Measure

MEASURE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. When finding a confidence interval for the menu (µ) based on a sample size of n:
A. Increasing n increases the interval
B. Having to use Sx instead of n decreases the interval
C. The larger the interval, the better the estimate of µ
D. Increasing n decreases the interval
Correct Answer: D
Justification: To determine a confidence interval for µ (for a normal distribution,

α=0.05).
Ẋ ± 1.96 s
√n
Where, n= sample size and s= sample standard deviation
Answer B as presented doesn’t make sense (n should be σ). Answer C is also incorrect.
The larger the interval, the poorer the estimate of µ.
From the above equation, as the sample size is increased the confidence interval will
become smaller.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. In reference to the figure below, which of the following is true?
I. A is a subset of B
1 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.
II. B and C are mutually exclusive
III. C is a subset of A
A. I only
B. II and III only
C. I and III only
D. III only
Correct Answer: B
Justification: All the elements of Event C are contained in Event A. Thus, Event C is a
subset of Event A. Events A and B do not intersect, and are mutually exclusive.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Let X be any random variable with mean µ and standard deviation σ. Take a
random sample of size n. As n increases and as a result of the central limit
theorem:
A. The distribution of the sum Sn = X1 + X2 + … + Xn approaches a normal
distribution with mean µ and standard deviation σ/√n
B. The distribution of Sn = X1 + X2 + … + Xn approaches a normal distribution
with mean µ and standard deviation σ/√n
C. The distribution of X approaches a normal distribution with mean µ and
standard deviation σ/√n
D. The distribution of X approaches a normal distribution with mean µ and
standard deviation σ/√n
Correct Answer: D
Justification: This question requires a review of the central limit theorem. As

paraphrased into the context of this question, the correct answer would be:
The distribution of X approaches a normal distribution mean µ and standard deviation

σ/√n
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Which of the following is NOT a statistical level of measurement?

A. Ordinal

B. Nominal
C. Numerical
D. Ratio
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Numerical is not a statistical level of measurement. Ordinal is data that is

arranged in order (and differences between values cannot be determined or are
meaningless). Nominal is data that consists of names or categories only. Ratio is an
extension of the interval level (that was not included on this list) that includes an
inherent zero starting point.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. One use of recording checksheets is:

A. Automated charting of variable data
B. Collecting tally counts of attribute data
C. Identification of process variables
D. Creating a process map
Correct Answer: B
Justification: Recording check sheets can be used to collect tally counts of attribute
data. This can include machine, operator, characteristic, and so on. They are not used
for the other listed choices.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Which of the following is a continuous probability distribution?

A. Weibull
B. Hypergeometric
C. Binomial
D. Poisson
Correct Answer: A
Justification: Hypergeometric, binomial and Poisson are discrete (attribute based)

distributions. The Weibull is one of many continuous (variable based) distributions, but
the only one listed among the available answers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. If the 90% confidence for the mean is 181.3 to 203.8, which of the following
statements is correct?
A. 90% of all values in the population fall between 181.3 and 203.8
B. 90% of all values are either greater than 203.8 or less than 181.3
C. The probability of randomly selecting a value between 181.3 and 203.8 is
90%
D. There is a 90% chance that the population mean falls between the values
Correct Answer: D
Justification: A 90% confidence interval means that given the sample data, there is a
90% chance that the true population mean is contained in the interval. Note that as the
sample size increases the width of the interval decreases.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Which one of the following best describes machine capability?

A. The total variation of all cavities of a mold, cavities of a die cast machine or
spindles of an automatic assembly line
B. The inherent variation of the machine
C. The total variation over a shift
D. The variation in a short run of consecutively produced parts
Correct Answer: B
Justification: Answers A and C may or may not be good indicators of machine

capability. They could have assignable cause variation. Answer D is a good choice but
is not the best definition of machine capability listed. Inherent variation implies that only
chance or random variation is present and is the best selection.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. A number resulting from the manipulation of some raw data according to certain
specified procedures is called:
A. A population
B. A constant
C. A statistic
D. A parameter
Correct Answer: C

Justification: A statistic is a sample value. A parameter is a population value.
Consider this definition from Statistics for Management and Economics by Mendenhall,
Reinmuth & Beaver. “Numerical descriptive measurements computed from population
measurements are called parameters; those computed from sample measurements are
called statistics”.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. When conducting a process capability study consistent with PPAP requirements,
which of the following is mandatory?
A. A submission or related control chart data
B. A selected characteristic that is controllable
C. Data collected from a significant production run of 300 or more consecutive
pieces
D. A demonstrated 5 sigma capability
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Surprisingly, answer C is correct (as of 2001). Answer A may apply if the
process of concern is currently running and has had demonstrated capability in the past.
Answers B and D sound pretty good but they are not specifically spelled out in PPAP.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. Sensitivity is:

A. Extreme care in data analysis
B. The ability to distinguish differences in the response variable
C. Getting the most accurate true result
D. Using the best measuring device
Correct Answer: B
Justification: Knowledge of basic measurement terminology is required to answer this

question. The correct answer is the ability to distinguish differences in the response
variable. In gages the sensitivity should be enough to detect differences in
measurement as slight as one-tenth of the total tolerance specification or process
capability spread, whichever is smaller.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12. Random selection of a sample:
A. Theoretically means that each item in the lot had an equal chance to be
selected
B. Assures that the sample average will equal the population average
C. Means that a table of random numbers was used to dictate the selection
D. Is a meaningless theoretical requirement
Correct Answer: A
Justification: Answers B and D are incorrect. Answer C: a random number table can
be used to insure randomness. However, there are other methods of insuring
randomness. Random sampling requires giving every part an equal chance of being
selected for the sample.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. What is the danger in using the formula:

σr = R
d2
… to determine standard deviation for use in calculating a capability index?
A. Most processes are not control charted so R bar is not available

B. The factor d2 works when the process is in control and most processes aren’t
C. Automatic data collection provides a direct determination of standard
deviation
D. There is no danger, the calculation is just as valid as using individual readings
Correct Answer: B
Justification: This question requires some judgment. The d2 factor was determined
more than 60 years ago by integrating the normal curve. R bar is generally plucked from
a control chart. Unfortunately, most processes are not in control. Thus, the capability
calculation is suspect.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14. A null hypothesis requires several assumptions, a basic one of which is:
A. That the variables are dependent
B. The variables are independent

C. That the sample size is adequated
D. That the confidence interval is ± 2 standard deviations
Correct Answer: B
Justification: Answers A and D are filler (not serious contenders). It is desirable that
the sample size be adequate (answer C), but sufficient information may not be available
to determine an adequate sample size before testing. One assumption made in the
analysis of variance of means is that the variables are independent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15. Measurement error:

A. Is normally the fault of the inspector
B. Can be determined
C. Is usually of little consequence
D. Can be eliminated by frequent calibrations of the measuring device
Correct Answer: B
Justification: Answers A, C and D are all incorrect. Sometimes the inspector is not
properly trained and sometimes the measuring instrument is at fault. In either case it is
very important to determine the origin of the error. Contracts can be lost due to
measurement error which can be determined using R&R (repeatability and
reproducibility) studies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16. Sampling plans are routinely selected based on their:
I. Validity
II. Known risks
III. Applicability
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

Correct Answer: D
Justification: Sampling plans for both inspection and auditing consider validity,
applicability and known risks.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17. Determining the lower limit on success at a desired confidence level for n tests
with f failures is an application of the:
A. Normal distribution
B. Binomial distribution
C. Chi-square distribution
D. Hypergeometric distribution
Correct Answer: B
Justification: If the probability of occurrence of an event of interest (termed a success)

with n trials and with f failures, then the number of occurrences follows a binomial
distribution.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18. If we drew a large number of samples from a controlled process, we would not be
surprised to discover:
I. Some differences among the values of the sample means

