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HANDBOOK 2019
CONNECT WITH US:
www.turbomachinerymag.com
Features
www.turbohandbook.com
Richard.Zanetti@UBM.com
Drew.Robb@UBM.com
34 42
GAS TURBINES DEPARTMENTS
34 WORLDWIDE GAS TURBO SPEAK
TURBINE FORECAST 6 FUTURE
Forecast International reviews the PREDICTIONS
worldwide gas turbine landscape. Drew Robb
24 Analysis reveals that declines are
apparent for the next few years. Gas TURBO TIPS
COVER STORY
turbine sales will continue to drop 10 MECHANICAL VSDs
through 2020. However, a recovery Amin Almasi
24 U.S. 2019 POWER is then anticipated through at least
INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 2027. Large GTs, aeroderivatives, INDUSTRY NEWS
Industrial Info Resources provides an and microturbines are expected to 12 NEXT GEN GT
in-depth analysis of the outlook for perform strongest in the coming plus news from around the world.
coal, natural gas, nuclear, renewables, decade. But sales of turbines in the Q&A
wind, solar, battery energy storage, 20 MW to 100 MW range may
microgrids, and distributed genera- suffer. 33 IMPROVING
tion. The authors study the key trends Stuart Slade & Carter Palmer COMPRESSOR
impacting each sector of the power
COMPRESSORS
AFTERMARKET
generation landscape for the U.S. This SERVICE
includes a region by region break- 40 CENTRIFUGAL Ryan Canter, Epic International
down, as well as commentary on how BLOWERS
these trends are likely to play out in There are various blower technolo- Q&A
the coming years. One big takeways is gies available for low-pressure 41 MHI TARGETS
that natural gas and renewables will applications, including lobe, screw, LEADERSHIP OF GAS
continue to dominate new capacity. multistage, integrally geared, direct
However, battery energy storage is a drive turbo and claw. With each TURBINE MARKET
Kenji Ando, MHI
growing presence and environmental WHFKQRORJ\FRPHVEHQH¿WVGHSHQG
groups are increasingly targeting ing upon the application and process NEW PRODUCTS
natural gas facilities as a source of where these blowers are used. To 42 AMB
emissions. choose the right technology, users
Britt Burt & Brock Ramey should consider energy consump- TURBOEXPANDER
tion, performance, process require- plus many more new products.
ments, and life cycle cost. Variable MYTH
speed drive (VSD) centrifugal
blowers, for example, are relevant in
108 POWER PLANTS
applications, such as wastewater ARE SUFFERING
WUHDWPHQWÀXHJDVGHVXOIXUL]DWLRQ UNNECESSARY
and lead recycling. LOSSES
Deepak Vetal Klaus Brun & Rainer Kurz
Cover image: Courtesy of Rotating
Machinery Services
www.turbomachinerymag.com Turbomachinery International • Handbook 2019 1
HANDBOOK 2019
HANDBOOK 2019
• VOL. 59 NO. 6
• $50.00
DIRECTORY SPECIFICATIONS
46 Company Directory 82 Combined Cycle
85 Electrical Generation
CATEGORY LISTINGS 90 Mechanical Drive
HOW TO USE
SPECIFICATIONS
92 Steam Turbine Gas Turbines MARKET ANALYS
ES
8 Category Index THIS HANDBOOK
Steam Turb
Compressors & ines
Expanders
Worldwide Gas
Turb
U.S. Power Outlo ines
ok
DIRECTORIES
Manufactu
Suppliers & Serv rers
ice Prov
Product Categories iders
70 Aftermarket 94 Turbocompressors
Here is your 2019 edition of the
72 Analysis & Software 103 Turboexpanders Turbomachinery International
72 Auxiliary Equipment Handbook.
75 Boiler Suppliers The Features section provides the U.S.
75 Cogeneration power industry outlook on p. 24 and
& Combined Cycle the worldwide gas turbine market on
75 Compressors & Expanders 107 Advertisers Index p. 34.
76 Electric Equipment The alphabetical Company Directory,
76 Energy Resources beginning on p. 46, provides complete
contact information on every
76 Environmental Services
company listed in the handbook. The
76 Gas Turbines text of each listing is provided by the
77 Instrumentation & Control company itself.
78 Manufacturing The Category Index on p. 8 lists the
78 Materials categories within each segment of the
78 Pumps LQGXVWU\DQGRQZKLFKSDJHWR¿QG
them.
78 Renewable Energy
78 Safety Equipment The Categories section provides a list
78 Services RIVSHFL¿FVHJPHQWVRIWKH
turbomachinery market and begins on
80 Steam Turbines p. 70. Refer back to the Company
80 Training & Education Directory for more detailed
80 Trademarks information about each company.
FUTURE PREDICTIONS
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ach year, we receive in-depth analyses from two SODQWHPLVVLRQV7KHHQYLURQPHQWDOOREE\LVSDLQWLQJ
of the premier market intelligence companies in *7VZLWKWKHVDPHEUXVKLWXVHGRQFRDOJHQHUDWLRQ
the power generation and gas turbine (GT) 7KDWKDVDOUHDG\OHGVHYHUDOXWLOLWLHVRQWKH:HVW
¿HOGV,QGXVWULDO,QIRUPDWLRQ5HVRXUFHV,,5 &RDVWWRFDQFHOSODQVWRPRGHUQL]H*7SODQWV7KH
SURYLGHVDQRYHUYLHZRIWKH86SRZHUJHQHUDWLRQ City of Glendale in California, for example, has
VHFWRU)RUHFDVW,QWHUQDWLRQDOVXSSOLHVJOREDOLQVLJKW VKHOYHGWKHPRGHUQL]DWLRQRILWVDJLQJJDV¿UHGSODQW
LQWR*7VDOHV%RWKUHSRUWVDUHLQFOXGHGLQWKLV\HDU¶V LQIDYRURIFOHDQHUQRQHPLWWLQJHOHFWULFRSWLRQV,I
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Taking a look at the numbers, it is apparent that RIDOPRVW0:RIQHZJDVJHQHUDWLRQRYHUWKH
WKHUHDUHVRPHWRXJKWLPHVDKHDGIRU*7V)RUHFDVW QH[W¿YH\HDUVFRXOGGURSPDUNHGO\
,QWHUQDWLRQDOQRWHGRYHUFDSDFLW\DPRQJ*72(0V %DWWHU\VWRUDJHLVVHHQDVWKHSDQDFHDIRUDQ\HQHUJ\
DQGDWXUQGRZQWKDWZLOOUHVXOWLQDIHZOHDQ\HDUV VKRUWIDOOLQDQHPLVVLRQIUHHIXWXUH%XWWKHWHFKQRORJ\
The market is expected to bottom out by 2020 and LVLPPDWXUHDQGLVVWUXJJOLQJWRVFDOHDGHTXDWHO\
WKHQVORZO\UHYHUW%XWLWZRQ¶WEHXQWLOWKDWZH Taking tens of thousands of fossil megawatts off
H[FHHG*7VDOHVOHYHOV7KDW¶VZK\)RUHFDVWLV the grid to replace them with renewables and batteries
citing a drop of more than 7% in GT sales over the PD\EHRYHUO\RSWLPLVWLF%XWWLPHZLOOWHOO,,5NQRZV
QH[WWHQ\HDUVFRPSDUHGWRODVW\HDU¶VUHSRUW RIXWLOLW\VFDOHEDWWHU\VWRUDJHSURMHFWVWKDWZLOOJR
6WURQJSRLQWVLQFOXGHODUJHVFDOHFRPELQHGF\FOH LQWRFRQVWUXFWLRQLQWKHQH[W¿YH\HDUV
IDFLOLWLHVHVSHFLDOO\LQ(XURSHDQG$VLDPRGHUQL]D $WWKDWUDWHLWFRXOGEHWHQ\HDUVRUPRUHEHIRUHZH
tion of facilities built in the 60s and 70s, and a market NQRZLIEDWWHU\VWRUDJHKDVDVLJQL¿FDQWUROHWRSOD\LQ
VZHHWVSRWIRUWXUELQHVRI0:DQGODUJHU7KRVH WKHIXWXUHHQHUJ\PL[<HWXWLOLWLHVVHHPWREHUXVKLQJ
LQWKH0:WR0:UDQJHWKRXJKDSSHDUWREH in this direction, much in the same way they rushed to
LQWURXEOH7KHH[FHSWLRQLVOLNHO\WRDHURGHULYDWLYHV QXFOHDUDQG,*&&%RWKSURYHGWREHIRROKDUG\JDPEOHV
ZKLFKZLOOGRPLQDWH*7VDOHVLQWKDWUDQJH ,WPD\EHSRVVLEOHWRHYHQWXDOO\UHDFKDQHPLV
7KH,,5VWXG\SXWVWKRVHQXPEHUVLQSHUVSHFWLYH VLRQVIUHHIXWXUH%XWOHW¶VDUULYHWKHUHVPDUWO\7KDW
Despite tough times, natural gas generation is still requires fossil-based and renewable proponents to
OLNHO\WRDFFRXQWIRUDURXQGRIWKHRYHUDOO86 DGRSWDOHVVDGYHUVDULDOVWDQFH7KHUHKDVWREHDPLG
PDUNHWRYHUWKHQH[WILYH\HDUV7KDWQXPEHUKDV dle ground that considers lowered emissions, a work-
UHPDLQHGVWDEOHIRUWKHODVWIHZ\HDUV%XWLWLVXQGHU able power infrastructure, grid security and techno-
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:LWKFRDODQGQXFOHDUQRZEHDWHQLQWRVXEPLVVLRQ 3HUKDSVHYHQFRDOKDVDVPDOOUROHWRSOD\+HUHLV
the environmental lobby has gas turbines in its sights ZK\,PDJLQHWKDWWKHQDWXUDOJDVSLSHOLQHQHWZRUN
DVWKHQH[WIRVVLOIXHOWRHOLPLQDWH:KLOHVRPHPD\ IDLOV7KDWZLQGDQGVRODUDUHQ¶WDGHTXDWHWRSRZHUWKH
VHHWKLVDVDQH[WUHPHVWDQFHWKHVHJX\VDUHVHULRXV JULG$ODUJHVWRFNSLOHRIFRDOFDQDFWDVDQHPHUJHQF\
California has already enacted legislation to be EDFNXSVRXUFHWRHQVXUHSRZHUDYDLODELOLW\
IRVVLOIHHE\6RPHRWKHUVWDWHVZLOOIROORZ ,WFRXOGHYHQUHSUHVHQWHQHUJ\VWRUDJHRQDJUDQG
VXLW7KH\EHOLHYHEDWWHU\HQHUJ\VWRUDJHFDQUHSODFH VFDOH:KDWDERXWWKHHPLVVLRQV",IWKHUHLVQRSRZHU
