1.

Palenque – South Mexico; Lakamaha

2. Vijaynagar – Karnatak, Humpi
3. Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco, Tiahuanacu) – Bolivia west side
4. Lothal – Indus civilization
5. Palmyra – Palmai, Old Rome
6. Çatalhöyük – south Anatoliya
7. Subashi – Silk route, Xinjiang, China
8. Machu Pichu – peru,
9. Ur – Ancient Mesopotamia;
10. Chan chan – South America
11. Mohenzadaro
12. Angkor – Angkor Wat
13. Ani - Turkey and Arminia; ruined medieval Armenian city now situated in Turkey's
province of Kars, next to the closed border with Armenia.
14. Carthage – Eastern side of the Lake Tunisia, Tunisia
15. Hattusa – Turkey; Capital of the Hittite Empire in the late Bronze age.
16. Caral, or Caral-Chupacigarro, was a large settlement in the Supe Valley, near Supe,
Barranca Province, Peru, some 200 kilometres (120 mi) north of Lima. Caral is the
most ancient city of the Americas and a well-studied site of the Norte Chico
civilization. Caral was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2009.Sara Ble –
Scotland.

Ancient Civilizations: Britannica.com

This is an alphabetically ordered list of ancient civilizations. It includes types of cultures,

traditions, and industries as well as more traditionally defined civilizations.

1. Abbevillian industry - Abbevillian industry, prehistoric stone tool tradition generally

considered to represent the oldest occurrence in Europe of a bifacial (hand ax)
technology. The Abbevillian industry dates from an imprecisely determined part of
the Pleistocene Epoch, somewhat less than 700,000 years ago. It was recovered from
high terrace sediments of the lower Somme valley, in a suburb of Abbeville, France.
The distinctive stone tools include massive core tools (hand axes), bifacially flaked,
with deep flake scars and sinuous or jagged edges, along with thick, usually
unretouched, flakes. The assemblage is usually considered closely related to the
Acheulean industry and may in fact represent merely a variant or temporal
expression of it.
2. Acheulean industry - Acheulean industry, Acheulean also spelled Acheulian, first
standardized tradition of toolmaking of Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens.
Named for the type site, Saint-Acheul, in Somme département, in northern France,
Acheulean tools were made of stone with good fracture characteristics, including
chalcedony, jasper, and flint; in regions lacking these, quartzite might be used. During
the Acheulean period, which lasted from 1.5 million to 200,000 years ago, the
presence of good tool stone was probably an important determining factor in the
distribution of early humans. In the later stages they learned to bring stone from
distant areas and thus became freer in their choice of homesites. “Tool kits” that
 differ in tool types reflect the varying adaptations made by early Stone Age humans
to different environments.
3. Aegean civilizations - Aegean civilizations, the Stone and Bronze Age civilizations that
arose and flourished in the area of the Aegean Sea in the periods, respectively, about
7000–3000 BC and about 3000–1000 BC. The area consists of Crete, the Cyclades and
some other islands, and the Greek mainland, including the Peloponnese, central
Greece, and Thessaly. The first high civilization on European soil, with stately palaces,
fine craftsmanship, and writing, developed on the island of Crete. Later, the peoples
of the mainland adapted the Cretan civilization to form their own, much as the
Romans adapted the civilization of later Greece. The Bronze Age civilization of Crete
has been called Minoan, after the legendary King Minos of Knossos, which was the
chief city of the island throughout early times. The Bronze Age of the Cyclades is
known as Cycladic, that of the mainland as Helladic, from Hellas, the Greek name for
Greece. Early, middle, and late stages have been defined in each of these, with
further subdivisions according to recognizable changes in the style of pottery and
other products that are associated with each separate culture. The civilization that
arose on the mainland under Cretan influence in the 16th century BC is called
Mycenaean after Mycenae, which appears to have been one of its most important
centres. The term Mycenaean is also sometimes used for the civilizations of the
Aegean area as a whole from about 1400 BC onward.
