefficient of performance (COP) and exergy efficiency of
exergy efficiency of the drying and cooling systems have
the vapor compression cooling system. As first, Hooper and
much more importance [2–4].
Ambrose (1973) used RHVT in the refrigeration system as a
The vortex tube was discovered by Ranque in 1933 [5].
throttling valve and tested the system for 13 different refrig-
Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube (RHVT) consists of a principal
erants [20]. Then, many studies were conducted for the direct
use of RHVT in the cooling system taking the different geom-
C 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers
V etries of RHVT, the different operating parameters, the

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep Month 2017 1
different refrigerants and the different system configurations into account for the RHVTHCD system designs. The NPV,
[21–23]. Acar and Arslan (2016) were theoretically and exper- energy, and exergy efficiency values were calculated for
imentally investigated the NPV, energy, and exergy efficiency three different cooling and drying system. The first one of
of drying system by using RHVT [24]. these systems is the Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube aided cool-
The studies in the literature are focused on the cold outlet ing and drying system named as a hybrid system. The sec-
flow of RHVT, the energy and exergy analysis of RHVT and ond one is also a hybrid system; however, the compressed
the temperature differences between outlet streams. In addi- air is obtained as a waste from an external source
tion, the NPV values of these systems are not considered in (RHVTHCDW). And the last one is considered as the conven-
these studies. There is no study about the availability of the tional system named the nonhybrid cooling and drying sys-
outlet flows of RHVT in any hybrid system. In this study, the tem (NCDS).
RHVT aided hybrid cooling and drying system (RHVTHCD)
was investigated by the energy, exergy analysis and evalu- EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP OF RHVT
ated with net present value (NPV) in the viewpoint of life The schematic diagram of experimental set-up of RHVT
cycle cost (LCC). In this system, it is aimed to increase the was given in Figure 1. The air was compressed by a
energy and exergy efficiencies of the cooling and drying sys- pressure-adjustable air-cooled compressor (1). The com-
tem which was integrated with RHVT outlet flows. The hot pressed air was stored in pressure tank (2) (a capacity of
outlet flow of RHVT integrated to the drying system before 0.3 m3). The volumetric rate of the compressed air was
the electrical heater and the cold outlet flow of RHVT was adjusted by means of a spherical valve (3). The compressed
used in the vapor compression cycle. The RHVT experiments air enters to the helical vortex generator (A) and then the
were performed for 9 different helical vortex generators, 3 swirling flow occurs in the RHVT body (C). This flow is sep-
different control valve angel (a 5 308, 458, and 608), 3 differ- arated into hot and cold streams in RHVT body by means of
ent vortex tube body(480, 350, and 210 mm), 5 different the control valve (B).
opening position of the control valve and 5 different pres- The pressure and volumetric rate of the cold and inlet
sures of the inlet flow of RHVT (201.325–601.325 kPa). The streams were measured by a relative pressure transmitter (4)
experimental results of the RHVT were used to design of the and an air flowmeter (6). The volumetric rate of the hot side
hybrid system. The inlet temperatures of dryer (328.15, was calculated using the conservation law of mass. The tem-
333.15, 338.15, and 343.15 K), outlet temperatures of dryer, perature of the cold stream and compressed inlet air were
the compressor outlet pressure of refrigerant (1300, 1700, measured by a PT100 type of thermocouple (5). The temper-
and 2000 kPa), the evaporator temperature (275.15, 276.15, ature of the hot stream was measured by a relative humidity
and 277.15 K), 4 different refrigerants (R-134a, R-143a, R- and temperature transmitter (10). All the measured data was
404a, and R-507a), and the cold mass fraction were taken then stored in a data logger (11). The energy consumption
of compressor was also measured and stored by a network
analyzer integrated to the data logger. The technical proper-
ties of the measurement devices were given in Table 1
[24,25].
RHVT mainly consists of three components named as the
helical vortex generator, control valve and RHVT body (Fig-
ure 2). The used geometrical parameters of RHVT were cho-
sen as height (h), width (w) of the channel, inner diameter
(d) of the helical vortex generators, and length (L) and diam-
eter (D) of RHVT bodies. All the helical vortex generators
have a single nozzle and 3 different control valve angles
were used (a 5 308, 458, and 608) in RHVT. The technical
properties of RHVT used in experiments were given in Table
2 [24,25].

Figure 1. The schematic of the experimental set-up of Figure 2. The helical vortex generator (a), control valve (b),
RHVT. and RHVT body (c).

Table 1. Technical properties of the measurement devices [24,25].

Device Type Property Sensibility


Thermocouple Testo, PT 100 223.15–573.15 K 60.05 K
Relative pressure transmitter WI_KA S-10 0–1000 kPa 60.5% kPa
Flow meter (cold stream) Testo 6441 0.25–75 m3 h21 63% m3 h21
Flow meter (inlet stream) Testo 6442 0.75–225 m3 h21 60.3% m3 h21
Relative humidity and Testo 6881 233.15–453.15 K; 0–100% RH 60.2 K; 61% RH
temperature transmitter
Data logger Elimko PR-100 12 channel, 85–265 VAC -

2 Month 2017 Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep
Table 2. Technical properties of RHVT [24,25].

Property h (mm) w (mm) d (mm) D (mm) L (mm) D (mm) L/D a (8)


Vortex generator
0 2.0 4.5 6.15 12 - - - -
A 3.3 - - - -
B 5.1 - - - -
C 6.0 - - - -
D 7.1 - - - -
M 1.5 6.0 3.3 - - - -
N 5.1 - - - -
O 5.7 - - - -
J 7.1 - - - -
RHVT body
1 - - - - 480 12 40 -
2 - - - - 350 29.17 -
3 - - - - 210 17.5 -
Control valve
1 - - - - - - - 30
2 - - - - - - - 45
3 - - - - - - - 60