natural gas to fill the availability gap that plagues DQ\ZKHUHSHRSOHZLOOEHKDSS\WRWHPSRUDULO\¿UHXS
UHQHZDEOHV5HDOLVWLFRUQRWWKDWLVWKHSODQ WKHFRDOSODQWVWRJHWWKHKHDWLQJDQGFRROLQJEDFNRQ
Clearly, the gas turbine industry needs to up its ,WPLJKWEHDODVWUHVRUWEXWWDNLQJLWFRPSOHWHO\RII
JDPH3URSDJDQGDDERXQGVDERXWWKHHYLOVRISRZHU WKHWDEOHPD\QRWEHWKHZLVHVWFRXUVH■
DREW ROBB
Editor-in-Chief
MECHANICAL VARIABLE
SPEED DRIVES
COMPARING A MECHANICAL TO AN ELECTRICAL
VSD FOR USE IN TURBOMACHINERY
BY AMIN ALMASI
M
echanical variable speed drives pulsations, which can be a problem in to 4 MW. For small power ratings and
(mVSD), particularly a hydrody- some Variable Frequency Drive systems. low-voltage electric motors an electrical
QDPLFWRUTXHFRQYHUWHURUÀXLG An mVSD also offers vital mechanical VFD is almost always preferred as it is
coupling, can soften the trans- damping and softening effects to counter cheaper than an mVSD.
mitted load and damp the load peaks and disturbances. The use of mVSDs as hydraulic torque
load pulsations generated by connected For an mVSD, though, some unknowns converters is not recommended for large
devices, such as electric motors. An mVSD are expected: special commissioning and turbomachinery above 8 MW. There may
can also soften large dynamic torques in alignment procedures are required; and be a handful of successful applications of
transient situations, such as a start-up or there are limited options available to the that size, but this range is dominated by
short circuits. user. But based on experience, the reliabil- other technologies such as large eVSDs.
There have been many designs for ity and availability of properly designed Therefore, the limit of mVSDs, depending
mVSDs in industrial applications over the and applied mVSDs has been satisfactory. on the application, might lie somewhere
years. Before the advances in electrical between 5 MW and 8 MW.
VSDs (eVSD) systems, a wide range of Overall, mVSDs are special variable
mVSD systems were designed and used for
various services and applications. Some
There can speed systems which should only be used
in certain applications. They should pro-
KDYHOHIWWKHPDUNHWRWKHUVZHUHPRGL¿HG
IRUXVHLQVSHFL¿FDSSOLFDWLRQV sometimes be vide definite technical, commercial, or
IRRWSULQWEHQH¿WV,QWKRVHV\VWHPVZKHUH
In addition, new mVSD designs have there are constrains on space, weight, or
been introduced as not all applications can design, commercial, budget, as well as in some special revamp
be served by eVSDs. Examples of available or renovation projects, mVSDs may pro-
mechanical drive options are:
1. MVSD speed control and speed
and operational vide obvious value.
As mentioned earlier, they are cheaper,
increase for high-speed output; this is used
for medium and large machinery advantages for a though the exact percentage varies depend-
ing on how the mVSD is being used. There
2. Geared variable-speed coupling:
&KHDSHUWKDQRSWLRQEXWORZHUHI¿FLHQF\ mechanical VSD are also differences between the rates
charged by manufacturers. But generally
at part-loads might be expected speaking, an mVSD will be anywhere from
3. Variable-speed coupling: Speed
control with no speed increase; relatively
compared to an 5% to 25% cheaper than an electrical VSD.
Any comparison between an mVSD
FKHDSEXWOHVVHI¿FLHQW
For example, in a medium-sized, elec-
electrical VSD and an eVSD should always consider the
details of the application. The speed,
tric-motor-driven machinery train, transient power, operating characteristics, footprint,
torques are reduced from around 210% of Like any complex mechanical system and other factors have to be carefully con-
the nominal torque for an electric-mo- there are limits. The reliability of an mVSD VLGHUHG$Q\¿QDOGHFLVLRQFRQFHUQLQJWKH
tor-driven shaft down to around 105% of cannot be higher than a certain level, in appropriate variable speed technology
the nominal torque with a driven machin- spite some manufacturer claims. As a should always be based on purchase costs
ery-to-mVSD coupling. A short-circuit rough indication, the run time before an plus estimates operational costs. ■
(transient) torque is also damped through unexpected shutdown could be around one
the mVSD from an excitation above 380% or two years for some mVSDs. Unexpected
down to around 155% of the nominal torque shutdowns are mainly related to bearings
on the driven machinery shaft. and oil systems. Amin Almasi is a Char-
A reference check is important for tered Professional Engi-
mVSD vs eVSD mVSDs. Make sure the same model of neer in Australia and
There can sometimes be design, commer- mVSD has already been used in the U.K. (M.Sc. and B.Sc. in
cial, and operational advantages for an intended type of turbomachinery and that mechanical engineering).
mVSD compared to other options, such as it is operating successfully over the long He is a senior consultant
DQH96'LQVSHFL¿FDSSOLFDWLRQV$VPDOOHU term in similar applications. specializing in rotating
footprint is usually required for an mVSD. The best range for mVSD applications equipment, condition monitoring and reli-
An mVSD does not generate harmonic is in medium-sized applications of 500 kW ability.
10 Turbomachinery International • Handbook 2019 www.turbomachinerymag.com
INDUSTRYNEWS
Finish LNG Caterpillar Integrates OSIsoft ple brands, not just Cat equipment. Caterpil-
A ground-breaking ceremony has been Caterpillar has integrated OSIsoft’s Con- lar also integrates OSIsoft’s Connected Ser-
held for the new Hamina LNG terminal nected Services into its Cat Asset Intelli- vices into Cat Asset Intelligence services for
that is to be engineered, procured and con- gence platform, a suite of subscrip- many land-based equipment lines as well.
structed by Wärtsilä. The 30,000 m3 tion-based AI services for analyzing fuel
capacity terminal will provide storage of consumption, equipment health and critical Turboden order
liquefied natural gas (LNG). It will also operations in real time. Turboden has signed an agreement with
KDYHUHJDVL¿FDWLRQFDSDELOLW\IRUVHQGLQJ Connected Services from OSIsoft are a Centrale del Latte di Brescia, the munici-
the gas to the existing distribution network selected set of cloud-based services that pal dairy in Brescia, for installation of the
serving both regional and national markets. enable hardware manufacturers, software ¿UVWKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHFRJHQHUDWLRQ25&
In addition, the terminal will have a developers and service providers to integrate plant in the world. The company began
truck-loading area for LNG, as well as the PI System technology into their offerings. It GHYHORSLQJLWV6WHDP 3RZHU25&6\V-
possibility to supply bunkering barges and transforms data streams from sensors and WHP67 325&6\VWHPWZR\HDUVDJR
small-scale carriers. The tank foundation other devices into real-time insights. WDNLQJDGYDQWDJHRID5HVHDUFKDQG'HYHO-
for the terminal has already been cast, and Cat Asset Intelligence services can be opment project supported by the Italian
the facility is scheduled to become fully used to optimize the performance of diesel 0LQLVWU\RI(FRQRPLF'HYHORSPHQW
operational in 2020. generators and other equipment from multi- Continued 14
12 Turbomachinery International • Handbook 2019 www.turbomachinerymag.com
INDUSTRYNEWS
7KH25&V\VWHPLVGHVLJQHGWRVDWLVI\ of accumulation type, to maximize the life-
the energy requirements of manufacturing WLPHRIKLJKHI¿FLHQF\¿OWHUV7KHDLUÀRZ
companies requiring maximum overall rate is about 1,600,000 Nm3/h for each unit.
