Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Audiovisual

Agriculture Council of America. "Celebrate Ag Day." National Agriculture Day. Agriculture

Council of America, 2015. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. <http://www.agday.org/>.

National Agriculture Day was created in order to celebrate the abundance produced by
agriculture around the world. Every year, thousands of organizations, universities,
agricultural associations, and government agencies, meet to recognize the hard work of
farmers. Thanks to Borlaug’s initiative during the Green Revolution, the government is
now taking on a more active role in allying with farmers in order to aid their farming
operations and agricultural success.

Associated Press. "The Boyhood Farm." Norman Borlaug Heritage Foundation. Norman
Borlaug Heritage Foundation, 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.normanborlaug.org/properties.html>.

This is a photo from Borlaug’s early life, where he was raised on a small 56-acre farm.
Borlaug had been accustomed to the hardships and struggles of poverty, as he had
witnessed them when he was growing up, and this inculcated the understanding in him
that allowed him to connect with the farmers he worked with. This connection gave him
the influence he needed to guide them towards agricultural success and security.

Associated Press. The Life of Dr. Norman E. Borlaug. World Food Prize. World Food Prize,
2009. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/dr_norman_e_borlaug/extended_biography/>.

These photographs illustrate Dr. Borlaug’s work in Southeast Asia. He is shown

discussing agricultural techniques with Indian farmers and communicating with workers
in storage unites for the hundreds of bags of rice shown in the photo, revealing the
incredible increase Southeast Asia saw in rice production under the influence of Norman
Borlaug.

Borlaug Institute. "Congressional Gold Medal Presented to Borlaug." AgriLife Today. Texas
A&M University, n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.

This picture depicts Dr. Norman Borlaug receiving the Congressional Gold Medal from
former president George W. Bush. This award recognizes those who have been
outstanding representatives for the country through their drive and vision and therefore is
an extremely prestigious honor.
Borlaug Institute. "Scientist Norman Borlaug." Genetic Literacy Project. Genetic Literacy
Project, n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. <http://geneticliteracyproject.org/2014/10/09/norman-
borlaug-father-of-the-green-revolution/>.

Norman Borlaug is shown in a field closely examining a stalk of wheat. The photo captures
Borlaug’s curious and focused nature which allowed him to act upon his vision for the
world and convince others to follow his pursuit.

Borlaug LEAP. "LEAP Fellowship." Food Climate Research Network. Food Climate Research
Network, 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.fcrn.org.uk/opportunities/jobs/fellowship-norman-e-borlaug-leadership-
enhancement-agriculture-program-borlaug-le>.

This photo shows a young student proudly standing next to his project on the effects of
climate change on tomato plants. He is a participant in the Norman E. Borlaug
Leadership in Agriculture Program, which seeks to inspire young and ambitious high
school and college graduates to become the next generation of scientists who will lead
the fight against world hunger.

Butler, Clay. "Good 'Ole Fashioned Farm Fresh Goodness." Cartoon. Oswego State University of
New York. Oswego State University, 26 Mar. 2014. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.oswego.edu/~dighe/aeh1.htm>.

This cartoon with its ironic title illustrates the detrimental impacts of the Green
Revolution including a greater risk in pesticide poisoning and contamination of
genetically modified crops. The source was particularly useful as it depicts alternative
perspectives through the views of Borlaug's opponents.

The Carter Center. "Norman Borlaug: The Legend." AgBioWorld. AgBioWorld Foundation,
2011. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. <http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-
info/topics/borlaug/borlaug-photos.html>.

Several photos are featured of Norman Borlaug with former president Jimmy Carter, as
well as world leaders and citizens who he also interacted with. Jimmy Carter was a large
advocate of Borlaug’s practices and allowed his cause to gain more gravity and involve
the government in providing him with aid for the spreading of the revolution. Borlaug is
also shown interacting with farmers in Africa, and due to his efforts there, more
attentions has been directed now at improving its agricultural conditions.

CIMMYT. "Celebrating Dr. Borlaug." 100 Years of Dr. Norman Borlaug. Borlaug Institute,
2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. <http://borlaug100.org/>.

This slideshow shows Borlaug interacting with several farmers and workers. His casual
and personal demeanor shows that he spoke to others as fellow human beings and friends,
rather than people who were poor and lower-class than him, as he came from a poor
background himself and understood the struggles of poverty, as he had witnessed them
 first-hand. The slideshow serves as a celebratory tribute to 100 years of Dr. Norman
Borlaug, the man who fed the world.

CIMMYT. "Mexico Agricultural Program." CIMMYT. CIMMYT, 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.cimmyt.org/en/what-we-do/wheat-research>.

This picture shows both Mexican and American farmers joined together and collaborating
in a discussion about wheat-yielding techniques. Every person in the photo is smiling as
they talk to one another, revealing the unity that Borlaug created in bringing these
techniques to developing nations.

Corporate Communications. "CIMMYT and Borlaug." CIMMYT. CIMMYT, 30 Jan. 2014. Web.
16 Feb. 2015. <http://www.cimmyt.org/en/news-and-updates/cimmyt-in-the-media>.

This picture depicts Dr. Borlaug doing active field study, and he carries an observant and
persistent look in his eyes, embodying just a few of the many qualities which defined him
as a leader. The picture is from the CMMYT organization, which was created as a result
of Norman Borlaug’s efforts, and so the organization chose this picture in order to
commemorate Dr. Borlaug’s incredible contributions to the world of agriculture.