II. A distribution of sample means around some central value
III. That many sample means differ from the process average
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and III only
D. I, II and III
Correct Answer: D
Justification: Items I – III are all correct statements regarding sampling principles,
control chart theory and statistical inference.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19. In linear measurement, what overriding consideration should guide the quality
professional in specifying the measuring instrument to be used?
A. The ability of the instrument to be read to one decimal place beyond that
required in the base tolerance
B. The ability of the instrument to meet an error design goal of 10 percent
C. The combination of base dimension and tolerance as they relate to
measurement error
D. The ability of the instrument-inspector system to obtain necessary correct
information at minimum overall cost
Correct Answer: D
Justification: General quality and measurement knowledge is required to answer this

question. The principal consideration in any quality operation should be to get the
correct information at minimal overall cost.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20. When the natural process limits are compared with the specification range, which
of the following courses of action may result:
I. Do nothing
II. Change the specification
III. Center the process
IV. Reduce the variability
V. Accept the losses
A. II and IV only
B. II, III and IV only
C. I, III and IV only
D. I, II, III, IV and V
Correct Answer: D

Justification: All of the above items are valid options. If the process limits fall well
within the specifications limits, item I may be justified. Item V is not a desirable
condition, but short term (at least) this may be the only viable option.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21. A comparison between the Cp and Cpk for a process would find which of the
following to be true?
I. The Cpk value is often larger than Cp

II. The denominator of the Cp calculation is twice that of the Cpk
III. The Cp value does not account for centering
IV. Neither calculation requires a stable process
A. I and IV only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. II and IV only
Correct Answer: C
Justification: This question requires a review of Cp and Cpk.
I. Because Cpk corrects for centering, this value cannot be greater than Cp. For
a perfectly centered process Cp = Cpk.
II. This statement is true. The Cp denominator is 6S the Cpk denominator is 3S.
III. This statement is true.
IV. Both calculations assume a stable process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22. The accuracy of a measuring instrument is linked to the U.S. National Standards
by:
A. Standardization
B. Capability
C. Traceability
D. Confirmation
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Answers A, B and D are incorrect. Standardization reduces the number
of characteristics or features of a system. Capability is the long term performance level
after a process has attained statistical control. Conformance is an affirmative indication
that a product or service has met the requirements. Traceability is the accuracy of a
measuring instrument linked to the U.S. National Standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23. Which of the following are principle reasons for utilizing process mapping?
I. To identify where unnecessary complexity exists

II. To visualize the process quickly
III. To eliminate the total planning process
IV. To assist in work simplification
A. I and II only
B. I, II and III only
C. I, II and IV only
D. I, II, III and IV
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Items I, II and IV are all benefits of process mapping (or process flow
charts). Process mapping may assist the total planning process but it does not eliminate
it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24. Identify the new quality management tool that would be of greatest assistance in
identifying the impact that various process input variables could have on key
process output variables.
A. Prioritization matrices
B. Tree diagram
C. Activity network diagrams
D. Process decision program charts
Correct Answer: A

Justification: Matrix or prioritization matrix diagrams can be adapted very easily to the
conditions described in the question.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25. Select the INCORRECT statement from among the following: if the ODs of a
certain bushing are normally distributed with a mean of 2.00 inches, then the
proportion of bushings with ODs greater than 1.90 inches is:
A. Greater than the proportion with ODs less than 1.90 inches
B. Greater than the proportion with ODs less than 2.20 inches
C. Greater than 50%
D. Greater than the proportion with ODs greater than the median
Correct Answer: B
Justification: This question requires a basic understanding of the normal distribution

curve and a review of the answers. The key word is “incorrect”. A negative response is
requested. Consider the following arbitrary normal distributions.

Answers A, C and D are clearly correct. ODs measuring less than 2.1” would be the
same as ODs measuring greater than 1.9”. Therefore, ODs less than 2.2” is greater
than ODs greater than 1.9”.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
26. Gages that tell how much a dimension varies from the specification are called:
A. Indicating gages
B. Depth gages
C. Accurators
D. Tolerators
Correct Answer: A
Justification: Basic familiarity with measuring equipment is required to answer this

question. Answer B is incorrect. Depth gages are used to measure the depth of holes,
slots, and the distance from a plane surface to a projection etc. They come in various
shapes and sizes with English and metric rules or verniers graduation. Answers C and
D are filler choices. An indicating gage shows the amount of variation in size from the
specification.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
27. Which of the following statements decribes discrete data?

I. It takes 3 hours 48 minutes to fly from LA to New York
II. Of 225 people on the airplane, 85 had connecting flights
III. The flight arrived at 9:08 PM
IV. There were 5,923 gallons of fuel consumed on the flight
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. IV only
Correct Answer: B
Justification: 85 people out of 225 is discrete information. All the other examples are
variable information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
28. Refer to the drawings below. Which, of the following statements can be made
regarding the two Venn diagrams?

I. Drawing E represents mutually exclusive events A and B
II. Drawing F represents an intersection between events A and B
III. Drawing E represents a union between A and B
A. I only
B. II only
C. II and III only
D. No statements are correct
Correct Answer: D
Justification: In this example, drawing E represents an intersection and drawing F

represents an union. If events A and B were mutually exclusive, they would appear as:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
29. The measure of the central location for the nominal scale is considered to be the:
A. Mode
B. Median
C. Arithmetic mean
D. Average
Correct Answer: A
Justification: The nominal scale is a very low level statistic and only the mode can be
used to describe the central location. Average and arithmetic mean are one and the
same.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30. Which of the following statements regarding process flow charts is/are accurate?
I. There can be multiple paths through the flowchart

II. There can only be a single process flow start point
III. Flow charts can have parallel processes
IV. A flow chart can have multiple end points
A. I and III only

B. I, II and IV only
C. II, III and IV only
Correct Answer: D
Justification: All the statements regarding process flow charts are accurate. Flow
charts can be used with both tangible and intangible products. Process improvement
activities often start by charting the process to ensure it is understood and to assist in
highlighting potential areas for further examination and potential improvements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
31. There are several forms of the exponential distribution used to model reliability.
Using the formula below, what does θ represent?
A. The mean
B. The x axis value
C. The variance
D. The failure rate
Correct Answer: A
Justification: θ equals the mean. For the exponential, θ also equals the standard
deviation. Therefore, it cannot equal the variance which is the standard deviation
squared (answer C is incorrect). X represents the x axis value (answer B is incorrect). θ
equals 1/λ, where λ is the failure rate (answer D is incorrect).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

32. Locational data might be found on a:
I. Defect location checksheet

II. Measles chart
III. Concentration chart
A. II only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
Correct Answer: D
Justification: All the terms are valid for using locational data that specify “where”.
Attribute data, variable data, and locational data are three types of data that one might
encounter in using quality improvement tools.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
33. Two disadvantages of a fishbone diagram are:
I. It displays causes in a nongraphical manner

II. It takes time to perform and prioritize
III. It presents the problem graphically
IV. It does not develop an action plan
A. I and III only

B. I and II only
C. II and IV only
D. I and IV only
Correct Answer: C
Justification: The key question phrase is “two disadvantages”. Consider the following
answer critique:

