Table of Content

Introduction......................................................................................................................................1

Manufacturing..................................................................................................................................1

Universal Healthcare.......................................................................................................................4

Affordable Housing.........................................................................................................................8

Food Security.................................................................................................................................11

Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................13

References......................................................................................................................................15

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Introduction
To achieve development goals are important; they motivate behaviour and investments. Every
potential development goal needs smart and parsimonious indicators. The goals strengthens the
governments’ commitments to poverty reduction, rallying the world behind a moral purpose,
providing policy direction, setting out specific outcome indicators, catalyzing increased
investments in several important areas and sustaining efforts to promote development. A good
example are the Jubilee’s four main agenda which were the focus of President Uhuru Kenyatta in
his second and final term in office (KAM, 2018). The four agenda proposed by the Jubilee
government were: manufacturing, universal healthcare, affordable housing and food security
(KAM, 2018). The focus on these areas is attributed to the compelling needs of Kenyan citizens,
who despite 50 years after independence, continue to face challenges in accessing good meals,
appropriate healthcare, proper housing and employment. The Big Four reflects on what needs to
be done for the country to move forward. It involves the pursuance of things that mean a lot not
only to individuals but to the country (KAM, 2018). As per the four agenda, the goals are well
articulated in the next section.

Manufacturing
The growth of manufacturing sector is expected to play a vital role in supporting the country’s
social economic development particularly with regard to employment creation. Currently,
Kenya’s manufacturing sector accounts for 9.2% of GDP, 11.7% of total employment in the
formal sector and 20.4% of informal employment. A significant proportion of enterprises in the
sector operate informally, employing nine times the formal manufacturing enterprises. The
manufacturing sector is in fact the second largest source of employment in the informal sector
after wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants. Additionally, over 90% of the
manufacturing sector enterprises, formal or informal, are micro and small-defined as enterprises
employing less than 50 persons - yet they contribute to only about 20% of the sector’s GDP
(KSG, 2018).

The agro-processing, textile and wearing apparel, leather, and blue economy which are identified
as key drivers in the “Big Four” account for 54% of manufacturing value added and 60% of the
sector employment. With the policy target of realizing 15% contribution of the manufacturing
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sector to GDP and absorbing surplus labour from the agricultural sector, the sector needs to more
than double its growth rate in the next five years. According to the Kenya Association of
Manufacturers (KAM) 2018 Manufacturing Priority Agenda, approximately 18% of locally
produced manufactured goods are exported. The key export destinations include COMESA and
the European Union. It means therefore that currently, the manufacturing sector is inwardly
looking as most of the locally manufactured products are consumed domestically. The key
manufactured exports include food products, non-metallic mineral products, chemical products,
metal products, pharmaceutical and botanical products, textiles and apparels. A few Kenyan
manufacturing firms have their presence in the EAC through subsidiaries (KSG, 2018).

Despite the various policy interventions undertaken over time, the sector is still faced with
persistent challenges that have reduced its competitiveness. These challenges include high fuel
prices, inadequate and unreliable power supply, cheap imports, unfair competition particularly
because of counterfeits, high cost of credit and low technological adoption. These factors
contribute to low productivity, low product diversification, low value addition and low market
access for manufactured products. According to the Kenya National Trade Policy, Kenya’s
manufacturing sector has a relatively under-developed intermediate and capital goods industry.
Additionally, the level of research and development undertaken by the industry is still relatively
low, which is attributed to limited capability, infrastructure, equipment and machinery to
undertake research and development as well as weak industry-research linkages (KSG, 2018).

It is important that manufacturing sector policy interventions are holistic and comprehensive in
addressing input and market needs, as well as supporting the value chain. Three broad strategic
areas for intervention which the government can prioritize over the next five years under the
“Big Four” agenda include the following: skills and technology development and technology
transfer to enhance innovation capabilities in supporting product diversification; provision of an
enabling business environment at both national and county government levels including the
regulatory interventions and external market access interventions (KSG, 2018).

