Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
*)Institut
Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
**)Technometal GmbH, Tenova Metals Division, Essen, Germany
LT
BF
Blast Furnace
BOF
HM de-S
RH /
RH-OB
VTD/
VTD-OB
LF
EAF
Direct Reduction Ingot
Primary
Secondary Steelmaking
Ironmaking Scrap
Steelmaking (Reduction + Final Refining +
(Reduction) (Oxidation) Adjust Composition & T) Casting
Kuala Lumpur, 26 - 29 May 2014 Zulfiadi Zulhan 2014 SEAISI Conference & Exhibition
Teknik Metalurgi
Secondary steelmaking
Kuala Lumpur, 26 - 29 May 2014 Zulfiadi Zulhan 2014 SEAISI Conference & Exhibition
Teknik Metalurgi
Development of Vacuum Technology: RH and VTD
1100
Steel Production [Mio. Ton]
CIRCORED FASTMET
MIDREX Hisarna
1000 KR (COREX)
FINMET
900 Rotary Kiln FIOR Technored FINEX
(SL/RN)
800
100
LD Converter
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Kuala Lumpur, 26 - 29 May 2014 Zulfiadi Zulhan 2014 SEAISI Conference & Exhibition
Vacuum Pump
Freeboard
Teknik Metalurgi
Lift gas /
Stirring gas
S & T, a[O]
Ar
Vacuum Pump
Ar
VTD Plant
RH Plant
Kuala Lumpur, 26 - 29 May 2014 Zulfiadi Zulhan 2014 SEAISI Conference & Exhibition
Teknik Metalurgi
Model to Simulate Refining Process on RH
C O dC/dt
1000 mbar 100 mbar 10 mbar 1 mbar
Circulation Vac. N
Temperature model 1200
700 1000
1000
Decarburization model
[O] in ppm
dC 400
k c . (C Ceq )
600
300
dt 400
10
200
200
100
Temperature [°C]
Alloying weighing + transfer to vacuum hopper … 1600
T2, a[O]2 (1,5)
dt
S3, T3, a[O]3 (0,5)
1540
Transfer ladle to wire feeding (0,5)
Wire feeding (0) Steel Temperature (Predicted)
Transfer ladle to covering powder (0,5) 1520
Steel Temperature Measured
𝑆𝑜 Covering Powder addition (0,5)
𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆𝑓 0 5 10 15 20
Time [Min]
25 30 35 40
Kuala Lumpur, 26 - 29 May 2014 Zulfiadi Zulhan 2014 SEAISI Conference & Exhibition
Teknik Metalurgi
Model to Simulate Refining Process on VTD
Temperature Model
Decarburization Model
dC/dt = - kC C
Vacher-Hamilton: [%C] * [%O] = 0,0025 * PCO (atm)
Degassing Model
dH/dt = - kH H
dN/dt = - kN N
Deoxidation Model
Statistic and Empiric Model
Desulphurization Model
Sulphide Capacity, Sulphur Distribution Ration (Ls)
ks = 0,000597826 * + 0,005072464
V T 1 H [S] t - [S] f Kp
14.23 log exp - .t
M
1.48 Po
[S]i - [S] f L s . w s / L s . w s w m
Kuala Lumpur, 26 - 29 May 2014 Zulfiadi Zulhan 2014 SEAISI Conference & Exhibition
Teknik Metalurgi
Model to Simulate Refining Process on VTD
1200
1000
800
[O] in ppm
600
1660
400 Ladle Seated into VD Tank (2)
Argon connection and started (1)
200
S1, T1, a[O]1 (2) 1640
Temperature [°C]
C O dC/dt Vac. N Oxygen Blowing for de-C and heating (0 Nm3) (0) 1600
Alloying weigh. + trans. to upper vac hopper (1)
100 ()
1500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
0 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Time [Min]
Time [Min]
Kuala Lumpur, 26 - 29 May 2014 Zulfiadi Zulhan 2014 SEAISI Conference & Exhibition
Teknik Metalurgi
Boiling
4,5 4,5
[m] [m]
[mbar]
[m] [m]
[mbar]
4,0 4,0
Bibir ladle
[mbar]
[mbar]
Bibir ladle
3,5 3,5
dan height
pressure
100
dan height
100
pressure
3,0
Vacuumvakum
3,0
Vacuum vakum
2,5
and ladle
2,5
and ladle