Duffy, Brian. "Norman Borlaug: 1914-2009." Cartoon. Brian Duffy Cartoons. N.p., 2012. Web.
16 Feb. 2015. <http://www.brianduffycartoons.com/>.

This cartoon is a tribute to Dr. Norman Borlaug. It shows his hands, tinted green to
express the fruitfulness of crops which resulted from his efforts, handing a globe filled
with grain labeled “Green Revolution” into the tiny and fragile arms of a child. It
captures the benevolence which Borlaug constantly expressed towards those who looked
to him for guidance, and those who received it carried on the Green Revolution to other
parts of the world, and as a result, those who were once hungry became whole again.

Duffy, Brian. "Reaching Great Heights." Cartoon. Brian Duffy Cartoons. N.p., 2012. Web. 17
Feb. 2015. <http://www.brianduffycartoons.com/>. This political cartoon, drawn by artist
Brian Duffy, portrays a strand of wheat entering the gates of heaven. Through the light
imagery and bright color scheme, the cartoonist describes the profound hope and
confidence which new crop varieties brought about.

Getty Images. "Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Norman Borlaug." Cosmos. Cosmos Magazine, 3
Feb. 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. <https://cosmosmagazine.com/society/battle-lines>.

This photo features Dr. Borlaug standing in the middle of hundreds of acres of growing
wheat with his hands thrown proudly in the air. It highlights the never-faltering optimism
that was constantly seen in Borlaug throughout the journey and shows that Borlaug’s
work has created a more efficient and flourishing agricultural world.
Getty Images. "Paul R. Ehrlich." University of Southern California. U of Southern California,
n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. <http://tylerprize.usc.edu/laureates/tyler1998.html>.

This photo shows Paul R. Ehrlich, author of The Population Bomb which was founded on
the extreme beliefs of the Malthusian catastrophe foundation. Following its publication,
Ehrlich was widely criticized for the book’s controversial ideas regarding the calamitous
effects of an escalating world population.

Illustrated London News. "The Famine in India." Columbia Univeristy. Columbia Univeristy,
n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/calcutta/famine/
famine.html>.

This page features numerous visual illustrations of the famine in India. They depict
emaciated children, men, and women in thin garbs, struggling to stand and begging for
food. A photo is shown of the famine relief project, which sought to ease the effects of
the famine which claimed the lives of millions in India.

Jones, Taylor. "Population Bomb." Cartoon. The Hoover Digest. Hoover Institution, Stanford
University, 28 Oct. 2001. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. <http://www.hoover.org/research/how-
defuse-population-bomb>.

This is a political cartoon depicting a “population bomb.” Criticizing the work of author
and Professor Paul Ehrlich, the image shows that the population has not exploded out of
control, but rather, can be sustained through deliberate measures contrary to Ehrlich's dire
predictions.

Meeks, Bill. "Dr. Borlaug on October 30, 1996." Business Insider. Business Insider, 25 Mar.
2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. <http://www.businessinsider.com/who-is-norman-borlaug-
2014-3>.

This picture captures Dr. Borlaug looking over some sorghum tests, capturing his
inquisitiveness and incredible attention to detail.

Pelletier, Micheline. "Agricultural Scientist Norman Borlaug." The Guardian. Guardian, n.d.
Web. 16 Feb. 2015. <http://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/sep/13/norman-borlaug-
obituary>.

This picture is taken from an obituary of Dr. Borlaug. It features a jovial and almost
heroic smile from Borlaug as he stands with a young stalk of wheat and his hat in is hand.
It highlights the optimism which was seen in Borlaug throughout his fight against world
hunger, despite all the setbacks he faced, like the lack of proper facilities in Mexico and
the difficulty in shipping the new rice varieties to India and Pakistan. Dr. Borlaug has
been noted for his never-faltering positivity that stood strong in the face of any
adversities he faced.
Reuters Photos. "Bengal Famine of 1943." International Business Times. International Business
Times, 22 Feb. 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. <http://www.ibtimes.com/bengal-famine-1943-
man-made-holocaust-1100525>.

This picture depicts two poor Indian children, the barely older one struggling to feed his
brother, who has no clothes to wear. It shows the struggle that was seen as a result of the
Bengal Famine in 1943, where three million people died due to starvation.

Smithsonian Institution Archives. "AAAS Officers and Senior Officials, 1947." Advancing
Science, Serving Society. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Feb.
2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2015. <http://www.aaas.org/about-aaas>.

This is a photo from the Smithsonian Institution which features a meeting between the
officers and senior officials of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
(AAAS) in 1947. The members shown in this photo were majors of various fields of
science and as a whole served to improve and expand our knowledge of science and the
situations in which it could be applied in. Borlaug’s mentor, Elvin Charles Stakman is
featured as part of the board as a representative in the field of Plant Pathology.

Time Life Pictures. "Norman Borlaug, 1970." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia

Britannica, 13 Oct. 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/74242/Norman-Ernest-Borlaug>.

The picture features Borlaug smiling as he stands with a two healthy bushels of wheat in
his hands. It highlights the optimism which was seen in Borlaug throughout his fight
against world hunger, and it seemed oblivious to all the setbacks he faced, despite all the
adversities he faced during his journey to end world hunger.

University of Minnesota. "Alumni Norman Borlaug." Driven to Discover. U of Minnesota, 2014.

Web. 16 Feb. 2015. <https://www.cfans.umn.edu/alumni-friends/give-volunteer/borlaug-
science-award>.

