Sampling

Table of Contents
Basic Terms ................................................................................................................................................... 2
Population ................................................................................................................................................. 2
Element ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
Sample....................................................................................................................................................... 2
Sampling Unit ............................................................................................................................................ 2
Subject ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
Sampling Error .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Frame Error or Coverage Error ................................................................................................................. 2
Reasons for sampling .................................................................................................................................... 3
Sampling Process .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Population ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Sampling Frame ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Sampling Design ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Probability sampling ................................................................................................................................. 3
Non Probability sampling .......................................................................................................................... 4
Type of Probability Sampling .................................................................................................................... 4
Unrestricted or simple random sampling ................................................................................................. 4
Systematic sampling ................................................................................................................................. 4
Stratified random sampling ...................................................................................................................... 4
Proportionate and Dis Proportionate sampling........................................................................................ 5
Cluster sampling........................................................................................................................................ 5
Single stage cluster sampling .................................................................................................................... 5
Multi stage cluster sampling ..................................................................................................................... 5
Double Sampling ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Non Probability Sampling.......................................................................................................................... 6
Type of Probability Sampling .................................................................................................................... 6
Convenience sampling .............................................................................................................................. 6
Purposive Sampling ................................................................................................................................... 6
 Judgemental sampling .............................................................................................................................. 6
Quota Sampling......................................................................................................................................... 6
Sample Size ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Formula ..................................................................................................................................................... 8

Basic Terms
Population
Population refer to the entire, group of people event of things of interest that the researchers wishes to
investigate

Element
An Element is a single member of the population

Sample
A sample is a subset of population

Sampling Unit
The sampling unit is the element or set of elements that is available for selection in some stage of
sampling process. Examples of sampling unit in a multistage sample are city blocks. House hold and
individuals within the households.

Subject
A subject is a single member of the sample, just an element is a single member of the population

Parameter

The Characteristics of the population such as MEU (Population Mean) Sigma (Population Standard
Deviation are referred as its parameters.

Sampling Error
The sampling error is the difference between a sample statistic used to estimate a population parameter
and the actual but unknown value of the parameter.

Frame Error or Coverage Error

When the sampling frame does not exactly match the population coverage error occur.

Response Rate

In survey research, response rate, also known as completion rate or return rate, is the number of people
who answered the survey divided by the number of people in the sample. It is usually expressed in the
form of a percentage.
Formula:

Divide the number that responded to your survey by the total you invited. This is your sample response
rate. For example, if 20 out of 100 responded you have a 20% sample response rate

Non Response Error

A failure to obtain information from a number of subject includes in the sample ( Non-response) may
lead to non-response error. Non Response error exists to the extent that those who did respond to your
survey are different from those who did not on ( one of the) characteristics in your Study

Reasons for sampling

• Impossible to collect data from population
• Time
• Cost
• Destructive nature of elements

Note: some time sample result are more reliable than population because fatigue is reduced and fewer
error

Sampling Process
• Define the Population
• Determine the sampling frame
• Determine the sampling Design
• Determine the Appropriate sample Size
• Execute the sampling process

Population
The target population muse be defined in terms of elements geographical boundaries and time

Sampling Frame
The physical representation of all the elements in the population from which the sample is drawn

Sampling Design
There are two major type of sampling Design probability sampling and non-probability sampling

Probability sampling
Elements in the population have some known non zero chance or probability of being selected.
Non Probability sampling
The elements do not have a known or predetermined chance of being selected as subject

Type of Probability Sampling

a. Unrestricted Probability sampling
i. Simple Random Sampling
b. Restricted or complex probability sampling
i. Systematic Sampling
ii. Stratified random Sampling
1. Proportionate stratified random sampling
2. Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling
iii. Cluster Sampling
1. Single Stage cluster sampling
2. Multi stage cluster sampling

Unrestricted or simple random sampling

In the unrestricted probability sampling design more commonly known as simple random sampling
every element in the population has a known and equal chance of being selected as a subject

Systematic sampling
The systematic sampling design involve drawing every nth element in the population starting with a
randomly chosen element between 1 and n

Stratified random sampling

A process of stratification or segregation followed by the random selection of subjects from each
stratum. The population is first divided into mutually exclusive group that are relevant appropriate and
meaningful in the context of the study

Note: drawn using either a simple random sampling or a systematic sampling procedure
Proportionate and Dis Proportionate sampling

Cluster sampling
Cluster sample are sample gathered in group or chunks of elements that ideally are natural aggregate of
elements in the population.

In cluster sampling the target population is first divided into cluster. Then a random sample of clusters
is drawn and for each selected cluster either all the elements or a sample of elements are included in
the sample

Note: cluster sampling is used when no list of the population element is available

Single stage cluster sampling

Involve division of the population into convenient cluster, randomly choose the number of clusters as
sample subjects and investigating all the elements in each of the randomly chosen cluster

Multi stage cluster sampling

Cluster sampling done in several stages is known as multistage cluster sampling for instance if were to
do a national survey of the average monthly bank depositis, cluster sampling would first be used to
select the urban, semi urban, and rural geographical location for study. At the next stage particular areas
in each of these locations Would be chosen. At the third stage banks within each area would be chosen.
In other words multistage cluster sampling involves a probability sampling of the primary sampling units
from each of these primary units, a probability sampling of the secondary sampling units is then drawn a
third level of probability sampling is done for each of these secondary units and so on until we have
reached the final stage of breakdown for the sample units, when we sample every members in those
units

Double Sampling
A sampling design where initially a sample is used to study to collect some preliminary information of
interest and later a subsample of this primary sample is used to examine the matter in more details is
called double sampling

Non Probability Sampling

The element of population do not have any probability attached to their being chosen as sample subject

Type of Non Probability Sampling

1. Convenience Sampling
2. Purposive Sampling
a. Judgement sampling
b. Quota sampling

Convenience sampling
Refer to the collection of information from members of the population who are conveniently available
to provide it

Purposive Sampling
Sampling process limited to specific types of people who can provide the desired information, either
because they are the only one who have it or conform to some criteria set by researchers

Judgemental sampling
Involve the choice of subject who are most advantageously placed or in the best position to provide the
information required.

Quota Sampling
Quota sampling can b considered a form of proportionate stratified sampling in which a predetermined
proportion of people are sampled from different groups but on a convenience basis
Sample Size
Sample size calculator link

https://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm

Formula
infinite Population = For Finite Population =

Z Value

CI Z value
99 2.575829
95 1.959964
90 1.644853

Sample Size for estimating Population Mean

https://www.isixsigma.com/tools-templates/sampling-data/how-determine-sample-size-
determining-sample-size/

Roscoe (1975) propose the following rules of thumb in determining sample size.

1. Sample sizes larger than 30 and less than 500 are appropriate for most research
2. Where sample are to be broken into subsamples ( male / females, junior/ seniors, etc.) a
minimum sample size of 30 for each category is necessary.
3. In multivariate research ( including multiple regression analyses) the sample size should
be preferable ten time or more as large as the number of variables in the study
4. For simple experimental research with tight experimental control ( matched, pairs, etc.)
successful research is possible with samples as small as 10 to 20 in size