CHAPTER 9 CODE ‘8.1.2 — Members also shall meet all other require- ‘ments af this code to ensure adequate performance st servios load levels. {9.1.3 — Design of structures and structural members: Using the load factor combinations and strength reduc tion factors of Appendix C shail be permitted. Use of ‘oad factor combinations from this chapter in conjun- ‘ion with strength reduction factors of Appendix C shell ot be permitted. 9.2 — Required strength ‘9.2.1 — Required strength U shall be at least equal to the etfects of factored loads in Eq, (9-1) through (9-7). The effect of one or more loads not acting’ simuita- ‘neously shall be investigated. U=14(0+F) | Ust2[Ds Fe Te tL sm) + 0.5(L-0r Sor F) on) (92) U=12D+1.6(L,or Sor A) + (1.0L or 08M) (2-3) Ue 12D41.8Ws 1.0L +0.5(L,0r Sor) (9-4) U=120+10E+1.0L+0.25 es Us 090+ 1.604 1.64 e8) Un09D+1.0E+1.6H 7) ‘except 2s follows: (@) The load factor on L in Eq. (9-3) 10 (9-8) shall be armitted to be reduced to 0.5 except for garages, ‘areas Occupied as places of public assembly, and all ‘areas where the five load’ L is greater than 100 Itvt?, 318/318R-87 COMMENTARY ‘The changes were made to further unify the design pro- fession on one set of load factors and combinations, and to facilitate the proportioning of concrete building stractares ‘that include members of materials other than concrete. ‘When used with the strength redaction factocs in 9.3, the designs for gravity loads will be comparable to those obtained using the strength reduction and load factors ofthe 1999 and earlier codes. For combinations wit Iateral loads, ‘some designs will be different, bt the reeulsof either st of load factors are considered acceptable. (Chapter 9 defines the basic strength and serviceability con- tions for proportioning structural concrete members. ‘The basic requirement for strength design may be expressed 1s follows: Design Strength 2 Required Strength (Nominal Stength) > U In the strength design procedure, the margin of safety is pro- vvided by multiplying the service load by « loed factor and the nominal strength by a strength reduction facto. ‘R9.2— Required strength ‘The required strength U is expressed in terms of factored Joads, or related intemal moments and forees. Factored loads are-the Toads specified ia the general building code uultiplied by appropriate load factors. ‘The factor assigned to each load is influenced by the degree of accuracy to which the load effect usually can be'caleu- lated and the variation that might be expected in the load uring the lifetime of the structure. Dead loads, because they are more accurately determined and less variable, are assigned lower load factor than live loads. Load factors algo account for variability inthe structural analysis used to ‘compute moments ard shears. ‘The code gives load factors for specific combinations of ‘oad In assigning factors to combinations of loading, some ‘Consideration is given to the probability of simultaneous ccourrence. While most ofthe usual combinations of load- ings are included, the designer should not assume that all cases are covered. ‘Due regard isto be given to sign in determining U for com- binations of loadings, as one type of loading may produce cffects of opposite sense to that produced by another type. ‘The loud combinations with @.8D are specifically incinded for the case where a higher dead load reduces the effects of other fonds. The loading case may elso be critical for tension- ‘controlied column sections. In such a case, a eduction in ‘2xil load and an increase in momert may result ine cctcal load combination. ACI 318 Bullding Code and Commentary "HIS Inra‘Spex ecology an impos copyright) ES 2002 Nei ccc cacti318/318R-98 CODE (b) Where wind load W has not been reduced by a directionality factor, it shall be permitted to use 1.30 In place of 1.8 Win Eq. (9-4) end (9-8). (c) Where earthquake load & is based on service- leve! selsmic forces, 1.4E shall be used in place of 1.0Ein Eq, (#5) and (9-7). (@) The foad factor on H shall be set equal to zero in Eq, (0-6) and (9-7) If the structural action due to H ‘counteracts that dus to W or E. Where latoral earth Pressure provides resistance to structural actions. from-other forces, it shall.not be included In H but shall be included in the design resistance. 9.2.2 — It resistance to impact effects is taken into ‘account in design, such effects shall be Included with live load &. .3 — Estimations of differential settiement, creep, shrinkage, expansion of shrinkage-compensating ‘concrete, or temperature change shall be based on @ realistic assessment of such effects occuring in service. 