Table 3. The uncertainties of the measurements [24,25]. enters to the compressor at point 1 and the compressed
refrigerant leaves at point 2. The condensed refrigerant
enters to the heat exchanger at point 3 and gives the heat to
Measurement devices Uncertainty (U) the cold stream of RHVT. The refrigerant leaves the heat
Thermocouple (T6) 60.264 K exchanger at point 4a and the cold stream of RHVT exits at
Thermocouple (T8) 60.445 K point 7. The cold stream works as a cooling fluid. The refrig-
Relative pressure transmitter (P8) 65.68 kPa erant pressure is decreased to the inlet pressure of the com-
Flowmeter (cold exit) 60.218 m3 h21 pressor at the exit of the throttling valve (5). The ambient air
Flowmeter (inlet stream) 60.303 m3 h21 is compressed then inlets to RHVT (8). The hot exit of RHVT
Relative humidity and 60.490 K, 60.154 RH (9) was integrated into the drying system before the electrical
temperature transmitter (T9, /9) heater. The heated drying air (10) inlets to the dryer and
takes the moisture of the fresh tomatoes and then leaves the
dryer (11). The fresh tomatoes enter to the dryer at point 12
UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIMENTS and the dried tomatoes leave the dryer at point 13.
The measurements were evaluated with the uncertainty The vapor compression cooling systems were designed
analysis. The average of the measurement (X ) is for different compressor discharge pressure and suitable
P evaporator temperatures of cooling tomatoes. The compres-
Xm sor (C1) outlet pressure was chosen between 1300 and 2000
X 5 (1) kPa. The pressure of the inlet stream of RHVT was changed
n
between 201.325 and 601.325 kPa. The thermodynamic prop-
where n is the number of the measurements and Xm is the erties of refrigerant were determined by REFPROP. The
measurement. Standard deviation (SD) is parameters for designing of vapor compression cooling sys-
tem handled in the study were given in Table 4 [25]. The
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Pn ffi thermodynamic properties of the RHVT inlet and outlet flows
m51 ðXm 2X Þ
 2 were determined using experimental results.
SD5 (2)
ðn21Þ The Page model best described the drying curve of toma-
toes [27]. So that, the temperatures of the inlet stream of the
Uncertainty (U) was given in Eq. (3) [26]. dryer, and drying periods were determined by using Page
drying model for tomato. The variation of the drying period
SD of tomato versus the temperature of the inlet stream of the
U 5 pffiffiffi (3) dryer was given in Figure 4 [27]. The temperature differences
n
of inlet and outlet stream of the dryer were adopted as 2, 5,
The cold and hot streams pressures were accepted as 10, 15, and 20 K.
101.325 kPa as these streams outlet to the ambient. There- According to Figure 4, the drying period decreases with
fore, the uncertainties of the pressure meters after cold and increasing the inlet stream temperature of the dryer. The
hot streams were not calculated. The uncertainties of the tomato was reached the final moisture content level of
measurements were given in Table 3. According to the find- 11% at the inlet stream temperature of the dryer as 328.15,
ings of the uncertainty analysis, it was determined that the 333.15, 338.15, and 348.15 K while the drying period of
obtained results of the measurements were acceptable for the tomato took 127,800, 100,800, 95,400, and 86,400 sec-
the use in the design of the RHVTVCC. onds, respectively [27]. The temperatures of the inlet and
outlet streams of the dryer and the temperature of the
RHVT AIDED HYBRID COOLING AND DRYING SYSTEM (RHVTHCD) fresh and dried product and drying periods were given in
RHVTHCD flow diagram is shown in Figure 3. The cold Table 5.
stream of RHVT was integrated into the refrigeration cycle The temperature of the hot stream of RHVT was heated
with a heat exchanger after the evaporator. The refrigerant to the temperature of the inlet stream of the dryer using the

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep Month 2017 3
Figure 3. The flow diagram of the RHVTHCD. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Table 4. The design parameters for RHVTHCD system [25]. Energy and Exergy Analysis
The following assumptions were handled in the energy
Evaporator temperature (T1) 275.15–276.15–277.15 K analysis:
Refrigerants R134a, R143a, R404a, R507a 1. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
Compressor exit pressure 1300–2000 kPa 2. The compressor has an electrical (he ) and mechanical
of the cooling system (P2) efficiencies (hmec ) of 90%.
3. The compressor has an isentropic efficiency of 70%.
4. The heat exchanger has an efficiency of 70%.
electrical heater. The efficiency of the electrical heater was 5. The electrical heater has an electrical efficiency (he;h ) of
determined with the experiments. The electrical wiring dia- 27%.
gram of the electrical heater is shown in Figure 5 [25]. 6. The RHTV outlet stream pressure equals to environment
As seen in Figure 5, 13 (500 W) heater resistances are pressure (101.325 kPa).
being used in the experiments. Here, 4 heater resistances 7. The reference state is 101.325 kPa and 293.15 K.
connected in series (in three single lines) and one heater Under these assumptions, the governing energy equations
resistance connected to each other line in parallel. The sche- of the RHVTCT were obtained as follows.
matic diagram and image of the experimental set-up of the Evaporator:
electrical heater are given in Figure 6 [25].
The air compressed in the compressor (1) and collected Q_ eva 5m_ R  ðh1 2h4a Þ (5)
in the air pressure tank (2). The flow of the air was setting Condenser:
by a spherical valve (3). The pressure, temperature, and flow
of the air were measured with a relative pressure transmitter Q_ con 5m_ R  ðh3 2h2 Þ (6)
(4), thermocouple (5) and flowmeter (6), respectively. After
the measurements, the compressed air enters to the electrical Heat exchanger:
heater (7). The temperature and relative humidity of the
heated air (8) were measured with relative humidity and
m_ 6  ðh7 2h6 Þ5m_ R  ðh3 2h4a Þ1Q_ he (7)
temperature transmitter at point 9. The consumed power of
electrical heater was measured. The electrical heater effi-
Compressor 1 (vapor compression cooling system):
ciency was calculated with Eq. (4).
  W_ 1 5m_ R  ðh2 2h1 Þ (8)
m_ a  cp; a  The; out 2The;in
heh;exp 5 (4)
W_ exp And electrical power of Compressor 1:

where m_ a is the air mass flow rate during the test (kg/s), W_ 1
cp; a is the specific heat of air (kJ/kgK), W_ exp is the con- W_ e;1 5 (9)
hmec  hel
sumed electric energy per unit of time (kW), Teh;in is the tem-
perature of the inlet air in electrical heater (K), and Teh;out is Compressor 2 (RHVT):
the temperature of the outlet air of electrical heater (K). The
experimental results of the electrical heater are as presented P1;a
in Figure 7. W_ 2 5R  T  ln  m_ 8 (10)
P8
As seen in Figure 7, the mean value of the electrical
heater efficiency is determined as 0.27 [25]. The inlet air tem- And electrical power of Compressor 2:
perature was included in the calculations as equal to the
ambient temperature while the power consumption of elec- W_ 2
trical heater calculated for thermodynamic analysis of the W_ e;2 5 (11)
electrical drying system. hmec  he

