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TIẾT 1: CẤU TẠO TỪ - TỪ LOẠI
(Word formation – Parts of speech)

1 – CÁCH NHẬN BIẾT CÁC LOẠI TỪ TRONG TIẾNG ANH

A. COMMON NOUN (THING) ENDINGS
1. –ism : criticism, heroism, patriotism
2. –nce : importance, significance, dependence, resistance,
3. –ness : bitterness, darkness, hardness
4. –ion : pollution, suggestion, action,
5. –ment : accomplishment, commencement, enhancement, excitement,
6. –(i)ty : purity, authority, majority, superiority, humidity, cruelty,
faculty, honesty, plenty, safety
7. –age : baggage, carriage, damage,
language, luggage, marriage, passage

8. –ship : citizenship, fellowship, scholarship, friendship, hardship,

9. –th : bath, birth, death, growth, health, length, strength,
truth, depth, breadth,
wealth.
10. –dom : freedom, kingdom, wisdom
11. –hood : childhood, brotherhood, neighborhood, likelihood,
12. –ure : closure, legislature, nature, failure, pleasure,
13. –cy : bankruptcy, democracy, accuracy, expectancy, efficiency,
14. –(t)ry : rivalry, ancestry, carpentry, machinery, scenery,
bravery
15. –logy : archaeology, geology, sociology, zoology
16. –graphy : bibliography, biography

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TIẾT 1: CẤU TẠO TỪ - TỪ LOẠI
(Word formation – Parts of speech)

B. COMMON NOUN (PERSON) ENDINGS

1. – or : actor, creator, doctor, tailor, visitor. bachelor
2. – er :
northerner, villager, airliner, sorcerer
3. – ee : employee, payee, absentee, refugee.
4. – ist : economist, dentist, pianist, optimist, perfectionist
5. – ician : magician, physician, musician, electrician, beautician,
6. – ant (10%) : assistant, accountant, consultant, contestant, inhabitant

C. ADJECTIVE ENDINGS
1. – ent : independent, sufficient, absent, ancient, apparent,
2. – ant : important, significant , abundant, ignorant, brilliant,
3. – ful : beautiful, graceful, powerful, grateful, forgetful,
Exceptions: handful, mouthful, spoonful are nouns
4. – ic classic, historic, artistic, economic,
5. – less : doubtless, fearless, powerless, countless, tireless,
6. – ive : authoritative, demonstrative,
talkative, active, passive, comparative, possessive
7. – ous : dangerous, glorious, murderous, hilarious,
8. – able : reliable, comfortable, suitable.
9. – ible : audible, edible, terrible
10. – al : central, general, oral, tropical, tidal
Exceptions : rival, arrival, proposal, withdrawal, survival are nouns
11. – ory : mandatory, compulsory, satisfactory
Exceptions : dormitory, promontory, territory are nouns
12. – ary : contrary, primary, temporary, necessary
13. – y : angry, happy, icy, messy, milky, tidy, chilly,
14. – ly :friendly, cowardly, manly
15. – (r)ate (10%): temperate, accurate, considerate, literate

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TIẾT 1: CẤU TẠO TỪ - TỪ LOẠI

(Word formation – Parts of speech)
16. – ish: foolish, bookish, bluish, reddish

D. COMMON VERB ENDINGS

1. – en/ en – : listen, happen, strengthen, lengthen, shorten, soften, widen, entrust,

enslave, enlarge, encourage, enable, enrich

2. – ate : assassinate, associate, fascinate, separate,
vaccinate, evacuate
3. – ize : idolize, apologize, sympathize, authorize, fertilize
4. – ify : satisfy, solidify, horrify

E. COMMON ADVERB ENDING

1. – ly : firstly, fully, greatly, happily, hourly
2. – wise : otherwise, clockwise
3. – ward : backward, inward, onward, eastward

2. CHỨC NĂNG CỦA MỘT SỐ TỪ LOẠI

a. Danh từ (Noun)

Sau tính từ (adj + N) They are interesting books.

Sau
- mạo từ: a /an / the He is a student.
- từ chỉ định: this, that, these, those, every, each, These flowers are beautiful.
… She needs some water.
- từ chỉ số lượng: many, some, few, little, several
...
- tính từ sở hữu: my, his, her, your, our, their,
its…
Sau ngoại động từ (V cần O) She buys books.
She meets a lot of people.
Sau giới từ (prep. + N) He talked about the story yesterday.
He is interested in music.

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TIẾT 1: CẤU TẠO TỪ - TỪ LOẠI

(Word formation – Parts of speech)

Trước V chia thì (N làm chủ từ) The man has just arrived.
Sau enough (enough + N) I don’t have enough money to buy that
house.

b. Tính từ (Adj)

Trước N (Adj + N) This is an interesting books.

Sau TO BE I am tired.
Sau: become, get, look, feel, taste, smell, seem It becomes hot.
… She feels sad.
Sau trạng từ (adv + adj): extremely (cực It is extremely cold.
kỳ), completely (hoàn toàn), really (thực sự), I’m terribly sorry.
terribly, very, quite, rather, … She is very beautiful.
Sau keep / make The news made me happy.
Sau too ( be + too + adj) That house is too small.
Trước enough (be + adj + enough) The house isn’t large enough.
Trong cấu trúc: be + so + adj + that She was so angry that she can’t speak.
A, an, the, this, that, his, her, their, my, … + My new car is blue.
(Adj) + Noun
Trong câu cảm thán:
- How + adj + S + V How beautiful the girl is!
- Wht + (a / an) + adj + N What an interesting film!

c. Trạng từ (Adv)

Sau V thường He drove carefully.

Trước Adj I meet an extremely handsome man.
Giữa cụm V She has already finished the job.
Đầu câu hoặc trước dấu phẩy Unfortunately, I couldn’t come the party.
Sau too V + too + adv They walked too slowly to catch the bus.
Trong cấu trúc V + so + adv + that Jack drove so fast that he caused an accident.
Trước enough V + adv + enough You should write clearly enough for every body
to read.

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