HI¿FLHQF\!ZLWKKLJKVWHDPFRQWHQW 7KHV\VWHPLQFOXGHVWZRSUH¿OWUDWLRQ
(about 75%), and no hot water. It will be VWDJHVRIDFFXPXODWLRQZLWKHI¿FLHQF\*
used to co-generate about 700 kW electric DQG0DFFRUGLQJWR,62(1RQH
power and 5 ton/hour of steam at 15 bar stage of self-cleaning filters with effi-
needed to pasteurize long-life milk. FLHQF\)DFFRUGLQJWR,62(1DQG
Turboden provides a turn-key solution, minimal pressure loss as the filtration
supplying the complete system, from the speed is kept low.
AVEVA’s InTouch SCADA system will be
QDWXUDOJDV¿UHGERLOHULQSDUWQHUVKLSZLWK integrated with Canon cameras
boiler manufacturer Bono Sistemi) to the Shipping emissions
KLJKWHPSHUDWXUH2UJDQLF5DQNLQH&\FOH As the shipping industry is the biggest cul-
turbogenerator. prit of sulfur emissions, the International Aveva adds imaging
Marine Organization (IMO) will be AVEVA has signed a technology partner-
Iraqi air intakes ODXQFKLQJ5HJXODWLRQVHWWRFXWVXO- ship agreement with Canon to enable the
CTM Ambiente has designed and imple- fur emission, a by-product of the fuels development of new visualization solutions
mented the supply of six complete air used, by 80%. This will have a marked for factory automation. By combining
LQWDNHVIRUWKH5XPDLODFRPELQHGF\FOH impact as the marine industry accounts for AVEVA’s industrial automation and infor-
power plant in Iraq. Each gas turbine has a half of the global fuel oil demand. mation management capabilities with Can-
power output of 180 MW. The first unit Last year, the marine industry con- on’s imaging technology, the two compa-
was synchronized with the Iraqi national sumed 3.8 billion fuel/oil barrels per day. nies can develop new solutions to facilitate
QHWZRUNRQ-XQH The regulation will see sulfur limits for Smart Manufacturing operations.
5XPDLODSRZHUVWDWLRQLVORFDWHGQHDU bunker fuels cut from 3.5% to 0.5%.
Basra, in southern Iraq, in one of the most According to one study, the shipping U.S. LNG dominance
exposed areas to sandstorms of the planet. industry’s annual bunker costs could rise The U.S. is expected to become the world’s
The air intake is a self-cleaning type with a by up to $60 billion in 2020 with full com- leading LNG supplier by 2028 and still be
SXOVHMHWV\VWHPZLWKDSUH¿OWUDWLRQVHFWLRQ pliance with the IMO’s sulfur cap. the largest natural gas producer by 2040,
RWG contract
0HWUDJD]KDVDZDUGHG5:*DORQJWHUP
contract to provide exchange, overhaul,
installation and recommissioning ser-
YLFHVWRPDLQWDLQWKHLUÀHHWRI6LHPHQV
6*7$,QGXVWULDO5%DHURGHULY-
ative gas generators. Metragaz operates
from two locations in Morocco, provid-
ing gas compression services for the
Maghreb-Europe Gas Pipeline transport-
ing gas from Algeria via Morocco on to
Spain and Portugal.
This contract has an initial term of
WKUHH\HDUVUHTXLULQJ5:*WREXLOG
FRQ¿JXUHDQGVKLSH[FKDQJHJDVJHQHU-
ators to Metragaz in advance of each
scheduled overhaul, resulting in reduced
RSHUDWLRQDOGRZQWLPH,QDGGLWLRQ5:*
will provide field service support to
install and recommission each unit,
returning time expired equipment to
5:*¶V2(0DXWKRUL]HG6*7$VHU-
vice center in Aberdeen, Scotland for
major overhaul.
(FRQRP\RU
HFRORJ\"
:HKDYHWKHHQHUJ\
IRUERWK
:HDUHLQYHVWLQJDOORIRXUHQHUJ\LQWRFUHDWLQJVROXWLRQVIRU
VXVWDLQDEOHSURVSHULW\7KDW·VZK\ZHKDYHFKDQJHGRXU
QDPHIURP0$1'LHVHO 7XUERWR0$1(QHUJ\6ROXWLRQV
6WHSE\VWHSZHDGYDQFHPDULQHSRZHUDQGLQGXVWU\
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VWDNHKROGHUVDQGVRFLHW\
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power.mtu.de
INDUSTRYNEWS
production exceeded that of Saudi Arabia FRPPHQFHPHQWRIWKHIDFLOLW\¶V¿UVWH[SRUW combined export capacity of approxi-
IRUWKH¿UVWWLPHLQPRUHWKDQWZRGHFDGHV of LNG, currently projected to be in the mately 3.5 Bcf/d.
In June and August, the U.S. surpassed WKLUGTXDUWHURI Freeport is one of four additional large-
5XVVLDLQFUXGHRLOSURGXFWLRQIRUWKH¿UVW Since exports of U.S. LNG began in scale LNG export projects expected to be
WLPHVLQFH)HEUXDU\ 2016, over 1.3 trillion cubic feet of U.S. completed over the next two years. Once
7KH86'HSDUWPHQWRI(QHUJ\'2( natural gas have been exported. U.S. LNG these four projects are completed, U.S. LNG
also announced that on September 6, 2018, has now landed in 30 different destinations export capacity is expected to reach about
a short-term order was issued to the Free- in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, 11 Bcf/d. There are over a dozen large-scale
port LNG project to export up to 2.14 bil- South America, North America and the export projects under review that would
lion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d) of natural Caribbean. EIA expects natural gas provide over 20 billion cubic feet per day of
gas as LNG over a two-year period to both H[SRUWVWRDYHUDJH%FIGLQXS additional export capacity if approved.
free-trade and non-free trade agreement 15% from 2017 levels. EIA also expects
countries. natural gas exports to rise by an additional Ethos contract
This order authorizes Freeport’s initial LQWR%FIG EthosEnergy has been awarded a six-year
commissioning volumes and other exports 7RGDWHWKH86'HSDUWPHQWRI(QHUJ\ contract to provide maintenance and engi-
pursuant to short-term contracts. Freeport has approved 21.35 Bcf/d of long-term neering services for work at seven produc-
LNG will be exporting the LNG from the exports of natural gas to any country in the tion facilities plants across the U.S. The
Freeport LNG Liquefaction Project, which world not prohibited by U.S. law or policy. scope includes over 10 GE STs, three
is currently under construction on Quin- There are currently two large-scale LNG 'UHVVHU5DQG67VWZR6''767VDQG
tana Island, TX. The two-year export term export projects in operation, Sabine Pass three Westinghouse 251B12 GTs across
will become effective on the date of the DQG'RPLQLRQ&RYH3RLQWZKLFKKDYHD Mid-West and Eastern U.S. sites.
20 Turbomachinery International • Handbook 2019 www.turbomachinerymag.com
Floating production report
The Q4 2018 Floating Production Sys-
WHPV5HSRUWIURP(QHUJ\0DULWLPH
Associates (EMA) reviewed the market
for Floating Production Systems: Key
trends include:
• Floating Production, Storage, and
Offloading (FPSO) vessel orders were
highest in four years: Eight FPSOs have
been awarded so far in 2018, including
VL[QHZEXLOWXQLWV¿YHLQFKLQDRQHLQ
Singapore) and two redeployed idle
units. This is the most FPSO orders since
oil price crashed in 2014.
• More awards on the way: 31 proj-
ects are likely to be sanctioned in the
next 12 months. A few will be awarded
by year end, with most being approved
LQ
EMA analysts noted that oil prices
have rebounded over 100% from their
lowest levels, while offshore costs have
hardly moved. As a result, many offshore
developments are now competitive, if not
PRUHDWWUDFWLYHWKDQRQVKRUHVKDOH¿HOGV
with break-evens as low as $30/bbl.
This is seen as the start of a new
cycle for the industry, with re-set pricing
and a growing oil price similar to the
period from 2004/5. If oil prices remain
VWDEOHWKHUHLVRSSRUWXQLW\IRUQHZÀRDW-
ing production projects over at least the
next two years.
Croatian CHP
The Elektrana-Toplana Zagreb power
plant (EL-TO Zagreb power plant)
located in Zagreb, Croatia, is being mod-
ernized by replacing unit A with a new
CHP system. Hrvatska elektroprivreda
(HEP) is undertaking the project.
With an electrical output of 150 MW
and heat output of 114 MW, construction
of the unit is expected to begin in 2018,
with completion anticipated by the end
of 2021. The combined cycle power unit
will be equipped with two GTs, two
+56*VDQGRQHH[WUDFWLRQEDFNSUHV-
sure ST.
Each GT will have an output of 50.5
0:7KH+56*VZLOOJHQHUDWHVXSHU
KHDWHGVWHDPE\XVLQJKRWÀXHJDVHVDW
the gas turbine exit. The cooling system
of the plant will comprise air-cooled heat
exchangers, divided into two sections.