9.2.4 — For a structure in a flood zone, the flood load ‘and load combinations of ASCE 7 shall be used. 8.25 — For posttensioned anchorage zone design, 2 loac factor of 1.2 shall be applied to the maximum pre- | stessing tee! jacting force, CHAPTER 9 COMMENTARY ‘Consideration should be given to various combinations of loading to determine the most critical design condition. This is particularly tue when strength is dependent on more than ‘one load effect, such as strength for combined flexure and ‘sxial load or shear strength in members with axial load. 1 special circumstances require greater reliance on the ‘srength of particular members tha encountered in usual ‘practice, some reduction in the stipulated strength reduction {factors ¢ or increase in the stipulated load factors U may be appropriate for such merabers. ‘The wind load equation in ASCE 7-985 and IBC 2000°2 Jnctndes aftr for wind direcionality tht i equal t 0.85 for buildings. The cocresponding load factor for wind in the Joed combination equations was increased accordingly (1.3/ 0.85 = 1.53 rounded wp t0-1.6).The code allows use of the ‘Previous wind load factor of 1.3 when the design wind load is obtgined from other sources that do not include the wind ‘Model building codes and desigr load references have con- ‘verted earthquake forces to strength level, and redaced the ‘earthquake load factor te 1.0 (ASCE 7-939; BOCA/NBC. 9994; sBc 945, UBC 974 and IBC 2000). The code ‘requires use of the previous load factor for earthquake loads, appreximetely 1.4, when service-level eanquake fores ‘from earlier editions of these references are used. 9.2.2 — If the live load is applied zupidly, as may be the ‘case for parking structures, loading docks, warehouse floors, elevator shafts ec., impact effects should be consid red, In all equations, substitnte (E+ impact) for L when ‘impact should be considered. 19.2.3 — The designer should consider the effects of differ- ‘ctial settiement, creep, shrinkage, temperature, and sbrink- ‘age-compensating concrete. The term realistic assessment is sed to indicate thatthe most probable values rather than the ‘upper bound values of the variables should be used. RO2A — Areas subject to flooding are defined by flood ‘hazard maps, usually maintzined by local governmental ‘R925 —The load factor of 1.2 appli tothe maximum ten- on jacking fore results in design lod of about 113 per- cat ofthe specified prestresing steel yield strength but not ‘more than 96 percent ofthe nominal timate strength ofthe restessing eel, This compares well with the maximam ataicable jacking fore, whichis limited by te anchor ef- cleney facne. ‘ACI 316 Bullding Code and Commentary ‘HS Impex technology 2d images copyigh (TAS 2002APPENDIX C 318/318R-393 APPENDIX C — ALTERNATIVE LOAD AND STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS cope COMMENTARY C1 —Goneral RC. — General - .1.1 — Structural concrete shall be permitted to be designed using the load combinations and strength reduction factors of Appendix C. C.2 — Required strength C.2.1 — Required strength U to resist dead load D and tive load £ shall be at least equal to Ue taDet7e (C1) i } ©.2.2—f resistance to étructital effects of specitied | wind load -W or earthquake load & are included in design, the following combinations shall be invest ‘gated to determine the greatest required strength U: Us O.75(1.4D+ 1.71) +(1.6W'or 7.08) (C-2) Us 0.20 (1.8Wor 1.08) ) tea required srorgh Usshall not be less than Eq. (C-1). ‘Where winc load W has net been reduced by a dlrec- ‘Sonalty factor, it shall be permitted to use 7.3Win place ‘of 1.6WIn Eq, (C-2} and (C-3). Where earthquake load Els based on sorvice-tovel seismic foroas, 1.4E shall be ‘used in place of 1.9E in Eo, (C-2) and (C-3). ©.2.3 — If resistance 10 earth pressure M is included, indesign required strength U shal be atleast equal to (c-4) Ue ta0+13 ‘except that where D or. L reduce the effect of H, 0.90 shall be substituted for 1.40, and zero valve of £ shall be used to determine the greatest raquired strength U. For any combinaticn of 0, L., end H, required strength ‘Ushall not be less then 59. (C-1). RC.11 — In the 2002 code, the Jond and strength reduction ‘factors formerty in Chapter 9 were revised and moved to this appendix. They have evolved since the early 1960s and sre considered to be reliable for concrete construction. RC.2 — Required strength ‘The wind load equation in ASCE 7-98 ané XBC 2000! inclades a facto for wind directionality chat is equal to 0.85, for buildings. The coresponding load factor for wind in the Joad combination equations was increased accordingly (1.3/ 0.85 = 1.53, rounded up 2 1.6). The code allows use ofthe previous wind load factor of 1.3 when the design wind load is obtained from other sources that do rot include the wind irectionaity factor. Model building codes and design load references have con- veiled earthquake forces to streagth level, end reduced the ‘earthquake load fector to 1.0 (ASCE 7-53°2; BOCAINBC 933; spc 4°, UBC 97°; and IBC 2000%!), The cote requires use ofthe previous load factor for earthquake fads, approximstely. 1.4, when servicedevel cartiquaze forces ‘rom eatticr editions of these references are used, C23 — If effects H caused by earth pressure, ground- ‘water pressure, or pressure caused by granular materials are included in design, the required strength equations become: UstAaD+L7L+ L7H and wire D or L resnce the effect of v=09D+178 ‘but for any combination of D, L, or HT Ue1aDeLIL ‘ACI 818 Bullding Code and Commentary