4. Amratian culture - Amratian culture, also called Naqādah I culture, Egyptian
Predynastic cultural phase, centred in Upper Egypt, its type-site being Al-ʿĀmirah
near modern Abydos. Numerous sites, dating to about 3600 BCE, have been
excavated and reveal an agricultural way of life similar to that of the preceding
Badarian culture but with advanced skills and techniques. Pottery characteristic of
this period includes black-topped red ware and a dark-red burnished ware,
occasionally decorated with bold linear designs in white slip depicting human or
animal figures; on an Amratian shard excavated at Naqādah, the earliest known
representation of the pharaonic red crown is drawn. Other important remains
include disk-shaped mace heads, slate cosmetic palettes, well-made stone vases and
ivory carvings, and numerous figurines of various materials.
5. Ancestral Pueblo culture - Ancestral Pueblo culture, also called Anasazi, prehistoric
Native American civilization that existed from approximately AD 100 to 1600,
centring generally on the area where the boundaries of what are now the U.S. states
of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah intersect. The descendents of the
Ancestral Pueblo comprise the modern Pueblo tribes, including the Hopi, Zuni,
Acoma, and Laguna. As farmers, Ancestral Pueblo peoples and their nomadic
neighbours were often mutually hostile; this is the source of the term Anasazi, a
Navajo word meaning “ancestors of the enemy,” which once served as the customary
scientific name for this group.
6. ancient Egypt - Ancient Egypt, civilization in northeastern Africa that dates from the
4th millennium BCE. Its many achievements, preserved in its art and monuments,
hold a fascination that continues to grow as archaeological finds expose its secrets.
This article focuses on Egypt from its prehistory through its unification under Menes
(Narmer) in the 3rd millennium BCE—sometimes used as a reference point for
Egypt’s origin—and up to the Islamic conquest in the 7th century CE.
7. ancient Greek civilization - Ancient Greek civilization, the period following
Mycenaean civilization, which ended about 1200 BCE, to the death of Alexander the
Great, in 323 BCE. It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific
achievements that formed a legacy with unparalleled influence on Western
civilization.
8. ancient Iran - Ancient Iran, also known as Persia, historic region of southwestern Asia
that is only roughly coterminous with modern Iran. The term Persia was used for
centuries, chiefly in the West, to designate those regions where Persian language and
culture predominated, but it more correctly refers to a region of southern Iran
formerly known as Persis, alternatively as Pārs or Parsa, modern Fārs. Parsa was the
name of an Indo-European nomadic people who migrated into the region about 1000
BC. The first mention of Parsa occurs in the annals of Shalmanesar II, an Assyrian
king, in 844 BC. During the rule of the Persian Achaemenian dynasty (559–330 BC),
the ancient Greeks first encountered the inhabitants of Persis on the Iranian plateau,
when the Achaemenids—natives of Persis—were expanding their political sphere.
The Achaemenids were the dominant dynasty during Greek history until the time of
Alexander the Great, and the use of the name Persia was gradually extended by the
Greeks and other peoples to apply to the whole Iranian plateau. This tendency was
reinforced with the rise of the Sāsānian dynasty, also native to Persis, whose culture
dominated the Iranian plateau until the 7th century AD. The people of this area have
traditionally referred to the region as Iran, “Land of the Aryans,” and in 1935 the
government of Iran requested that the name Iran be used in lieu of Persia. The two
terms, however, are often used interchangeably when referring to periods preceding
the 20th century.
9. ancient Italic people - Ancient Italic people, any of the peoples diverse in origin,
language, traditions, stage of development, and territorial extension who inhabited
pre-Roman Italy, a region heavily influenced by neighbouring Greece, with its well-
defined national characteristics, expansive vigour, and aesthetic and intellectual
maturity. Italy attained a unified ethnolinguistic, political, and cultural physiognomy
only after the Roman conquest, yet its most ancient peoples remain anchored in the
names of the regions of Roman Italy—Latium, Campania, Apulia, Bruttium, Lucania,
Samnium, Picenum, Umbria, Etruria, Venetia, and Liguria.
