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This chapter contains general information about spreadsheets and the spreadsheet software
package Microsoft Excel 2010. Spreadsheet applications are used extensively in industry to
analyze data, create balance sheets, prepare budgets, and keep track of other information such
as project costs, inventory, etc. This chapter will explore the basic concepts of using a
spreadsheet and briefly introduce some of the features found in an Excel workbook. Subsequent
chapters will cover additional tools and develop an understanding of how Excel can be used as a
problem solving tool.
THE WORKSHEET:
As seen in Figure 1 spreadsheet is a work area composed of columns and rows. The
intersection of a column and row is referred to as a cell. Each cell is identified by an address
which indicates the column and row in which it resides. Columns are named by letters (A,B..Z,
AA,AB..AZ, BA,BB..BZ etc), and the rows are named by numbers (1,2 ….1048576). The cell
address first lists the column name and then the row name. So the cell in the first column and
first row has the cell address A1 and the cell in the third column second row has the cell address
C2. To enter a value or formula, click on the cell where you wish to place your entry and type.
This selected cell is referred to as the active cell. The contents of the active cell will also be
displayed on the formula bar which is located directly above the column headings.
The File Ribbon: This tab reveals a drop-down menu “backstage” view containing
commands for creating a new Excel file, opening and existing file, saving, printing,
emailing and closing the file. In addition to the menu are two buttons – Excel Options
launches a dialog box allowing the user to customize their Excel features, and Exit Excel
which closes the application.
Quick Access Toolbar: This toolbar is located just to the
right of the Office Button and can be customized by the user.
This is an excellent location to place icons of features the user Figure 2
wishes to have most easily accessible. By default the toolbar
contains the file save icon and the undo and redo icons. To
customize the toolbar click on the down arrow located just to
the right of the icons (Figure 2).
The Ribbon Tabs: Many of the features available in Excel can be accessed from one or
more of the Excel ribbons. To use a tool on a specific ribbon, click on the ribbon tab.
Excel contains the following ribbons: Home, Insert, Page Layout, Formulas, Data,
Review and View. The ribbon displayed in Figure 1 is the Home ribbon.
Ribbons are further organized into groups of icons/buttons of related tasks. For example
the Font group on the Home tab contains buttons to change the font, modify the font
size, apply a font style, etc. A summary of the contents of each ribbon is presented later.
Additional context sensitive ribbons are also available depending on the tool being used.
For example, if a workbook contains a chart, when the chart is selected several chart tool
ribbon tabs will appear that allow the user to edit the chart.
The Help Button: This button launches the Excel help feature and is located in
the top right-hand side of the Excel window.
THE RIBBONS:
Accessing many of the Excel tools requires the use of ribbons. An illustration and description of
each ribbon is listed below. Additional content sensitive ribbons are also available – these will
be presented as the features associated with the ribbons are introduced. Please note that some
of the tools described here may have no meaning to you as you have not yet begun to create your
spreadsheets or write formulas. You need not memorize the contents of the ribbons – only be
aware of the general categories and use this section as a reference as you begin to use these
tools.
The Home Ribbon:
Figure 3
The home ribbon (Figure 3) contains many of the most commonly used Excel tools. They are
arranged into the following groupings:
The Clipboard group contains the buttons for copying and pasting, including the Cut
button to delete selected text, the Copy button to copy selected text and the
Paste button to paste selected text. Excel allows the user to cut/copy and paste
parts of cells, entire cells, ranges of cells, and even entire worksheets with these tools.
Also included in this group is the Format Painter tool that allows the user to copy
the format of a cell or range of cells without copying the actual content.
The Font group contains buttons and drop down menus for changing the font, font size,
and font styles (bold, italics, underline). There are also two buttons that can be
used to increase or decrease font size one size at a time. The Font group also contains
buttons to apply borders t0 a cell or to apply a color to the fill and/or text of the cell.
The Paragraph group allows the user to adjust the alignment of text within the cell
(left, right, centered, justified to top of cell, justified to bottom of cell). There are even
tools to rotate text within the cell, automatically wrap text within in the cell, and merge
several cells and center the center the text over those cells.
Please note that the view of the ribbons depends on the size of the Excel window. If you size the
Excel window into a long narrow box, it is likely that the icons will be compressed and/or
replaced with a drop-down arrow (note the Number, Styles, and Cells groupings in Figure 4.
Also note the arrows located on the bottom right-hand corner of some ribbon groupings. These
arrows can be used to launch dialog boxes which allow the user access to an even greater array
of features for that tool.
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 5 is an illustration of the Insert ribbon. This ribbon contains groupings for inserting
tables, illustrations, charts, links, and specific textual elements such as a header/footer,
WordArt, etc.
The Page Layout Ribbon:
Figure 6
Figure 6 is an illustration of the Page Layout ribbon. From this ribbon the general layout and
print features can be modified. The groupings include the following:
Themes – includes preset color and font themes for customizing your worksheet displays
Page Setup – includes access to drop-down menus for customizing print layouts
including page margins, orientation, paper size, print area, page breaks, backgrounds
and setting print titles to appear on each page.