I. A true statement, which, for the purpose of the fishbone brainstorming
process, is an advantage.
II. A true statement, that represents a short-term disadvantage.
III. A true statement representing an advantage.
IV. A true statement, potentially a disadvantage. This requirement is present with
most problem solving techniques.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
34. For the Weibull distribution, as the scale parameter decreases:

A. The Weibull is equivalent to the exponential
B. The location parameter approaches zero
C. The probability density function stretches to the right
D. The probability density function is compressed to the left
Correct Answer: D
Justification: The Weibull is the most complex of distributions generally used in

reliability analysis. It was developed by W. Weibull of Sweden for problems involving the
fatigue lives of materials. The Weibull may contain up to three parameters: β (shape), α
or η (scale) and λ (location). As the scale decreases, the probability density function is
compressed to the left. This last statement makes D true and C incorrect. The Weibull is
equal to the exponential when β = 1, α = 1 and λ = 0. Statements A and B are untrue.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
35. Which of the following is most important when calibrating a piece of equipment?
A. The calibration sticker
B. The maintenance history card
C. The standard used
D. The calibration interval
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Knowledge of calibration principles is required. The key question phrase

is “most important”. The calibration sticker (A) alerts one to when the next calibration is
due. The maintenance history card (B) gives all the pertinent information about
calibration of the instrument. The calibration interval (D) lets one know how often the
instrument is to be calibrated. The standard used (C) is the most important when
calibrating a piece of equipment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

36. Which three of the following four techniques could easily be used to display the
same data?
I. Stem and leaf plots

II. Boxplots
III. Scatter Diagrams
IV. Histograms
A. I, II and III only

D. II, III and IV only
Correct Answer: B
Justification: The odd tool out is the scatter diagram, which displays the relationship
between variables. Boxplots, histograms and stem and leaf plots can display the same
data readings on a continuous scale.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
37. In order to calculate a performance index, what two facts must be known about
the process?
I. The specification limits

II. The process average
III. The process standard deviation
IV. The process confidence interval
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. II and IV only
Correct Answer: B
Justification: The calculation for performance index is:

PP = (USL - LSL)
6σi
In this formula it is noted that specification limits and standard deviation must be known.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
38. When attempting to determine process capability for non-normal data, which of
the following alternatives can be appropriate?
I. Plot a histogram and determine if the data values are well within
specifications
II. Transform the data using the Box-Cox technique
III. If the data can be represented by a probability plot, make predictions
using this technique
A. I only
B. II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
Correct Answer: D
Justification: Most authors like the Box-Cox technique especially since statistical
software makes the transformation easy. Probability paper can be used (and was before
computers). The question writer also likes item I. If the distribution is well within
specifications, consider it capable.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
39. Historically, the number of flaws in the finish of surface has an average of 0.45.
What is the probability of a randomly selected item having more than 1 defect in
the surface finish?
A. 0.0755
B. 0.2869
C. 0.6376

D. 0.3624
Correct Answer: A
Justification: The Poisson distribution is used to model rates. The probability of exactly
r events occurring can be computed using the Poisson distribution shown below:
Entering this equation with r = 0 and µ = 0.45 gives the probability of exactly zero
defects, 0.6376. Entering this equation with r = 1 and µ = 0.45 gives the probability of
exactly 1 defect, 0.2869. Thus, the probability of less than 2 defects is 0.6376 + 0.2869
= 0.9245. Thus, the probability of more than 1 defect is 1 – 0.9245 = 0.0755. This
answer can also be approximated using the Poisson Table III in the Appendix, without
calculations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
40. Five computer manuals with a missing chapter were mixed with 10 good
manuals. If 3 manuals are drawn at random, what is the probability of selecting
no manuals with missing chapters?
A. 0.7037
B. 0.2637
C. 0.2529
D. 0.0910
Correct Answer: B
Justification: The hypergeometric distribution is used to compute this answer. The

binomial distribution is not valid, because there is sampling without replacement. If the
population size is large in respect to the sample size (N>10n), then the binomial
distribution provides a good approximation to the hypergeometric distribution. In the
equation below, N is the population size (15 for this problem), n is the sample size (3 for
this problem), and d is the number of successes in the population (5 for this problem).

Note that N = 15, n = 3, r = 0 and d = 5.
Entering the equation with r = 0 gives the probability of exactly 0 successes in 3

attempts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
41. Which of the following statements describes attribute data?

A. Number of employees wearing green shirts
B. Number of gallon of chemical used in a process
C. Diameter of a hole
D. Miles per gallon of automobile fuel economy
Correct Answer: A
Justification: The number of employees wearing green shirts is attribute data. All other
choices are variable data.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
42. The distribution of a characteristic is negatively skewed. The sampling

distribution of the mean for large samples, taken from this same distribution, is:
A. Negatively skewed
B. Approximately normal
C. Positively skewed
D. Lognormal
Correct Answer: B
Justification: This question requires a review of the answers in light of the central limit
theorem. The central limit theorem states that sample means (s) will be more normally
distributed around µ than individual readings (Xs). As n increases, then the X means
approach a normal distribution with mean µ.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

43. Which of the following are attribute data?
I. Number of stitches on the seam of a regulation softball

II. Diameter of a squash ball
III. Number of dimples on a regulation golf ball
IV. Tabulation of the number of sick hours charged by the baseball bat
shaping operator
V. Distance between the opposing lacrosse creases (goals) on the playing
field
VI. Time remaining in the third quarter of play of the basketball game
A. II, V and VI only

B. I, II, III, IV, V and VI
D. I, III, V and VI only
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Attribute data are usually data that can be counted. Variable data are
data that are measured, with some sort of instrument, such as a micrometer, a tape
measure, or a watch.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
44. A capability study, conducted during a pilot run of 100 units, indicated that the
Cpk upper value to be 1.8 while the Cpk lower value was 0.90. The customer
requires a Cpk minimum value of 1.25. What action should be taken?
A. Center the process
B. Reduce variability
C. Renegotiate the customer specification
D. 100% inspect until new equipment is available
Correct Answer: A
Justification: There is some subjectivity to this question. However, the Cpk upper and
Cpk lower values suggest that process centering should be the first option considered.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

45. A process has been performing satisfactorily for some time. An improvement is
required. Your response is to:
A. Direct the workforce to be more careful in their work
B. Issue a slogan “do it right the first time”
C. Identify the special causes to correct the process
D. Identify the common cause conditions to correct the process
Correct Answer: D
Justification: Answers A and B are typical management attempts to tamper with the
system. The problem is not with the workers, but with the process. Answer C addresses
special causes; but with a system under control, special causes have been eliminated.
The common causes (answer D), in the system, have to be reduced in order to improve
the system.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
46. If it is suspected that a process requiring a process capability determination is not

a normal process but appears to be stable. The least desirable action to take, at
this point, would be to:
A. Advise the customer and request specification changes
B. Reduce variation to the point that it doesn’t matter
C. Transform the data to that of a normal distribution
D. Test the normality assumption using a chi-square test
Correct Answer: A
Justification: Note that a negative response is requested. Answers C and D are

actions that should be taken immediately. Answer B might be expensive or inexpensive,
but the question writer suggests that this approach should be explored before
requesting a potentially unnecessary specification change.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
47. The data from an R&R study will determine which of the following?
I. Accuracy
II. Reproducibility
III. Process variation
IV. Repeatability

V. Sensitivity

C. III, IV and V only
D. I, IV and V only
Correct Answer: B
Justification: I, accuracy, and V, sensitivity, must be assured before the R&R is

performed, eliminating answers A, C and D. The correct answer is B. Reproducibility II,
repeatability IV, and process variation III are, or can be, revealed from the data of an
R&R study.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
48. Given the data below, what is the 90% confidence interval for the variance?
12, 13, 9, 7, 19, 15
A. 4.21 – 99.07
B. 15.32 – 28.66
C. 8.27 – 79.88
D. 16.87 – 56.52
Correct Answer: C
Justification: The expression below is used to construct a confidence interval for the
variance of a sample taken from a normally distributed population, where n is the
sample size and s is the sample standard deviation. The chi-square values have n-1
degrees of freedom.

