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Abstract: - This paper presents a study into harmonic pollution in the Romanian railway electric transportation
network. The analysis of data collected in one transformer station which supplies the railway electric line is
followed by harmonic mitigation solutions. Only a few critical situations are presented in our paper,
respectively: maximum-recorded values, the most unfavourable situations relating to current harmonic
distortion factor and the most unfavourable situations from individual current harmonics point of view. In
order to improve the power quality of the traction supply, the proposed solution is based on passive filtering.
The simulations carried out with Matlab-Simulink showed that the installation of two single tuned filters for
third and fifth harmonics plus a high-pass filter for higher order harmonics would reduce harmonics levels and
harmonic distortion factor to within acceptable limits even in the most unfavourable situations.
Key-Words: - Railway systems, Harmonics, Harmonic distortion factor, Power quality, Passive power filters
experimental measurements and to provide a harmonics (Xk, k≠1), divided by the rms value of the
concrete mitigation solution. fundamental (X1)
15
∑ X k2
k =2
2 Electrical Supply System HD = , (1)
In Romania, the electric power generated by power X1
stations is carried to electric railway sub-stations by where X can be the voltage or the current.
110kV three-phase transmission lines.
The electrical supply system of a railway line
provides electric power of the desired characteristics 3.1 Supply Voltage Analysis
(AC, single phase, 25 kV) to the trains from the As the voltage waveform is permanently preserved
high-voltage network by single phase 110kV/25kV almost sinusoidal, the harmonic distortion factor of
transformers. Fig. 1 displays the configuration of the the voltage (HDU) is less than 5% IEEE 519
system. Each transformer is connected to two phases recommended limit. In the most unfavourable case,
of the three-phase system. Each section of the line the highest value of HDU (2%) was generated by the
(about 50km of length) is independently fed by a 5th voltage harmonic at the level of 1.66 % of first
traction substation. Therefore, along of about harmonic (Fig.2).
150km, the main feeding line is balanced.
HDU=2%
~ 110kV
Voltage [p.u.]
~ 25kV
S1 S2 S3
Time [seconds]
Fig.1 Electrical supply system of the railway line Vk
[%]
In the Romanian railway network, there are two V1
types of electric railway locomotives (5100 kW and
3500 kW). Each railway locomotive is driven by six
or four DC electric motors supplied by a rectifier
group (one diode-based rectifier for each traction
motor).
Harmonic order (k)
Current [p.u.]
between 60% and 80% and they are associated with
a high traffic density. The most recorded values of
HDI are into the interval from 20% to 40%.
HDI [%]
100
Time [seconds] Harmonic order (k)
80
Fig.4 Current waveform and its harmonics
60
spectrum for one of the most unfavorable
40 situations relating to HDI
20
The harmonics spectrum reveals that all the
10:00 14:00 18:00 22:00 02:00 06:00 10:00
individual odd harmonics are above IEEE 519
limits. The third harmonic has the highest value of
Fig.3. Recorded values of HDI during a day about 67%. The significant distortion is emphasized
by the current waveform.
Figures no. 4 - 7 show several sample power Further, some unfavourable situations from the
quality phenomena that were generated by the individual harmonics points of view are presented
railway system. These include harmonic distortions below in this section. Thus, the maximum recorded
comprising of 3rd, 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th and 15th harmonics are: I3max=67%; I5max=32.7%;
harmonic components. I7max=29.3%; I11max=21.7%; I13max=20.8%
As it can be seen, recorded data make evident the (Fig.5 and Fig.6).
high degree of distortion of the current waveforms
and prove the opportunity of power quality analysis.
The recorded values of the individual harmonics
Current [p.u.]
Current [p.u.]
Current [p.u.]
Time [seconds] Harmonic order (k) Time [seconds] Harmonic order (k)
Fig.8 Two single-tuned filters tuned to the 3rd Fig.10 Two single-tuned filters tuned to the 3rd
and 5th harmonics in the case of average load and 5th harmonics and a high-pass filter in the
current distortion case of average load current distortion
Current [p.u.]
The second passive filtering solution taken into
consideration supposes the addition of a high pass
filter to the other two single tuned filters mentioned
before (Fig.9).