Scale to Fit – includes features that allow the user to scale the selected print area to fit
within the page width and/or page length or to just scale it to a specific percent up or
down.
Sheet Options – includes options to modify the printout area, add sheet titles, repeat
column and/or row headings, insert gridlines, print in draft, or order pages.
Arrange – includes options specific to creating drawings on a worksheet. These include
alignment of the elements, snap to grid, view gridlines, etc.
The Formulas Ribbon:
Figure 7
Figure 7 is an illustration of the Formulas ribbon. This ribbon is useful when entering
calculations into the workbook. It contains the insert function button (Fx- also available on the
formula bar), some of the AutoSum commands (Σ – also available on the home ribbon editing
group), and drop down menus to access many of the most commonly used functions such as
Logical functions, Text functions, Lookup and Reference functions, etc. This ribbon also
contains a Defined Names group with features for specifying and using named ranges. The
Figure 8
the ability to group rows and columns and display subtotals for groupings. The Data ribbon also
contains the What-If Analysis button for access to the Goal Seek tool.
The Review Ribbon:
Figure 9
Excel provides a set of tools to support collaboration. These tools allow users to share
documents, block a workbook or worksheet from being edited, insert comments into a
workbook, and trace changes to a spreadsheet. These tools are located in the Review ribbon
(Figure 9). The Review ribbon also contains links to the spelling and thesaurus features.
The View Ribbon:
Figure 10
Figure 10 is an illustration of the View ribbon. The View ribbon contains tools for changing the
way Excel displays content. The View ribbon contains features for changing screen views and
zoom level and displaying gridlines, headings, formula bars, etc. The most useful features of this
ribbon are the commands that allow the user to open multiple worksheet windows within the
Excel window (New Window) and arrange these windows. Window views can also be
customized to freeze or split certain portions of the worksheet to that titles or a specific set of
data can be viewable no matter where you scroll to in the worksheet. This ribbon also contains a
toolbar button to launch and create Macros. Macros are “little programs” that tell Excel to
execute a specific set of instructions.
Now that you have seen the general structure of a workbook and the interface for launching
Excel’s tools you can begin to create your own spreadsheets. The most important element of the
worksheet is the cell. We use cells to store data and formulas that perform calculations on data
contained within other cells.
ORDER OF PRECEDENCE
As in mathematics, spreadsheets analyze formulas based on a specified order of operations.
When writing formulas for spreadsheets, you must pay careful attention to this order of
precedence or run the risk of obtaining incorrect values. The order of precedence in which a
formula is evaluated is as follows:
1. Operations enclosed in parentheses including functions
2. Exponentiation
3. Multiplication and division from left to right
4. Addition and subtraction from left to right
5. Relational operators (<, >, =, <=, >=, <>)
Consider the formula =B2+3*C2. Excel would first multiply 3 by the value in cell C2 and then
take the result of that calculation and add it to the value in B2. If cell C2 contains the value 10
and cell B2 the value 25, the resulting value would be 55. If, however, you meant to add 3 to cell
B2 and then multiply it by the value in cell C2 you would not obtain the desired result (280). To
indicate that B2 should be first added to 3, parentheses must be used around the operation.
Since operations in parentheses are always performed first, the calculations will now be
completed in the desired order. The Excel formula =(B2+3)*C2 results in the value 280.
DATA PRECISION
Excel provides the user a variety of methods for formatting text and data within a cell. In
addition to standard text formatting tools available in word processors (font, font style, color,
etc.), users can also specify specific number formats (i.e., commas and decimal places) and styles
(negative number display, currency, etc.). These tools can be accessed from the home tab groups
or by clicking on the group launch arrows and opening the Format Cells dialog box. These
features all focus on the display of a value in the cell.
Another display element to be aware of is the use of commas in a workbook. The value 25235
can be displayed as 25,235 by clicking on the comma button in the Number group of the Home
tab. If 25,235 is typed directly into a cell including the comma, Excel will interpret it correctly
and setup the cell with a comma format. However, Excel will not infer that a number typed with
commas is a numerical constant when it is typed in a formula. As you will see later, the comma
has a special use in Excel formulas. As an example, consider the formula =25,233+2. If this
formula, including the comma, is typed directly into a cell an error message window would
appear; Excel is unable to interpret the formula as written. When using functions in formulas,
typing commas can present even more of a problem. A best practice recommendation is that
numbers never be typed with commas; instead, use the formatting options instead to modify the
display.
Figure 13
On the spreadsheet in Figure 13, the number of weekdays and weekend travel days are placed in
cells F1 and F2, respectively. Any formula that requires the use of these values would reference
these cells and not the actual values 4 and 1. For example, cell D5 contains the formula for total
cost per week for food: =B5*F1+C5*F2. Cell D6 contains another formula, =B6*F1+C6*F2,
which also references cells F1 and F2. Later, if a change is required to the number of weekday
days, only cell F1 would need to be updated. Excel would automatically recalculate the values in
cell D5 and D6.
Proper spreadsheet design becomes increasingly important as spreadsheets become larger and
more complicated. Using formulas and setting up the spreadsheet so that no actual value
appears more than once for a given variable will ensure that your numbers can be reliably and
quickly updated.