4 Month 2017 Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep
Figure 4. The variation of the drying period of tomato versus the temperature of the inlet stream of dryer [27]. [Color figure
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Table 5. The operating parameters of the dryer. here, cp;12 : specific heat of tomato. The specific heat (cp; tom )
of tomato, calculated with Eq. (17) depending on tempera-
Drying period (s) T10 (K) T11 (K) T12 (K) T13 (K) ture and constituents of tomato [28]:
127,800 328.15 326.15 293.15 326.15
cp; tom 5cpro Xpro 1cfat Xfat 1ccar Xcar 1cfib Xfib 1cash Xash 1cw Xw
323.15 323.15
318.15 318.15 (17)
313.15 313.15
308.15 308.15 where X is the mass ratio of the food component. The mass
100,800 333.15 331.15 331.15 composition ranges of tomato were given in Table 6.
328.15 328.15 The specific heat of the constituents of the product
323.15 323.15 depending on temperature [28];
318.15 318.15
313.15 313.15 cpro 52:008211:208931023  T 21:312931026  T 2 (18)
95,400 338.15 336.15 336.15
333.15 333.15
328.15 328.15 cfat 51:984211:473331023  T 24:800831026  T 2 (19)
323.15 323.15
318.15 318.15 ccar 51:548811:962531023  T 25:939931026  T 2 (20)
86,400 343.15 341.15 341.15
338.15 338.15 cfiber 51:845911:830631023  T 24:650931026  T 2 (21)
333.15 333.15
328.15 328.15 cash 51:092611:889631023  T 23:681731026  T 2 (22)
323.15 323.15
cw 54:128929:086431025  T 15:473131026  T 2 (23)
RHVT:
Energy efficiency of RHVTHCD system:
Q_ RHVT 5m_ 6  h6 1m_ 9  h9 2m_ 8  h8 (12)
Q_ eva 1m_ 10  ðh10 2h11 Þ
h1 5
W e;1 1W e;2 1W e;3 1m_ 8  h1;a 1Q_ RHVT 1Q_ he 1m_ 12  cp;12  T12
_ _ _
Throttling valve:
(24)
m_ R  h3 5m_ ref  h4 (13)
Electrical heater: Energy efficiency of RHVTHCDW system:

W_ 3 5m_ 9  ðh10 2h9 Þ (14) Q_ eva 1m_ 10  ðh10 2h11 Þ


h2 5 (25)
And electrical power of electrical heater: W e;1 1W e;3 1m_ 8  h8 1Q_ RHVT 1Q_ he 1m_ 12  cp;12  T12
_ _

W_ 3
W_ e;3 5 (15) Energy efficiency of nonhybrid cooling and drying system:
heh
Dryer:
m_ 10  ðh10 2h11 Þ5m_ 12  cp;12  ðT13 2T12 Þ1ðm_ 12 2m_ 13 Þ  hdb;13 Q_ eva 1m_ 10  ðh10 2h11 Þ
h3 5 (26)
(16) W_ e;1 1W_ e;3 1m_ 9  h1;a 1Q_ RHVT 1m_ 12  cp;12  T12

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep Month 2017 5
Figure 5. The electrical diagram of electrical heater [25].

Figure 7. The experimental results of the electrical heater


efficiency [25]. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlineli-
brary.com]

Table 6. Mass composition ranges of tomato [28].

Constituents % (X)
Water 93.76
Protein 0.85
Fat 0.33
Carbohydrate 3.54
Fiber 1.10
Ash 0.42

X 
T0 _
_ heat 5
Ex 12 Qk (28)
Tk
_ work 5W_
Ex (29)
Figure 6. The image (a) and schematic diagram (b) of the X
_ in;m 5
Ex m_ in win (30)
experimental set-up of the electrical heater [25]. [Color figure
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] X
_ out;m 5
Ex m_ out wout (31)

where w indicates the specific exergy term and given as


The exergy destruction for steady systems is given by the fol-
lowing equation: w5ðh2h0 Þ2T0 ðs2s0 Þ (32)

Ex _ in;m 2Ex
_ heat 1Ex _ out;m 2Ex
_ work 5Ex
_ d (27) where h is the enthalpy, s is the entropy, and the subscript
zero indicates the properties of fluids at the dead state.
The exergy equations of the RHVTHCD system were
Here the exergy terms occurred by heat, mass, and work obtained as follows:
flow are given as follows: Evaporator:

6 Month 2017 Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep
     
_Exd;eva 5m_ R  ðW5 2W1 Þ1Q_ eva  To 21 (33) W6 5cp 6  ðT6 2T0 Þ2T0  ln
T6 P
1Ra  T0  ln 6 (46)
T1 T0 P0

Condenser: W7 5ðh7 2h0 Þ2T0  ðs7 2s0 Þ (47)


  h   i  
T W1;a 5 cp a 1x1;a  cp v  T1;a 2T0 2T0
_ d;con 5m_ R  ðW2 2W3 Þ1Q_ con  12 o
Ex (34) h  
T3     i T1;a  
 cp a 1x1;a  cp v  ln 2 Ra 1x1; a Rv
Heat exchanger: T0
    
P1;a   111:6078  x0
  ln 1T0  Ra 1x1; a Rv  ln
P0 111:6078x1; a
_ d;he 5m_ R  ðW3 2W5 Þ1m_ 6  ðW6 2W7 Þ1Q_ he  12 T0
Ex (35)  
The x1;a
11:6078  x1; a  Ra  ln
x0
Cooling system compressor (C1):
(48)
_ d;comp;1 5m_ R  ðW1 2W2 Þ1W_ e;1    
Ex (36) T8 P8
W8 5Cp 8  ðT8 2T0 Þ2T0  ln 1Ra  T0  ln (49)
T0 P0
RHVT compressor (C2):
h   i
W9 5 cp a 1x9 cp v  ðT9 2T0 Þ2T0
_ d;RHVT;comp;2 5m_ 1;a  W1;a 2m_ 8  W8 1W_ e;2
Ex (37) h    
   i T9 P9
 cp a 1x9  cp v  ln 2ðRa 1x9 Rv Þ  ln 1T0
RHVT: T0 P0
    
