HYDRAULIC DESIGN

1. HEAD WORKS

The hydraulic design of headworks structures are carried out on the basis of topographical
and geological parameters of the project site. The proposed headworks comprise following
major hydraulic structures

 Ogee shaped overflow weir

 Under sluice
 Side intake
In addition divide wall separating diversion weir and under sluice, upstream downstream
aprons and rip raps and wing walls on both banks of the river are provided as ancillary
components
1.1 Design Criteria

 The hydraulic structures of the project belong to the 4.14 category of medium
structure of important significance particularly used in hill area.

 The hydrologic parameters used in hydraulic designs are as follows:

 Design Discharge : 6.02 m3/s

 100 year flood at intake : 346 m3/s
 Construction flood at intake (1 in 10 years dry season : 33.6 m3/s
flood
However, the side intake has been designed for 6.92 m3/s including discharge required for
flushing of desilting basin
 The head over the weir during the high flood period has been calculated on the
assumption that the flood passes through both overflow spillway and under sluice.
 The tap levels of wing walls and deck levels of under sluice are fixed above the 100
year flood level with freeboard of 1 m.
 The discharge through under sluice shall not be less than two times the design
discharge or within 10-20% of flood discharge,
 The sill level of the side intake shall be fixed at 1-2 m above the crest level of under
sluice to control intrusion of bed load into the intake.
 The discharge passing through the side intake has been calculated under submerged
orifice condition.

1.2 Fixing of Levels

The bed level of the river is fixed at 1490 m from the cross-section of IkhuwaKhola at weir
axis and the river longitudinal profile. Accordingly this level is taken as crest level of the
under sluice. In order to pass the design discharge of 6.92 m3/s including the discharge
required for flushing through the side intake, the crest level up to diversion .spillway is fixed
at 1493 m. The observed high food level at the site is and the rating curve at the weir axis
shows to 100 year food level as 1496.8 m.
 1. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF INTAKE

The design discharge used for power generation (Q) = 6.02 m3/s
 The intake is designed for discharge equivalent 1.15xQ = 6.92
 The normal water level at intake is 1493.0 m amsl
 The number of intake bays is taken as 2
 The discharge through each intake bay = 3.46 m3/s
 The size of each bay is taken as
Width (w) = 3 m
Height (h) = 1.70 m
 Therefore the area of each intake bay (A) = 3.00 x 1.70
= 5.10 m2
 The velocity of through the intake (V) = 3.46/5.10
= 0.68 m/s
The velocity thus obtained is < 1m/s which is generally adopted for the design of intake
structure to minimize the headless
The adopted design of intake structures therefore is as follows:
Design Discharge for intake structure, Qi = 6.92
Number of intake bays (width x height) = 3.00 x 1.70 m
The velocity through intake bay V = 0.68 m/s
The sill level of intake structure is 1491.3 amsl
2. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DIVERSION WEIR

The diversion weir is designed for the flood of 100 years return period is 346m3/s. According
to proposed design, the total length of diversion weir is 28 m of which 4 m is provided for
under sluice and rest 24 m has been used to locate the non-gated overflow section.
The food passing through the diversion weir is determined by summing up the food passing
(a) over non gated overflow section and (b) under sluice structure using the formula:
Q = CLH 3/2
Where,
Q - discharge through the weir section
C - Coefficient of discharge
H - Head in (m) over the crest of the weir section
a. Flood discharge passing through overflow section of the weir
The crest level is at 1493.00 m
The length of section (L) is 220 m
 The assumed head H over the crest is 3.8 m and therefore high flood level (HFL) is
1496.80 m amsl
The downstream water level is 1492.00 m amsl.
Therefore the flow discharge Qa passing over this section will be
Qa = 1.7x 2.2 x 3.8 3/2=2.77 m3/s
b. Flood discharge over the under sluice structure
The crest level is at 1490.00 m amsl
The length of section (L) is 4 m
The high food level is 1496.8 m amsl
Therefore the heat (H) over the crest is 4.8 m
The food discharge (Q) passing over this section will be
Qb = CLH 3/2
= 1.7x4x4.83/2=71.5m3/s
The flood discharge (Q) through diversion weir therefore will be
Q = Qa+ Qb = 2.77 + 71.5 = 346.5> 348 m3/s representing the 100 years of flood
flow.

c. Hydraulic jump Calculation

Known parameters are:

The high food level is 1496.8 m amsl
The crest level of the weir is 1493.0 m amsl
The downstream water level is 149.0 m
The flood discharge (Q) is 348 m3/s
Calculation
𝑈1
The Froude number F1 = , at the foot section of the weir
√𝑔ℎ1

Where,
U1 - velocity m/s
H1 = Depth (m)

U1 is tentatively determined as √2𝑔𝐻

Where,
H = 1496.8 - 1489
= 7.8 m

U1 - √289.81 𝑥 7.8 = 12.37 m/s

𝑄 348
q= 𝐿
= 28
= 12.43 m3/s per meter
 12.37
Therefore h1 = 12.37 = 1.0 m
12.37 12.37
And f1 = = = 3.95 > 1
√9.81 𝑥 1.0 3.13

This indicates the formation of super critical at the foot of the weir
The conjugate depth ratios of the jump are calculated using the formula,
ℎ2 1
ℎ1
= 2 [√1 + 8ℎ2 −1]
1
= 2 [√1 + 8 𝑥 3.952 −1]

= 5.1
Therefore h2 = 5.1 x h1
= 5.1 x 1.0
= 5.1
The length of the jump is calculated as 6 (h2-h1)
or 6(5.1-1.0) = 24.6 m
or 25 m
A stilling basing of 25 m length with sill level at elevation of 1437.0 m amsl that is 2 m
below the level of downstream apron at an elevation of 1489.0 is provided.

3. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF HEADRAGE CANAL (From Intake Structure to

Desilting Basin)

 Design Discharge Q = 6.92 m3/s

 Gradient of the canal (i) = is 1/1000 or 0.001
 Canal cross section is rectangular and concrete lined
 The roughness coefficient, n = 0.015
Let the width (w) of the canal cross section be 250 m

Then the depth and discharge relation for this section is calculated using the mannings
formula V = 1/R (𝑅32⁄𝑖21) for velocity and Q = A x V for discharge is given in the following
table:
In above expression,
V- velocity m/s
n - Roughness coefficient
C - Gradient
R - Hydraulic Radius (m)
Q - Discharge m3/s
A - Cross sectional area (m2)

Depth 'h' (m) Vs discharge 'Q' m3/s relation for above section of headrace canal
 Hydraulic Velocity V = Discharg
Depth Area Parameter 𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐
S.N Ration R R 2/3 e m3/s Q
'h' (m) 'A' (m2) P (m) (𝑹 𝒊 ]
= A/P 𝟐
1 0.50 1.25 3.5 0.357 0.507 1.07 1.34
2 1.00 2.50 4.5 0.556 0.679 1.43 3.57
3 1.25 3.12 5.0 0.624 0.732 1.54 4.81
4 1.50 3.75 5.5 0.682 0.777 1.64 6.15
5 1.60 4.00 5.7 0.702 0.792 1.67 6.68
6 1.65 4.12 5.8 0.710 0.796 1.68 6.93
7 1.70 4.25 5.9 0.720 0.805 1.70 7.21

The adopted section of headrace canal:

Width (w) = 2.5 m
Water depth (h) = 1.65 m
Area (A) = 4.12 m2
Perimeter (P) = 5.8 m
Hydraulic radius (R) = 0.710
Velocity (V) = 1.68 m/s
Discharge (Q) = 6.93 equal to design discharge of 6.92 m3/s

4. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF GRAVEL TRAP

A gravel trap is provided just after the intake chamber to trap particle size up to 10 mm. The
critical velocity is given below:

V = a√𝑑
Where d is particle size in mm and coefficient, a is 0.36 for particle size > 1 mm
The length of the gravel trap is calculated as:
ℎ
L= .V
𝑤

Where h is the depth and W is the settling velocity

Type: Single Chambered
Particle size to be settled = 10 mm
Settling Velocit, Vs = 0.3 m/s
Design Discharge, Qd = 6.92 m3/s
Critical Velocity, Vc = 1.14 m/s
Width Area Depth Set time Length
3.00 0.40 2.80 9.33 10.63
Adopted Dimensions
Width 3.0 m
Depth 3.0 m
Length 12.0 m

 EMERGENCY SPILLWAY

An emergency spillway is incorporated into the gravel trap to spillant the excess discharge
entering into the intake during high flood
Design Discharge of Canal, Q = 6.92 m3/s
Incoming Discharger at Flood, Qhf = 18.1
Spill Discharge, Qs = 11.18
Discharge Coefficient , U = 0.5
Head over spillway