10. ancient Middle East - Ancient Middle East, history of the region from prehistoric
times to the rise of civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and other areas.
11. ancient Rome - Ancient Rome, the state centred on the city of Rome. This article
discusses the period from the founding of the city and the regal period, which began
in 753 BC, through the events leading to the founding of the republic in 509 BC, the
establishment of the empire in 27 BC, and the final eclipse of the Empire of the West
in the 5th century AD. For later events of the Empire of the East, see Byzantine
Empire.
12. Andean cultures - Andean peoples, aboriginal inhabitants of the area of the Central
Andes in South America. Although the Andes Mountains extend from Venezuela to
the southern tip of the continent, it is conventional to call “Andean” only the people
who were once part of Tawantinsuyu, the Inca Empire in the Central Andes, or those
influenced by it. Even so, the Andean region is very wide. It encompasses the peoples
of Ecuador, including those of the humid coast—many of whose contacts were as
frequently with maritime peoples, to both north and south, as with the highland
 peoples. Most of the populations and civilizations of Bolivia and Peru are Andean in a
central, nuclear way, and here again are included the kingdoms of the irrigated
desert coast. The peoples who for the past four and a half centuries have occupied
the northern highlands of Chile and Argentina also must be included. (For a
description of northern Andean peoples, see Central American and northern Andean
Indian. For additional cultural and historical information, see pre-Columbian
civilizations: Andean civilization.) There is a stereotyped image of the Andes showing
poverty against a background of bleak, unproductive mountains, where millions
insist, against all apparent logic, on living at 10,000 feet (3,000 metres) or more
above sea level. Nowhere else have people lived for so many thousands of years in
such visibly vulnerable circumstances. Yet, somehow this perception of the Andean
peoples coexists with another, based on the breathtaking stage setting of such
archaeological sites as Machu Picchu, the majesty of Inca stone palaces at Cuzco or
Huánuco Pampa and such Chimú mud-walled cities as Chan Chan, the beauty of
Andean textiles or ceramics in museums the world over, the reported concern of the
Inca kings for the welfare of their subjects, and the mostly abandoned large-scale
irrigation works or terraces constructed by these peoples. These two visions of
Andean peoples and their accomplishments can be reconciled only if it is recognized
that what the resources and ecologic potential of an area and a people may be
depends on what part of these resources the people use or are allowed to use by
their masters. The Andean region was once rich and produced high civilizations
because, over millennia, its people developed an agriculture, technologies, and social
systems uniquely adapted to the very specialized if not unique ecologic conditions in
which they lived.
13. Archaic culture - Archaic culture, any of the ancient cultures of North or South
America that developed from Paleo-Indian traditions and led to the adoption of
agriculture. Archaic cultures are defined by a group of common characteristics rather
than a particular time period or location; in Mesoamerica, Archaic cultures existed
from approximately 8,000–2,000 BC, while some Archaic cultures in the Great Basin
of the U.S. Southwest began at about the same time but persisted well into the 19th
century. The primary characteristic of Archaic cultures is a change in subsistence and
lifestyle; their Paleo-Indian predecessors were highly nomadic, specialized hunters
and gatherers who relied on a few species of wild plants and game, but Archaic
peoples lived in larger groups, were sedentary for part of the year, and partook of a
highly varied diet that eventually included some cultivated foods. In these ways,
Archaic cultures in the Americas are somewhat analogous to the Old World’s
Mesolithic cultures.