For this problem, the sample standard deviation is 4.278, n is 6, the chi-square value at
0.005 and 5 degrees of freedom is 11.07, and the chi-square value at 0.95 and 5
degrees of freedom is 1.1455, giving a confidence interval of 8.265 – 79.88.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
49. Which of the following distributions is NOT used in situations that have only two
possible outcomes?
A. Binomial
B. Hypergeometric
C. Geometric
D. Weibull
Correct Answer: D
Justification: The binomial, hypergeometric and geometric distribution, as well as the

negative binomial distribution, are used in situations that have only two possible
outcomes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50. A supplier of cotton yarn claims that their product has an average breaking
strength of 90 pounds. To test this claim, one selects a random sample of 16
pieces of yarn. If the standard deviation of his process is unknown and one uses
the normal distribution instead of “t” distribution theory to test the null hypothesis,
one would:
I. Increase the risk of a Type I error

II. Decrease the risk of a Type I error
III. Increase the risk of a Type II error
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and III only
Correct Answer: A

Justification: A type I risk is to reject a true hypothesis. A type II risk is to not reject a
false hypothesis.
If α = 0.05, the critical Z value for (Type I risk, two tails) is 1.960. The critical t value for α
(Type I risk, two tails) and (DF = 15) is 2.131. When the normal curve theory (Z value) is
substituted for the proper t value in this situation, there will be a greater risk of a Type I
error.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
51. Given 6 books, how many sets can be arranged in lots of 3 but always in a
different order?
A. 18 sets
B. 54 sets
C. 108 sets
D. 120 sets
Correct Answer: D
Justification: This problem does not imply distinct combinations therefore, a

permutation calculation, not a combination calculation, is required:
If the question asked for distinct combinations the answer would be:
One example, of the difference between the permutation and combination answers
follows:
Combination
(ABC)
Permutation
(ABC) + (ACB) + (BAC) + (BCA) + (CAB) + (CBA)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

52. Variation in the shape parameter for the Weibull distribution can, in turn, create
all of the following distribution shapes EXCEPT:
A. Rayleigh
B. Hypergeometric
C. Normal
D. Exponential
Correct Answer: B
Justification: If the scale parameter β (beta) = 1, the Weibull distribution is identical to

the exponential distribution, if β = 2, the Weibull distribution is identical to the Rayleigh
distribution; if β is between 3 and 4 the Weibull distribution approximates the normal
distribution.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
53. The calibration of measuring instruments is necessary to maintain accuracy. How

does calibration affect precision?
A. The precision increases over the working range of the instrument
B. The precision decreases over the working range of the instrument
C. Calibration has a minimum impact on precision
D. The precision will vary over the working range of the instrument
Correct Answer: C
Justification: This question requires an understanding of measuring instrument

precision. Precision is getting consistent results repeatedly and would not be affected by
calibration. Therefore, answer C is the best selection.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
54. It is often desirable to do a R&R study of a gage system and compare it to the
total process variation. What must be assured about the gage being used before
an R&R study can be performed?
A. Accuracy and precision
B. Reliability and sensitivity
C. Accuracy and sensitivity
D. Reliability and precision
Correct Answer: C

Justification: Reliability is the reproducibility and precision is the repeatability of the
gage. Repeatability and reproducibility are the two characteristics that will be
determined in the R&R study. Accuracy and sensitivity are the two characteristics that
must be assured before an R&R can be performed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
55. The typical responsibilities of a calibration department would include which of the
following?
I. Ensuring traceability of all calibrations to a standard laboratory

II. Maintaining an adequate record system
III. Suspending measuring equipment from use when conditions warrant
IV. Identifying equipment with a label indicating calibration status

Correct Answer: D
Justification: All of the listed items I – IV are calibration department responsibilities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
56. Which of the following process mapping symbols would NOT be associated with
a decision point?
A.
B.

C.
D.
Correct Answer: B
Justification: This question requires a knowledge of process mapping/flow-charting

symbols. Answer A represents a decision point. Answer C indicates a two-way decision.
Answer D can be a preparation stage or multiple decision point. Answer B is a
process/activity symbol.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
57. Which of the following measures of variability is NOT dependent on the exact
value of every measurement?
A. Mean deviation
B. Variance
C. Range
D. Standard deviation
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Note that a negative response is requested. Variance, mean deviation

and standard deviation require the exact value for every measurement. The range
requires exact values for the highest and lowest measurements only.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
58. Identify the three types of checksheets commonly used to record counted,
measured, and locational data:
I. Measles charts
II. Attribute lists

III. Recording checksheets
IV. Checklists
V. Variable lists
A. I, III and IV only

C. III, IV and V only
D. II, III and V only
Correct Answer: A
Justification: Items II and V are fillers which eliminates answers B, C and D. Measles
charts identify locational data. Recording checksheets are generally used for measured
data. Checklists are often used for attribute or counted information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
59. A histogram is also known as:
I. A cumulative frequency graph

II. A relative frequency graph
III. A population distribution function
A. I only
B. II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
Correct Answer: B
Justification: Item I is incorrect. A cumulative frequency graph is called an ogive. This

differs from an ordinary frequency polygon or histogram in that the frequencies are
cumulative. That is, each class frequency is added to the total of all previous class
frequencies. Item III is also incorrect. A histogram displays the distribution for a sample,
not a population function. A histogram is a relative frequency chart or graph. Often, the
readings are grouped into uniform intervals.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
60. If the probability of a car starting on a cold morning is 0.6, and we have two such
cars, what is the probability of at least one of the cars starting on a cold morning?
A. 0.84
B. 0.81
C. 0.60
D. 0.36
Correct Answer: A
Justification: This question can be solved by use of the additive law of probability.
(A U B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)
(A U B) = 0.6 + 0.6 – (0.6 × 0.6)
= 1.2 – 0.36 = 0.84
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
61. In a normal distribution, what is the area under the curve between +0.7 and +1.3
standard deviation units?
A. 0.2903
B. 0.7580
C. 0.2580
D. 0.1452
Correct Answer: D
Justification: This question requires a sketch of the normal distribution curve and use
of the standard normal table. The area shown in the figure below is requested.