Haberler (1936) modified the law of comparative advantage with opportunity cost theory. In his
view, a nation has a comparative advantage if the cost of producing a commodity is lower than

2
other commodity in that nation than it is in other countries. Countries are different in resources.
In his view, developing countries like Kenya have a lot of low-skilled labour relative to capital
and skilled labour. The implication of this is that these countries will benefit if they produce
goods which need relatively large amount of low skilled labour, and exchange with a capital and
a skilled labour intensive goods produced by their developed counter parts and as such it is
argued that they have a comparative advantage in producing labour-intensive goods and services.
Even if a country is less productive than its trading partner in almost everything, there is a
possibility of trade by specializing in a commodity in which its productivity disadvantage is
smaller and exchange with its trading partner. This process brings development by enabling
countries to gain more through importation than could be achieved from domestic production
(Humpage, 2000).

The advantages that manufacturing industry holds over primary production might be considered
as distinct from the disadvantages of agriculture primary production. Manufacturing industry is
far more flexible in methods, competition and output than agriculture. While decreasing returns
may be expected in industry as in agriculture they are, in fact, usually postponed by continual
improvement in techniques by the frequent introduction of new inventions and improved
machinery (far less typical in agriculture) and by increasing specialization and division and
division of labour raising the efficiency and productivity of the labour force. The character and
scale of operation are also more favourable; it is possible to control production much more
closely than with farming and supply of sub-standard quality can be trimmed more closely to
demand, making for greater price stability (Beauchamp and Steinbock, 1999).

It will be realized that the farmer may have to brief his labour force daily, their tasks depending
on the weather, but in factory it is possible to manage a far larger labour force because their
activities are specialized and regular and generally entirely insulated from vagaries of weather.
Consequently advantages of scale lie with manufacturing industry which by its organization and
specializing aims at mass production through increasing efficiency and application of power. It
is, of course, basically through the application of inanimate energy that manufacturing industry
offers greater productivity per worker than agriculture and the amount of power available to each
worker is sometimes taken as an indicator of economic stature (Yandell, 2005).

3
Another advantage to industry but disadvantage to the farmer to the farmer lies in the proportion
of operating costs to fixed costs. A very high proportion of farm costs are in fixed charges and
relatively the cost of seed, and labour is small. This is a further factor in explaining the sluggish
response to adverse conditions, for contraction of a farmer’s output in terms of difficulty saves
relatively less than contraction of a factory’s output. In the factory a far higher proportion of
costs is in raw materials, labour and services and these can be more readily cut down. It is the
operation and interplay of such factors that help to account for the present state of affairs where
so much of world agriculture operates under decreasing returns, whereas manufacturing industry
yet shows increasing returns (Beauchamp and Steinbock, 1999).

Universal Healthcare
Universal healthcare coverage is one of the focus areas in the next five years under the “Big
Four” agenda of the Government of Kenya. Kenya aspires to have Universal Health Care (UHC)
by the year 2022. The UHC captures the population covered, the services provided and the cost
of services covered. The government aims at achieving this by scaling up the National Health
Insurance Fund (NHIF), increasing insurance coverage and achieving 100% coverage of the
poor. This should contribute to reducing the 26% out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure to 12%
by 2022. As a result, Kenyans would be guaranteed access to medical care and at minimal cost.
Other sources for financing healthcare in the country apart from insurance include: general tax
financing contributing 34%; out-of-pocket health spending contributing 26%; and development
partners and non-government organizations (NGOs) who contribute 40%. The NHIF currently
covers 16.5 million people (36% of the total population), making it the principal insurance
scheme for Kenyans (KSG, 2018).

Public health is based predominantly on population-level utility, making it more attentive to

issues such as epidemics, social determinants of health, and cost-effective decision
making: a “pervasive utilitarian component” in public health is thereby “undeniable”. This
utilitarian approach is often connected to the question of an alleged paternalism in public
health: many philosophers have seen the principal issue of public health as that of paternalism,
or the intrusion of the State upon individual liberty in order to promote health and safety. , most
4
ethical problems in public health are characterized by tension between private or individual
interests and public or social interests. The main challenge lies embedded in the “relationship
between individual and population health. Some of the theories that lies at the roots of public
health are classical utilitarianism, deontological theories, communitarian ethics (Beauchamp and
Steinbock, 1999).

Classical utilitarianism was formulated in the 19th century by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart
Mill. According to utilitarianism, actions are right insofar as they tend to promote the greatest
happiness for the greatest number, and wrong as they tend to promote the opposite. Utilitarianism
is therefore a form of consequentialism: not all consequentialists are utilitarians, but all utilitarians
are consequentialists. Utilitarianism is a maximizing theory: right actions and policies are those
that achieve the greatest happiness possible. The problem of “sentience” is important in every
ethical theory. It is of particular importance in the utilitarian model since most utilitarians
consider the ability to experience pain and pleasure an important element for assessing utility
(Childress and Gaare, 2003).