𝑄
H=[ ] 2/3
𝑢𝑏.√2𝑔

B (m) 4 6 8
H (m) 1.16 0.89 0.73
Adopt
Length of lateral spill way = 6.0 m
Head over spillway = 0.89 m

 Flushing Gate
Head of water above the gate = 1.5 m
Provide a flushing section 0.6 m (B) and 0.5 (H)
VD = C√2𝑔ℎ
Where,
VD - discharge through the gate
C - Velocity coefficient use to contraction = 0.55

VD = 0.55√2𝑥 9.81 𝑥 1.50

= 2.98 m/s
Provide bed slope 2% to the flushing canal
Whereas, to required velocity to transport gravel particles of 15 mm size is 1.6 m/s,
Hence safe.
Discharge through the gate
Q = 2.98x0.6x0.5 = 0.89 m3/s
Provide 0.3 m free board adopted, B = 0.60 m
H = 0.80 m
Check for the flushing velocity
A = 0.6x0.5 = 0.3
R = 0.1875
S = 0.02
n = 0.016
P = 1.6
1
V = 𝑛 R 2/3x S 1/2
1
= (0.1875) 2/3 x 0.02 1/2
0.015

=3.09 > 2.98 m/s (safe)

 5. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DESILTING BASIN

The design discharge, Q=6.92 m3/s

The basin is designed to settle the silt particles greater than 0.2mm in size.

Let:

The width of basin (W) = 8.00m

The depth of the basin = 4.0m

Calculation:

The area of the section (A) =26.0m2

The settling Velocity (u) for silt particles of 0.2mm is taken as 0.21 m/s

The settling time (t) = h/u = 4/0.021 = 190.5 sec

The velocity of flow through the basin, V = Q/A = 6.92/26.0 = 0.26

Therefore the length of basin (L) = V x t = 0.26 x 190.5 = 49.53 = 50

The basin should have the volume = Q x settling time = 6.92 x 190.5 = 1318.26 m3

The volume of basin with above dimension = Area x length

= 26 x 50

= 1300 m3 which is equal to the required volume

From operational point of view the working length of the basin is generally kept greater than
the length obtained from the design. Considering a factor of 1.20, the working length of the
basin will be,

LW = 1.20 x L

= 1.20 x 50.0

= 60m

Based on this the following dimensions of the basin are adopted.

Width of Basin (W) = 8.0m

Depth of Basin (h) = 4.0m

Working length of Basin = 60.0m

6. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF HEADRACE CANAL – 2

 Design Discharge Q=6.02 m3/s

 Gradient of the Canal (i) = 1/1000 or 0.001

 Canal cross section is rectangular and concrete lined

 The roughness coefficient (ƞ) = 0.015

Let the width of canal cross section be 2.2 m

Depth Hydraulic Velocity Discharge

S.N. Area Perimeter R2/3
‘h’ m Radius Rm Vm/s Q m3/s
1 0.50 1.10 3.2 0.344 0.491 1.03 1.13
2 1.00 2.20 4.2 0.524 0.650 1.37 3.01
3 1.25 2.75 4.7 0.585 0.699 1.47 4.04
4 1.50 3.30 5.2 0.635 0.739 1.56 5.15
5 1.75 3.85 5.7 0.675 0.769 1.62 6.24
6 1.70 3.74 5.6 0.668 0.764 1.61 6.02
7 1.60 3.52 5.4 0.65 0.750 1.60 5.63
8 1.90 4.18 6.0 0.70 0.786 1.68 7.02
9 2.00 4.4 6.2 0.710 0.796 1.70 7.47
10 2.20 4.84 6.6 0.733 0.813 1.73 8.39

Width (W) = 2.2m

Water depth (h) = 1.70m

Area (A) = 3.74 m2

Perimeter (P) = 5.60

Hydraulic Radius (R) = 0.668

Velocity (V) = 1.61 m/s

Discharge, Q = 6.02 m3/s

Specific discharge = 3.54 m3/s

de= ( q2/g)1/3 = 1.09m

Ve = q/de = 3.54/1.09 = 3.25 m/s

Fr = V/√gd = 1..61/√(9.81 x1.7) = 0.39 (flow is sub critical)

Total depth of canal = 2.0m

 7. HYDRAULIC DESIGN FOR HEAD RACE TUNNEL

Adopted parameters

The design discharge Q = 6.02 m3/s

The length of headrace tunnel, L =3640m

The gradient of headrace tunnel (i) = 1/1000 or 0.001

The tunnel is concrete lined.