111:6078  x0 x9
   ðRa 1x9 Rv Þ  ln 11; 6078x9 Ra  ln
_ d;RHVT 5m_ 8  W8 2ðm_ 6  W6 1m_ 7  W7 Þ1Q_ RHVT  To 21
Ex
111:6078  x9 x0
T6 (50)
(38) h    i
W10 5 cp a 1x10  cp b  ðT10 2T0 Þ2T0
h    
Throttling valve:     i T10 P10
 cp a 1x10  cp b  ln 2ðRa 1x10 Rv Þln 1T0
T0 P0
_ d;tv 5m_ R  ðW3 2W4 Þ
Ex (39)     
111:6078  x0 x10
 ðRa 1x10 Rv Þ  ln 11:6078  x10  Ra  ln
111:6078  x10 x0
Electrical heater:
(51)
h   i
_ d;eh 5m_ 9  W9 2m_ 10  W10 1W_ e;2
Ex (40) W11 5 cp a 1x11  cp v  ðT11 2T0 Þ2T0
h    
   i T11 P11
Dryer:  cp a 1x11  cp v  ln 2ðRa 1x11 Rv Þ  ln 1T0
T0 P0
    
_ d;dry 5m_ 10  W10 1m_ 12  W12 2ðm_ 11  W11 1m_ 13 W13 Þ
Ex (41) 111:6078  x0 x11
 ðRa 1x11 Rv Þln 11:6078  x11  Ra  ln
111:6078  x11 x0
where W indicates the specific exergy term and the specific (52)
exergy of the points in the RHVTHCD system are given in  
T12
Eqs. (42–54). W12 5cp;12  ðT12 2T0 Þ2T0 ln (53)
T0
W1 5ðh1 2h0 Þ2T0  ðs1 2s0 Þ (42)
 
T13
W13 5cp;13  ðT13 2T0 Þ2T0  ln (54)
W2 5ðh2 2h0 Þ2T0  ðs2 2s0 Þ (43) T0

where x indicates the humidity ratio of air, reference dead


W3 5ðh3 2h0 Þ2T0  ðs3 2s0 Þ (44) state; xo 50:02023 [29]. In the system v ffi v1 and the chang-
ing of pressure is neglected [30] in drying system.
W5 5ðh4a 2h0 Þ2T0  ðs5 2s0 Þ (45) Exergetic efficiency of RHVTHCD system (E1 ):

_ d;eva 1Ex
Ex _ d;con 1Ex
_ d;he 1Ex_ d;comp;1 1Ex_ d;RHVT;comp;2 1Ex
_ _ d;tv 1Ex
1Ex _ d;eh 1Ex
_ d;dry
E1 512
d;RHVT
(55)
T T
m_ 8  W1;a 1W_ e;1 1W_ e;2 1W_ e;3 1Q_ RHVT  To6 21 1Q_ he  12 The0 1m_ 12  W12

Exergetic efficiency of RHVTHCDW system (E2 ):

Ex _ d;con 1Ex
_ d;eva 1Ex _ d;he 1Ex
_ d;comp;1 1Ex
_ d;RHVT;comp;2 1Ex
_ d;RHVT 1Ex_ _ d;eh 1Ex
1Ex _ d;dry
E2 512

d;tv (56)
T T
m_ 8  W8 1W_ e;1 1W_ e;3 1Q_ RHVT  To6 21 1Q_ he  12 The0 1m_ 12  W12

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep Month 2017 7
Table 7. The devices and unit costs [25,31].   
Ce 5 W_ e;1ð33Þ 1W_ e;2ð33Þ 1W_ e;3ð33Þ  t33
   (65)
Device Cost (e) 1 W_ e;1ð16Þ 1W_ e;2ð16Þ 1W_ e;3ð16Þ  t16  0:107
Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube (CRHVT ) 80
Heat exchanger (Che ) 433.33 where 0.107 e/kW is the electrical energy [39].
Cooling cabinet (CCab ) 1200 The fresh product cost is
RHVT compressor (CRHVT;comp ) 1366.66    
Dryer and electrical heater (Cdryer;eh ) 8333.33 m_ 12;33  t33 1 m_ 12;16  t16
Cfp 5  0:6 (66)
tdp
Exergetic efficiency of RHVTNHCD system (E3 ):
where m_ 12;33 is the mass of the fresh product summer
Ex _ d;con 1Ex
_ d;eva 1Ex _ d;comp;1 1Ex
_ d;tv 1Ex
_ d;eh 1Ex
_ d;dry period, m_ 12;16 is the mass rate of the fresh product winter
E3 512 period, and 0.6 e/kg is the cost of 1 kg fresh product (toma-
_ _
m_ 9  W1;a 1W e;1 1W e;3 1m_ 12  W12 toes) [40].
(57) The net cash flow is
Economic Analysis
 
The life cycle cost (CRHVTHCD ) of RHVTHCD occurs by the CT 5 Cfp 1Cb 1Ce 1Cmc  ð11iÞt21 (67)
investment costs (Cic ), salvage cost (Csc ), operating costs
(COC ), maintenance costs (Cmc ), and benefit (Cb ). in this equation, i is the interest rate and t is the related year
time of cash flow. The net present value (NPV) of hybrid
CRHVTHCD 5Csc 2Cic 1Cmc 1Cb 2COC (58) system is given by
Investment costs (Cic );
Xol
CT
NPV5ðCsc 1Cic Þ1 (68)
Cic 5 CRHVT 1CVCC 1Che 1CRHVT; comp 1Ccab 1Cdryer;eh (59) t50 ð11j Þt