14. Assyria - Assyria, kingdom of northern Mesopotamia that became the centre of one
of the great empires of the ancient Middle East. It was located in what is now
northern Iraq and southeastern Turkey. A brief treatment of Assyria follows. For full
treatment, see Mesopotamia, history of: The Rise of Assyria. Assyria was a
dependency of Babylonia and later of the Mitanni kingdom during most of the 2nd
millennium BCE. It emerged as an independent state in the 14th century BCE, and in
the subsequent period it became a major power in Mesopotamia, Armenia, and
sometimes in northern Syria. Assyrian power declined after the death of Tukulti-
Ninurta I (c. 1208 BCE). It was restored briefly in the 11th century BCE by Tiglath-
pileser I, but during the following period both Assyria and its rivals were preoccupied
 with the incursions of the seminomadic Aramaeans. The Assyrian kings began a new
period of expansion in the 9th century BCE, and from the mid-8th to the late 7th
century BCE, a series of strong Assyrian kings—among them Tiglath-pileser III, Sargon
II, Sennacherib, and Esarhaddon—united most of the Middle East, from Egypt to the
Persian Gulf, under Assyrian rule. The last great Assyrian ruler was Ashurbanipal, but
his last years and the period following his death, in 627 BCE, are obscure. The state
was finally destroyed by a Chaldean-Median coalition in 612–609 BCE. Famous for
their cruelty and fighting prowess, the Assyrians were also monumental builders, as
shown by archaeological sites at Nineveh, Ashur, and Nimrūd.
15. Aterian industry - Aterian industry, stone tool tradition of the Middle and Late
Paleolithic, found widespread in the late Pleistocene throughout northern Africa. The
Aterian people were among the first to use the bow and arrow. Aterian stone tools
are an advanced African form of the European Levalloisian tradition, adapted to
desert use. A distinctive Aterian sign is the formation of stems, or tangs, on tools to
facilitate hafting; this was done on spearheads, arrowheads, and scrapers. Bifacial
spearheads were produced with a very fine pressure chipping technique, equivalent
in difficulty to those used in later tool traditions such as the Mousterian. Leaf-shaped
blades made by the Aterians have been likened to Solutrean blades; it has often been
suggested that the Aterians may have entered the Iberian Peninsula during Solutrean
times.
16. Aurignacian culture - Aurignacian culture, toolmaking industry and artistic tradition
of Upper Paleolithic Europe that followed the Mousterian industry, was
contemporary with the Perigordian, and was succeeded by the Solutrean. The
Aurignacian culture was marked by a great diversification and specialization of tools,
including the invention of the burin, or engraving tool, that made much of the art
possible.
17. Azilian industry - Azilian industry, tool tradition of Late Paleolithic and Early
Mesolithic Europe, especially in France and Spain. The Azilian industry was preceded
by the richer and more complex Magdalenian industry and was more or less
contemporary with such industries as the Tardenoisian, Maglemosian, Ertebølle, and
Asturian. Stone tools of the Azilian were mostly extremely small, called microliths,
and were made to fit into a handle of bone or antler. Projectile points with curved
backs and end scrapers were used; bone tools included punches, “wands” (of
uncertain use), and flat harpoons often made of red-deer antler. Art was confined to
geometric drawings made on pebbles using red and black pigments. The big game of
the Fourth Glacial Period had disappeared, and the Azilian people and their
contemporaries ate mollusks, fish, birds, and small mammals that were probably
trapped and snared.
18. Badarian culture - Badarian culture, Egyptian predynastic cultural phase, first
discovered at Al-Badārī, its type site, on the east bank of the Nile River in Asyūṭ
muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Upper Egypt. British excavations there during the 1920s
revealed cemeteries dating to about 4000 BCE. Although the Badarians apparently
continued the agricultural and pastoral practices of the earlier proto-Nilotic cultures
that immediately preceded them, their artistic and technical skills were greatly
improved. Their pottery, often distinguished by a black top, was extremely thin-
walled and well-fired; many regard it as the best ever made in the Nile River valley.