Many contemporary ethicists and philosophers are in line with utilitarian theories: utilitarian
theories seem to be an effective way of maximizing benefits for the greatest number of people.
Nevertheless, there are many situations in which maximizing happiness could conflict with other
values, namely justice, fairness, and honesty. Objections against utilitarianism point to its intrinsic
injustice, since this theory only considers the amount of good but not the way in which it is
distributed. Moreover, all benefits cannot be measured according to a single standard, especially
where money is involved (Beauchamp and Steinbock, 1999). For example, improvements in
health conditions cannot be measured in the same way as saving or extending life.

According to the deontological theories, the good is known by its consistency with moral rules and
principles. Kant’s theory is the best known example of deontological theories. Kant emphasizes the
connection between reason and morality: reason, according to Kant, is what separates human
beings form the rest of the animals and what makes man subject to the moral law; since man is a
moral agent, he is responsible for his actions. Kantian ethics objects to consequentialism; however,
this does not mean consequences can or should be ignored. Consequences become relevant only if

5
the proposed actions are morally permissible: according to Kant, actions are intrinsically right or
wrong regardless of their consequences. At the end of the day, the guiding principle of action
should be to “act only on the maxim of an action that you consistently will universally”.

Communitarian ethics rejects the notion of timeless, universal, ethical truths based on reason.
According to communitarian theories, morality is a cultural rather than abstract concept.
Communitarians maintain that our moral thinking has its origins in the historical traditions
of particular communities. Communities are not simply collections of individuals: they are groups
of individuals who share values, customs, institutions and interests. Communitarian ethics seeks to
promote the “common good” in terms of shared values, ideals and goals. In the communitarian
perspective, the health of the public is one of those shared values: reducing disease, saving lives,
and promoting good health are shared values (Beauchamp and Steinbock, 1999).

Communitarian ethics has been criticized on both practical and moral grounds. One of the
problems with communitarian ethics, like utilitarianism, is that the vision of what constitutes a
“good life” may differ: therefore, there is an inherent risk of a “tyranny of the majority.”
Community health programs may involve selection of benefit structures that favor some citizens
over others. Taken to its extreme, the communitarian viewpoint, by making even universal values
subject to a community filter, could threaten the sense of a common humanity and undermine
political and social cooperation (Yandell, 2005).

Egalitarian theories typically stress equal access to certain goods, but not equal sharing of all
possible social benefits. John Rawls explains his theory of equal opportunities with the metaphor
of how a rational agent behind an objective veil of ignorance would choose principles of justice.
Rawls applied his theories of justice to health care only in later works. Other authors, however, and
especially Daniels, have employed his theories to propose public health models providing equal
opportunities. This approach emphasizes the need for fair procedures to be used in solving
problems of rationing and conflicts between individual and social interests in public health
(Beauchamp and Steinbock, 1999).

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From a practical perspective, critics consider this model insufficient to address the need for
efficiency, willingness to pay, and other problems. From a theoretical perspective, the model does
not seem to adequately determine goods from which no one can be excluded and values other than
equity. Other concerns about the equal opportunity model include the exclusive focus on means
and resources, thereby neglecting ends, and its inattention to individual differences and social
peculiarities.

Liberalism stresses equal access to rights and free-market based approaches. The predominant
values espoused are therefore individual freedom and autonomy. According to liberalists, the role
of public authorities is to protect individual rights, and the state should maintain a neutral position
with respect to the various understandings of good. Unlike the libertarians, liberalists claim that
human well-being requires a certain amount of positive rights and corresponding duties.
Critiques of liberalism stress that health care is different from economics and is not able support
the conditions for market allocation (Beauchamp and Steinbock, 1999).

Contractualist theories consider fair and morally right decisions to be based on procedural justice
and open processes whereby citizens are involved in the deliberations. This approach requires
criteria for decision making to be clearly settled in advance. Several critiques of this models have
been expounded. Some authors indicate how theories of just processes ignore deeper and more
fundamental moral questions. Moreover, contractualists theories can never be universal or
unbounded by culture (Childress and Gaare, 2003).