where CRHVT is the cost of Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube (e), where ol is the operating life of the hybrid system and j is
Che is the cost of heat exchanger (e),CCab is the cost of cool- the discount rate. In this study, the operating life of the
ing cabinet (e),CRHVT;comp is the cost of RHVT compressor (e) hybrid system has been added to calculations as 20 years.
and these devices costs are given in Table 7 and cost values The discount and interest rates were taken as 9% and 7.25%,
are constant. respectively [41,42].
Cost of cooling system (CVCC ) is calculated with Eq. (60)
[25,32]: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The experimental results of RHVT were used in the
  designing of the RHVTHCD system. The change of tempera-
CVCC 5 253:99  Q_ eva 12061:3 (60)
ture differences between hot and cold outlet flows of RHVT
(DTH-C) for the 0 type of RHVT are given Figure 8.
The salvage cost of the hybrid system was taken as 10% of
As seen in Figure 8, the control valve angle, RHVT body
the investment cost [33,34].
and inlet stream pressure of RHVT were kept constant the
highest DTH-C measured for the third control valve opening
Csc 5Cic  0:10 (61) position. The control valve opening position, control valve
angle and RHVT body kept constant the -C increased with
The maintenance cost of the hybrid system was taken as 2% increasing the inlet flow pressure of RHVT. DTH-C values
of the investment cost of the hybrid system [33,34]. increase by the decrease of the control valve angle and by
the increase of L/D value. The maximum DTH-C was mea-
Cmc 5Cic  0:02 (62) sured as 51 K for the third control valve opening position, 0
type RHVT generator, first RHVT body, P8 of 601,325 kPa
The benefit of the hybrid system includes cooling and drying and control valve angle of 308. For the same operating condi-
earnings. tions temperature differences between inlet and cold outlet
  flow of RHVT (DTC) was measured 22.3 K and the maximum
m_ 13;33  t33 1m_ 13;16  t16 temperature differences of hot flow and inlet flow of RHVT
Cb 5
t (DTH) was measured same conditions as 27.7 K. The change
 dp     (63)
m_ cp;33  t33 1 m_ cp;16  t16 of temperature differences between hot outlet flow and inlet
 15:661  0:0047 flow of RHVT (DTH) for control valve opening position and
3600  24
0 type RHVT generator are given in Figure 9.
As seen in Figure 9, the control valve opening position,
where m_ 13;33 is the mass of dried product summer period (kg/ control valve angle, and RHVT body kept constant the DTH
s), t33 is the summer period (s), m_ 13;16 is the mass of dried increased with increasing the inlet flow pressure of RHVT.
product winter period (kg/s), t16 is the winter period (s), m_ cp;33 DTH values increase by the decrease of the control valve
is the cooled product summer period (kg/s), and m_ cp;16 is the angle and by the increase of L/D value. The maximum DTH
cooled product winter period (kg/s). The unit price of dry was measured as 27.7 K for the third control valve opening
product and cooled product is 15.66 e/kg and 0.0047 e/kgh, position, 0 type RHVT generator, first RHVT body, P8 of
respectively [35–38]. Operating costs of the system is given by 601,325 kPa and control valve angle of 308. The change of
COC 5Ce 1Cfp (64) temperature differences between cold outlet flow and inlet
flow of RHVT (DTC) for control valve opening position and
where Ce is the electrical costs of the hybrid system and Cfp N-type RHVT generator are given in Figure 10.
is the fresh product costs which is dried in the drying sys- As seen in Figure 10, the control valve opening position,
tem. Electrical costs are control valve angle and RHVT body kept constant the DTC

8 Month 2017 Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep
Figure 8. The change of DTH-C for the control valve opening position of 0 type RHVT generator and (a) first RHVT body, (b)
second RHVT body, and (c) third RHVT body. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

increased with increasing the inlet flow pressure of RHVT. angle of 308. For the same operating conditions temperature
DTC values increase by the increase of the control valve differences between hot outlet flow and inlet flow of RHVT
angle. The maximum DTC was measured as 37.2 K for the (DTH) was measured 8.71 K and the maximum temperature
second control valve opening position, N-type RHVT genera- differences of hot outlet flow and cold outlet flow of RHVT
tor, second RHVT body, P8 of 601,325 kPa and control valve (DTH-C) was measured as 45.91 K.

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep Month 2017 9
Figure 9. The change of DTH for the control valve opening position of 0 type RHVT generator and (a) first RHVT body, (b)
second RHVT body, and (c) third RHVT body. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Handling the operating parameters as R-134a, T1,a 5 306.15 K, T1 5 276,15 K, T10 5 328.15 K, T11 5
T1,a 5 306.15 K, T1 5 276,15 K, T10 5 328.15 K, T11 5 308.15 K, P2 5 1300 kPa, RHVT generator type of J (h/
308.15 K, P2 5 1300 kPa, RHVT generator type of J (h/ w 5 0.25, d/D 5 0.59), P8 5 601.325, second RHVT body (L/
w 5 0.25, d/D 5 0.59), a 5 458, third control valve position, D 5 29.17), the variation of energy efficiency of the
the variation of energy efficiency of the RHVTHCD RHVTHCD (hRHVTHCD ) system with different control valve
(hRHVTHCD ) system with different inlet air pressure of RHVT angle (a) and control valve opening position was obtained
(P8) and RHVT body was obtained as seen in Figure 11. as seen in Figure 12.
According to Figure 11, the energy efficiency of As seen in Figure 12, the energy efficiency of RHVTHCD
RHVTHCD system of proposed RHVTHCD system ranges system highest value was obtained at the third control valve
between 2.00% and 24.50%. The highest energy efficiency of opening position when the control valve angle was kept
RHVTHCD system value was obtained for first control valve constant. The highest energy efficiency value of RHVTHCD
opening position and 601.325kPa of the inlet flow pressure system was obtained as 4.65% for third control valve opening
of RHVT. Handling the operating parameters as R-134a, position and the control valve angle at 458. The energy