The first section will be used for
cooling the steam from the ST, especially
during the hottest time of the year, while
the other will be used for cooling certain
systems of the plant such as electric gen-
erators, lubricating oil system, and feed
pumps. Process steam will be used for
industrial needs, while generated heat
will be used in the district heating sys-
WHP'+6RI=DJUHEFLW\
Continued 22
www.turbomachinerymag.com Turbomachinery International • Handbook 2019 21
INDUSTRYNEWS
Wind tunnel
A wind tunnel at The University of Ala- MHPS digest power project in Thanh Hoa province,
bama in Huntsville (UAH) Johnson Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems Northern Vietnam, led by Marubeni
5HVHDUFK&HQWHU-5&ZLOOEHXVHGWRSUR- (MHPS) has signed a memorandum of Corporation and Korea Electric Power
vide data to research GT hot section com- understanding (MOU) with China’s Company (KEPCO). The new plant will
ponents at engine conditions. Known as 'RQJIDQJ(OHFWULFDQG6LFKXDQ3URYLQ- have a capacity of 1,330 MW. It is due to
the SuperSonic/TranSonic/WindTunnel or cial Investment Group pursuant to plans be commence operations in 2022. For
SS/TS/WT, the facility will be used during for a project adopting the latest J-Series Nghi Son-2 project, MHPS will also
a two-year grant from Solar Turbines to GT at a thermal power plant for a new provide two generators and ancillary
VWXG\FRROLQJFRQ¿JXUDWLRQVDQGGHYHORS CCPP. MHPS will provide technical equipment in addition to two STs.
a new physical understanding of surface support for the manufacturing process. 0+36DQQRXQFHGDVXFFHVVIXO¿UVW
heat transfer characteristics, including 'RQJIDQJ(OHFWULFLVDVWDWHRZQHG ¿UHIRUWKH'RPLQLRQ(QHUJ\*UHHQV-
cooling technologies. company, and a licensee of MHPS. ville County Power Station located in
7KHSULQFLSDOLQYHVWLJDWRULV'U3KLOOLS MHPS has completed construction (PSRULD9$'HVLJQHGWRJHQHUDWH
Ligrani, a scholar in propulsion and profes- of its Unit 2 CCPP System at the Tan- 1,558 MW, the plant operates three
sor of mechanical and aerospace engineer- ju ng P r iok Power Pla nt, a nat u- M501J STs supplied.
ing. The aim is to reduce cooling air UDOJDV¿UHGIDFLOLW\EHLQJEXLOWRQ-DYD ³:LWKWKHWKLUGVXFFHVVIXO¿UVW¿UHLQ
requirements and thermal loading, with Island in Indonesia. PLN (Persero), a row at Greensville, MHPS has suc-
equivalent improvements in thermal pro- Indonesia’s state-owned electricity pro- cessfully met key milestones to keep the
tection and structural integrity. vider, plans to build an 880 MW plant project on target to meet commercial
As data are acquired, the SS/TS/WT comprising of two GTs. operation by the end of 2018,” said
will be employed in a blow-down mode to Unit 1 initially went into operation MHPS Project Manager, Matt Herbst.
FUHDWHWKHWUDQVRQLFÀRZVXQGHULQYHVWLJD- as a simple system this June with output “Each engine start validated our com-
WLRQ'XULQJHDFKWHVWDYDULHW\RIIORZ nearing 300 MW. Unit 2 has joined to PLWPHQWWR'RPLQLRQ(QHUJ\WRSURYLGH
characteristics will be measured, including produce equivalent wattage. MHPS is reliable units on time and on budget.”
surface static pressures, flow stagnation responsible for providing two M701F NTE Energy’s has cut the ribbon on
SUHVVXUHVPDVVÀRZUDWHVDQG0DFKQXP- GTs as well as two exhaust heat recov- the Kings Mountain Energy Center
bers. infrared thermography techniques ery boilers, one ST, and auxiliary equip- (KMEC), located in Cleveland County,
will also be employed to acquire the asso- ment. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation NC. The 475 MW CCPP will uses
ciated spatially resolved surface heat trans- supplied the generators. The launch of MHPS G-Series gas turbines. MHPS
fer characteristics. operations as a GTCC system is slated manufactured the GT for KMEC at
The wind tunnel’s test sections reside IRU Savannah Machinery Works (SMW) in
LQWKH$LU%UHDWKLQJ7HVW&HOODWWKH-5& MHPS) has received an order for Georgia. KMEC also uses MHPS’s
Test sections of the facility reach speeds two sets of STs for Nghi Son-2 thermal 72021,DUWL¿FLDOLQWHOOLJHQFH
and air velocities ranging from Mach 1.6
at an airspeed of some 1,230 miles per
hour to Mach 3 at an airspeed of about shale gas demonstration zone, China able area is relatively fragmented and
2,300 mph. Five air storage tanks provide National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC)’s mountainous. The complex geological
50 cubic meters of compressed air storage SLORWVKDOHSURMHFWSURGXFHGPLOOLRQ structures challenge the commercialization
at supply pressures up to 2,500 pounds cubic feet per day (mmcfd) in 2017 and is of shale gas plays.
per square inch. under further development to lift the out-
put capacity to 350 bcf by 2020. BHGE contract
Chinese shale problems 'HVSLWHELJWD[LQFHQWLYHVWKRXJKSUR- Baker Hughes GE (BHGE) has been
China’s upstream industry is turning to nat- duction is expected to fall short of the gov- awarded a contract by the South Gas Com-
ural gas as a way to reduce air pollution cre- ernment targets since exploration of shale pany of Iraq (SGC) to help the recovery of
ated by the consumption of coal. However, JDVUHPDLQVGLI¿FXOWLQ&KLQD7KHDYDLO- ÀDUHJDVIRUWKH1DVVLUL\DDQG$O*KDUUDI
despite the progress made in the RLO¿HOGV,WZLOOXVHJDVSURFHVVLQJ
shale gas industry since 2011, technology developed in the U.S.
China has been facing challenges and Italy to build a plant capable of
to develop efficient shale gas producing 200 million standard
extraction, observes leading data FXELFIHHWSHUGD\006&&)'RI
DQGDQDO\WLFVFRPSDQ\*OREDO'DWD dry gas, liquefied petroleum gas
With 27 trillion cubic feet (tcf) (LPG) and condensate. It is due to
of proved shale gas reserves, China be completed by 2021. It will also
has emerged as the world’s largest contribute to curtailing the amount
shale gas producer outside the U.S. RIJDVÀDUHGLQWKH¿HOGVRI1DV-
and Canada. State-owned China siriya and Gharraf that otherwise
Petroleum & Chemical Corpora- goes to waste.
tion (Sinopec) accelerated its Phase
II development in the Fuling shale GTL facility
gas project in Chongqing, which Energy Security Partners (ESP), a
has become the largest shale gas developer of gas-to-liquids (GTL)
¿HOGRXWVLGH1RUWK$PHULFDZLWK projects, has secured funding to
an annual production capacity of complete engineering & design
350 billion cubic feet (bcf) in 2017. activities for the GTL Americas
Changing-Weiyuan national (GTLA) Project near Pine Bluff,
22 Turbomachinery International • Handbook 2019 www.turbomachinerymag.com
Arkansas. The facility is expected to pro- densed back into liquid using cold water
duce 33,000 barrels per day of transporta- from a liquid loop radiator.
tion fuels from natural gas.
Over the next 24 months, ESP will
complete the detailed engineering, site
preparation, natural gas purchase and sup-
ply, product sales, and raising the equity
DQGFRQVWUXFWLRQ¿QDQFLQJQHFHVVDU\IRU
development of the project in Jefferson
County. Construction and completion of
WKHSODQWLVHVWLPDWHGWRWDNHPRQWKV
the plant start-up is anticipated to com-
mence in late 2023.
No mechanical product can last forever. Kop-Flex® couplings are designed and built to last, but
couplings may be subjected to stresses during operation which can shorten their service life.
At Regal®, we have repair facilities worldwide, with the equipment and expertise to repair our
couplings with a typical savings of 50%. Regal leads the industry in response to your repair needs
with speed and attention to detail. As a result, our engineers can ship your coupling back in two
to six weeks with original factory warranty. For information about how we can help repair your
coupling, call 800-626-2120 or visit us at www.RegalPTS.com/Turbomachinery.
www.regalbeloit.com
Creating a better tomorrow™...
.RS)OH[DQG5HJDODUHWUDGHPDUNVRI5HJDO%HORLW&RUSRUDWLRQRURQHRILWVDOLDWHGFRPSDQLHV
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P
resident Donald Trump’s plan to Andrew Wheeler, a former coal-industry The administration’s efforts drew sup-
transform the domestic energy mar- lobbyist, took over as the U.S. Environ- port from the nuclear and coal industries
ket took several steps forward in mental Protection Agency’s (EPA) acting but criticism from state, regional and fed-
2018, most notably the releasing of administrator last July. eral regulators, along with sectors of the
the Affordable Clean Energy rule in The intended beneficiaries of the energy market that could lose if the subsi-
August. The Trump administration’s ini- administration’s regulatory rollback are oil dies go through, including renewable
tiative largely delegated to the states deci- JDVFRPSDQLHVFRDO¿UPVFRDOEXUQLQJ energy companies, oil & gas producers,
sions about regulating carbon dioxide electric utilities, and electric utilities that merchant generators, gas power interests,
emissions from coal-fired power plants. own nuclear power plants. and industrial energy users.