Personalism considers the individual to be the core value and tries to achieve the common good by
promoting and enhancing the good of the individual. The main values proposed by personalism
include respect for life (public health actions are aimed at protecting and promoting human life and
health), sociality and solidarity (social solidarity means and involves a commitment to bridge the
gap between the different sectors of society and to integrate them into a community), and
responsibility (the responsibility to prevent and protect against avoidable diseases, the duty
not to create irresponsible burdens for the society, and responsibility for people in need).
Personalism has been criticized since terms “person” and “personalism” have myriad uses: there
are atheistic, idealistic, Christian and other personalisms.

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In casuistry, decision making takes place at the level of the particulars of the case itself.
Evaluations are not referred to a particular theory; rather, maxims are identified that have a bearing
on the case. Maxims are simply rules such as “tell the truth” or “be compassionate.” Casuistry
requires clearly expounding the facts. Decisions are then made on the basis of the most appropriate
maxims for the specific circumstances (Childress and Gaare, 2003).

Other classifications of the models are also possible. For example, Häyry suggests “three major
ethicopolitical approaches to all public activities.” He summarizes the various models into three
categories: welfare liberalism, traditional communitarianism, and radical libertarianism. The author
identifies a list of words that highlight the main concepts of each approach. For welfare liberalism,
they include autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, privacy, consent, confidentiality, and
others. For traditional communitarianism, they include integrity, vulnerability, solidarity,
subsidiarity, social democracy, honesty, respect, and others. For radical libertarianism, they include
liberty, general happiness, non-violation of rights, voluntariness, other people’s interests, non-
interference, contract and compensation and others. According to the author, however, “it
seems that public health arguments do not deal with all the concerns that people have”. Many
philosophers have seen the principal issue of public health as that of paternalism, or the intrusion of
the state upon individual liberty in order to promote health. These ethical models show that the
dispute is far more extensive than the debate over paternalism (Yandell, 2005).

Affordable Housing
In the last three decades, the urban housing sector in Kenya has deteriorated as a result of
Kenya’s poor economic performance, resulting in a serious housing deficit. This deficit has led to
the proliferation of informal settlements, construction of unauthorized extensions in existing
estates, and increasing conflict between tenants and landlords especially in low-income areas.
While in the 1980s, the housing shortfall was about 60,000 units per year, the number has
increased to about 150,000 units per year. The increase in the demand for housing has been as a
result of the rapid growth in urban population in Kenya. This demographic growth is often
accompanied by physical expansion of the urban centers to include what were formerly peri-
8
urban areas in to the reach of urban administration (Syagga, 1995).

For example, it is estimated that in 1969 the urban areas had a total population of 1.08 million, or
about 10% of the total national population, and then the population increased of 2.3 million in
1991, or about 15% of the national population. In 1989 the population increased to 4 million, or
about 17.6 % of the estimated national population of 22.7 million. Now, in real terms, it is
estimated that 30% of Kenya’s population of approximately 30 million live in urban areas. Of the
estimated 9.0 million living in urban areas, 67% or 6.3 million live in low income and informal
settlements and 25% or 2.3 million live in middle income housing (Government of Kenya,
2003).

This rapid growth has placed a strain on the capacity of the urban authorities to provide basic
infrastructure and urban services for the majority urban poor to get access to housing; they
invariably deny them all the support services that go with housing like roads, water, sanitation
and waste disposal to mention the few. Due to the backlog of unmet needs, the population has the
option of doubling up and overcrowding in the few available housing units with dire
consequences on the health and social conditions of the occupants as well as rapid deterioration
of buildings on account of intensive use and abuse (Jones and Kelsey, 2002).

Those unable to share accommodation often find themselves in unplanned settlements within and
around urban areas, being the only type of housing they can afford. This type of accommodation
is referred to as informal housing, which accounts for 60-80% of all housing constructed in urban
areas in Kenya for the last decade. More than 80% of the urban population lives in rental housing
and the country has been barely able to provide 10 % of its annual housing requirements
estimated at 150,000 dwelling units per annum (Government of Kenya, 2003).