Other remains include combs and spoons of ivory, geometric slate palettes, female
 figurines, and copper and stone beads. Badarian materials have also been found at
Jazīrat Armant, Al-Ḥammāmiyyah, Hierakonpolis (modern Kawm al-Aḥmar), Al-
Maṭmār, and Tall al-Kawm al-Kabīr.
19. Banpo culture - Banpo site, also called Banpocun, Wade-Giles romanization Pan-p’o
or Pan-p’o-ts’un, one of the most important archaeological sites yielding remains of
the Painted Pottery, or Yangshao, culture of late Neolithic China. It is located at the
east suburb of the city of Xi’an in the Chinese province of Shaanxi. Banpo site was
excavated by members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1954–57. There is now
a museum at the site. The large Neolithic settlement was situated on a low river
terrace and contained multishaped clay huts, with floor levels often below the
ground. Each hut had one to six pillars to support a thatched roof, which was
reinforced with clay. All dwellings contained several fireplaces and a number of
storage areas. Several kilns were found on the site, as well as a number of fine
specimens of coloured red and gray bowls and jars. Some coarse sandy ware
decorated with black geometric figures has also been found. Most of the Banpo
people’s tools were stone and bone implements. The people were agriculturalists
whose primary grain was millet. Bones of pigs, dogs, and sheep have been found
around the village, indicating the presence of domestic animals. Children were buried
in small urns, adults in rectangular pits.
20. Big-Game Hunting Tradition
21. Boian culture - Boian, Neolithic culture (c. 8th–4th century BC) centred in what is
now southern Romania; it was characterized by terrace settlements, consisting at
first of mud huts and later of fortified promontory settlements. The Boian phase was
marked by the introduction of copper axes, the extension of agriculture, and the
breeding of domestic animals. The distinctive Boian pottery was decorated by
rippling, painting, and excised or incised linear designs. By spreading northward into
Transylvania and northeastward to Moldavia, the Boian culture gradually assimilated
earlier cultures of those areas.
22. Capsian industry - Capsian industry, a Mesolithic (8000 BC–2700 BC) cultural complex
prominent in the inland areas of North Africa. Its most characteristic sites are in the
area of the great salt lakes of what is now southern Tunisia, the type site being Jabal
al-Maqṭaʿ, near Qafṣah (Capsa, French Gafsa). Although the tool kit of the Capsian is
a classic example of the industries of the late Würm Glacial Period, and, while it is
apparently related to the Gravettian stage of Europe’s Perigordian industry (which
dates from about 17,000 years ago), it does not properly belong to the glacial period
at all but clearly occurs in Neothermal (postglacial) times. Like its predecessor, the
Ibero-Maurusian industry (or Oranian industry), the Capsian was a microlithic (tiny-
flaked-blade) tool complex. It differed from the Ibero-Maurusian, however, in
displaying a far more varied tool kit distinguished by large backed blades and burins
in its earlier phase and a gradual development of geometric microliths later. These
became its leading feature by the 6th millennium BC, when they seem to have been
transmitted to the final Ibero-Maurusian groups along the coast. Some North African
rock paintings are attributed to people of the Capsian industry. Compare Perigordian
industry; Ibero-Maurusian industry.
23. Carthage - Carthage, Phoenician Kart-hadasht, Latin Carthago, great city of antiquity
on the north coast of Africa, now a residential suburb of the city of Tunis, Tunisia.
According to tradition, Carthage was founded by the Phoenicians of Tyre in 814 BCE;
 its Phoenician name means “new town.” The archaeological site of Carthage was
added to UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 1979.