The standard normal table, in Section XII of the CSSBB Primer, lists the area of the
curve beyond a given Z value. The value for +0.7 must be looked up and the value for
+1.3 must be subtracted from it.
0.2420 – 0.0968 = 0.1452
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
62. Calculate the performance ratio for a process with a spread of 20 – 30 and upper
and lower specification limits of 15 and 35 respectively.
A. 2.0
B. 1.0
C. 0.5
D. 0.4
Correct Answer: C
Justification: The formula for the required calculation is:
PR = 6σi .
(USL – LSL)
PR = 10 = 10 = 0.5
(35 – 15) 20
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
63. A histogram is used to plot the number of voids found versus the weight of a
plastic injection molded part. We would expect the shape of the distribution to be:
A. Normally distributed
B. Binomially distributed
C. A decreasing slope
D. Bimodal
Correct Answer: C
Justification: This question requires some understanding of histograms and injection

molding. Not all histograms have a normal distribution. In this case, as the weight of the
part increases, we would expect to find fewer voids, or a decreasing slope. There is no
reason to expect a binomial or bimodal distribution. The histogram might look like so:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
64. Identify the data conversion that would be MOST difficult to accomplish:
A. Attribute data converted to variables data
B. Variables data converted to attribute data
C. Accumulated go/no go data converted to variables data
D. Variables data converted to go/no go data
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Variables data can generally be converted readily to attribute data. Thus,
answers B and D are eliminated. If known in advance, attribute data can be converted
to meaningful variable count data. After the fact, of go/no go data would be most difficult
to convert into worthwhile variable information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65. Which of the following statistical distributions can be used to compare sample
means?
A. Chi-square distribution
B. Normal distribution
C. t distribution
D. Exponential distribution
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Knowing the relationships between reliability distributions and tests, this
question implies a sampling distribution. That eliminates the normal and exponential
continuous modeling distributions. The chi-square test deals with variances, while the t
test is a sample means test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
66. One would normally describe recorded values reflecting length, volume and time
as:
I. Measurable
II. Discrete
III. Continuous
IV. Variable
A. I and III only

B. II and IV only
C. I, III and IV
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Normally, length, volume and time are variables measured on a

continuous scale. It’s possible to turn some of these readings into discrete values but in
most cases this would not be an advantage. Item II is eliminated.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
67. In the binomial equation:

A. The sum of the exponents of each term after expansion is equal to the
sample size
B. The sum of coefficients of each term after expansion is equal to the sample
size
C. The sum of the exponents of all the terms after expansion is equal to the
sample size
D. The sum of the exponents after expansion has no relation to the sample size
Correct Answer: A
Justification: This question requires a review of the binomial expression and a

comparison to the answers.

The coefficient term equals:
n!
r!(n – r)!
Upon examination, this makes answer B untrue. The exponents are r and n – r. Answer
A is correct for all values from 0 to n. Answer C is untrue. For r = 1 and n = 8, the
exponent of p is 1 and the exponent of 1 – p is 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
68. The beta risk is the risk of:

A. Selecting the wrong hypothesis
B. A hypothesis not being rejected when it is false
C. Accepting a hypothesis when it is true
D. Rejecting a hypothesis when it is true
Correct Answer: B
Justification: A type I (or alpha) risk is to reject a true hypothesis. A type II (or beta)
risk is when the null hypothesis is not rejected and it should be (it is false).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
69. The equation below represents the:
A. Lognormal probability density function

B. Normal probability density function
C. Exponential probability density function
D. Weibull probability density function
Correct Answer: A
Justification: The equation above is the lognormal probability density function.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

100. Measuring and test equipment are normally calibrated to:
A. Comply with federal regulations

B. Determine and/or assure their precision
C. Determine and/or assure their accuracy
D. Check the validity of reference standards
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Knowledge of the calibration of measuring and test equipment is

required. The federal government does not mandate that all measuring and test
equipment be calibrated making answer A incorrect. Answer B is incorrect because
precision means getting consistent results repeatedly. Instruments are calibrated to a
reference standard not vice versa, making D incorrect. The correct answer is C because
measuring and test equipment is normally calibrated to determine and/or assure that an
unbiased true value (accuracy) is attained.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
101. Process flow improvement steps normally do NOT include:
I. Asking why we do it this way

II. Asking what would make it “perfect”
III. Analyzing each step in detail
IV. The use of Pareto diagrams
V. A comparison with processes different than your own
A. I and V only
B. II and IV only
C. III only
D. IV only
Correct Answer: D
Justification: The key question phrase is “normally do NOT include”. Items I, II and III
are all clearly parts of a process flow review. Item IV, the use of Pareto diagrams, is not
used as part of this technique and is the correct wrong answer. Item V may be
applicable in some cases.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
102. A number derived from sample data, which describes the data in some useful way,
is called a:
A. Constant
B. Statistic
C. Parameter
D. Critical value
Correct Answer: B
Justification: A constant is a fixed value π, e, A2, etc. A parameter is a number derived

from population data. A critical value is a table with which a test statistic is compared to
derive a population inference. A statistic is derived from sample data.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
103. A process capability index has been calculated for a stable, non-automated
process. Then, the operator is told to check samples at random and make centering
adjustments to the process based on the sample readings. Based on this information
one would expect to find:
A. That the process capability has gotten worse

B. That the process capability had gotten better
C. That the two capabilities are virtually identical
D. That the outcome would be unpredictable
Correct Answer: A
Justification: The question describes a situation in which an operator would be

“tweeking” a stable process. Simulation (described by the question conditions) have
yielded variation increases of 40% or so.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
104. Which distribution is most appropriate for modeling the number of surface defects
on a disk drive?
A. Normal
B. Poisson

C. Exponential
D. Lognormal
Correct Answer: B
Justification: The Poisson distribution is used for modeling rates, such as the number
of defects per disk drive, or the number of defects per automobile. Because of this, it is
widely used in queuing theory.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
105. Identify those graphical methods that are alternatives to histograms in displaying
variable data:
I. Scatter diagrams
II. Boxplots
III. Stem and leaf plots
IV. Ordinal plots
A. I, III and IV only

B. II and III only
C. I, II and III only
Correct Answer: B
Justification: Item I is incorrect. Scatter diagrams show the relationship between a

output variable and one or more input variable. Item IV is a distractor choice.
Boxplots (Box and whisker plots) are computer generated alternatives to histograms.
They contain certain other detail (midpoint, quartile location, outliers, etc.) that
histograms do not highlight. Stem and leaf plots are similar to histograms except that all
data points are retained.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
106. What percentage of the area under the standard normal curve is included within
(+/-) 1.5 standard deviations from 0?
A. 0.8664
B. 0.7500
C. 0.6680
D. 0.9332
Correct Answer: A
Justification: The standard normal curve has a mean of zero and a standard deviation
of 1. The value of the standard normal cumulative distribution function is equal to the
area under the standard normal curve to the left of z, where z is the standard normal
random deviate. The value of the standard normal cumulative distribution function when
z = -1.5 is 0.668. The value of the standard normal cumulative distribution function when
z = 1.5 is 0.9332. The area between z = -1.5 and z = 1.5 is 0.9332 – 0.0668 = 0.8664.
This is shown graphically in the figure below.
Note that the area to the left of z = -1.5 is equal to the right of z = 1.5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
107. When using a cause and effect diagram to solve plant problems, a session is
customarily divided into three parts. Which of the following would NOT be included?
A. Prioritizing
B. Process mapping
C. Brainstorming
D. Development of an action plan

Correct Answer: B
Justification: Note that a negative response is requested. A fishbone or cause and

effect session has three distinct parts:
Brainstorming
Prioritizing
Action plan development
Process mapping is a separate activity and is similar to flow charting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
108. The input categories for a classical cause and effect diagram would NOT include:
A. Maintenance
B. Manpower
C. Machine
D. Material
Correct Answer: A
Justification: The 4 M version of the cause and effect diagram includes input
categories: machine, material, method, and manpower. The 5M and E versions includes
measurement and environment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
109. Which of the following data types would provide the most useful information in
eliminating the causes of paint blemishes on automobiles being produced on an
assembly line?
A. Attribute
B. Ordinal
C. Locational
D. Variables
Correct Answer: C
Justification: All of the above data types could possibly help in identifying the source
and eliminating the causes of paint blemishes. However, locational data would also

provide information on whether the blemishes were being created during the painting
process, assembly process, or handling operations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
110. The best approach when selecting quality measuring devices, is which of the
following?
I. Select those which are automated or can be automated in the future