This picture shows Dr. Borlaug in a colorful University of Minnesota jacket, attending to
young wheat plants. Borlaug has become an inspiration to even the young minds in
universities and has motivated them to strive for the same impactful scientific influence.
Students who express the same scientific excellence now have the opportunity to receive
an award under his name, naming them the next generation of scientists who can continue
Dr. Borlaug’s legacy and change the world for the better.

US Capitol. "New Statue of Norman Borlaug." Farm Futures. Farm Futures, 26 Mar. 2014.
Web. 16 Feb. 2015. <http://farmfutures.com/story-borlaugs-contributions-remembered-
ag-day-0-110407>.

The tall statue of Dr. Norman Borlaug, shown in the picture, stands in the U.S. Capitol
Building Statuary Hall, which is an incredibly rare and prestigious honor. Former House
 Democratic Leader, Nancy Pelosi described Borlaug as “a man who saved millions – no,
a billion lives. A billion lives,” and the statue stands as a true tribute to his
legacy, continuing to recognize his admirable efforts.

US Department of Agriculture. "Norman Borlaug: The Man Who Fed the World." New Scientist.
New Scientist, 14 Sept. 2009. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17778-norm-borlaug-the-man-who-fed-the-
world.html#.VOJ39_nF88J>.

Norman Borlaug is shown speaking at the Ministerial Conference and Expo on

Agricultural Science and Technology in Sacramento, California. In this conference,
Borlaug discussed his agricultural findings and expressed the need for scientists to
continue improving upon those conditions throughout the world, implying that despite his
numerous contributions, there is still a lot of work to be done.

World Food Prize. "Dr. Charity Mutegi." World Food Prize. World Food Prize, 2013. Web. 16
Feb. 2015. <https://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/borlaug_field_award/2013_recipient/>.

The woman in the photo is Dr. Charity Kawira Mutegi, the recipient of the 2013 World
Food Prize. She works in Kenya and studies techniques in combatting Aflatoxin, a
naturally occurring mold which is found in grain and deadly to those who consume it.
Like Dr. Borlaug, she has been working with farmers and gathering information from
them in order to develop new crops which are resistant to this mold, and she is just one of
the several scientists who are currently carrying Borlaug’s legacy and finding ways to
fight threats to global food security.

Memorandums and Nonperiodicals

Borlaug, Norman Ernest. "Norman E. Borlaug Papers." University of Minnesota Library. U of

Minnesota, 2006. Web. 13 Feb. 2015. <http://discover.lib.umn.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-
idx?c=umfa;cc=umfa;rgn=main;view=text;didno=uarc01014>.

The primary resource, sponsored by the University of Minnesota, was extremely helpful
as it contained a collection of important papers of Dr. Norman Borlaug. These documents
include biographical material from his early childhood years to personal correspondence
letters to field research notebooks and reports which he had gathered over the years. This
compilation provided our group with a personal as well as scientific view of Borlaug's
work. Several images of his notebooks from his endeavors in Mexico during the late
1940s were incorporated within the website to portray the country's agrarian conditions
during the Green Revolution.

Ehrlich, Paul R., and Anne H. Ehrlich. The Population Bomb. New York City: Buccaneer Books,
1968. Print.

Written by Stanford professor Dr. Paul Ehrlich and his wife, Anne Ehrlich, The
Population Bomb warned society about the dangers of over-population, including mass
starvation and ecological imbalance. These stated beliefs were based upon Malthusian
 catastrophe, a theory which supported the idea of population control. Following its
publication, The Population Bomb received many negative reviews from critics; yet, its
calamitous predictions aroused fear and alarm amongst the public body. Quotes from the
book were used in our website in order to not only provide historical background
information, but also illustrate Borlaug's monumental impacts to reduce famine
conditions in developing countries.

Ehrlich, Paul R., and Anne H. Ehrlich. "The Population Bomb Revisited." Electronic Journal of
Sustainable Development (2009): n. pag. Population Media Center. Web. 3 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.populationmedia.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/Population-Bomb-
Revisited-Paul-Ehrlich-20096.pdf>.

This journal publication, written by Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich, co-authors of
The Population Bomb is a critical analysis in response to the controversy which
surrounded and continues to surround their book. Due to its dire predictions and
Malthusian catastrophe foundation, The Population Bomb received highly critical
reviews which sparked heavy debate over the issue of global overpopulation during the
late 1960s. This article, which revisits some features of the book in the light of today's
society, is an important resource as it provides a modern, scholarly outlook on an issue
which was presented decades before, and while there were portions which were
misleading, the authors feel that the publication of the book may have contributed to the
decline in US consumption which was observed over the years.

Stakman, Elvin Charles. "Elvin C. Stakman Papers, 1918-1973." University of Minnesota

Libraries. U of Minnesota, 2006. Web. 13 Feb. 2015.
<http://discover.lib.umn.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-
idx?c=umfa;cc=umfa;rgn=main;view=text;didno=uarc01017>.

This source contains a series of papers written by Elvin C. Stakman, a professor who was
also the head of the University of Minnesota's Division of Plant Pathology and Botany. It
includes the research he published over the course of his scientific career, including the
numerous awards that he won for his biographies and research. One of his biographies
notes that he worked with the Rockefeller Foundation, the foundation which recruited
Borlaug to start his work in Mexico. Stakman served as a great inspiration to Borlaug, as
he served as a mentor to him, instilling his sense of passion for agriculture and his desire
to serve humanity.

Stakman, Elvin Charles. Latin-American Agricultural Institutions. Rept. no. 002862. N.p.:
Rockefeller Archive Center, 1947. 100 Years: The Rockefeller Foundation. Web. 5 Feb.
2015. <http://rockefeller100.org/items/show/3770>.