This 10% refers to the housing produced by the formal sector. At the same time the informal
sector accounted for between 40 to 82% of all housing in the urban areas (Government of Kenya,
2003b:3). These figures also highlight the crucial fact that a significant proportion of the dwellers
of informal housing are actually renters or tenants. In its report the government acknowledged
that about 60% of its housing units constructed in the urban areas lacked minimally adequate

9
infrastructural services. This led to the acceptance of the fact that informal housing provision
programs had failed to cater for the needs of majority urban poor.

The government plans to provide at least 500,000 affordable and decent housing by 2022. It is
expected that once the units are developed, the house demand for energy will increase. Kenya’s
population has been changing over time in all respects in terms of size, structure and distribution.
The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census enumerated a total of 38.6 million people,
representing an increase of about 35% from the 1999 census of 28.7 million persons. Also, the
government plans to reduce the cost of mortgages, raising low cost funds in both private and
public for investment in large scale house construction and cutting the cost of construction by use
of innovative ways and materials. There were plans to issue more title deeds adding that this plan
will ensure that more people are employed. With regard to housing, the plan will enable the
working class and low income earners in business to own homes by reducing initial deposits and
having extended repayment periods similar to one started under the National Housing
Corporation (NHC) and National Social Security Fund (KSG, 2018).

Distributive justice is usually centred around the question “who gets what?”. It is primarily
concerned with the relative improvements in a localized context in which quantifiable and scarce
resources are allotted. Distributive justice is primarily about the outcome and thus relates more
closely to approaches of substantive justice. Housing is a quantifiable scarce good to which
households have both a need and individual desires and preferences. It is both a market
commodity and a public good. While housing is primarily distributed through markets, many
states intervene in housing as a public good. The importance of housing is stressed by regarding
adequate housing as a right. A right is defined as a legitimate claim individuals have against
others. This legitimate claim depends on the basic need of the individual. Different scholars have
related basic needs to different. Housing, for example functions as a means for the furtherance of
at least three out of the ten key capabilities identified by Nussbaum (2000) that includes: bodily
health”, “bodily integrity”, and “control over one’s environment”.

Central to the capabilities approach is the understanding that different individuals have different
abilities to transfer goods into fundamental ends of good living. The aim would thus be

10
“enhancing the intrinsic capabilities of the individuals for which the extrinsic nature of the good
is meant for. As in many other countries housing is regarded as a social right which is an object
of concern of the government. The Housing Act sets the rights and duties of housing associations
as primary providers of housing to those “who because of their income or because of other
circumstances have difficulty finding appropriate housing”. The aim is the provision of housing
to households with a certain need, primarily related to their income as the primary source for
acquiring housing in the owner-occupied or private rental housing markets (Beauchamp and
Steinbock, 1999).

Therefore, the distribution of social housing at one moment in time is assessed for the
dimensions of affordability and physical adequacy, exposing different mismatches and
inequalities. Inadequacy and ineffectiveness exist on both dimensions, and expensive and
inexpensive mismatch exist in markedly great numbers.

Food Security
The agricultural sector contributes approximately 30% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
annually. However, Kenya is classified as a food deficit country. Currently, close to 1 in every 3
Kenyans 14.5 million) suffer from chronic food insecurity and poor nutrition annually. In
addition, about 30% of the children countrywide are stunted, 13% moderately wasted, while 7%
are moderately underweight. Approximately 20% of the population does not attain the minimum
dietary requirements to sustain a healthy and productive life. Generally, close to 50% of rural and
urban poor households are net buyers of food, spending between 50-70% of their budget on food
(KAM, 2018). According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2018), 68.3% of total food
consumed in urban areas are sourced from purchases. This is not very different from rural areas
where 57.4% of food consumed is also purchased. This implies that the amount of food being
produced is not enough and, therefore, households are forced to go to the market to meet their
food needs. This scenario puts most household in a precarious situation, leaving them vulnerable
to food and nutrition insecurity. In order to cope, households adopt strategies such as skipping
meals and foregoing non-food expenditures, and often requiring their children to participate in
income generating activities (KSG, 2018).