II. Select those which integrate most efficiently with the entire quality system
III. Select those that are not most inexpensive but will still differentiate between
good and bad product
IV. Select those, even if expensive, that will produce the most useful product
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. IV only
Correct Answer: B
Justification: The best and most comprehensive answer choice is B (item II). Answer A
(item I) may or may not be a good answer. Answers A, C and D (items I, III and IV)
could all be components of answer B.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
111. Which of the following is a discrete probability distribution?
I. Exponential
II. Poisson
III. Binomial
IV. Lognormal
A. I and II only
B. II and III only
C. I and IV only

D. III and IV only
Correct Answer: B
Justification: The key word in this question is “discrete”. Binomial, Hypergeometric,

and Poisson are discrete probability distributions. Normal, Log-normal,
Exponential,Extreme Value, F, Student t, Chi-square, and Weibull are continuous
probability distributions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
112. In Ishikawa diagrams, the box at the far right usually contains the:
A. Problem statement
B. Environment factors
C. Methods
D. Manpower considerations
Correct Answer: A
Justification: The problem statement is usually at the center of the far right side of the
Ishikawa diagram (A). There will be a line or arrow, which runs the length of the diagram
and points to the problem statement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
113. The distribution which has a mean equal to the standard deviation is the:
A. Poisson
B. Exponential
C. Weibull
D. Raleigh
Correct Answer: B
Justification: The mean and the standard deviation are equal for the exponential
distribution.
σ=θ
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

114. Which of the following is the key component in continuously providing a reliable
product?
A. Improving supplier acceptance testing

B. Adequately training the work force
C. Reducing product variability
D. Insuring scheduled equipment maintenance activities
Correct Answer: C
Justification: All of the answers are good choices. However, from a customer’s
perspective answer C is most important. Answers A, B and D (along with many other
activities) may be required to make answer C happen.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
115. Which of the following are applications of flowcharts?
I. Discrete assembly or machining steps

II. Continuous processes such as liquid handling
III. Office and non-technical processes
IV. Auditing of quality systems

B. I, III and IV only
C. II, III and IV only
Correct Answer: D
Justification: Flowchart applications include all of the items listed above. They are
useful in showing how steps or operations in any process are related, and the order in
which they take place.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
116. Which of the following distributions does NOT require the use of the natural
logarithmic base for probability calculations?
A. Normal
B. Poisson
C. Weibull
D. Binomial
Correct Answer: D
Justification: This question requires a review of the formulas for the four listed
distributions and a comparison to the answers. The Normal, Poisson and Weibull (as
well as exponential) distributions all use e in their probability formulas. The binomial
distribution does not.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
117. The hypergeometric distribution should be used instead of the binomial distribution
when:
A. There are more than 2 outcomes on a single trial

B. Each trial is independent
C. Sampling does not involve replacement
D. There is a fixed number of trials
Correct Answer: C
Justification: The hypergeometric distribution is used when there are two possible
outcomes on each trail, but the probability of success on each trail differs because there
is sampling without replacement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
118. The distribution which has a mean equal to the variance is the:
A. Poisson
B. Exponential
C. Weibull
D. Rayleigh
Correct Answer: A
Justification: The mean and variance are equal for the Poisson distribution.
Poisson average = µ = np = c

Poisson variance = σ2 = µ = np = c
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
119. Use this data for the following question.
Raw data: 307, 309, 310, 315, 309, 310

Coded data: 7, 9, 10, 15, 9, 10
What is X bar?
A. 10
B. 12
C. 310
D. 312
Correct Answer: The average of the raw data is 310. The average of the coded data is
10. True X bar should be expressed in the same terms as the raw data. Consider the
coded data average to be X bar – C (where C is a constant).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
120. Given a Cp of 1.5 for a process and the same standard deviation and specification
limits for the calculation of capability or performance indices, one would not be surprised
to find:
I. CR and PR to be equal
II. CR to be less than PP
III. PR to be less than CP
IV. CP and PP to be equal
A. I only
B. I and IV only
C. II and III only
Correct Answer: D

Justification: The implication, from the CP value of 1.5, is that the standard deviation is
fairly low compared to the specification limits. In this case, all of the statements I – IV
are true.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
121. Which of the following statements is most applicable to trend analysis?
A. Experience is required for proper interpretation

B. Bar charts are more informative than run charts
C. Most applications should be reflected in an improvement percentage
D. An improving trend is an indication of corporate survival
Correct Answer: A
Justification: Answers B and C may be correct or incorrect dependent upon the

subject being charted. Answer D is generally correct but this statement may not always
be true. The last buggy whip company may have had some impressive trends (profit,
efficiency, quality, etc.) shortly before going out of business.
Experience and the recognition of presentation fallacies are important in trend analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
122. the most essential value of a surface plate in precision measurement application is
which of the following?
A. It provides a flat working surface

B. It provides a surface free of minor vibration
C. It provides an accurate reference surface
D. It provides a chemically resistant work surface
Correct Answer: C
Justification: The key phrase in this question is “most essential”. Answer C is correct.
The other answers are of varying lesser importance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
123. All standards are traceable to a “grand standard”. Arrange the following items in an
appropriate downward sequence of traceability:
I. Work Center
II. Metrology Laboratory
III. Quality Control System (Inspection Department)
IV. Standards Laboratory
V. National Institute of Standards and Technology
A. I, IV, II, III, V

B. V, IV, II, I, III
C. I, III, II, V, IV
D. V, IV, II, III, I
Correct Answer: D
Justification: The decision is to start with I work center or V National Institute of

Standards and Technology. The question states to arrange in order the downward
direction of this traceability, therefore, V would be listed first. This would eliminate
answers A and C. The work center I is the bottom level eliminating answer B. The
correct order would be V, IV, II, III, I.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
124. Which of the following is the quality assurance requirements for measuring
equipment and metrological confirmation system for measuring equipment?
A. ISO 14000
B. ISO 10011 – 1
C. ISO 9003
D. ISO 10012
Correct Answer: D
Justification: Answer A is an environmental management standard. Answer B is an

auditing organization standard. Answer C is the auditing standard for software
development. ISO 10012 is correct.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
125. The applicable distribution to describe the time between failures that occur
independently and at a constant rate is the:
A. Log-normal
B. Exponential
C. Weibull

D. Extreme value
Correct Answer: B
Justification: The key question words are “constant” and “independently”. The
exponential distribution meets the question requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
126. A process calls for the mean value of a dimension to be 2.02”. Which of the
following should be used as the null hypothesis to test whether or not the process is
achieving this mean?
A. The mean of the population is 2.02”

B. The mean of the sample is 2.02”
C. The mean of the population is not 2.02”
D. The mean of the sample is not 2.02”
Correct Answer: A
Justification: The purpose of statistical inference is to draw a conclusion about

population characteristics. Therefore, answers B and D are eliminated. A null
hypothesis assumes that nothing has changed. The hypothesis might look like so:
H0: µ = µ0
(or) H0: µ = 2.02”
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
127. What is the upper confidence limit (3 sigma) for proportion defective when the
average daily production is 2500 units with an established fraction defective of 0.05?
A. 0.054
B. 0.058
C. 0.063
D. 0.066
Correct Answer: C
Justification: This question requires an upper calculation for proportion. Note that the
question does not indicate that the sample size is fixed.