This document, by renowned professor of plant pathology E.C. Stakman, is a preliminary

report surrounding the conditions of several agricultural facilities across Latin America.
While visiting counties including Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador, and Argentina, Stakman
observed the conditions of each of the institutions, noting the improvements in
production following the establishment of the Mexico Agricultural Program (MAP)
 which enabled scientists and researchers to actively test new crop varieties. This primary
source was useful as it clearly displayed the success of the MAP through the perspective
of an expert scholar.

Wallace, Henry Agard. "Mexico Agricultural Program." Memo. 5 Feb. 1941. Rockefeller
Archive Center. Rockefeller Foundation. 100 Years: The Rockefeller Foundation. Web. 5
Feb. 2015. <http://rockefeller100.org/items/show/1779>.

This primary source document is a memorandum from Vice President Wallace regarding
his ideas for an agricultural program in Mexico. In the publication, Wallace refers to
three main issues, health, nutrition, and agriculture, which would ultimately serve as the
basis for the Mexico Agricultural Program (MAP). It was this program which provided
Dr. Borlaug with the opportunity to work in Mexico to both improve current maize and
wheat yields as well as generate more resilient varieties. The memo, which was included
as a part of our historical context, was helpful in outlining the primary goal and vision of
the MAP.

Government and Organizational Publications

109th Congress. Congressional Tribute to Dr. Norman E. Borlaug of 2006. Pub. no. 109-395.
Washington, D.C.: n.p., 2006. United States Government Publishing Office. Web. 13
Feb. 2015. <http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ395/pdf/PLAW-
109publ395.pdf>.

This document, published by the United States House of Representatives and Senate on
December 14, 2006, presented Dr. Norman Borlaug with the Congressional Gold Medal.
The report highlights Borlaug's numerous global contributions and displays an extensive
list of his background as an agricultural scientist. The Congressional Gold Medal is an
extremely prestigious award in our country, and as a recipient, Borlaug demonstrates that
he exemplifies the true qualities of a leader.

Borlaug, Norman Ernest. "Nobel Peace Prize Acceptance Speech." 1970 Nobel Prize Award
Ceremony. Oslo, Norway. 10 Dec. 1970. Nobel Prize. Nobel Foundation, 2011. Web. 13
Feb. 2015. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1970/borlaug-
acceptance.html>.

Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in December of 1970, commemorating his
work in Central America and Southeast Asia during the Green Revolution. During his
acceptance speech, Borlaug expresses his immense gratitude in receiving such an honor,
yet he addresses the audience in a manner that is truly humbling. He acknowledges that
despite the progress it has made, the Green Revolution is far from over, and that efforts
and contributions must continuously be made in order for it to reach its full potential.
Borlaug expresses his vision for the countries of the world to unite in order to promote
and protect global food security for all. This speech was incorporated within the website
to underline Borlaug's identity and accomplishments as a visionary leader.
Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Program. Abuja Declaration on Fertilizer for
an African Green Revolution. By New Partnership for Africa's Development. Abuja: n.p.,
2006. New Partnership for Africa's Development. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.nepad.org/system/files/Abuja%20Declaration%20on%20Fertilizers%20for
%20an%20African%20Green%20Revolution.pdf>.

In June 2006, African leaders gathered in Abuja, Nigeria to create a policy which would
promote the agricultural welfare of its people. This declaration, adopted by the African
Union Special Summit and the New Partnership for Africa's Development, addresses the
many agrarian problems which regional farmers face, including the scarcity and poor
quality of harvested crops. Under this document, local and state organizations were
issued to increase the use of fertilizers in order to ultimately grow higher-yielding
varieties. The primary source was useful as it not only clearly portrayed the continuation
of the Green Revolution in Africa, but also indicated the scope of world hunger and
poverty.

Secondary Sources

Magazines and Newspapers

Bourne, Joel K., Jr. "The Global Food Crisis." National Geographic June 2009: n. pag. National
Geographic. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.
<http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2009/06/cheap-food/bourne-text>.

The secondary source magazine article outlined the current struggles which countries face
in terms of food shortages and poor nourishment. While the Green Revolution has
undoubtedly increased crop production rates, there exists a delicate thread which
connects population with resources. Yet, as population increases, the resulting proportion
is tilting out of balance. It is essential that new biotechnological research will continue to
develop innovations in order to help meet the supply with the demand, an idea which
Borlaug himself emphasized during his work in Mexico and Asia.

Butcher, Bill. "Rust in the Bread Basket." The Economist. N.p., 1 Jan. 2010. Web. 13 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.economist.com/node/16481593>.

Published by The Economist, this secondary source article describes the deleterious
effects of the wheat rust fungus which has destroyed over a fifth of American crops
alone. During his research at the University of Minnesota under the guidance of E.C.
Stakman, Borlaug investigated some of the characteristics of this fungal disease, and later
used his studies to develop the cross-breeding techniques which proved to be highly
effective in producing greater yield rates. The website was useful as it provided a detailed
overview on the hybridization methods used by Borlaug and the Mexican Agricultural
Program in order to eliminate the presence of stem rust on certain wheat varieties.
Easterbrook, Gregg. "Forgotten Benefactor of Humanity." The Atlantic 1 Jan. 1997: n. pag. The
Atlantic. Web. 29 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1997/01/forgotten-benefactor-of-
humanity/306101/>.