70%
60% 61%
60%
58%
55% 57% 55% 57% ation built over the 2011–2015 and 2012–
50%
2016 periods, according to IIR. Today, cost
43% 41% 41% 41%
40% 36%
39% overruns and construction delays have
30%
soured utilities, investors, regulators and
19% 18%
21% customers on new-build nuclear power.
20%
Only one grassroot nuclear generation
10%
project is scheduled to kick off over the
0%
2011–15 2012–16 2013–17 2014–18 2015–19 2016–20 2017–21 2018–22 2019–23 next five years: the long-delayed Blue
Project Construction Kickoff Dates Castle Nuclear Plant in Green River,
RENEWABLES GAS
Utah. New-build nuclear is expected to
account for slightly more than 1% of all
Figure 1: Renewables’ and gas’ share of the new-build generation market over the last generation capacity to be built over the
nine five-year periods. Source: IIR 2019–2023 period.
By and large, coal-burning utilities rounds of tariffs and restrictions. Aside Coal outlook
have not changed their plans to continue from increasing input costs to electricity Despite proclamations that the war on coal
UHGXFLQJWKHLUUHOLDQFHRQFRDO¿UHGJHQHU companies, which use steel in constructing is over, there is little evidence to date that
ation in favor of gas or renewable genera- new assets, it is not clear how all of this FRDOPLQLQJRUFRDO¿UHGSRZHUKDVWXUQHG
tion. As of the time of writing, no company could end. a corner or will do so in the near future.
had announced plans to develop a new Outside of Washington, D.C., the U.S. Indeed, the U.S. Energy Information
FRDO¿UHGSRZHUSODQWLQWKH86GXULQJ power generation market continued to be a Administration reported that the amount of
2018. Many analysts doubt a coal-fired two-fuel game: renewable energy and nat- coal used by power generators in the U.S.
generator will be built in the U.S. over the ural gas. According to data tracked by fell to three-decade lows, about 661 million
QH[W¿YH\HDUV Industrial Info Resources (IIR), renewable short tons in 2017, down about 36% from
Some measures enacted this year, energy will account for about 57.4% of all its 1983 peak.
including the imposition of stiff import power generation projects scheduled to In the U.S., the percentage of electricity
tariffs on steel, aluminum and solar cells begin construction between January 2019 generated from coal is expected to fall to
and panels, were not welcomed by power and December 2023. That amounts to about 28% in 2018 and 27% in 2019, down from
generators or other segments of the energy 121,532 MW of new generation capacity. 30% in 2017. An expected uptick in exports
industry. They may drive up costs and dis- Natural gas, by contrast, is expected to will not be enough to overcome continued
rupt the economics of near-term projects. account for approximately 87,647 MW of reduction in domestic thermal coal use.
The President and his aides said the tar- new generation to be built in the U.S. over Overall coal production will decline
iffs amounted to “short-term pain for long- WKHQH[W¿YH\HDUVDERXWRIDOOQHZ about 1% in 2018 and 2% in 2019, the
term gain.” There was some early indica- build generation. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
tion that was true, at least for steelmakers. Renewables’ share of the new-build projected in its August 2018 Short-Term
3UR¿WDELOLW\UHWXUQHGWRWKHVWHHOLQGXVWU\ market has slipped a bit from its pinnacle Energy Outlook.
Several steelmakers expanded output, cap- of 67% during the 2013–2017 period (Fig- Coal-mining companies employ about
ital expenditures, and employment in ure 1). Some of that lost market share was 53,000 people, according to an August
response to the president’s moves. captured by natural gas, as the “dash to 2018 estimate from the Federal Reserve
But those measures also triggered a tit- gas” mantra helped to more than double %DQNRI6W/RXLV)LJXUH7KDW¿JXUH
for-tat, dollar-for-dollar retaliation from gas’ share of the new-build market over the ZKLFKUHSUHVHQWVDOOMREFODVVL¿FDWLRQVLQ
countries that export goods to the U.S. A last decade. But most of gas’ gains came at the industry (not just coal miners), was up
potentially devastating game of “tariff the expense of coal-fired and nuclear slightly from 2016, but down dramatically
chicken” has begun with each side vowing SRZHUZKLFKKDGEULJKWHU¿YH\HDURXW from previous years. Coal interests have
to protect their interests via successive looks a decade ago. said recent coal initiatives have slowed the
140
120
100
80
60
40
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Figure 2: U.S. coal company employment since 1986. Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED)
www.turbomachinerymag.com Turbomachinery International • Handbook 2019 25
POWERGENERATION
Construction work for environmental remediation at some coal plants may be pushed back
bleeding and provided an opportunity to Navajo Generating Station (NGS), the FKDOOHQJHRIDPDUNHWWKDWGRHVQRWVXI¿-
rebuild. ODUJHVWFRDO¿UHGSODQWZHVWRIWKH0LVVLV- ciently value their contribution to the secu-
Power generators closed more than sippi River in northern Arizona, plans to ULW\DQGÀH[LELOLW\RIRXUSRZHUV\VWHP´
0:RIFRDO¿UHGFDSDFLW\LQ FORVHLWVWKUHHXQLW0:FRDO¿UHG said Don Moul, president of FirstEnergy
Closures are expected to continue over the plant by the end of 2019. Solutions Generation. “The market fails to
next five years. Although asset owners In Ohio, Dayton Power & Light Com- recognize, for example, the on-site fuel
closed less coal generation in 2018 than in SDQ\'3 /FORVHGWZRFRDO¿UHGSODQWV storage capability of coal, which increases
past years, that shuttered capacity is not with a combined generating capacity of the resilience of the grid.”
EHLQJUHSODFHGE\QHZFRDO¿UHGJHQHUD- 2,373 MW during the summer of 2018. Aside from those closures, owners of
tion. Typically, some combination of gas- The affected plants are the J.M. Stuart Sta- FRDO¿UHGJHQHUDWRUVLQ0DU\ODQG0LVVLV-
¿UHGJHQHUDWLRQUHQHZDEOHVVWRUDJHDQG tion (1,755 MW) and the Killen Station sippi, Florida, Iowa, Michigan, Wisconsin
customer-facing energy efficiency pro- (618 MW). and Texas all announced plant closures in
grams is being used to replace the lost coal Evergy, the Kansas utility holding 2018.
generation. company formed by the merger of Great IIR tracks about 70 capital projects val-
1RQHZFRDO¿UHGJHQHUDWLRQLVVFKHG- Plai ns Energ y and West ar Energ y, ued at about $3.4 billion scheduled to begin
uled to be built between 2019 and 2023. In announced plans to close about 805 MW construction at U.S. coal-burning power
fact, asset owners have cancelled or post- RIFRDO¿UHGJHQHUDWLRQE\\HDUHQG plants between January 2019 and Decem-
poned the start of construction for 40 coal- At the end of last summer, FirstEner- ber 2023. Most are for environmental
power projects valued at about $11 billion gy’s merchant unit announced plans to remediation, including installing equip-
that were scheduled to begin construction FORVHWKUHHFRDO¿UHGSODQWVWRWDOLQJRYHU ment to limit NOx emissions and comply-
GXULQJWKDW¿YH\HDUSHULRG 4,000 MW of generating capacity. The ing with regulations like Coal Combustion
New generation accounts for about $7 plants were units 1–3 of the Bruce Mans- 5HVLGXDOV&&5DQG(IÀXHQW/LPLWDWLRQV
billion of cancelled or delayed projects, ¿HOGSODQWLQ3HQQV\OYDQLDDQGXQLWVRI Guidelines (ELG).
while pollution-control and carbon-recov- the W.H. Sammis plant in Ohio. The plants But there is a chance that some of that
ery projects account for more than $2 bil- would close in 2021 and 2022. scheduled work will be pushed back fol-
lion of planned projects that have been “As with (our) nuclear (plants), our fos- lowing a mid-2018 revision to the CCR
abandoned or pushed back. sil-fueled plants face the insurmountable regulation from the EPA delaying the
26 Turbomachinery International • Handbook 2019 www.turbomachinerymag.com
GOODRICH
Flexible Diaphragm
Couplings
INDUSTRIAL
COUPLINGS
Superior Performance Since 1949
• Design
• Research & Development
• Manufacture
• Repair
Balanced
Welded or Bolted
A Better Choice
• Designed to meet the most rigorous industry standards
• ISO 9001 and AS9100 Certified
• Provides the lowest total system cost with proven reliability
• Designed for infinite life using the most advanced analysis tools
• Couplings are lubrication-free, requiring no regularly scheduled maintenance
WORLDWIDE
GAS TURBINE FORECAST
DECLINES ARE APPARENT FOR THE NEXT FEW YEARS,
BUT A MARKET RECOVERY IS IN SIGHT
BY STUART SLADE AND CARTER PALMER
O
vercapacity of power generation Figure 1: Gas turbine electrical power generation.
equipment and the resulting soft- Total additional generation capacity (in megawatts) 2018–2027 forecast.
ness of prices is impacting the gas
turbine-powered electrical genera-
tion market. In short, companies are sell-
LQJVLJQL¿FDQWO\IHZHUJDVWXUELQHVWKDQ
predicted and are receiving a lower unit
price on each sale.
