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Metals
Cu-alloys
Ni-alloys
Ti-alloys
PE, PP, PC
Alumina PA (Nylon)
Si-Carbide
Polymers,
Ceramics,
GFRP elastomers
glasses CFRP Butyl rubber
Soda-glass Neoprene
Pyrex Composites
KFRP
Plywood
Advantages
High strength and stiffness
Low weight ratio
Material can be designed in addition to the structure
Two types of composites are:
High toughness
Examples
Natural
of Composites
Wood
flexible cellulose fibers held together with stiff lignin
Bone
strong protein collagen and hard, brittle apatite
Artificial (man-made)
constituent phases are chemically distinct
Definitions
Composites often have only two phases
Matrix phase
continuous - surrounds other phase
Dispersed phase
discontinuous phase
Matrix (light)
Dispersed phase (dark)
Objectives
Definitions in composite materials
dispersed phase, matrix
Structure of composites
particle-reinforced
fiber reinforced
structural composites
Introduction
Engineering applications often require unusual
combinations of properties
esp. aerospace, underwater, and transportation
can’t be achieved with a single material
e.g. - aerospace requires strong, stiff, light, and abrasion
resistant material
most strong, stiff materials are dense and heavy
most light materials are not abrasion resistant
Solution is in composite materials
Examples
Natural
of Composites
Wood
flexible cellulose fibers held together with stiff lignin
Bone
strong protein collagen and hard, brittle apatite
Artificial (man-made)
constituent phases are chemically distinct
Classification of Artificial Composites
Composites
Aligned Random
Properties
Dependent on:
of Composites
constituent phases
relative amounts
geometry of dispersed phase
shape of particles
particle size
particle distribution
particle orientation
Composite Parameters
Shape Size
Classification of Artificial Composites
Composites
Aligned Random
Partikel sebagai penguat
(Particulate composites)
Large particle
Interaksi antara partikel dan matrik terjadi tidak dalam skala
atomik atau molekular
Partikel seharusnya berukuran kecil dan terdistribusi merata
Contoh dari large particle composit: cement dengan sand
atau gravel, cement sebagai matriks dan sand sebagai partikel
Composites
Aligned Random
Fiber sebagai reinforced
Fiber yang digunakan harus:
Mempunyai diameter yang lebih kecil dari diameter
bulknya (matriksnya) namun harus lebih kuat dari bulknya
Harus mempunyai tensile strength yang tinggi
Matriks yang dipadukan dengan fiber
berfungsi sebagai :
Penjepit fiber
Melindungi fiber dari kerusakan permukaan
Pemisah antara fiber dan juga mencegah timbulnya
perambatan crack dari suatu fiber ke fiber lain
Berfungsi sebagai medium dimana eksternal stress
yang diaplikasikan ke komposit, ditransmisikan dan
didistribusikan ke fiber.
Matriks yang digunakan harus :
Ductility tinggi
Memiliki modulus elastisitans lebih rendah daripada fiber
Mempunyai ikatan yang bagus antara matriks dan fiber
Biasanya secara umum yang digunakan adalah polimer dan
logam
a. Short(discontinuous) fiber reinforced composites
Aligned Random
Ceramic-Matrix Composites
Employed to increase the fracture toughness of the ceramic
Example: Transformation toughened zirconia
Other Composites
4 Carbon-Carbon Composites
4 carbon fiber in pyrolyzed carbon matrix
4 high tensile strength and modulus at high temperature (2000ºC)
4 low coefficient of thermal expansion
4 high thermal conductivities
4 low thermal shock potential
4 Applications include; rocket motors, friction materials in aircraft,
advanced turbine engine components, ablative shields for reentry
vehicles
4 Hybrid composites
4 two or more different kinds of fibers.
Classification of Artificial Composites
Composites
Aligned Random
Structural Composites
Definition
composed of both homogeneous and composite materials
properties depend on constituent materials and on geometrical
design of the elements
Types
laminar composites
sandwich panels
Laminar Composites