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Sen’s (1981) entitlement theory forms the conceptual basis of approaches of all agencies to
assessing food security. Sen. introduced the idea of food security as a demand concern, where it
is viewed in terms of entitlements, which influence capacity to access food. In this regard, the
ability of households to access food either through production, purchase or transfers becomes
important in defining household food security. Hence, household food security is a function of
the availability of food within the country and the level of household resources that are necessary
to produce or purchase food as well as other basic needs. Sen explained that famines occur not
because there is not enough food, but because people do not have access to enough food .Of
course the availability of food near to the household is a prerequisite of food security.
Availability is influenced by factors such as community’s proximity to centers of production and
supply or market forces, restrictions on trade and international policies that affect food supplies.
All of these are key to food security analysis. Sen’s work was none the less radical break
through, before him the availability of food was thought to be the overriding determinant of
famine.

According to Sen, People’s exchange entitlements to their livelihood sources reflect their ability
to acquire food. Famine occurs when a large number of people suffer a complete collapse in their
exchange entitlements (Sen, 1981). From the recent experience especially in Africa the
association between violence and famine is so close that no widely applicable famine can
disregard the role of violence and the way some resources like food are illegally acquired by
some groups at the expense of others (de waal, 1990; Macrae and Zwi, 1994).In Sen’s work the
violent access of food by one group removes another exchange entitlements. Entitlement theory
has been criticized on two further counts.

First it implies a straight forward sequence of entitlement failure leading to hunger and then to
malnutrition, starvation and death. Second it implies that people’s actions are largely determined
by their need to consume food (de Waal 1990). An important extension to entitlement theory
focuses on the role of investments in determining house hold vulnerability to food insecurity.
When households are able to generate a surplus over and above their basic food requirements,
the excess resources are diverted into assets of different kinds which can be drawn upon when
they face crisis (Swift, 1989) in such circumstance we may relate food security to the idea of

12
vulnerability to poor resource endowments of households, focusing more clearly on the risk
where avoidance becomes central to attaining food security.

This theory forms the conceptual basis of all agencies approaches to assessing food security. Sen
explained that famines occur not because there is not enough food, but because people do not
have access to enough food due to political, economic, socio cultural factors and innovation. Of
course, the availability of food near to the household is a prerequisite of food security.
Availability is influenced by factors such as a community’s proximity to centres of production
and supply, or by market forces, restrictions on trade and international policies that affect food
supplies. All of these are key to food-security analysis.

Conclusion
The Big Four agenda will largely be achieved through partnership with the private sector and
development partners, the government can also increase taxes in other sectors in a bid to raise
money without hurting the common man. Kenya government failed to have a properly inclusive
process for such an important engagement. Having followed the process, I know the ministry in
charge of planning did not solely made this decision but the decision did not invest in the widest
internal and external participation of stakeholders, especially of the sectors locked out.

The government itself, from recent experience, has seen the fault in coalescing development
agenda. This is what informed the recent restoration of the ministry of water and irrigation,
hiving it from both ministries of Environment and Agriculture, since the previous administration
of the two ministries stifled efficiency due to the wide scope of mandate. The same will happen
with these development goals, since Government will continue referring to the four agenda and
have no administrative prioritization.

It is important that manufacturing sector policy interventions are holistic and comprehensive in
addressing input and market needs, as well as supporting the value chain. Three broad strategic
areas for intervention which the government can prioritize over the next five years under the
“Big Four” agenda include the following: skills and technology development and technology
transfer to enhance innovation capabilities in supporting product diversification; provision of an
13
enabling business environment at both national and county government levels including the
regulatory interventions and external market access interventions.

14
 References
Beauchamp, D. & Steinbock, B. (1999). Introduction. In New Ethics for the Public’s Health.
New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Childress, J.F. & Gaare, B. (2003). Beyond the liberal and communitarian impasse: a
framework and vision for public health. Florida Law Review 55 (1), 1191-1219.

Jonkman, A. & Janssen-Jansen, L. (2017). Identifying Distributive Injustice Through Housing

(Mis) Match Analysis: The Case of Social Housing in Amsterdam. Housing, Theory and Society
34 (3), 353-377.

Sen, A. K. (1981). Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements. Quarterly

Journal of Economics 95 (1), 433-464.

Petrini, C. (2007). Ethical issues in public health and prevention. Journal of Medicine and
the Person 5 (1), 117-122.

Yandell, K.E. (2005). Personalism. In The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

London, UK; Routledge.

KSG (2018). Unpacking the Big Four. Weekly Bulletin 7 (20), 2-9

KAM (2018). Sparking Kenya’s Industrial Transformation for Job Creation. Manufacturing
Priority Agenda: Nairobi, Kenya.

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