The direness of the situation is exem-
SOL¿HGLQDUHFHQWVWDWHPHQWIURP6LHPHQV
AG about the restructuring of its power
generation activities to accommodate the
world situation:
Regional trends
&KDQJLQJXVHUFRQVXPSWLRQSUR¿OHVKDV
become a worldwide phenomenon,
although the motivation may differ from
UHJLRQWRUHJLRQ,Q(XURSHDQGWKH86
the primary driver is to reduce electricity
demand and thus reduce pollution and
eliminate potentially harmful emissions.
,QRWKHUDUHDVWKHHFRQRPLFEHQH¿WV
RIQHZSRZHUHI¿FLHQWWHFKQRORJLHVDUH
the leading driver, placing electrical
equipment within the reach of people who
otherwise could not afford to run it.
6RPHIDFWRUVWKRXJKDUHFRPPRQRQ
a worldwide basis. Nat ural gas has
Figure 6: Microturbine electrical power generation. become the go-to fuel for power genera-
Total additional generation capacity (in megawatts) 2018–2027 forecast. tion, feeding at least 75% of gas turbines
used for generation duty. Yet even here,
there are exceptions. Coal- and oil-pow-
ered plants are still ordered in the
$VLD3DFLILFUHJLRQZKLOHFRDOLVSUH-
ferred in Eastern Europe.
The forecast for the next ten years has
North America continuing as the largest
market in terms of added capacity and
value of gas turbines (Figures 8 and 9),
with Europe second. Both markets, how-
ever, can be considered mature. There is
plenty of unrealized potential for gas tur-
bine additions in other regions.
CENTRIFUGAL BLOWERS
VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE CENTRIFUGAL BLOWERS
CAN SAVE ENERGY AND INCREASE RELIABILITY
BY DEEPAK VETAL
T
here are various blower technologies to a complex multistage with many steps
available for low-pressure applica- and processes in which the optimal objec- Lead recycling
tions, including lobe, screw, multi- tive is to meet government and environ- Another user recycles lead from battery
stage, integrally geared, direct drive mental regulatory compliance. scrap and battery paste using VSD centrif-
turbo and claw. With each technology comes 7RJDLQHI¿FLHQF\DQGUHOLDELOLW\LQWKH ugal blowers in a compressed air station.
EHQH¿WVGHSHQGLQJXSRQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQDQG process, a wastewater treatment plant With a total of six blowers in operation, the
process where these blowers are used. installed low-pressure VSD centrifugal facility uses f low-controlled blowers
To choose the right technology, users compressors. Due to oxygen requirements, instead of pressure-controlled blowers.
should consider energy consumption, per- four machines were installed, of which two Air from the blowers is needed for
formance, process requirements, and life or three operate around the clock depending three shifts, around the clock, for process
cycle cost. Variable speed drive (VSD) cen- on contamination levels. The fourth com- and after-burning air. The process air is
trifugal blowers, for example, are relevant in pressor serves as a contingency reserve. blown together with natural gas and oxy-
applications, such as wastewater treatment, The facility runs 365 days a year in gen through a lance immersed in the mol-
ÀXHJDVGHVXOIXUL]DWLRQDQGOHDGUHF\FOLQJ 24-hour operation. The water depth and ten slag, which has a variable consistency.
The VSD centrifugal air blower is an the membrane pipe system at the bottom The colder it is, the stiffer it is. The lance
approach to low-pressure compressed air of the basin required high pressure. Nor- will also deteriorate, resulting in immer-
applications. These blowers require mal rotary lobe blowers could only provide sion depth variation. This and other effects
non-contact bearings, either air bearings or 14.5 psi. Therefore, centrifugal technology FDXVHWKHFRXQWHUSUHVVXUHWRÀXFWXDWHDW
magnetic bearings. The bearings are was required. the tip of the lance.
driven by a permanent magnet motor and T he t u rbo compressors are si n- To keep the metallurgic process securely
raise efficiency by eliminating bearing gle-stage, speed-controlled VSD machines. under control, it was necessary to provide a
losses in motors and blowers. The motors have a contactless electromag- FRQVWDQWÀRZYROXPHDWDQ\WLPHGHVSLWH
Air bearings have limited starts and netic bearing system. The impeller is rapidly changing operating conditions. VSD
stops due to bearing contact upon startup, mounted on the motor shaft itself. This FHQWULIXJDOEORZHUVZLWKÀRZFRQWUROZHUH
shut down and under surge conditions. drive design does not require any extra able to maintain the metallurgic process in
They are not protected against surge condi- lubricant so there is no risk of oil getting the immersion melting furnace. In addition,
tions. Magnetic bearings, on the other hand, into the blower. Compared with rotary lobe after-burning air was fed into the furnace
are protected by their ability to have unlim- blowers, this type of drive achieved energy through the molten bath to ensure no reac-
ited stops by way of electromagnets. There- savings of 30% to 40% and saved on space. tive components, such as non-combusted
fore, magnetic bearings are preferred in natural gas ended up in the exhaust.
VSD centrifugal blowers due to reliability. Flue gas desulfurization Implementing VSD centrifugal blowers
VSD centrifugal blowers use an inter- )OXHJDVGHVXOIXUL]DWLRQ)*'LQYROYHV with proper controls can save energy and
nal closed loop air circuit to cool the motor the removal of sulfur dioxide contained in make processes work more reliably in a
housing and the integrated VSD converter. gases produced by the combustion of fossil variety of industries. ■
By using a direct drive system, there is no fuels, such as coal, oil, bitumen-based
need for speed-increaser gears and the fuels, municipal solid waste, automobile
accompanying oiling system. Vibration, tires, and for the processing of petroleum,
QRLVHUHTXLUHGÀRRUVSDFHDQGZHLJKWDUH cement, paper, glass, steel, iron and copper. Deepak Vetal is National Sales
reduced. A high-speed permanent magnet A power plant burning anthracite, for Manager for industrial blowers
synchronous motor (PMSM) with VSD example, had to add a precisely defined and low pressure compressors at
RIIHUVJUHDWHUHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQF\DWIXOODQG DPRXQWRIR[LGDWLRQDLUWRGHVXOIXUL]HWKH Atlas Copco. He can be reached at
part load compared to conventional motors. ÀXHJDVLQWZRFLUFXLWDEVRUEHUV2WKHU- deepak.vetal@us.atlascopco.com.
40 Turbomachinery International • Handbook 2019 www.turbomachinerymag.com
Q&A
Air compressor
Hanwha Power Systems has introduced the new
SM2100 turbocompressor. It is a multistage
centrifugal air compressor that comes com-
pletely wired and equipped with all necessary
components, interconnecting pipes, and
instrument control lines on one
skid. It extends Hanwha’s
compressor product line-up
into the smaller HP (200
Ares Active Magnetic Bearing hp to 400 hp) range.
Hanwha.com
AMB turboexpander
/$7XUELQH/$7KDVUHOHDVHGWKH¿UVW
Ares Active Magnetic Bearing (AMB)
turboexpander-compressor designed for a
200MMSCFD gas processing plant. It Hanwha air compressor
features a skid-mounted AMB control
system and programmable logic control
(PLC) panel, made possible through a New pump valve temperature at the pump seal
partnership between L.A. Turbine and ThermOmegaTech is designed to save face. When water gets too hot, the
Waukesha Magnetic Bearings. water, wear and expense for industrial valve opens and permits cooler water to
Until now, AMB controllers needed to companies that use pumps with mechan- ÀRZLQ,WZRUNVZLWKRXWWKHXVHRIH[WHU
be installed in a building away from the ical seals. The EcoFlow is a self-actuated, nal power. Temperature response is unaf-
skid installation site. With the new Ares thermostatic valve that manages and con- fected by pressure variations. The water
AMB design, the cont rol system is WUROVWKHZDWHUÀRZWKDWPHFKDQLFDOVHDOV supply can be kept turned on even when
installed directly on the turboexpander use to keep cool, lubricated and clean. the pump is off, preventing dry starts due
skid and is ready for operation upon deliv- Current practice often does not monitor to operator error. Installing these valves
ery to the site. or control this water f low, potentially can extend the lives of mechanical seals
Gas processors benefit from lower wasting hundreds of thousands of gallons by maintaining the optimal seal head
capex, faster commissioning, decreased of water a year. environment.
maintenance, greater site layout, tempera- EcoFlow valves attach to a seal water ThermOmegaTech.com
WXUHDQGSHUIRUPDQFHÀH[LELOLW\DVPDOOHU outlet to thermostatically monitor water
footprint, and a more environmentally
IULHQGO\PDFKLQH2SHUDWRUVEHQH¿WIURP
the ability to perform remote commis-
sioni ng, monitor i ng and t u ning of Tensioning pump
machine performance due to the digital Enerpac has introduced an electric tensioning pump. The ZUTP1500-S Series
signal processors and control algorithms with a pendant-operated solenoid valve is ideal for multiple bolt tensioning appli-
of the Waukesha Magnetic Bearings cations and allows for single-person operation. The operator can pressurize and
Zephyr 5-Axis Controller. retract the tensioner directly from the pendant.