Equation:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
128. In the measurement of the distance between two points, which of the following
factors is LEAST likely to be influenced by the person making the measurement?
A. Precision of measurement
B. Accuracy of measurement
C. Calibration of the measuring instrument
D. True distance between the two points
Correct Answer: D
Justification: Note that a negative question response is requested. Answers A, B and

C can all be influenced by the person making the measurement. The true distance
between the two points is not influenced by the person making a measurement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
129. The standard deviation as a percent of the mean is called:
A. Relative precision
B. Coefficient of variation
C. Standard deviation of the mean
D. Standard error
Correct Answer: B

Justification: The coefficient of variation equals the standard deviation divided by the
mean and is expressed as a percentage. That is:
COV = S (100)
X
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
130. Identify the distribution that has a mean equal to the variance.
A. Poisson
B. Weibull
C. Exponential
D. Chi-square
Correct Answer: A
Justification: The Poisson mean is equal to:
µ = np = c
The Poisson variance is equal to:
µ = np = c
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
131. Which (two) of the following conditions are NOT likely to demonstrate process
shifts?
I. A change of operating crew

II. Gradual tool wear
III. A reduction in defective level due to Kaizen techniques
IV. The use of a new measuring device
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. III and IV only

Correct Answer: C
Justification: A process shift is due to rapid shifts in the process pattern being plotted.
Events that could prompt such a change include a change in crew (machine settings) or
a change in measuring device or method. Items II and III are changes that would most
probably result in gradual trends not process shifts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
132. In statistical quality control, a parameter is:
A. A random variable
B. A sample value
C. A population value
D. The solution to a statistical problem
Correct Answer: C
Justification: A statistic is a sample value. A parameter is a population value.
Consider this definition from Statistics For Management and Economics Mendenhall, by
Reinmuth & Beaver: “Numerical descriptive measurements computed from population
measurements are called parameters those computed from sample measurements are
called statistics.”
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
133. In flowcharts, the diamond symbol is used to represent:
A. Process steps
B. Decision branch
C. Start of a process
D. Continuation
Correct Answer: B
Justification: A diamond represents a decision branch (B). Flowcharting is used so

much that there are American National Standard Institute (ANSI) standards for
flowcharting symbols. The rectangle represents a process step. A hexagon represents
set up or preparation activity. A circle indicates that the flowchart is continued on
another flowchart or page.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
134. Accuracy is:
A. Getting consistent results repeatedly

B. Reading to one decimal greater than the reported dimension
C. Using the best measuring device available
D. Getting an unbiased true value
Correct Answer: D
Justification: Getting consistent results repeatedly is precision. Reading to one

decimal greater than the reported dimension has to do with the sensitivity of the device.
Using the best measuring device available can be costly and unnecessary. The correct
choice is getting an unbiased true value.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
135. A manufacturer of children’s wagons would like to visualize where the defects
occur on the wagons. The defects encountered so far include missing bolts, paint
peeling, missing decals, cracked wood, sharp edges, and bent metal parts. A useful tool
for this application is a:
A. X-type matrix
B. Measles chart
C. Regression analysis
D. Scatter diagram
Correct Answer: B
Justification: The measles chart would be useful to show visually where the wagon
defects occur. This could aid in determining if a particular process step is causing the
defects.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
136. For attribute data, process capability:
A. Cannot be determined
B. Is determined by the control limits on the applicable attribute chart
C. Is defined as the average proportion of nonconforming product
D. Is measured by counting the average nonconforming units in 25 or more
samples
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Answer C is the appropriate definition per AIAG. The average proportion
may be reported on a defects/defectives per million scale by multiplying the average
(such as p bar, c bar, u bar, etc.) by 1,000,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
137. Flowcharting of activities and systems is most helpful in detecting:

I. Inappropriate use of resources
II. Deficiencies in the organizational structure
III. Holes or gaps in the control system
IV. Improper use of statistical methods
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I and III only
D. I, II and IV only
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Flow charting is a tool frequently utilized in the audit. The question refers
to activities and systems. The key words are “most helpful”.
I. True. The flow chart can reveal wasted manpower or resources, excess
handling, or extra processing.
II. False. The question refers to activities and systems. The organization chart is
a better location for organizational deficiencies.
III. True. The flow chart is a good tool to find holes, gaps, or weak areas in the
control system.
IV. False. The flow chart does not identify improperly applied statistical methods.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
138. Which of the following are attribute data?

I. Number of stitches on the seam of a regulation softball
II. Diameter of a squash ball
III. Number of dimples on a regulation golf ball
IV. Tabulation of the number of sick hours charged by the baseball bat
shaping operator
V. Distance between the opposing lacrosse creases (goals) on the playing
field
VI. Time remaining in the third quarter of play of the basketball game
A. II, V, and VI only
B. I, II, III, IV, V, and VI
C. I, III, and IV only
D. I, III, V, and VI only
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Attribute data are usually data that can be counted. Variable data are
data that are measured, with some sort of instrument, such as a micrometer, a tape
measure, or a watch.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
139. Measurement error:

A. Is normally the fault of the inspector
B. Can be determined
C. Is usually of little consequence
D. Can be eliminated by frequent calibrations of the measuring device
Correct Answer: B
Justification: Answers A, C and D are all incorrect. Sometimes the inspector is not
properly trained and sometimes the measuring instrument is at fault. In either case, it is
very important to determine the origin of the error. Contracts can be lost due to
measurement error which can be determined using R&R (repeatability and
reproducibility) studies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
140. Which of the following statements describes attribute data?

A. Number of employees wearing green shirts
B. Number of gallons of chemical used in a process
C. Diameter of a hole
D. Miles per gallon of automobile fuel economy

Correct Answer: A
Justification: The number of employees wearing green shirts is attribute data. All other
choices are variable data.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
141. If we drew a large number of samples from a controlled process, we would

not be surprised to discover:
I. Some differences among the values of the sample means
II. A distribution of sample means around some central value
III. That many sample means differ from the process average
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and III only
D. I, II and III
Correct Answer: D
Justification: Items I – III are all correct statements regarding sampling principles,
control chart theory and statistical inference.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
142. The distribution of a characteristic is negatively skewed. The sampling

distribution of the mean for large samples, taken from this same distribution, is:
A. Negatively skewed
B. Approximately normal
C. Positively skewed
D. Lognormal
Correct Answer: B
Justification: This question requires a review of the answers in light of the central limit
theorem. The central limit theorem states that sample means (s) will be more normally
distributed around μ than individual readings (Xs). As n increases, then the X means
approach a normal distribution with mean μ.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

143. A capability study, conducted during a pilot run of 100 units, indicated that
the CPk upper value to be 1.8 while the CPk lower value was 0.90. The customer
requires a CPk minimum value of 1.25. What action should be taken?
A. Center the process
B. Reduce variability
C. Renegotiate the customer specification
D. 100% inspect until new equipment is available
Correct Answer: A
Justification: There is some subjectivity to this question. However, the CPk upper and
CPk lower values suggest that process centering should be the first option considered.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
144. Eddy current testing requires that:

I. The inspected part be cylindrical
II. The inspected part be electrically conductive
III. The equipment operators be very skilled
IV. The service technicians be very skilled
A. I and III only
B. II and IV only
C. I, II and IV only
Correct Answer: B
Justification: Statement I is partially false. Round or cylindrical parts are more easily
processed than those of irregular shapes. Statements II and IV are true. Statement III is
false; unless the operator is also responsible for repair of the test equipment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
145. A master or reference gage is used for the purpose of checking:

A. The finished product
B. The working gage for accuracy prior to measuring the product
C. The working gage after measuring the part to assure that both the part and
measurements are correct
D. The working gage for accuracy after measuring a given number of parts

Correct Answer: B
Justification: A master or reference gage is used for the purpose of checking the
working gage for accuracy prior to measuring the product.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
146. Which of the following is a continuous probability distribution?

