Chapter 1

Graphs
1.1 Rectangular Coordinates

1. 0 3. d = 5 − (−3) = 5 + 3 = 8 = 8

5. quadrants 7. x

9. False

11. (a) Quadrant II

(b) Positive x-axis
(c) Quadrant III
(d) Quadrant I
(e) Negative y-axis
(f) Quadrant IV

13. The points will be on a vertical line that is

two units to the right of the y-axis.

15. d(P1,P2 ) = (2 − 0) 2 + (1 − 0) 2 = 2 2 +12 = 4 + 1 = 5

17. d(P1,P2 ) = (−2 −1) 2 + (2 −1) 2 = (−3)2 +12 = 9 +1 = 10

d (P1 , P2 ) = (5 − 3) + (4 − (− 4)) = 2 +8 = 4 + 64 = 68 = 2 17
2 2 2 2
19.

d (P1 , P2 ) = (6 − (−3) ) + ( 0 − 2) 2 = 9 2 + (−2 )2 = 81 + 4 = 85

2
21.

1
Chapter 1 Graphs

d (P1 , P2 ) = (6 − 4)2 + (4 − ( −3)) = 22 + 72 = 4 + 49 = 53

2
23.

(2.3 − (−0.2)) + (1.1 − 0.3) = (2.5) + (0.8)

2 2 2 2
25. d(P1,P2 ) =
= 6.25 + 0.64 = 6.89

27. d (P1 , P2 ) = (0 − a)2 + (0 − b) 2 = a2 + b2

29. A = (−2,5), B = (1, 3), C = (−1,0)

d( A,B) = (1 − (−2) ) + (3 − 5) 2 = 32 + (−2) 2
2

= 9 + 4 = 13

d(B,C) = (−1−1) + (0 − 3) 2 = (−2) 2 + (− 3) 2

2

= 4 + 9 = 13

(−1− (−2) )
2
d( A,C) = + (0 − 5) 2 = 12 + (−5) 2
= 1 + 25 = 26

Verifying that ? ABC is a right triangle by the Pythagorean Theorem:

[d(A, B) ]2 + [d(B,C)]2 = [d(A,C)]2
( 13) + ( 13) = ( 26 )
2 2 2

13 + 13 = 26 ⇒ 26 = 26
1
The area of a triangle is A = ⋅ bh . Here,
2
A = 1 ⋅ [d( A, B) ]⋅ [d(B,C) ] = 1 ⋅ 13 ⋅ 13 = 1 ⋅ 13 = 13 square units
2 2 2 2

31. A = (−5,3), B = (6,0), C = (5,5)

d( A,B) = (6 − (−5)) + (0 − 3) 2 = 112 + (− 3) 2
2

= 121 + 9 = 130

d(B,C) = (5 − 6) + (5 − 0) 2 = (−1) 2 + 5 2
2

= 1 + 25 = 26

(5 − (−5))
2
d( A,C) = + (5 − 3) 2 = 10 2 + 22
= 100 + 4 = 104

2
 Section 1.1 Rectangular Coordinates
Verifying that ? ABC is a right triangle by the Pythagorean Theorem:
[d(A,C)]2 + [d(B,C)]2 = [d(A, B)]2
( 104 ) + ( 26 ) = ( 130 )
2 2 2

104 + 26 = 130 ⇒ 130 = 130

1
The area of a triangle is A = ⋅ bh. Here,
2
1 1 1 1
A = ⋅ [d(A,C) ]⋅ [d(B,C)] = ⋅ 104 ⋅ 26 = ⋅ 2704 = ⋅ 52 = 26 square units
2 2 2 2

33. A = (4,−3), B = (0,−3), C = (4,2)

d( A,B) = (0 − 4) 2 + (−3 − (−3) ) = (− 4) 2 + 0 2
2

= 16 + 0 = 16 = 4

d(B,C) = (4 − 0) + (2 − (−3)) = 4 2 + 52
2 2

= 16 + 25 = 41

d( A,C) = (4 − 4) 2 + (2 − (−3)) = 0 2 + 52
2

= 0 + 25 = 25 = 5

Verifying that ? ABC is a right triangle by the Pythagorean Theorem:

[d(A, B)] + [d( A,C)] = [d(B,C)]
2 2 2

( 41) ⇒ 16 + 25 = 41 ⇒ 41 = 41
2
4 2 + 52 =
1
The area of a triangle is A= ⋅ bh. Here,
2
1 1
A = ⋅ [d(A, B)]⋅ [d( A,C) ] = ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 = 10 square units
2 2

35. All points having an x-coordinate of 2 are of the form (2, y). Those which are 5 units from
(–2, –1) are:
(2 − (−2) ) + (y − (−1))
2 2
= 5 ⇒ 4 2 + (y + 1) 2 = 5
Squaring both sides : 4 2 + (y +1) 2 = 25
16 + y 2 + 2y + 1 = 25
y 2 + 2y − 8 = 0
(y + 4)( y − 2) = 0 ⇒ y = − 4 or y = 2
Therefore, the points are (2, –4) and (2, 2).

37. All points on the x-axis are of the form (x, 0). Those which are 5 units from (4, –3) are:

(x − 4 ) + (0 − (−3))
2 2
= 5 ⇒ ( x − 4) 2 + 32 = 5
Squaring both sides : (x − 4) 2 + 9 = 25

3
Chapter 1 Graphs

x 2 − 8x + 16 + 9 = 25
x 2 − 8x = 0
x( x − 8) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 8
Therefore, the points are (0, 0) and (8, 0).

