8.2. Magnetic behavior of an ideal Fermi gas 239 from the quantization of the (kinetic) energy of charged particles associated with their motion perpendicular to the direction of the field, The existence of this effect was first established by Landau (1930); so, we refer to it as Landau diamagnetism. This leads to an additional susceptibility x(7), which, though negative in sign, is somewhat similar to the paramagnetic susceptibility, in that it obeys Curie’s law at high temperatures and tends to a temperature-independent but density-dependent limiting value as T—> 0. In gen- eral, the magnetic behavior of a Fermi gas is determined jointly by the intrinsic magnetic moment of the particles and the quantization of their orbits. Ifthe spin-orbit interaction is negligible, the resultant behavior is given by a simple addition of the two effects, 8.2.A Pauli paramagnetism The energy ofa particle, in the presence of an external magnetic field B, is given by pe o " mm where is the intrinsic magnetic moment of the particle and m its mass. For simplicity, ‘we assume that the particle spin is 3; the vector * will then be either parallel to the vector Boor antiparallel. We thus have two groups of particles in the gas: {i) those having j* parallel to B, with — p*/2m — *B, and (ii) those having 4° antiparallel to B, with ¢ = p?/2m-+ 4B. At absolute zero, all energy levels up to the Fermi level ex will be filled, while all Levels beyond ep will be empty. Accordingly, the kinetic energy of the particles in the first group will range between 0 and (er + 4."B), while the kinetic energy of the particles in the second group will range between 0 and (cy — 4*B). The respective numbers of occupied energy levels (and hence of particles) in the two groups will, therefore, be vy, = eemen +e By? 2) Se 2mlen + eB c and yo = ae +p 7 No = EE camier 1B) 8) ‘The net magnetic moment acquired by the gas is then given by xetVOmy Mew n= SS (Cee + BP? — (ep — BY), @ We thus obtain for the low-field susceptibility (per unit volume) of the gas o My _ setae? SB240 Chapter 8 + Ideal Fermi Systems Making use of formula (8.1.24), with g =2, the foregoing result may be written as Bete « 0 = 500: 6 For comparison, the corresponding high-temperature result is given by equation (3.9.26), with g=2 and J = } yoo = m0 2/KT a We note that x0/ x00 = OKT er) To obtain an expression for x that holds for all T, we proceed as follows. Denoting the number of particles with momentum p and magnetic moment parallel (or antiparallel) to the field by the symbol nj (or np), the total energy of the gas can be written as, -BlE-e)s- (Ens = Lege Z, — weet v9, @ a 2 where N+ and N~ denote the total number of particles in the two groups, respectively. The partition function of the system is then given by aM= Lewes. ® where the primed summation is subject to the conditions nponp = 0081 ao, and an To evaluate the sum in (9), we first fix an arbitrary value of the number N* (which auto- matically fixes the value of N~ as well) and sum over all nj and ng that conform to the fixed values of the numbers N* and NV- as well as to condition (10). Next, we sum over all possible values of N*, namely from N* = 0 to N+ = N. We thus have w= & [erm ow veo (oE88.2. Magnetic behavior of an ideal Fermi gas. 241 here, the summation 3°" is subject to the restriction S°.mj =N*, while J2”" is subject to the restriction )>, ny =N—N* Now, let Qo) denote the partition function of an ideal Fermi gas of \’ “spinless” patticles of mass m; then, obviously, pp ow = Yep (+ > En) = expl-PAv NY}, 03} 7 where Ag(N) is the free energy of this fictitious system. Equation (12) can then be written as, UN) =e FH#BN YY [et BN” QuuvyQaU a4 which gives 1 1.& IRQ = BHR Im DY lespDsy"BN* — AAW WN") —AAaWN —N) as, As before, the logarithm of the sum )°y. may be replaced by the logarithm of the largest term in the sum; the error committed in doing so would be negligible in comparison with the term retained. Now, the value N*, of N*, which corresponds to the largest term in the sum, can be ascertained by setting the differential coefficient of the general term, with respect to.N*, equal to zero; this gives thatis 10) = Ho a6) ‘where 19) is the chemical potential of the fictitious system of 1 “spinless” fermions. The foregoing equation contains the general solution being sought. To obtain an explicit expression for x, we introduce a dimensionless parameter r, defined by Maw equation (16) then becomes as) n( Ifthe magnetic field B vanishes so does r, which corresponds to a completely random ori= entation of the elementary moments. For small B, r would also be small; so, we may carry