10 Month 2017 Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep
Figure 10. The change of DTC for the control valve opening position of N-type RHVT generator and (a) first RHVT body, (b)
second RHVT body, and (c) third RHVT body. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

efficiency value of RHVTHCD system of proposed RHVTHCD the energy efficiency value of RHVTHCD system for refriger-
system ranges between 4.20% and 4.65%. The change of the ant as R-134a T1,a 5 306.15 K, P8 5 201.325 kPa,
energy efficiency value of RHVTHCD system for R-134a, T10 5 328.15 K, T11 5 308.15 K, J type of RHVT generator
T1,a 5 306.15 K, T1 5 276.15 K, T10 5 328.15 K, T11 5 (h/w 5 0.25, d/D 5 0.59), a 5 308 and first RHVT body (L/
308.15 K, P2 5 1300 kPa, RHVT generator type of J (h/ D 5 40), according to different compressor outlet pressure of
w 5 0.25, d/D 5 0.59), P8 5 501.325, first RHVT body (L/ refrigerant (P2 ) and evaporator temperature (T1 ) are given in
D 5 40), third control valve position, a 5 308 according to dif- Figure 14.
ferent type of RHVT generator are given in Figure 13. According to Figure 14, the energy efficiency of
As seen in Figure 13, the highest value of the energy effi- RHVTHCD system is being increased with increasing the
ciency of RHVTHCD system was obtained at N-type of RHVT evaporator temperature and decreasing the compressor out-
generator (h/w 5 0.25, d/D 5 0.43) as 6.80%. The energy effi- let pressure of the refrigerant. The highest energy efficiency
ciency of RHVTHCD system increased with the decrease of of RHVTHCD system value of proposed RHVTHCD system
h/w when the d/D ratio was kept constant. The changing of was obtained for 277.15 K of evaporator temperature and

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep Month 2017 11
Figure 11. The variation of hRHVTHCD versus P8 and RHVT body. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 12. The variation of hRHVTHCD versus a and control valve opening position. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonli-
nelibrary.com]

Figure 13. The variation of hRHVTHCD versus type of RHVT generator. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.
com]

1300 kPa of the compressor outlet pressure of refrigerant as P8 5 601.325 kPa, P2 5 2000 kPa, 0 type of RHVT generator
24.70%. The changing of the energy efficiency value of (h/w 5 0.44, d/D 5 0.51), a 5 608, third control valve opening
RHVTHCD system for T1,a 5 306.15 K, T1 5 275.15 K, position and first RHVT body (L/D 5 40), according to

12 Month 2017 Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep
Figure 14. The variation of hRHVTHCD versus P2 and T1. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 15. The variation of hRHVTHCD versus T10 and DT10–11. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

different inlet stream temperature of dryer and temperature system and NCDS were obtained as 5.54% and 6.80%,
differences between of inlet and outlet streams of dryer respectively. Handling the operating parameters as R-134a,
(DT10 2 11 ) are given in Figure 15. T1,a 5 306.15 K, T1 5 276,15 K, T10 5 328.15 K, T11 5
According to Figure 15, the energy efficiency of 308.15 K, P2 5 1300 kPa, RHVT generator type of J (h/
RHVTHCD system is being increased with increasing the w 5 0.25, d/D 5 0.59), a 5 458, third control valve position,
temperature differences between of inlet and outlet streams the variation of exergy efficiency of the RHVTHCD
of the dryer when the inlet stream temperature of the dryer (ERHVTHCD ) system with different inlet air pressure of RHVT
was kept constant. The energy efficiency of RHVTHCD sys- (P8) and RHVT body was obtained as seen in Figure 17.
tem is being increased with decreasing the inlet stream tem- According to Figure 17, the exergy efficiency of
perature of the dryer up to 328.15 K. The energy efficiency RHVTHCD system of proposed RHVTHCD system ranges
values of proposed RHVTHCD system range between 1.66 between 0.30% and 5.99%. The highest exergy efficiency of
and 4.85%. The changing of the energy efficiency value of RHVTHCD system value was obtained for first control valve
the system for T1,a 5 306.15 K, T1 5 276.15 K, P8 5 501.325 opening position and 201.325kPa of the inlet flow pressure
kPa, T10 5 328.15 K, T11 5 308.15 K, 0 type of RHVT genera- of RHVT. Handling the operating parameters as R-134a,
tor (h/w 5 0.44, d/D 5 0.51), a 5 458, third control valve T1,a 5 306.15 K, T1 5 276,15 K, T10 5 328.15 K, T11 5
opening position and first RHVT body (L/D 5 40) according 308.15 K, P2 5 1300 kPa, RHVT generator type of J (h/
to different refrigerant and system configuration are given in w 5 0.25, d/D 5 0.59), P8 5 601.325, second RHVT body (L/
Figure 16. D 5 29.17), the variation of exergy efficiency of the
According to Figure 16, the energy efficiency value of RHVTHCD (ERHVTHCD ) system with different control valve
proposed system range between 4.97% and 7.14%. The high- angle (a) and control valve opening position was obtained
est energy efficiency value was obtained as 7.14% for NCDS as seen in Figure 12.
and R-143a. For the same system parameters, the energy effi- As seen in Figure 18, the exergy efficiency of RHVTHCD
ciency of the RHVTHCD and RHVTHCDW systems were cal- system highest value was obtained at the second control
culated as 5.22% and 5.81%, respectively. The minimum valve opening position when the control valve angle was
exergy efficiency of the system was calculated as 4.97% for kept constant. The highest exergy efficiency value of
the RHVTHCD system and refrigerant of R-507a. For the RHVTHCD system was obtained as 0.434% for second con-
same conditions the energy efficiency of the RHVTHCDW trol valve opening position and the control valve angle at

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep Month 2017 13
Figure 16. The variation of the energy efficiency of the system versus the system configuration and refrigerant. [Color figure
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 17. The variation of ERHVTHCD versus P8 and RHVT body. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 18. The variation of ERHVTHCD versus a and control valve opening position. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonli-
nelibrary.com]

608. The exergy efficiency value of RHVTHCD system of pro- system for R-134a, T1,a 5 306.15 K, T1 5 276.15 K,
posed RHVTHCD system ranges between 0.35% and 0.43%. T10 5 328.15 K, T11 5 308.15 K, P2 5 1300 kPa, RHVT gen-
The change of the exergy efficiency value of RHVTHCD erator type of J (h/w 5 0.25, d/D 5 0.59), P8 5 501.325, first

14 Month 2017 Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep
Figure 19. The variation of ERHVTHCD versus type of RHVT generator. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.
com]

Figure 20. The variation of ERHVTHCD versus P2 and T1. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