Tekanan
2,0
lelehan
Tekanan
2,0
Meltlelehan
10
10 1,5
1,5 Vacuum Pressure
Melt
Ladle height 1,0
Vacuum Pressure
Tinggi
1,0
Tinggi
Ladle height Melt height 0,5
0,5
Melt height
1 0,0
1 0,0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Time [minutes]
Waktu [Menit]
Waktu
Time [Menit]
[minutes]
With vacuum control
Without vacuum control
350 1,6
RH
RH 1,5
250 1,3
1,2
200
1,1
150 1,0
0,9
100
0,8
0,7
50
0,6
3 4 5 6 7
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Hydrogen before vacuum [ppm]
Vacuum treatment time [Min]
Kuala Lumpur, 26 - 29 May 2014 Zulfiadi Zulhan 2014 SEAISI Conference & Exhibition
Teknik Metalurgi
Desulphurization
180 2000
RH Plant 160
Sulphur content
1800 VTD Plant
1600
140 Sulphur equilibrium
Nitrogen
Fluxes addition
120 Slag weight
1400
Top slag
Sulphur [ppm]
LS (sulphur distribution ratio)
800
60
600
CaO sat. = 0,8
40
400 CaO sat. = 0,9
0.025
Sulphur content after VTD (ppm)
100
calculated 0.022
Sulphur content [ppm]
30 measured
80 0.020 0.019
20
60
Silicon (%)
0.015
40
10
0.010
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0.005
0.003
0
Desulphurization time [Minutes]
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Kuala Lumpur, 26 - 29 May 2014 Zulfiadi Zulhan 2014 SEAISI Conference & Exhibition
Teknik Metalurgi
Vacuum Pumps
Dry pump
Pump system Steam jet pump
system
Steam generation O -
Condenser cooling water O -
Condenser cooling water O -
treatment
Machine cooling water - O
Dust filter system . O
Typical dry mechanical vacuum pump Dust treatment - O
Kuala Lumpur, 26 - 29 May 2014 Zulfiadi Zulhan 2014 SEAISI Conference & Exhibition
Teknik Metalurgi
Comparison of RH and VTD
RH VTD
Ladle freeboard 200 – 300 mm 600 – 1200 mm
Heat size More than 50 ton More than 3 ton
Sampling, temperature and Taking sample and Taking sample and temperature
oxygen activity temperature measurement measurement under vacuum is
measurements under vacuum is simple complicated
Observation of molten steel
Easy by installation a video Depends on the opening diameter
height / surface during
camera on hot-off take of ladle cover heat shield.
vacuum treatment
Vacuum pressure and argon stirring
Easy to control due to high
Boiling shall be well controlled to avoid
feeboard of RH vessel.
excessive boiling.
Decarburization < 20 ppm in 15 minutes < 30 ppm in 20 minutes
Denitrogenization < 40 ppm < 40 ppm
Dehydrogenation < 1.5 ppm < 1.5 ppm
Possible through powder
Desulphurization Intensive slag metal reaction
injection or flux addition
Kuala Lumpur, 26 - 29 May 2014 Zulfiadi Zulhan 2014 SEAISI Conference & Exhibition
Teknik Metalurgi
Comparison of RH and VTD
RH VTD
Yes, SiO2 content in slag shall be
No, less slag metal
Silicon pick-up? controlled to produce free silicon
interaction.
steel.
Kuala Lumpur, 26 - 29 May 2014 Zulfiadi Zulhan 2014 SEAISI Conference & Exhibition
Teknik Metalurgi
Summary
• From operational point of view, VTD is more simple as it is not required special
preparation e.g. vessel preheating, snorkel maintenance and exchange before
vacuum treatment. VTD treatment can be performed at any time provided that
vacuum pump is ready. Carbon boiling and excessive slopping shall be taken
care during the operation.