This secondary source magazine article reflects upon the forgotten legacy of
humanitarian Norman Borlaug. Despite being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970,
Borlaug has gone largely unrecognized by a large portion of the American population due
to the environmental and ethical controversies regarding bio-engineering techniques.
Nevertheless, the author argues that, through the Green Revolution, Norman Borlaug has
dramatically helped reduce the possibility of a global famine in areas such as India,
Africa, and Pakistan. This article was helpful as it portrayed some of the controversies
which shape Borlaug's image, thus providing us with an alternate perspective regarding
his international legacy.

Gillis, Justin. "Norman Borlaug, Plant Scientist Who Fought Famine." New York Times 13 Sept.
2009: n. pag. The New York Times. Web. 15 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/business/energy-
environment/14borlaug.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0>.

This newspaper article features the many highlights and accomplishments of Norman
Borlaug's career following his death in early September of 2009. Written in a journalistic
style, the feature presents the information, allowing us to further select and analyze the
aspects which would encompass both the leadership and legacy components of our focus.
In addition, the article includes a detailed section about the criticism which surrounded,
and continues to surround, Borlaug's agricultural work, thus providing our group with a
balanced and more comprehensive understanding of the biogenic controversy.

Martin, Andrew. "So Much Food. So Much Hunger." New York Times 20 Sept. 2009: n. pag. The
New York Times. Web. 15 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/20/weekinreview/20martin.html>.

This secondary source article was useful as it emphasized the plight of struggling
communities around the world that remain plagued by the detrimental effects of hunger
and undernourishment. Borlaug dedicated his life to help these individuals, traveling
through different regions in order to develop agricultural techniques which would prove
to yield resilient crops at a more efficient rate. Yet, it is the moral and economic
responsibility of the next generation to rise to the occasion and help those in need.
Reporter Andrew Martin comments on the neglect which food security has received over
the years, and his thoughts have been helpful in raising our awareness, as well the
conscious of readers across the nation, about the work that is yet to be achieved in the
agrarian field.
Maugh, Thomas H., II. "Norman Borlaug Dies at 95; Revolutionized Grain Agriculture." Los
Angeles Time 14 Sept. 2009: n. pag. The Los Angeles Times. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-norman-borlaug14-2009sep14-
story.html#page=1>.

Published two days after the death of Dr. Norman Borlaug, this article celebrates the
many accolades and achievements of the renowned scientist. It briefly describes the life
of Borlaug, underlining his contributions to foster self-sufficiency in Mexico, India,
Pakistan, the Philippines, and in recent years, Africa as well. However, the source was
particularly helpful as it provided us with the posthumous views on Borlaug's legacy
which stressed his prominent significance in the agricultural world and the future of food
security.

Raney, Terri, and Prabhu Pingali. "Sowing a Gene Revolution." Scientific American 2007: 104-
11. Nature Publishing Group. Web. 5 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v297/n3/box/scientificamerican0907-
104_BX1.html>.

The website contained a valuable article from the Scientific American magazine which
depicted today's genetically modified world. Focusing primarily in South America,
Africa, and East Asia, the article described the current transgenic research applications
used to improve crop yields. This secondary source was particularly useful as it clearly
demonstrated the lasting legacy of Dr. Borlaug's work. His methods to constantly
enhance and advance the agricultural conditions of developing nations has served as an
inspiration to many who continue to partake in his revolutionary fields of study.

Vidal, John. "Norman Borlaug: Humanitarian Hero or Menace to Society?" Guardian [New
York] 1 Apr. 2014, US ed.: n. pag. The Guardian. Web. 15 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/apr/01/norman-
borlaug-humanitarian-hero-menace-society>.

The newspaper article contains a feature about the mixed reactions which Borlaug's
biogenic techniques aroused. Many who opposed the mass introduction of genetically
modified crops to developing countries felt that such processes not only led to an increase
in chemical pesticide and fertilizer usage, but also contributed to greater social
stratification as small farmers were sometimes unable to adequately use Borlaug's
method in order to develop higher yielding crop varieties. Nonetheless, despite the
controversy, Borlaug's legacy is truly profound. He revolutionized the world of
agriculture and technology for a diverse range of societies. This secondary source article
was helpful because it clearly demonstrated the multiple viewpoints which surrounded
Dr. Borlaug and the Green Revolution, prompting us to ask ourselves insightful, thought-
provoking questions during our research.
Interviews

Goldson, Stephen. E-mail interview by Shilpa Rajagopal and Sanjana Krishnan. 19 Apr. 2015.

As the principal scientist for AgResearch, a New Zealand-based agri-technology

organization, Dr. Stephen Goldson was an incredibly valuable resource. His replies
helped us expand upon our knowledge of Borlaug's importance as well as the role of
genetically modified organisms for the future of society. In addition, Dr. Goldson helped
us identify current lines of research which have stemmed from the Green Revolution,
allowing us to link Norman Borlaug's work to the ongoing drought in California and the
importance of developing drought-resistant and tolerant crops, a technique derived from
Borlaug's contributions.

MacDonald, Ruth. E-mail interview by Shilpa Rajagopal and Sanjana Krishnan. 12 Apr. 2015.

Ruth MacDonald is the chairwoman of the Department of Food Science at Iowa State
University, and therefore possesses deep understanding of the influence of agricultural
science on world hunger. She is also very well acquainted with the research involved in
the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and was able to provide us
with an interesting perspective on the impact and benefits of the use of GMOs.

Murano, Elsa A. E-mail interview by Shilpa Rajagopal and Sanjana Krishnan. 29 Mar. 2015.