RHVT body (L/D 5 40), third control valve position, a 5 308 P8 5 601.325 kPa, P2 5 2000 kPa, 0 type of RHVT generator
according to different type of RHVT generator are given in (h/w 5 0.44, d/D 5 0.51), a 5 608, third control valve opening
Figure 19. position and first RHVT body (L/D 5 40) according to differ-
As seen in Figure 19, the highest value of the exergy effi- ent inlet stream temperature of dryer and temperature differ-
ciency of RHVTHCD system was obtained at N-type of RHVT ences between of inlet and outlet streams of dryer (DT10 2 11 )
generator (h/w 5 0.25, d/D 5 0.43) as 0.894%. The exergy are given in Figure 21.
efficiency of RHVTHCD system increased with the decrease According to Figure 21, the exergy efficiency of
of h/w when the d/D ratio was kept constant. The changing RHVTHCD system is being increased with decreasing the
of the exergy efficiency value of RHVTHCD system for refrig- temperature differences between of inlet and outlet streams
erant as R-134a T1,a 5 306.15 K, P8 5 201.325 kPa, of the dryer and increasing the inlet stream temperature of
T10 5 328.15 K, T11 5 308.15 K, J type of RHVT generator the dryer. The exergy efficiency values of proposed
(h/w 5 0.25, d/D 5 0.59), a 5 308 and first RHVT body (L/ RHVTHCD system range between 0.60% and 1.77%. The
D 5 40) according to different compressor outlet pressure of changing of the exergy efficiency value of the system for
refrigerant (P2 ) and evaporator temperature (T1 ) are given in T1,a 5 306.15 K, T1 5 276.15 K, P8 5 501.325 kPa, T10 5
Figure 20. 328.15 K, T11 5 308.15 K, 0 type of RHVT generator (h/
According to Figure 20, the exergy efficiency of w 5 0.44, d/D 5 0.51), a 5 458, third control valve opening
RHVTHCD system is being increased with increasing the position and first RHVT body (L/D 5 40) according to differ-
evaporator temperature and the compressor outlet pressure ent refrigerant and system configuration are given in Figure
of the refrigerant. The highest exergy efficiency of 22.
RHVTHCD system value of proposed RHVTHCD system was According to Figure 22, the exergy efficiency value of
obtained for 277.15 K of evaporator temperature and 2000 proposed system range between 0.38% and 1.85%. The high-
kPa of the compressor outlet pressure of refrigerant as est exergy efficiency value was obtained as 1.85% for the R-
8.32%. The changing of the exergy efficiency value of 134a and NCDS. For the same system parameters, the exergy
RHVTHCD system for T1,a 5 306.15 K, T1 5 275.15 K, efficiency of the RHVTHCD and RHVTHCDW systems were

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep Month 2017 15
Figure 21. The variation of ERHVTHCD versus T10 and DT10–11. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 22. The variation of the exergy efficiency of the system versus the system configuration and refrigerant. [Color figure
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

calculated as 0.79% and 0.96%, respectively. The minimum position when the control valve angle was kept constant.
exergy efficiency of the RHVTHCD system was calculated as The highest NPV value of RHVTHCD system of proposed
0.38% for the RHVTHCD system and refrigerant of R-507a. RHVTHCD system was obtained as 2788.67 for second con-
For the same conditions the exergy efficiency of the trol valve opening position and the control valve angle at
RHVTHCDW system and NCDS were obtained as 0.45% and 308. The NPV value of RHVTHCD system of proposed
0.84%, respectively. Handling the operating parameters as R- RHVTHCD system ranges between 241967 eand 2788.67e.
134a, T1,a 5 306.15 K, T1 5 276,15 K, T10 5 328.15 K, T11 5 The change of the NPV value of RHVTHCD system for R-
308.15 K, P2 5 1300 kPa, RHVT generator type of J (h/ 134a, T1,a 5 306.15 K, T1 5 276.15 K, T10 5 328.15 K, T11 5
w 5 0.25, d/D 5 0.59), a 5 458, third control valve position, 308.15 K, P2 5 1300 kPa, RHVT generator type of J (h/
the variation of NPV of the RHVTHCD system with different w 5 0.25, d/D 5 0.59), P85501.325, first RHVT body (L/
inlet air pressure of RHVT (P8) and RHVT body was obtained D 5 40), third control valve position, a 5 308 according to dif-
as seen in Figure 23. ferent type of RHVT generator are given in Figure 25.
According to Figure 23, the NPV of RHVTHCD system of As seen in Figure 25, the highest value of the NPV of
proposed RHVTHCD system ranges between 217441eand RHVTHCD system was obtained at 0 type of RHVT generator
6503 e. The highest exergy efficiency of RHVTHCD system (h/w 5 0.44, d/D 5 0.51) as 27354.86 e. The changing of the
value was obtained for second control valve opening posi- NPV value of RHVTHCD system for refrigerant as R-134a
tion and 401.325kPa of the inlet flow pressure of RHVT as T1,a 5 306.15 K, P8 5 201.325 kPa, T10 5 328.15 K,
6503 e. Handling the operating parameters as R-134a, T11 5 308.15 K, J type of RHVT generator (h/w 5 0.25, d/
T1,a 5 306.15 K, T1 5 276,15 K, T10 5 328.15 K, T11 5 D 5 0.59), a 5 308 and first RHVT body (L/D 5 40) according
308.15 K, P2 5 1300 kPa, RHVT generator type of J (h/ to different compressor outlet pressure of refrigerant (P2 )
w 5 0.25, d/D 5 0.59), P8 5 601.325, second RHVT body (L/ and evaporator temperature (T1 ) are given in Figure 26.
D 5 29.17) according to different control valve angle (a) and According to Figure 26, the NPV of RHVTHCD system is
control valve opening position was obtained as seen in Fig- being increased with decreasing the evaporator temperature
ure 24. and decreasing the compressor outlet pressure of the refrig-
As seen in Figure 24, the NPV of RHVTHCD system high- erant. The highest NPV of RHVTHCD system value of pro-
est value was obtained at the second control valve opening posed RHVTHCD system was obtained for 275.15 K of

16 Month 2017 Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep
Figure 23. The variation of NPV versus P8 and RHVT body. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 24. The variation of NPV versus a and control valve opening position. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlineli-
brary.com]

Figure 25. The variation of NPV versus type of RHVT generator. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

evaporator temperature and 2000 kPa of the compressor out- T1 5 275.15 K, P8 5 601.325 kPa, P2 5 2000 kPa, 0 type of
let pressure of refrigerant as 301.90 e. The changing of the RHVT generator (h/w 5 0.44, d/D 5 0.51), a 5 608, third con-
NPV value of RHVTHCD system for T1,a 5 306.15 K, trol valve opening position and first RHVT body (L/D 5 40)

Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep Month 2017 17
Figure 26. The variation of NPV versus P2 and T1. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 27. The variation of NPV versus T10 and DT10–11. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

according to different inlet stream temperature of dryer and According to the energy analysis results, the most effec-
temperature differences between of inlet and outlet streams tive RHVT body, refrigerant, helical vortex generator, control
of dryer (DT10 2 11 ) are given in Figure 27. valve angle and control valve opening position are first (L/
According to Figure 27, the NPV of RHVTHCD system is D 5 40), R-134a, J type (h/w 5 0.25, d/D 5 0.59), 458 and
being increased with increasing the temperature differences third respectively for the RHVTHCD system. The maximum
between of inlet and outlet streams of the dryer and decreas- energy efficiency of RHVTHCD system was determined as
ing the inlet stream temperature of the dryer. The NPV val- 0.2474 for the ambient temperature of 306.15 K. These sys-
ues of proposed RHVTHCD system range between 2196196 tem properties were T1 of 277.15 K, P2 of 1300 kPa, T10 of
e and 33962.05 e. The changing of the NPV value of the sys- 328.15 K, T11 of 308.15 K, and P8 of 201.325 kPa. Under the
tem for T1,a 5 306.15 K, T1 5 276.15 K, P8 5 501.325 kPa, same conditions, the exergy efficiency of the RHVTHCD sys-
T10 5 328.15 K, T11 5 308.15 K, 0 type of RHVT generator (h/ tem was calculated as 6.01% and 4.61% for the summer
w 5 0.44, d/D 5 0.51), a 5 458, third control valve opening mode and winter mode, respectively. The NPV of this system
position and first RHVT body (L/D 5 40) according to was calculated as 453.61 e. For the same operating condi-
different refrigerant and system configuration are given in tions, the energy efficiency of the NCDS was calculated as
Figure 28. 32.12% and 5.89% at the ambient temperature of 306.15 K
According to Figure 28, the NPV value of proposed sys- and 289.15 K, respectively. The energy efficiency of
tem range between 74.49 eand 103878.60 e. The highest RHVTHCDW system is determined as 22.82% and 20.89% for
NPV value was obtained for while using the R-143a and the summer mode and winter mode, respectively.
RHVTHCDW system as 311635.80 e. For the same system According to the economic analysis results, the most
parameters, the NPV value of the RHVTHCD and effective RHVT body, refrigerant, helical vortex generator,
RHVTHCDW systems were calculated as 3009.12 eand control valve angle and control valve opening position are
103878.60 e, respectively. The minimum NPV value of the first (L/D 5 40), R-134a, 0 type (h/w 5 0.44, d/D 5 0.51), 308
system was calculated as 74.49 for the RHVTHCD system and and third respectively for the RHVTHCD system. The maxi-
refrigerant of R-507a. For the same conditions the exergy mum NBD of RHVTCD system was determined as 37256.63
efficiency of the RHVTHCDW system and NCDS were e. These system properties were T1 of 277.15 K, P2 of 1300
obtained as 100944 eand 97145.86 e, respectively. kPa, T10 of 328.15 K, T11 of 308.15 K and P8 of 601.325 kPa.

18 Month 2017 Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (Vol.00, No.00) DOI 10.1002/ep
Figure 28. The variation of NPV of the system versus the system configuration and refrigerant. [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Under the same conditions, the energy efficiency of the L Length of the RHVT body (mm)
RHVTHCD system was calculated as 5.00% and 4.94% for the m_ Mass flow (kg/s)
summer mode and winter mode, respectively. Exergy effi- MR Moisture ratio
ciency of this system was 0.42% and 0.44% for the summer n The numbers of measurement
mode and winter mode, respectively. For the same operating NPV Net present value (e)
conditions, the energy efficiency of the NCDS was calculated P Pressure (kPa)
as 6.65% and 4.58% at the ambient temperature of 306.15 K ol Operating life (year)
and 289.15 K, respectively. The energy efficiency of R Gas constant (kPa  m3 =kg  K)
RHVTHCDW system is determined as 5.80 and 5.59 for the Q_ Heat energy (kJ=s)
summer mode and winter mode, respectively. Under the s Specific entropy (kJ=kg  K)
same operating conditions, the NPV of the NCDS and SD Standard deviation
RHVTHCDW system were calculated as 188442.50 eand t16 Working time of the system for winter (h)
199863.40 e. For the same operating conditions and RHVT t16 Working time of the system for summer (h)
geometries, the highest NPV was obtained for the t Time (year)
RHVTHCDW system which is used waste air for inlet stream T Temperature (K)
of RHVT. U Uncertainty
x Humidity ratio
CONCLUSION w Width of the generator channel (mm)
The NPV of the RHVTHCD system increased with the W_ Electrical power (kJ=s)
decrease of the inlet stream pressure of RHVT, the compres- X The average of the measurement
sor outlet pressure of the refrigerant, the temperature differ- Xm The measurement
ences between the inlet and outlet dryer air, and the g Energy efficiency (%)
decrease of the inlet temperature of the dryer and evaporator E Exergy efficiency (%)
temperature. The highest NPV value of the RHVTHCD sys- w Specific exergy (kJ=kg)
tem was obtained for 308 control valve angle and third con- a Control valve angle (8)
trol valve opening position. The energy and exergy Subscripts
efficiencies of RHVTHCD system increase with the increase a Air
of the evaporator temperature. The increase of the tempera- ash Ash
ture differences between inlet and outlet dryer air causes to b Benefit
increase energy efficiency and the decrease of exergy effi- Cab Cooling cabinet
ciency of the RHVTHCD system. car Carbohydrate
comp Compressor
ACKNOWLEDGMENT con Condenser
This study was supported by Scientific Research Projects cp Cooled product
Unit of Dumlupinar University (DPUBAP) with the project no d Destruction
of 2013/5. dp Dried product
dry Dryer
NOMENCLATURE e Electrical
C Cost (e) eh Electrical heater
COP Coefficient of performance eva Evaporator
c Specific heat (kJ=kg K) exp Experimental
D Diameter of RHVT body (mm) fat Fat
d Inner diameter of the generator (mm) fib Fiber
Ex_ Exergy (kW) fp Fresh product
h Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) he Heat exchanger
i Interest rate (%) ic Investment costs
j Discount rate (%) in Inlet

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