Laturbine.com The pump achieves high pressure with-
out the need for an intensifier. This
High load bearing repair allows for low-maintenance and
Stronghold Coatings has introduced less cost for the end user. Its
MM1018, a polymeric metal material two-stage pump design pro-
WKDWSURYLGHVIRUFH¿WJDSFRP YLGHVKLJKÀRZDWORZSUHV
pensation for the repair of deck machin- VXUHIRUIDVWV\VWHP¿OOVDQG
ery on drilling rigs, windfarms and oil FRQWUROOHGÀRZDWKLJKSUHV
& gas platforms. When applied to the sure.
baseplates of deck machinery, MM1018 Key features include:
allows equipment to be repaired and • 7 hp heavy-duty uni-
re-positioned without having to re-align, versal motor
saving time and money. • Easy access manual
It provides volume restoration inside ove r r id e va lve q u ick ly
the gap between bearing and construc- releases pressure if power is
tion without machining of back plate lost
and face plate. MM1018 combines com- • Replaceable 10-micron
pressive and shear strength, vibration reservoir breather and inline
damping, and corrosion protection high-pressure filter helps
in extreme service conditions. It maintain oil cleanliness.
is resistant to weathering and Enerpac.com
aging, as well as gasoline, oils,
coolants, acids, lye, and more. Enerpac tensioning pump
StrongholdOne.com
42 Turbomachinery International • Handbook 2019 www.turbomachinerymag.com
BelGAS FM
flame arrestor
Flame arrestor
%HO*$6)0KDVLQWURGXFHGDOLQHRIÀDPHDUUHVWRUVIRUWKH
oil and gas industry. They stop ignited vapors from travel-
ing backward into the vent line or tank, preventing explo-
VLRQVEXUQVDQGRWKHUKD]DUGV7KHVXLWHRIÀDPHDUUHVWRUV
includes burner arrestors, inline arrestors, stack arrestors
and vent arrestors.
The company’s in-house engineering team assists with
custom orders as well, often performing calculations based
on customer-supplied data to reverse engineer a product
that will perform as needed. The face plate has a pressed
and sealed sight glass to eliminate seams and gaps,
reduces the chance of leaks, and better withstands equip-
ment vibration.
marshbellofram.com
Density meters
Mettler Toledo has launched an Excellence line of benchtop den-
sity meters and refractometers. The Density Excellence models
Durability
D4, D5 and D6, along with the Refractometry Excellence models
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amer.mhps.com
3D surface analysis
Digital Metrology Solu-
tions has released Omni-
Surf 3D for 3D surface
texture visualization and
analysis. The new soft-
Pruftechnik Optalign ware can be quickly mas-
tered by non-metrology
Laser alignment experts to explore their
Pruftechnik has launched the Optalign measured surfaces and
touch system for simple, fast and precise bet ter u nderst and the
daily alignment jobs. The package consists effect on part functional-
of the touch handheld device and the ity. It provides machin- OmniSurf3D screenshot
Pruftechnik sensALIGN 5 sensor/laser ists, line engineers, and
heads for every day alignment jobs. This managers with a toolset to visualize tom parameters to describe the most
includes continuous Sweep measurement surfaces quickly in 3D. critical aspects of the surface.
mode, simultaneous real-time machine A streamlined interface puts all Advanced users can zoom on a par-
corrections in horizontal and vertical basic settings in one place: preprocess- ticular region of interest, rotate, apply
directions, automatic evaluation of align- ing to account for missing pixels, outli- and position cross-sectioning tools in
ment condition, and soft-foot detection. It ers; common reference geometries for UHDOWLPHDQGDOWHU¿OWHUSDUDPHWHUV,W
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pruftechnik.com large-scale waviness or fine-scale ware.
roughness; and dozens of ISO and cus- Digitalmetrology.com
Pipeline compressor
The Siemens SGT-400 pipeline compres-
sor package is an integrated gas turbine Accelerometer plug-and-play capability as well as easy
and centrifugal compressor that offers a PCB Piezotronics has announced a USB data collection and sharing. It features a
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fast deployment. It also has Dry Low predictive maintenance and condition a ±10% tolerance) packaged in a stainless
Emissions (DLE) combustion technology monitoring applications. Model 633A01 is steel, hermetically sealed housing with
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TRADEMARKS
Addax Composite Cooling Tower Machinery Health Applies to
Coupling. Corrosion resistance, technology developed by Emerson for
highmisalignment and low weight rotating equipment. • Emerson Process
• Rexnord NV, Mechelen, Belgium Management, Knoxville TN
AeroBlock Standardized integrally- Modulflex Torsionally Stiff Disc
geared main air compressor for Coupling with modular design for your
industrial gas applications • Atlas application • Rexnord NV, Mechelen,
Copco, Cologne, Germany Belgium
Camseal High-performance, in-line MSG Centac Multi-stage geared (MSG)
serviceable metal-seated, zero leakage centrifugal air compressors
forged ball valves • Conval, lnc., • Ingersoll-Rand Co., Davidson, NC
Somers,CT
MSG Turbo-Air Multi-stage geared
Clampseal High-performance, in-line (MSG) centrifugal Air & Gas
serviceable forged globe, gate, check, Compressors • Ingersoll-Rand Co.,
stop, bellows, throttling, fire-safe, Davidson, NC
Put the handbook cryogenic and urea valves • Conval,
Inc., Somers, CT PeakVue Unique approach for earliest
identification of developing faults in
SIEMENS
POWER RATING IS0 Base Load HEAT RATE GAS TURBINES
At Generator Terminals (MW) Lower Heating Value
MODEL Gas Turbines Total power (LHV) (kJ/kWh) Number Model Frequency (Hz) COMMENTS
SCC5-9000HL Single Shaft 841 5,714 1 SGT5-9000HL 50 (2)
SCC5-9000HL 2x1 1,682 5,714 2 SGT5-9000HL 50 (2)
SCC6-9000HL Single Shaft 577 5,714 1 SGT6-9000HL 60 (2)
SCC6-9000HL 2x1 1,154 5,714 2 SGT6-9000HL 60 (2)
SCC5-8000HL Single Shaft 708 5,714 1 SGT5-8000HL 50 (2)
SCC5-8000HL 2x1 1,416 5,714 2 SGT5-8000HL 50 (2)
SCC6-8000H Single Shaft 460 5,920 1 SGT6-8000H 60 (2)
SCC6-8000H 2x1 930 5,910 2 SGT6-8000H 60 (2)
SCC6-5000F 1x1 375 6,071 1 SGT6-5000F 60 (2)
SCC6-5000F 2x1 750 6,071 2 SGT6-5000F 60 (2)
SCC5-8000H Single Shaft 665 5,890 1 SGT5-8000H 50 (2)
SCC5-8000H 2x1 1,335 5,880 2 SGT5-8000H 50 (2)
SCC5-4000F Single Shaft 475 6,030 1 SGT5-4000F 50 (2)
SCC5-4000F 2x1 950 6,030 2 SGT5-4000F 50 (2)
SCC5-2000E 1x1 275 6,755 1 SGT5-2000E 50 (1)
SCC5-2000E 2x1 551 6,755 2 SGT5-2000E 50 (1)
SCC6-2000E 1x1 174 6,893 1 SGT6-2000E 60 (1)
SCC6-2000E 2x1 347 6,901 2 SGT6-2000E 60 (1)
Site conditions = 59°F, 14.7 psia, 60% RH (15°C, 1.013 bar).