This student-conducted interview of Dr. Murano, director of the Norman E. Borlaug

Institute for International Agriculture, was an incredibly useful resource as it provided us
with a thorough, detailed response regarding Dr. Borlaug's contributions to modern-day
society. It was insightful to receive another scholarly perspective, and Dr. Murano's
answers helped us expand upon our current ideas, especially in regard to the current
organizations inspired by Borlaug's personal mission and core values of unfailing
persistence and humanitarian willpower.

Owen, Micheal. E-mail Interview by Shilpa Rajagopal Sanjana Krishnan. 9 Apr. 2015.

Micheal Owen is a professor at Iowa State University who specializes in the study of
agronomy and extension weed science. His responses helped us glean a more
comprehensive understanding of the significance of GMOs and the issues in their
development centered around the GMO debate. He also gave us a new perspective on Dr.
Borlaug's research, explaining that although Borlaug eventually became a strong
supporter of GMO development, most of his work was centered around improving upon
traditional breeding techniques, rather than on developing new genetic technologies.

Prakash, Channapatna S. E-mail interview by Shilpa Rajagopal and Sanjana Krishnan. 9 Jan.
2015.

A professor of Plant Molecular Genetics at Tuskegee University in Alabama, Dr. C.S.

Prakash is a living representation of the future generation of scientists whom Norman
 Borlaug has influenced. Prakash provided us within invaluable insight on how
experiencing the Green Revolution in his hometown in India inspired him to join the
cause and become a geneticist. His responses have provided us with a deeper
understanding on the lasting impact of Borlaug's actions which continue to improve
living conditions of developing nations. This interview can be considered as one our best
sources as it gave us a view on an individual who was personally affected by the work of
Dr. Borlaug.

Books

Hesser, Leon. The Man Who Fed the World: Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Norman Borlaug and
His Battle to End World Hunger. Dallas: Durban House, 2006. Google Books. Web. 17
Feb. 2015.
<http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Man_who_Fed_the_World.html?id=YxSzA
AAAIAAJ>.

Containing a forward written by Green Revolution advocate President Jimmy Carter, this
book commemorates Dr. Borlaug's monumental contributions towards the improvement
of agricultural technology. Hesser had initially met Borlaug in Pakistan during the late
1960s, and was immediately struck by the passion and commitment which Borlaug
dedicated to his research. Throughout the novel, Hesser describes the life of the great
scientist, from his modest origins as a small town farmer to an internationally recognized
humanitarian. Nonetheless, the fundamental idea which is continuously reinstated is
Borlaug's humility to those around him. Despite the many accolades and achievements
which he had received, Borlaug remained focused on his work. He readily realized and
witnessed the progress which was yet to be achieved in order to continue the positive
innovations of the Green Revolution.

Paarlberg, Robert L. Starved for Science: How Biotechnology Is Being Kept out of Africa.
Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2008. Print.

In the book, author Robert Paarlberg describes the poor conditions in Africa which has
left little room for agricultural improvement. Drawing upon the work of Dr. Norman
Borlaug, Paarlberg advocates for a second Green Revolution in Africa in order to foster
regional support and awareness. He believes the recent developments in biotechnology
and genetic engineering have the capabilities to help local African farmers and
developing communities rise from the depths of famine. This source was important as it
clearly described the steps of action necessary to continue Borlaug's contributions to
agricultural science.

Wallace, Mike. "The Future of Food." The Way We Will Be Fifty Years from Today. Nashville:
Thomas Nelson, 2008. 62-68. Print.

This book, compiled by author Mike Wallace, contains the noteworthy insight of fifty
world leaders and innovators, including agronomist Dr. Norman E. Borlaug whose
comments were organized into two sections: the past and the future. Prior to the Green
 Revolution, minimal resources, economic hardships, and limited technological
developments prevented much of Central America and Southeast Asia from achieving
self-sufficiency. Yet, nearly half a century later, with the global population continuing to
trend upwards, the need for a second Green Revolution which promotes both agricultural
and environmental improvements, has substantially increased. The secondary source was
valuable as it compared both past circumstances and future predictions by aligning them
alongside current field endeavors.

Videos

AGRA. The AGRA Green Revolution story- Rwanda. YouTube. YouTube, 1 July 2014. Web. 5
Feb. 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iiUhfDeDKAo>.

Created by the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), the video delves into
the importance of improving today's existing technology to improve the yield of native
African crop varieties. Through such innovations, AGRA hopes to reduce the continent's
widespread famine and poverty rates by providing aid to local farmers and promoting
environmental sustainability for future generations. The organization's mission is rooted
at the heart of Dr. Borlaug's personal vision in creating a world where such hunger and
malnutrition would be eliminated. The multimedia clip is incorporated within our website
to underline magnitude of Borlaug's impacts as well as the continuation of the Green
Revolution in other developing countries.

Borlaug Institute for International Agriculture. Dr. Borlaug's Legacy. YouTube. YouTube, 16
Sept. 2014. Web. 13 Feb. 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sou7X6SG7fA>.

This secondary source video clip honors the legacy of Dr. Norman Borlaug whose
agricultural innovations helped revolutionize farm production on a global scale. Drawing
upon the interview highlights of select experts from the Borlaug Institute including Dr.
Elsa Murano, Interim Director, Dr. Mark Hussey, Interim President, and Julie Borlaug,
Executive Director and granddaughter of Norman Borlaug, the video provides scholarly
insight on the magnitude of the Green Revolution which transcended social and
economic backgrounds. Its informative analysis on Borlaug's contributions to fields
around the world enabled us to interpret the influences of Borlaug on future generations.