39. The coordinates of the midpoint are:

 x + x 2 y1 + y 2   5 + 3 − 4 + 2   8 −2 
( x, y) =  1 ,  = ,  =  ,  = (4,−1)
 2 2   2 2  2 2 

41. The coordinates of the midpoint are:

 x + x 2 y1 + y 2   −3 + 6 2 + 0   3 2   3 
( x, y) =  1 ,  = ,  =  ,  =  ,1
 2 2   2 2   2 2  2 

43. The coordinates of the midpoint are:

 x + x 2 y1 + y 2   4 + 6 −3 + 1  10 −2 
( x, y) =  1 ,  = ,  =  ,  = (5,−1)
 2 2   2 2  2 2

45. The coordinates of the midpoint are:

 x + x 2 y1 + y 2   −0.2 + 2.3 0.3 + 1.1  2.1 1.4 
( x, y) =  1 ,  = ,  =  ,  = (1.05, 0.7)
 2 2   2 2   2 2 

47. The coordinates of the midpoint are:

 x + x 2 y1 + y 2   a + 0 b + 0   a b 
( x, y) =  1 ,  = ,  = , 
 2 2   2 2   2 2

 0 + 0 0 + 6
49. The midpoint of AB is: D =  ,  = (0, 3)
 2 2 
0 + 4 0 + 4
The midpoint of AC is: E =  ,  = (2, 2)
 2 2 
0+ 4 6+ 4
The midpoint of BC is: F =  ,  = (2, 5)
 2 2 
(0 − 4 )
2
d(C,D) = + (3 − 4) 2 = (− 4) 2 + (−1) 2 = 16 +1 = 17

d(B, E ) = (2 − 0) + (2 − 6) 2 = 22 + (− 4) 2 = 4 +16 = 20 = 2 5
2

d( A,F ) = (2 − 0) 2 + (5 − 0) 2 = 22 + 5 2 = 4 + 25 = 29

51. d(P1,P2 ) = (− 4 − 2) 2 + (1−1) 2 = (−6) 2 + 0 2 = 36 = 6

d(P2,P3 ) = (− 4 − (−4))2 + (−3 −1) 2 = 0 2 + (−4) 2 = 16 = 4
d(P1,P3 ) = (− 4 − 2) 2 + (−3 −1) 2 = (−6) 2 + (− 4) 2 = 36 + 16 = 52 = 2 13
Since [d(P1,P2 )]2 + [d(P2 ,P3 )]2 = [d(P1,P3 ) ]2, the triangle is a right triangle.

4
 Section 1.1 Rectangular Coordinates

53. d(P1,P2 ) = (0 − (−2) )2 + (7 − (−1))2 = 2 2 + 82 = 4 + 64 = 68 = 2 17

d(P2,P3 ) = (3 − 0)2 + (2 − 7) 2 = 32 + (−5) 2 = 9 + 25 = 34
d(P1,P3 ) = (3 − (−2))2 + (2 − (−1))2 = 52 + 32 = 25 + 9 = 34
Since d(P2,P3 ) = d(P1,P3 ) , the triangle is isosceles.
Since [d(P1,P3 )]2 + [d(P2 ,P3 )]2 = [d(P1,P2 ) ]2, the triangle is also a right triangle.
Therefore, the triangle is an isosceles right triangle.

55. P1 = (1, 3); P2 = (5,15) 57. P1 = (−4,6); P2 = (4,−8)

d(P1,P2 ) = (5 −1) + (15 − 3) d(P1,P2 ) = (4 − (−4 )) + (−8 − 6)2
2 2 2

= (4) + (12) (8)2 + (−14 )2

2 2
=
= 16 + 144 = 64 + 196
= 160 = 4 10 = 260 = 2 65

59. Plot the vertices of the square at

(0, 0), (0, s), (s, s), and (s, 0). Find the midpoints of the diagonals.
 0 + s 0 + s  s s 
M1 =   = , 
y
,
 2 2   2 2
 0 + s s + 0  s s 
M2 =  ,  = , 
(0,s) (s,s)  2 2   2 2
Since the coordinates of the midpoints
are the same, the diagonals of a square
intersect at their midpoints.
(s,0) x
(0,0)

61. Using the Pythagorean Theorem:

902 + 90 2 = d 2
90 90
8100 + 8100 = d 2
d
16,200 = d 2
d = 16,200 = 90 2 ≈ 127.28 feet 90 90

5
Chapter 1 Graphs
63. (a) First: (90, 0), Second: (90, 90) (b) Using the distance formula:
Third: (0, 90) d = (310 − 90) 2 + (15 − 90) 2
y (0,90) (90,90) = 2202 + (−75) 2
= 54,025 ≈ 232.4 feet
(c) Using the distance formula:
d = (300 − 0) 2 + (300 − 90) 2
x
= 300 2 + 2102
(0,0) (90,0)
= 134,100 ≈ 366.2 feet

65. The Intrepid heading east moves a distance 30t after t 30t
hours. The truck heading south moves a distance 40t
after t hours. Their distance apart after t hours is:
40t
d = (30t) 2 + (40t) 2 d
= 900t + 1600t
2 2

= 2500t 2
= 50t