The roughness coefficient, ƞ= 0.015

Let the cross section of headrace tunnel be inverted D with width (W) = 2.5m

Height (h) = 2.5m

The relation between depth ‘h’ (m) and discharge Q (m3/s) of the tunnel is determined using
𝑅2/3
the formula,V = 1/ƞ 𝑖1/2 for velocity and Q = A x V for discharge. This relation is given in the
following table.

Depth Area’A’ Hydraulic Velocity Discharge

S.N. Perimeter R2/3
‘h’ m (m2) Radius Rm V (m/s) Q (m3/s)
Lower half of tunnel rectangular
width (W)= 2.5m ,depth (h) = 1.25m
1 0.25 0.625 3.00 0.208 0.351 0.74 0.46
2 0.50 1.250 3.50 0.357 0.503 1.06 1.33
3 0.75 1.880 4.00 0.470 0.605 1.27 2.39
4 1.00 2.500 4.50 0.560 0.679 1.43 3.58
5 1.25 3.125 5.00 0.625 0.731 1.54 4.81
6 1.45 3.625 5.40 0.671 0.767 1.62 5.86
7 1.50 3.750 5.51 0.681 0.774 1.63 6.11

The adopted parameters of the tunnel for Q = 6.02 m3/s are

 Tunnel cross section(width x height) = 2.5 x 2.5 m

 Depth of flow ‘h’= 1.50m
 Width ‘W’ = 2.5m
 Area ‘A’ = 3.75 m2
 Perimeter ‘P’ = 5.51m
 Hydraulic Radius ‘R’= 0.681
 Velocity ‘V’ = 1.63 m/s
 Discharge Q = 6.11 m3/s
8. CALCULATIONS FOR HEADLOSS

1. Losses at Headworks
Rl at the intake structure = 1493 masl
The Loss due to Change in direction of flow
Velocity inflow in main stream V1 = 0.44 m/s
2
Velocity in intake canal v2 v V = 0.68 m/s
Coefficient Due to Angle of diverison H L1   C 1 C = 0.5
Head loss Due to change in directiion of flow 2g 2g HL1 = 0.0186 m
Gradual contraction
Coefficient of gradual Contraction kc = 0.2
Velocity after transition V2 = 0.68 m/s
Head loss Due to transition of canal HL3 = 0.0047 m

The losses due to Bend

Velocity in bend Vb = 1.68 m/s
v2 θ
Angle of bend
Loss Coefficient in Bend
H L 5  k b kb
=
=
80 Degree
0.6
2g
Head loss Due to bend HL5 = 0.08631 m
Headloss due to contraction from intake to inlet of headrace canal
Coefficient of expansion kex = 0.5
Velocity in headrace canal v 2 v 2  V1 = 1.68 m/s
Velocity at intake H L7  ke  1  2  V2 = 0.680 m/s
Head loss Due to transition of Canal 2g 2g  HL7 = 0.06014 m
Headloss Due to trash rack
Factor Depending on the cross section of Bars kr = 2.42
Thickness of Trash Rack bar 4
t = 0.08 m
 t 3 v
2
Clear span Between bars b = 0.45 m
Velocity before Entrance H Lr  k r   sin  V = 0.68 m
 
b 2 g
Angle of bar with the horizontal 70 m
Head loss Due to trashrack HLr = 0.0054 m/s

Total Loss at Intake Structures (Hintake) = 0.1752 m

Therefore the water level at the start of headrace canal = 1492.82 masl
 9. Stability Analysis of weir

Two hydraulic conditions are taken into account for stability analysis of weir.

a) Flood condition with seismic force

b) Critical condition

Assumed data for analysis

 Unit weight of concrete

 Unit weight of water
 Coefficient of seismic force
a) Flood Condition:
In flood condition design flood of year 100 return period as Q100= 343m3/s and
corresponding water level including energy head as elevation 1496.8 m has been
taken into account for stability calculation.
The cross section of weir as shown in figure used for analysis.
The forces including weight of water, lateral water pressure, vertical water pressure
and silt pressure are calculates and presented in table as follows.