Courter Films and Associates. Freedom From Famine- The Norman Borlaug Story. Internet
Archive. Internet Archive, 31 Dec. 2014. Web. 5 Feb. 2015.
<https://archive.org/details/FreedomFromFamine-TheNormanBorlaugStory>.

This documentary video features the visionary life of Dr. Norman Borlaug. Tracing the
path of his career from a young Iowan farm boy to a world renowned agricultural
scientist, the video includes alternating sections of narration and interviews from Borlaug
himself as well as other experts familiar with his work. One beneficial factor of the video
was its clear, yet articulate language and presentation style which made the scientific
concepts and methodology easily understandable. Another noteworthy aspect was the
multiple perspectives of various scholars and professors who addressed Borlaug's legacy
 in modern society. Parts of this video were embedded within the website to further
enhance the viewing platform and interactive element of the project.

USDA, prod. Norman Borlaug and the Green Revolution. YouTube. YouTube, 27 Jan. 2012.
Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lg9-HTtgFOk>.

The video, sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture, provides an

overview of Dr. Borlaug's most profound contributions to global agricultural production.
This secondary source was beneficial as it included bright visual displays which
portrayed the increases in crop production, specifically in India and Pakistan, due to the
innovative technology brought about by the Green Revolution. In addition, the video
contained an array of graphics, highlighting significant quotes which illustrated Borlaug's
passion and dedication towards his career.

World Food Prize. Celebrating Borlaug's Legacy: Rachael Cox. YouTube. YouTube, 30 Oct.
2014. Web. 5 Feb. 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-OCtIIHF35I>.

This video clip showcased Rachael Cox, a collaborative research instructor who currently
works for the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). Cox
initially found her passion in agricultural studies after attending a World Food Prize
Experience as a Borlaug-Ruan International Intern in Kenya. Her work in insect
pesticides of cabbage and kale later influenced her pursuit in other forms of agrarian
research in Mexico and Guatemala. Nonetheless, countless individuals such as Cox who
continue to pave careers with organizations such as CIMMYT are indebted to the efforts
of Dr. Borlaug whose developments have impacted the lives of millions of people across
the world. Through new programs and scholarships which honor the legacy of Borlaug,
future scientists and agronomists have the opportunity to improve upon modern biogenic
technology.

Websites

Bunde, Janet, ed. "Mexico Agriculture." 100 Years: The Rockefeller Foundation. Rockefeller
Foundation, 2015. Web. 5 Feb. 2015.
<http://rockefeller100.org/exhibits/show/agriculture/mexico>.

Funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, the website traces the different agricultural,
educational, and social endeavors of the organization including the Mexican Agriculture
Program (MAP) which was formed during the Green Revolution. The webpage article
was valuable as it not only contained thorough information about the MAP's goals, but
also provided digital primary resources and photographs from the Rockefeller Digital
Library.
Feed the Future, comp. 2014 Feed the Future Progress Report. Washington, D.C.: n.p., 2014.
Feed the Future. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.feedthefuture.gov/sites/default/files/ftf_progressreport_2014.pdf>.

The 2014 Progress Report conducted by Feed the Future summarizes the agency's efforts
over the year to establish global agricultural prosperity. It contains a variety of data tables
and photographs which embody the organization's role in reducing the threat of famine
by means of biotechnology. One such diagram incorporated within our website
showcases the improvements of crop production from 2011-2013, displaying an upward
trend in the mission to ensure food security.

Ganzel, Bill. "The Green Revolution." Wessels Living History Farm. Wessels Living History
Farm, 2007. Web. 3 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/crops_14.html>.

This website was an extremely beneficial source, providing detailed information which
stated the importance of the Green Revolution in terms of not only responding to the
overpopulation issues, but also working to prevent a global war by means of agricultural
technology. However, the source was most helpful in allowing us to acquire the historical
context prior to the Green Revolution through the various statistical figures embedded
along the website which demonstrated the high famine rates and poor living conditions in
India, Pakistan, and Mexico during the early and mid-Twentieth Century. The primary
quotes and photographs which were also included throughout the website further added
to our understanding of the background information as well as the significance of the
introduced technological advancements.

Health Research Funding. "Genetically Engineered Food: Pros and Cons." Health
Research Funding. Health Research Funding, 12 June 2014. Web. 21 Apr. 2015.
<http://healthresearchfunding.org/genetically-engineered-food-pros-cons-list/>.

This website helped broaden our understanding of the genetically modified organisms
(GMOs) debate which has, in recent years, become a controversial issue in today's
society. The article outlines both the advantages and drawbacks of such engineered crops,
predominantly weighing its promising value in precluding global starvation against its
potential detrimental effects upon the environment. As a steadfast proponent of this form
of technology, Borlaug championed the importance of GMOs especially in developing
countries, and using the information provided in the source, we were able to acknowledge
the merits of both positions in our website.

Iowa Public Television. "Henry A. Wallace - Agricultural Pioneer, Visionary and Leader." Iowa
Pathways. Iowa Public Television, 2005. Web. 5 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.iptv.org/iowapathways/mypath.cfm?ounid=ob_000061>.

This secondary source website features a biographical sketch of Vice President Henry A.
Wallace, who like Dr. Borlaug, was born and raised in the Iowa countryside. Through his
personal experiences on the farm and foreign travels, Wallace grew to become a staunch
 proponent of agricultural improvements. Following his post as Secretary of Agriculture
from 1933-1940, Wallace served as the Vice President of Franklin Roosevelt. Under his
leadership, the Mexico Agriculture Program was formed to build higher-yielding crops in
Latin America. The website was important as it enabled us to understand both the
inspiration and impact of Wallace's efforts in promoting agrarian research for scientific
development.