1 dual pressure, no reheat
2 triple pressure, reheat
Net plant performance shown above includes auxiliary power consumption. All ratings on natural gas with LHV
www.turbomachinerymag.com Turbomachinery International • Handbook 2019 83
Combined
COMPANY
Cycle Plant
DIRECTORY
Specifications
SIEMENS
POWER RATING HEAT RATE
IS0 Base Load Lower Heating GAS TURBINES
At Generator Terminals (MW) Value (LHV)
MODEL Gas Turbines Total power (kJ/kWh) Number Model Frequency (Hz) COMMENTS
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
SCC-600 1x1 35.9 7,220 1 SGT-600 50/60 (1)
SCC-600 2x1 73.3 7,071 2 SGT-600 50/60 (1)
SCC-700 1x1 45.2 6,876 1 SGT-700 50/60 (1)
SCC-700 2x1 91.6 6,788 2 SGT-700 50/60 (1)
SCC-750 1x1 51.6 6,760 1 SGT-750 50/60 (1)
SCC-750 2x1 103.7 6,718 2 SGT-750 50/60 (1)
SCC-800 (47.5 MW) 1x1 66.6 6,693 1 SGT-800 50/60 (1)
SCC-800 (47.5 MW) 2x1 135.4 6,583 2 SGT-800 50/60 (1)
SCC-800 (47.5 MW) 3x1 203.5 6,569 3 SGT-800 50/60 (1)
SCC-800 (50.5 MW) 1x1 71.4 6,530 1 SGT-800 50/60 (1)
SCC-800 (50.5 MW) 2x1 143.6 6,494 2 SGT-800 50/60 (1)
SCC-800 (50.5 MW) 3x1 215.7 6,485 3 SGT-800 50/60 (1)
SCC-800 (54.0 MW) 1x1 75.9 6,427 1 SGT-800 50/60 (1)
SCC-800 (54.0 MW) 2x1 153.7 6,349 2 SGT-800 50/60 (1)
SCC-800 (54.0 MW) 3x1 229.9 6,365 3 SGT-800 50/60 (1)
SCC-800 (57.0 MW) 1x1 80.7 6,207 1 SGT-800 50/60 (2)
SCC-800 (57.0 MW) 2x1 163.1 6,143 2 SGT-800 50/60 (2)
SCC-800 (57.0 MW) 3x1 245.0 6,143 3 SGT-800 50/60 (2)
SGT-A35 DLE 1x1
37.7 7,175 1 SGT-A35 50/60 (1)
(Ind. RB211-G62 DLE)
SGT-A35 DLE 1x1
39.8 7,005 1 SGT-A35 50/60 (1)
(Ind. RB211-GT62 DLE)
SGT-A35 DLE 1x1
42.6 6,820 1 SGT-A35 50/60 (1)
(Ind. RB211-GT61 DLE)
SGT-A65 DLE 1x1
73.0 6,593 1 SGT-A65 50/60 (1)
(Ind. Trent 60 DLE)
SGT-A65 DLE ISI 1x1
83.0 6,648 1 SGT-A65 50/60 (1)
(Ind. Trent 60 DLE ISI)
SGT-A65 DLE 2x1
147.0 6,546 2 SGT-A65 50/60 (1)
(Ind. Trent 60 DLE)
SGT-A65 DLE ISI 2x1
166.8 6,617 2 SGT-A65 50/60 (1)
(Ind. Trent 60 DLE ISI)
Site conditions = 59 °F, 14.7 psia, 60% RH (15C, 1.013 bar). Footnotes: (1) dual pressure, no reheat; (2) 3P, no reheat
Net Plant performance show above includes auxiliary power consumption
All ratings on natural gas with LHV.
Note: Specifications are for natural gas fuel. MPP stands for Modular Power Plant
SIEMENS
BAKER HUGHES, a GE company, Steam Turbine—Reaction Technology (Florence, Italy; Elblag, Poland)
RATED INLET RATED INLET CONTROLLED
POWER RATING SPEED RANGE PRESSURE TEMPERATURE EXTRACTIONS
MODEL (MW) (RPM) (BAR A) (°C) INLET CONTROL TYPE (#) EXHAUST
SC/SAC 2–100 3,000–15,000 140 565 Sliding/Fixed Pressure 0–2 Radial/Axial
SNC/SANC 2–100 3,000–15,000 140 565 Sliding/Fixed Pressure 0–2 Radial, Max 60 BARA
A5/A9 20–100 3,000–3,600 140 565 Sliding/Fixed Pressure — Axial
SG 5–40 3,000–3,600 30 300 Sliding/Fixed Pressure — Radial/Axial
SDF 10–80 3,000–3,600 30 300 Sliding/Fixed Pressure — Double Flow
GRT/HRT 15–100+ 4,300–7,000 140 565 Sliding/Fixed Pressure 0–1 Axial
MT 50–135+ 3,000–3,600 175 585 Sliding/Fixed Pressure 0–2 Radial/Axial
MP 2–30 3,000–13,000 150 530 Sliding/Fixed Pressure 0–1 Radial
MC 2–45 3,000–13,000 150 530 Sliding/Fixed Pressure 0–1 Radial/Axial
BFPT 5–45 4,000–15,000 170–280 565–575 Sliding/Fixed Pressure — Radial
SINGLE OR DOUBLE ADMISSION
P 1–6 5,000–13,000 90 480 Sliding/Fixed Pressure 0–1 Radial, Max 20 BARA
C 1–6 5,000–13,000 90 480 Sliding/Fixed Pressure 0–1 Radial
GST 20–55 3,000–3,600 10 300 Sliding Pressure N/A Radial/Axial
SC = Condensing Type, SAC = Condensing Type with Controlled Extractions, SNC = Backpressure Type, SNC = Backpressure Type with Controlled Extractions,
A5/A9 = Single Casing Reheat, SG = Geothermal Applications, SDF = Double Flow, MP = Multivalves—Backpressure Type, MC = Multivalves—Condensing Type,
BFPT = Boiler Feed Pump Turbine, P = Single valve—Backpressure Type, C = Single valve—Condensing Type
Notes: Elliott Group designs, manufactures, tests, installs, services and repairs centrifugal and axial compressors for the petrochemical, refining, oil & gas as well
as general industrial markets. Features and stand alone products include:
• Proprietary EDGE centrifugal designs • High efficiency and exceptional reliability • Advanced impellers • Low maintenance
• Wide range of inlet volume and pressure capability • Elliott control systems • Superior casing design • Lubrication oil systems
• Auxiliary systems are available ON and OFF skid. • Full load testing • Wide complement of coatings are available to extend unit life
• High speed balancing • Elliott-designed bearings are included for optimum running • Dry gas seal and buffer gas systems
• Integrated bundle, end-walls and housings for quick turn around of barrel centrifugal
* Inquire with Elliott Group for volume flows greater than 680K m3/hr.
FS-Elliott designs, manufactures, tests, installs, services and repairs intergrally geared centrifugal compressors. Design benefits and features follow:
• High base-load and part-load efficiency • Optimized operational efficiency throughout the year • Professional Service
• Minimum number of moving parts • Superior package design • Lowest life-cycle cost
• Robust and reliable design • Simple and low-cost installation •Ease of maintenance
• Industrial to API 672 applications • Ease of operation •Genuine OEM parts
INDUCTION MOTORS
TYPE FRAME SIZE OUTPUT (kW) VOLTAGE (V) POLES (Hz) FREQUENCY
TEFC 250S - 500J 55–2,250 380–13,800 2–12 50/60
TEACC 355L - 1120 630–13,000 2,300–13,800 2–22 50/60
WP-II (TEWAC) 355L - 1120 750–15,000 2,300–13,800 2–22 50/60
Applicable standard: NEMA, IEEE, API-541, IEC-60034/60079
Explosive protection: Exn, Exe, Exp, Exd
SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
TEWAC 1,000 7,000–25,000 6,000–13,800 4–6 50/60
VFD
MODEL TYPE CAPACITY (KVA) VOLTAGE (V) COOLING SYSTEM FREQUENCY (Hz)
HIVECTOL-HVI Multi-Level IGBT Drive 360–28,000 2,400–11,000 Forced Air 0–120
SIEMENS
INLET INLET TYPE OF TYPE OF GAS
PRESSURE TEMPERATURE NUMBER CASING TYPE OF EXPANDER TYPE OF
MODEL (BAR A) (°C) INLET FLOW (kg/hr) OF STAGES RPM SPLIT SEALS CAN HANDLE DESIGN
STC-GT 15 up to 550 9,000–600,000 up to 3 25,000 V L all I-C
E-516/520/
15 760 45,000–165,000 5 7,100–10,930 H L (1) A
522/526
E-132/232 3.3–5 760 165,000–200,000 1–2 7,500–8,400 V L (1) A
E-138/238 3.3–5 760 345,000–350,000 1–2 6,000 V L (1) A
E-148/248 3.3–5 760 450,000–555,000 1–2 4,000 V L (1) A
E-156 3.3 760 730,000 1 3,600 V L (1) A
1 Nitric acid, ethylene oxide, FCC, coal gas, blast furnace gas
DISCHARGE PRESSURE
INLET VOLUME NUMBER MAXIMUM TYPE OF TYPE OF TYPE OF GAS TYPE OF
MODEL (M3/hr) P 2 (BAR) P2 (kPag) OF STAGES RPM CASING SPLIT SEALS COMPRESSOR CAN HANDLE DESIGN
C16 3,600 310 24,130 10 23,800 V D natural gas C
C33 16,200 186 19,000 12 19,000 V D natural gas C
C40M 15,300 172 17,235 6 14,300 V D natural gas C
C40P 18,000 186 11,030 2 15,500 V D natural gas C
C41 (1) 30,600 259 25,855 10 14,300 V D natural gas C
C45 31,500 124 15,513 3 12,000 V D natural gas C
C50 33,900 103 10,350 5 14,000 V D natural gas C
C51 (1) 42,600 207 20,685 10 12,000 V D natural gas C
C61 59,400 207 20,685 10 10,200 V D natural gas C
C65 40,800 110 11,030 2 10,500 V D natural gas C
C75 51,000 155 15,510 3 8,860 V D natural gas C
C85 76,500 110 11,030 2 7,000 V D natural gas C
1 Pressure ratios are higher for the C41/C51/C61. Dual compartment compressors depending on cooling capability.
FAULT DETECTION
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