Type of Ite Force Calculation(Ton) Aom (m) Forces Moment (Tonm)

force m (Ton)
X Y R(V) R(H) MV MH
Weight W1 3*4*2.4 = 28.80 1.5 28.8 43.2
of W2 0.50*4*5*2.4 = 24 3.6 24 87.84
concret W3 8*0.5*2.40 = 9.60 6 9.6 38.4
e 4.0
Water P1 3.8*4.5*1 = 17.10 2.2 17.1 36.48
Pressur P2 0.5*4.5*4.5*1 = 10.12 5 0 15.18
e P3 0.5*3*3.8*1 = 5.7 1 1.5 5.7 10.1 5.7
P4 0.5*5*6.8*1 = 17 6.3 17 2 107.6
P5 2.8*4*1 = 11.2 3 -22.40
P6 0.5*4*4*1 = 8 2 -10.64
P7 0.5*3.42*3*1 = 5.13 1.3 5.13 -11.2 -10.26
P8 0.5*0.5*3.42*1= 8.55 2 3 8.55 -8 -39.93
4.6
7
Uplift U1 0.5*8*7.3*1 = 29.2 2.6 -29.2 -77.96
Forces U2 0.5*8*6.3*1 = 25.2 7 -25.2 -
5.3 137.31
3
Silt Ps1 0.5*3.5*3.5*0.96*0.5=2.9 1.7 2.94 3.43
Pressur Ps2 4 0.1 0.06 -0.01
e 0.5*0.5*0.96*0.5 = 0.06 7
Sum of Forces 44.3 10.9 120.67 24.04
0 0
 1. Stability against sliding:

∑ 𝑅𝑉 ∗ 𝜇𝑓
𝐹𝑠 =
∑ 𝑅𝐻

Where we have ∑ 𝑅𝑉 = 44.38 ton

Coefficient of friction, 𝜇𝑓 = 0.82

∑ 𝑅𝐻 = 10.9
44.38∗0.82
Factor of safety, 𝐹𝑠 = 10.90
= 3.3 > 1.5 ok

Considering seismic Force,

∑ 𝐻 = ∑ 𝑅𝐻 + 𝜇𝑎 ∗ 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑟

= 10.90 + 0.2* 62.4

= 23.38
44.38∗0.82
Factor of Safety, 𝐹𝑠 = 23.38
= 1.56 > 1.2

Structure is safe against sliding

2. Safety for Bearing Capacity:

Sum of the moment, ∑ 𝜇 = ∑ 𝜇V + ∑ 𝜇VH

= 120.67 + 24.04

= 144.71
∑𝜇 144.71
Acting point of resultant force, 𝑋𝑜 = ∑ 𝑅 = 44.38
= 3.26 m
𝑉

𝐵 8
Eccentricity, e = 2
- 𝑋𝑜 = 2 – 3.26 = 0.74 m

Maximum Vertical stress at the base of weir,

∑ 𝑅𝑉 6𝑒
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐵
(1+ 𝐵 )

44.38 6∗0.74
= 8
(1+ 8
)

= 8.63 Ton/𝑚2 < 20 Ton/𝑚2

The structure is safe in existing soil condition.

 𝐵 8
3. Since 6
= 6 = 1.33 > 0.74

The structure is safe against overturning.

b. Critical Condition:

The section of weir is presented in figure.

The critical condition for the weir is considered when there is no water at downstream. The
results of acting forces and their moments are presented in table as follows.

Type of Item Force Calculation (Ton) 𝐴𝑜 m Forces (Ton) Moment

Force X Y R(V) R(H)
Weight W1 4*3*2.4 = 28.8 1.5 28.8 43.2
of W2 0.5*5*4*2.4 = 24 4.67 24 112
concrete W3 0.5*8*2.4 = 9.6 4 9.6 38.4
62.4
Water
Pressure P1 0.5*4.5*4.5*1 = 10.12 1.5 10.12 15.18