24. Chavín - Chavín, earliest highly developed culture in pre-Columbian Peru, which
flourished between about 900 and 200 BC. During this time Chavín artistic influence
spread throughout the northern and central parts of what is now Peru. The name
given to this early civilization derives from the great ruin of Chavín de Huántar in the
northern highlands of the Peruvian Andes, but that site may not have been the actual
centre of origin of the culture and artistic style. Important regional manifestations
are also found at Kotosh and Kuntur Wasi, in the highlands, and at sites in the Casma,
Nepeña, and Chicama valleys of the northern coast. One of the best-known coastal
phases is the Cupisnique of the Chicama valley. The central building at Chavín de
Huántar is a massive temple complex constructed of dressed rectangular stone
blocks and containing interior galleries and incorporating bas-relief carvings on pillars
and lintels. The principal motifs of the Chavín style are human, avian, feline, and
crocodilian or serpentine figures; these are often combined in highly complex and
fantastic images. Chavín de Huántar was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in
1985. Chavín culture undoubtedly had earlier prototypes in the Initial Period (c.
1800–900 BC). During this period a sedentary agricultural way of life became fully
established in Peru, with the development of such crafts as weaving, pottery making,
and stone carving. The significance of Chavín is that for the first time many of the
local or regional cultures of the area were unified by a common ideology or religion.
The extent of political unification remains uncertain.
25. Chellean industry - Chellean industry, an early Stone Age industry characterized by
crudely worked hand axes. The implements from Chelles in France that gave the
industry its name are now grouped with the Acheulian industry. The term Chellean,
in the sense of earliest hand-ax culture, has been replaced by Abbevillian industry.
26. Choukoutienian industry - Choukoutienian industry, tool assemblage discovered
along with cultural remains at the Chou-k’ou-tien (Pinyin Zhoukoudian) caves near
Peking, site of Homo erectus finds.
27. Clactonian industry - Clactonian industry, early flake tool tradition of Europe. Rather
primitive tools were made by striking flakes from a flint core in alternating directions;
used cores were later used as choppers. Flakes were trimmed and used as scrapers
or knives. A kind of concave scraper, perhaps used to smooth and shape wooden
spears, is typical of the Clactonian industry. Clactonian tools are similar in
appearance to those produced in the Soan industry of Pakistan and in several sites in
eastern and southern Africa. The industry dates from the early part of the Mindel-
Riss Interglacial Stage, or Great Interglacial (a major division of the Pleistocene
Epoch; the Pleistocene occurred 2,600,000 to 11,700 years ago), and is best known in
England from the site of Clacton-on-Sea, Essex, and the River Thames at
Swanscombe, Kent. At the latter site the Clactonian industry underlies a well-
developed (Middle) Acheulean industry. The significance of the distinctive nature of
the Clactonian industry still is not fully understood. The Tayacian industry of France
and Israel is believed to be a smaller edition of the Clactonian.
28. Dawenkou culture - Dawenkou culture, orTa-wen-k’ou culture, Chinese Neolithic
culture of c. 4500–2700 BC. It was characterized by the emergence of delicate wheel-
made pots of various colours; ornaments of stone, jade, and bone; walled towns; and
 high-status burials involving ledges for displaying grave goods, coffin chambers, and
the burial of animal teeth, pig heads, and pig jawbones.
29. Desert cultures - Desert cultures, in North America, ancient cultures centred on the
Great Basin in the area of Nevada, Utah, and Arizona; they lasted from about 7000 or
8000 BC to about 2000 BC. Subsistence was based on gathering wild seeds and plants
and on hunting small game; social groups were probably small and nomadic. The
people used baskets, nets, crude milling stones, simple bone tools, and stemmed or
notched chipped-stone projectile points.
30. Dong Son culture - Dong Son culture, important prehistoric culture of Indochina; it is
named for a village in northern Vietnam where many of its remains have been found.
The Dong Son site shows that bronze culture was introduced into Indochina from the
north, probably about 300 BC, the date of the earliest Dong Son remains. Dong Son
was not solely a bronze culture; its people also had iron implements and Chinese
cultural artifacts. Nevertheless, their bronze work, especially the production of ritual
bronze kettle drums, was of a high order. The Dong Son people also are distinguished
by their great stone monuments, built for religious functions, which are similar to
monuments found in Polynesia. The Dong Son were a seafaring people who
apparently traveled and traded throughout Southeast Asia. They also cultivated rice
and are credited with originating the process of changing the Red River delta area
into a great rice-growing region. The Dong Son culture, transformed by further
Chinese and then Indian influence, became the basis of the general civilization of the
region. Remnants of the culture have been found dating from as late as the 16th
century, though most of it disappeared after the region was conquered by China in
the 2nd century BC.