Mollins, Julie. "CIMMYT: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center." CIMMYT.
CIMMYT, 2013. Web. 3 Feb. 2015. <http://www.cimmyt.org/en/>.

CIMMYT, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, is an international

organization which was founded in Mexico in 1963 under the leadership of Norman
Borlaug. Since its establishment nearly half a century ago, CIMMYT has formed
partnerships with research institutions and universities around the world to develop new
and improved varieties of maize and wheat. Through the years it has honored the life and
legacy of Dr. Borlaug by continuing his programs for struggling communities. The
website was a useful source as it served as a definite example of the impact Borlaug had
in transforming the social and economic backgrounds of society. The information
provided on the webpage were incorporated within both the short term effects and lasting
impacts pages of our website to highlight the modern forms in which Borlaug's methods
are being applied today.

"Norman E. Borlaug- Biography." American Academy of Achievement. American Academy of

Achievement, 13 Sept. 2009. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/bor0bio-1>.

This page features many sources, from Borlaug’s time as an athlete in high school to his
time in the DuPont Lab to his work in Mexico and India. It illustrates the many obstacles
and setbacks Borlaug faced during the first part of his revolution. It also acknowledges
the many people he met and the places he traveled, and how in the end, he changed every
one of those people’s lives for the better.

Phillips, Ronald L. "Norman E. Borlaug: Biographical Memoir." National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, 2015. Web. 3 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/57527.html>.

This website contains a biographical memoir on the life of Dr. Norman Borlaug and his
efforts to improving food security. Through small photographs and essential quotes from
Borlaug himself, the biography provides a thorough outline of the leadership and legacy
of the internationally-acclaimed agricultural scientist. The author also incorporates brief
sections explaining his personal sentiments which allowed us to gain another perspective
regarding the economic and social consequences of Dr. Borlaug’s work. The resource
was used mainly to understand the overall impact of Borlaug's contributions to ultimately
build agriculturally self-sufficient societies.
Schwamman, Barb, ed. "NBHF Vision." Norman Borlaug Heritage Foundation. Norman
Borlaug Heritage Foundation, 2013. Web. 8 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.normanborlaug.org/>.

This website, sponsored by the Norman Borlaug Heritage Foundation, provides a general
overview which traces Borlaug's journey from his humble roots to his famed legacy.
While the non-profit organization works to protect the childhood home of Norman
Borlaug as a national landmark, it has also helped educate others about the core teachings
of hard work and determination articulated by Borlaug himself. Through such goals, the
foundation has promoted the supported Borlaug's influence by embracing his beliefs on
the importance of leadership, environmental and food sciences, technology, and diversity
for future generations.

Singh, Salil. "Norman Borlaug: A Billion Lives Saved." AgBioWorld. AgBioWorld Foundation,
2011. Web. 3 Feb. 2015. <http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-
info/topics/borlaug/special.html>.

The AgBioWorld Foundation is a non-profit organization which works to not only

educate others about biotechnology in agriculture, but also serves to continue Dr.
Norman Borlaug's legacy and the revolutionary innovations which he helped develop
during the Green Revolution. The article, written by an expert on the research field, states
Borlaug's impact in modern society. Through his dedication and commitment to the poor
and hungry, Dr. Borlaug is credited for saving over a billion lives. This source was
valuable as it included some of the controversy regarding the use of genetic engineering
to stimulate crop growth which provided further insight on our topic. Additionally, the
website included the contact information from the AgBioWorld Foundation, Dr. C.S.
Prakash, whom we were able to contact for an interview.

Texas A&M University. "The Borlaug Institute." Texas A&M University. Texas A&M
University, 2014. Web. 3 Feb. 2015. <http://borlaug.tamu.edu/>.

The website contains information about the Norman Borlaug Institute for International
Agriculture located at Texas A&M University. Sponsored by various agencies across the
country, the institute works to continue and spread Dr. Borlaug's vision to eradicate
hunger and malnutrition. This source was helpful because of the central focus around
current global issues. By organizing the information by region, the website provided links
to new projects which are underway in Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East to
increase crop yield through technological and environmental means.

USAID. "Results and Data." US Agency for International Development. USAID, 21 May 2014.
Web. 16 Feb. 2015. <http://www.usaid.gov/results-and-data>.

This website provided invaluable information in regard to the direct effects of the Green
Revolution. Data and commentary were organized by region, each containing the
statistical results of certain crop yields. Using this resource, we were able to categorize
the impacts of Norman Borlaug's leadership into three significant outcomes which
pertained to the environment, food production, and social changes. We addressed both
 the positive components as well as the consequences that resulted from each of the issues,
thus underlining the magnitude of the legacy of the Green Revolution in nearly all
aspects of society.

World Food Prize Foundation. "Dr. Norman E. Borlaug." The World Food Prize. World Food
Prize Foundation, 2014. Web. 8 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/dr_norman_e_borlaug/how_norm_inspired_me/>.

Created by Norman Borlaug, the World Food Prize is a prestigious award which
commends the work of notable individuals in the field of agricultural science. As the
official webpage for the prize, this secondary source website contains detailed accounts
of Borlaug's many achievements to society, including improved efficiency methods and
higher crop development. Additionally, the website also contains several significant
quotes and video clips from students and adults around the world, highlighting the
widespread influence of Dr. Borlaug's valuable contributions.