A. Weibull
B. Hypergeometric
C. Binomial
D. Poisson
Correct Answer: A
Justification: Hypergeometric, binomial and Poisson are discrete (attribute based)

distributions. The Weibull is one of many continuous (variable based) distributions, but
the only one listed among the available answers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
147. Which of the following is a discrete probability distribution?

I. Exponential
II. Poisson
III. Binomial
IV. Lognormal
A. I and II only
B. II and III only
C. I and IV only
D. III and IV only
Correct Answer: B
Justification: The key word in this question is “discrete”. Binomial, Hypergeometric,

and Poisson are discrete probability distributions. Normal, Log-normal, Exponential,
Extreme Value, F, Student t, Chi-square, and Weibull are continuous probability
distributions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

148. Process flow improvement steps normally do NOT include:
I. Asking why we do it this way
II. Asking what would make it “perfect”
III. Analyzing each step in detail
IV. The use of Pareto diagrams
V. A comparison with processes different than your own
A. I and V only
B. II and IV only
C. III only
D. IV only
Correct Answer: D
Justification: The key question phrase is “normally do NOT include.” Items I, II and III
are all clearly parts of a process flow review. Item IV, the use of Pareto diagrams, is not
used as part of this technique and is the correct wrong answer. Item V may be
applicable in some cases.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
149. For the Weibull distribution, as the scale parameter decreases:

A. The Weibull is equivalent to the exponential
B. The location parameter approaches zero
C. The probability density function stretches to the right
D. The probability density function is compressed to the left
Correct Answer: D
Justification: The Weibull is the most complex of distributions generally used in

reliability analysis. It was developed by W. Weibull of Sweden for problems involving the
fatigue lives of materials. The Weibull may contain up to three parameters: β (shape), α
or η (scale) and λ (location). As the scale decreases, the probability density function is
compressed to the left. This last statement makes D true and C incorrect. The Weibull is
equal to the exponential when β = 1, α = 1 and λ = 0. Statements A and B are untrue.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
150. Which of the following statistical distributions can be used to compare

sample means?

A. Chi-square distribution
B. Normal distribution
C. t distribution
D. Exponential distribution
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Knowing the relationships between reliability distributions and tests, this
question implies a sampling distribution. That eliminates the normal and exponential
continuous modeling distributions. The chi-square test deals with variances, while the t
test is a sample means test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
151. In the establishment of a calibration schedule, which of the following

statements apply?
A. The importance of tool pressure and operator “feel” must be emphasized
B. The cleanliness of all tools must be controlled
C. A time or usage interval must be established and maintained
D. Adequate instruction in the care and operation of the tool is necessary
Correct Answer: C
Justification: All of the listed statements are good ones. However, the only one that
pertains to schedule is answer C.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
152. A process model typically consists of which five input elements from the
following options?
I. Machines
II. Materials
III. Power
IV. Methods
V. Environment
VI. Feedback
VII. People
A. I, II, III and V only
B. II, III, IV, VI and VII only

C. I, II, IV, V and VII only
D. I, II, IV, VI and VII only
Correct Answer: C
Justification: Use a process of elimination to come up with the correct answer:

Feedback is important in controlling a process, but is not one of the five input elements.
Therefore, answers B and D, which both contain “feedback” (VI) in their list of five, can
be eliminated. Even though “power” (III) is required to run some processes, it is not a
generic input element. Power would be considered part of the “machines” element; thus
A is not correct. This leaves C as the remaining correct answer. Machines, materials,
methods, people (or manpower), and environment are process input elements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
153. The measure of the central location for the nominal scale is considered to
be the:
A. Mode
B. Median
C. Arithmetic mean
D. Average
Correct Answer: A
Justification: The nominal scale is a very low level statistic and only the mode can be
used to describe the central location. Average and arithmetic mean are one and the
same.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
154. Use the data for the following question.

Raw data: 307, 309, 310, 315, 309, 310
Coded data: 7, 9, 10, 15, 9, 10
What is X bar?
A. 10
B. 12
C. 310
D. 312
Correct Answer: C
Justification: The average of the raw data is 310. The average of the coded data is 10.
True X bar should be expressed in the same terms as the raw data. Consider the coded
data average to be X bar – C (where C is a constant).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
155. The beta risk is the risk of :

A. Selecting the wrong hypothesis
B. A hypothesis not being rejected when it is false
C. Accepting a hypothesis when it is true
D. Rejecting a hypothesis when it is true
Correct Answer: B
Justification: A type I (or alpha) risk is to reject a true hypothesis. A type II (or beta)
risk is when the null hypothesis is not rejected and it should be (it is false).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
156. In Ishikawa diagrams, the box at the far right usually contains the:
A. Problem statement
B. Environmental factors
C. Methods
D. Manpower considerations
Correct Answer: A
Justification: The problem statement is usually at the center of the far right side of the
Ishikawa diagram (A). There will be a line or arrow, which runs the length of the diagram
and points to the problem statement.

Measure

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Measure

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

MEASURE

Justification: To determine a confidence interval for µ (for a normal distribution,

Where, n= sample size and s= sample standard deviation

2. In reference to the figure below, which of the following is true?

Justification: This question requires a review of the central limit theorem. As

The distribution of X approaches a normal distribution mean µ and standard deviation

4. Which of the following is NOT a statistical level of measurement?

2 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

Justification: Numerical is not a statistical level of measurement. Ordinal is data that is

5. One use of recording checksheets is:

6. Which of the following is a continuous probability distribution?

Justification: Hypergeometric, binomial and Poisson are discrete (attribute based)

3 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

8. Which one of the following best describes machine capability?

Justification: Answers A and C may or may not be good indicators of machine

4 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

11. Sensitivity is:

Justification: Knowledge of basic measurement terminology is required to answer this

5 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

13. What is the danger in using the formula:

… to determine standard deviation for use in calculating a capability index?

A. Most processes are not control charted so R bar is not available

6 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

15. Measurement error:

16. Sampling plans are routinely selected based on their:

7 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

Justification: If the probability of occurrence of an event of interest (termed a success)

I. Some differences among the values of the sample means

8 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

Justification: General quality and measurement knowledge is required to answer this

9 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

I. The Cpk value is often larger than Cp

Justification: This question requires a review of Cp and Cpk.

I. To identify where unnecessary complexity exists

11 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

Justification: This question requires a basic understanding of the normal distribution

12 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

Justification: Basic familiarity with measuring equipment is required to answer this

27. Which of the following statements decribes discrete data?

13 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

14 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

Justification: In this example, drawing E represents an intersection and drawing F

I. There can be multiple paths through the flowchart

15 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

A. I and III only

16 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

I. Defect location checksheet

33. Two disadvantages of a fishbone diagram are:

I. It displays causes in a nongraphical manner

A. I and III only

17 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

34. For the Weibull distribution, as the scale parameter decreases:

Justification: The Weibull is the most complex of distributions generally used in

Justification: Knowledge of calibration principles is required. The key question phrase

18 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

I. Stem and leaf plots

A. I, II and III only

I. The specification limits

Justification: The calculation for performance index is:

20 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

Justification: The hypergeometric distribution is used to compute this answer. The

21 www.pmtutor.org Powered by POeT Solvers Limited.

Entering the equation with r = 0 gives the probability of exactly 0 successes in 3

41. Which of the following statements describes attribute data?