Name: Talha Sarwar

ID: 19759
Course: Intro to Artificial Intelligence
Topic : Publicly available programming languages that are
used in Artificial Intelligence field.

History:

- The term artificial intelligence was coined in 1956, but AI has become more popular today thanks to
increased data volumes, advanced algorithms, and improvements in computing power and storage.
- Early AI research in the 1950s explored topics like problem solving and symbolic methods. In the 1960s,
the US Department of Defense took interest in this type of work and began training computers to mimic
basic human reasoning. For example, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
completed street mapping projects in the 1970s. And DARPA produced intelligent personal assistants in
2003, long before Siri, Alexa or Cortana were household names.
- This early work paved the way for the automation and formal reasoning that we see in computers
today, including decision support systems and smart search systems that can be designed to
complement and augment human abilities.

What does Artificial Intelligence (AI) mean?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent
machines that work and react like humans. Some of the activities computers with artificial intelligence
are designed for include:

 Speech recognition
 Learning
 Planning
 Problem solving

Lanugages that are used in AI:

It really depends on the person that which language he likes to do programming in. AI programs have
been written in just about every language ever created. The most common seem to be Lisp, Prolog,
C/C++, recently Java, and even more recently, Python.
1. Python
History: The programming language Python was conceived in the late 1980s,[1] and its implementation
was started in December 1989[2] by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor to ABC
capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system.

Details: Python is considered to be in the first place in the list of all AI development languages due to
the simplicity. The syntaxes belonging to python are very simple and can be easily learnt. Therefore,
many AI algorithms can be easily implemented in it. Python takes short development time in comparison
to other languages like Java, C++ or Rupy. Python supports object oriented, functional as well as
procedure oriented styles of programming. There are plenty of libraries in python, which make our tasks
easier. For example: Numpy is a library for python that helps us to solve many scientific computations.
Also, we have Pybrain, which is for using machine learning in Python.

Versions:

 Python 2.0 was released on October 16, 2000, with many major new features, including a cycle-
detecting garbage collector (in addition to reference counting) for memory management and
support for Unicode. However, the most important change was to the development process
itself, with a shift to a more transparent and community-backed process.
 Python 3.0, a major, backwards-incompatible release, was released on December 3, 2008[8]
after a long period of testing. Many of its major features have also been backported to the
backwards-compatible Python 2.6 and 2.7.

2. R Language
History: R is an implementation of the S programming language combined with lexical scoping
semantics, inspired by Scheme. S was created by John Chambers in 1976, while at Bell Labs.

Details: R is one of the most effective language and environment for analyzing and manipulating the
data for statistical purposes. Using R, we can easily produce well-designed publication-quality plot,
including mathematical symbols and formulae where needed. Apart from being a general purpose
language, R has numerous of packages like RODBC, Gmodels, Class and Tm which are used in the field of
machine learning. These packages make the implementation of machine learning algorithms easy, for
cracking the business associated problems.

Versions:

 First Version 0.16 : This is the last alpha version developed primarily by Ihaka and Gentleman.
Much of the basic functionality from the "White Book" (see S history) was implemented. The
mailing lists commenced on April 1, 1997.
 Latest Version 3.5 : Packages byte-compiled on installation by default. Compact internal
representation of integer sequences. Added a new serialisation format to support compact
internal representations
3. Lisp
History: Lisp was invented by John McCarthy in 1958 while he was at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT). McCarthy published its design in a paper in Communications of the ACM in 1960,
entitled "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I".He
showed that with a few simple operators and a notation for functions, one can build a Turing-complete
language for algorithms.

Details: Lisp is one of the oldest and the most suited languages for the development in AI. It was
invented by John McCarthy, the father of Artificial Intelligence in 1958. It has the capability of processing
the symbolic information effectively.

It is also known for its excellent prototyping capabilities and easy dynamic creation of new objects, with
automatic garbage collection. Its development cycle allows interactive evaluation of expressions and
recompilation of functions or file while the program is still running. Over the years, due to advancement,
many of these features have migrated into many other languages thereby affecting the uniqueness of
Lisp.

Versions:

 LISP 1[16] – First implementation.

 LISP 1.5[17] – First widely distributed version, developed by McCarthy and others at MIT. So
named because it contained several improvements on the original "LISP 1" interpreter, but was
not a major restructuring as the planned LISP 2 would be.
 There are several new dialects of Lisp: Arc, Hy, Nu, Liskell, and LFE (Lisp Flavored Erlang)

4. Prolog
History: The name Prolog was chosen by Philippe Roussel as an abbreviation for programmation en
logique (French for programming in logic). It was created around 1972 by Alain Colmerauer with Philippe
Roussel, based on Robert Kowalski's procedural interpretation of Horn clauses.

Details: This language stays alongside Lisp when we talk about development in AI field. The features
provided by it include efficient pattern matching, tree-based data structuring and automatic
backtracking. All these features provide a surprisingly powerful and flexible programming framework.
Prolog is widely used for working on medical projects and also for designing expert AI systems.

Versions:

 7.6.x :Major release. Multi-argument indexing, better multi-threaded performance, threaded

global GC (atoms and clauses), mode-directed tabling, restored same expand and directive
semantics for initial load and reloading files, cleaner initializatin and command line handling.
 3.4.5 : Version prior to integration. Compliant to the ISO Prolog standard (part1).
5. Java
History: James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June
1991. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable
television industry at the time. The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside
Gosling's office. Later the project went by the name Green and was finally renamed Java, from Java
coffee. Gosling designed Java with a C/C++-style syntax that system and application programmers
would find familiar.

Details: Java can also be considered as a good choice for AI development. Artificial intelligence has lot
to do with search algorithms, artificial neural networks and genetic programming. Java provides many
benefits: easy use, debugging ease, package services, simplified work with large-scale projects, graphical
representation of data and better user interaction. It also has the incorporation of Swing and SWT (the
Standard Widget Toolkit). These tools make graphics and interfaces look appealing and sophisticated.

Versions:

 JDK 1.0 (January 23, 1996)[43]

 JDK 1.1 (February 19, 1997)
 J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998)
 J2SE 1.3 (May 8, 2000)
 J2SE 1.4 (February 6, 2002)
 J2SE 5.0 (September 30, 2004)
 Java SE 6 (December 11, 2006)
 Java SE 7 (July 28, 2011)
 Java SE 8 (March 18, 2014)
 Java SE 9 (September 21, 2017)
 Java SE 10 (March 20, 2018)

Refrences :
 www.geeksforgeeks.org
 en.wikipedia.org