Uplift
forces U1 0.5*4.5*8*1 = 18 2.67 -18 -48.06

Silt
Pressure Ps1 0.5*4.5*4.5*0.5*0.96 = 1.5 4.86 7.29
4.86

Sum of forces 44.4 14.98 145.62 22.47

1. Stability against sliding:

∑ 𝑅𝑉 ∗ 𝜇𝑓
𝐹𝑠 =
∑ 𝑅𝐻

Where we have ∑ 𝑅𝑉 = 44.4 ton

Coefficient of friction, 𝜇𝑓 = 0.82

∑ 𝑅𝐻 = ∑ 𝑅𝐻 + 015*62.4

= 14.98 + 9.36

= 24.34
 44.4∗0.82
Factor of safety, 𝐹𝑠 = 24.34
= 1.5 > 1.2 ok

Structure is safe against sliding

2. Safety for Bearing Capacity:

Sum of the moment, ∑ 𝜇 = ∑ 𝜇V + ∑ 𝜇H

= 168.09
∑𝜇 168.09
Acting point of resultant force, 𝑋𝑜 = ∑ 𝑅 = 44.4
= 3.78 m
𝑉

𝐵
Eccentricity, e = 2
- 𝑋𝑜 = 4– 3.78 = 0.22 m

Maximum Vertical stress at the base of weir,

∑ 𝑅𝑉 6𝑒
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐵
(1+ 𝐵 )

44.4 6∗0.22
= 8
(1+ 8
)

= 6.46 Ton/𝑚2 < 20 Ton/𝑚2

3. Stability against overturning

𝐵 8
Since = = 1.33 > e = 0.22 m
6 6

The structure is safe against overturning.

 10. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF FOREBAY/ INTAKE CHAMBER

Determination of storage capacity and dimension of the forebay

Capacity required = 3 x 60 x Q = 1083.6 m3

Design discharge (Q) = 6.02 m3/s

Width of forebay(b) = 10m

Depth of forebay(d) = 4.0m

Length of forebay = 44m

Bed level of forebay = 1484.52m

Normal Water level in forebay = 1488.52m

Calculation of sudden draw of water level in the forebay at the time of startup,

𝐿𝑥𝑎
y= 𝑉𝑜√
𝑔𝑥𝑠

y=2.94m

Where, L = Length of Penstock pipe = 1586.0m

d = Diameter of Penstock = 1.40m
s= surface area of forebay = 440.0 m2
a= area of penstock = 1.539 m2
Vo = Velocity in penstock pipe = 3.91 m/s
Water level in the forebay at the time of startup = 1485.56
All the units of the powerhouse can run for 3 minutes with full generation discharge.

The Net Width of Intake, B1 = 1.8 x diameter of pipe = 1.8 x 1.4 = 2.52m

Adopt B1 = 3m

Adopt length of intake chamber = 5m

Diameter of Penstock Pipe, D = 1.40

Velocity in pipe, V = 3.91

Vortex height, ℎ = 0.4 𝑥 𝑉 𝑥 √𝐷 = 1.85m

Normal Water level in Forebay = 1488.52

 11. DESIGN OF ECONOMICAL DIAMETER OF PENSTOCK

Different diameters of penstock will weigh different and loss in head due to friction will be
different. A large diameter pipe costs more but will loose less power due to friction losses. A
balance is sought to find out optimum economical value with following considerations.

Data Input

1.1 Design Head (H) = 601.0m

1.2 Allowable stress of steal = 200kg/cm2

1.3 Efficiency of Welding

2.1 Density of steel = 7850 kg/m3

2.2 Length of Penstock = 1450m

3.1 Rate of steel Penstock = 150NRs/kg

4.0 Head loss Hf

4.1 Roughness of pipe surface for welded pipe = 0.012

5.0 Power

Efficiency of Turbine (ut) = 0.905

Efficiency of Generator = 0.95

Efficiency of Transformer = 0.99

6.0 Rate of Energy

Dry season = 8.40 Nrs/Kwh

Wet season = 4.80 Nrs/Kwh

7.0 Design Discharge

Output

1. Diameter = 1.40m
2. Velocity = 3.91m/s
3. Thickness = 25mm
4. Length = 1450m
5. Headloss = 9.7m
 12. TAILRACE CANAL DESIGN

Data

Manning Coefficient, ɳ = .015

Design discharge, Q = 6.02m3/s

Width of canal, b = 2.20m

Length of canal, L = 40m

Slope of canal, s = 0.001

Water depth in canal, d = 1.70m

Calculation

Perimeter, P = 5.60m

Area, A = 3.74m2

Hydraulic Radius, R = 0.668

Velocity, V = 1.61 m/s

Check Q = 6.02m3/s

Output

Width of canal = 2.20m

Overall depth of canal = 2.0m

Bed slope of canal = 0.001

Wall thickness = 0.25m