31. Dorset culture - Dorset culture, Greenlandic Kalaallit Nunaat, prehistoric culture of
Greenland and the Canadian eastern Arctic as far south as present-day
Newfoundland. It existed from approximately 800 BC to AD 1300. Its name comes
from excavations made at Cape Dorset at Baffin Island. Several theories about the
origin of Dorset culture have been posited: that it originated in Alaska or another
part of the western Arctic, that it derived from or was strongly influenced by certain
Archaic or Woodland cultures farther south, or that it was a fundamentally Eskimo
(Inuit) culture that developed in place in the Canadian eastern Arctic from a culture
called Pre-Dorset, with little external influence. For subsistence, Dorset people
depended primarily on sea mammals such as seals and walrus; they also fished and
hunted land mammals and birds as the opportunity arose. At the time, dogs and
dogsleds were unknown, so the people used small hand sleds to transport bulky
materials. The bow-drill, a common Inuit tool, was not part of the Dorset tool kit.
Dorset harpoon heads and foreshafts, knives, lamps, and chipped-stone implements
were distinctive. Ornaments were made of bone, ivory, or wood, and occasionally
engraved. Small ivory or bone animal and human figures, which were sometimes
naturalistic and sometimes stylized or grotesque, may have been used as amulets or
as a form of hunting magic. Dorset settlements were located on coasts and generally
consisted of semisubterranean houses and large meetinghouses. Skin-covered tents
were probably used during the summer. Evidence suggests that the Dorset people
were seasonal nomads who traveled in small groups. It is not certain when Dorset
culture disappeared, but it was after members of the Thule culture arrived from
Alaska, for there are indications of contact between the two groups. Climatic
 changes, notably the onset of the Medieval Cool Period—a period of increased cold
that occurred in the Northern Hemisphere from approximately AD 1250–1500—may
have contributed to the decline of Dorset culture (see Holocene Epoch). The extent
to which the Dorset people influenced the later indigenous cultures of Canada and
Greenland is unclear; some later types of tools clearly derived from this culture, and
a group of Inuit who survived in the area until 1903 may have been direct
descendants of the Dorset people.
32. El Argar
33. Erlitou culture
34. Ertebølle industry
35. Fauresmith industry
36. Gerzean culture
37. Ghassulian culture
38. Hohokam culture
39. Hongshan culture
40. Ibero-Maurusian industry
41. Indus civilization
42. Inugsuk culture
43. Ipiutak culture
44. Jōmon culture
45. Kachemak culture
46. Kurgan culture
47. Lapita culture
48. LBK culture
49. Longshan culture
50. Lupemban industry
51. Magdalenian culture
52. Maglemosian industry
53. Magosian industry
54. Mesopotamia
55. Minoan civilization
56. Mississippian culture
57. Moche
58. Mogollon culture
59. Mousterian industry
60. Mycenaean civilization
61. Nachikufan industry
62. Natufian culture
63. Nazca
64. Nok culture
65. Old Cordilleran culture
66. Oldowan industry
67. Osteodontokeratic tool industry
68. Paracas
69. Perigordian industry
70. Phoenicia
71. pre-Columbian civilizations
72. Qijia culture
73. Recuay
74. Sangoan industry
75. Solutrean industry
76. Stillbay industry
77. Tasian culture
78. Tayacian industry
79. Teotihuacán civilization
80. Thule culture
81. Trypillya culture
82. Urnfield culture
83. Villanovan culture
84. Woodland cultures
85. Yangshao culture
86. Yayoi culture