CIVE1129 - Lecture Notes - Consolidation PDF

18/08/2014
Geotechnical Engineering 2
CIVE1129
RMIT Academic staff:
Offering Coordinator: Dilan Robert (PhD)
Course Coordinator: Abbas Mohajerani (PhD)
ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION OF FINE-GRAINED

SOILS - 1
BASIC CONCEPTS
Textbook: Soil Mechanics and Foundations, Muni Budhu,3rd
edition, 2011
Book chapter: 9
Section: 9.0 – 9.3 Pages: 207 to 216
The materials used in these 46 slides are copyright and are from the textbook “Soil Mechanics and
Foundations”, by Muni Budhu, 3rd. edition, 2011, with copyright John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (as outlined in the
book). They are produced for the teaching staff and they should be made available only as a PDF file in a
protected local directory to students who have enrolled in Geotechnical Engineering 2 (CIVE1129).
Learning outcomes
• Be able to explain the basic concepts of soil
consolidation under vertical loads.
• Be able to distinguish the main controlling factors
for one dimensional consolidation of fine-grained
soils.
RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129 2
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Importance
• Under loads, all soils will settle, causing settlement of

structures founded on or within them. If the settlement is
not kept to a tolerable limit, the desired use of the
structure may be impaired and the design life of the
structure may be reduced. Structures may settle uniformly
or nonuniformly. The latter condition is called differential
settlement and is often the crucial design consideration.
Practical situation
• Construction of the tower started in 1173,

and by the end of 1178 when two-thirds
of the tower was completed, it had tilted.
Since then the tower has been settling
differentially.
• The foundation of the tower is located
about 3 m into a bed of silty sand that is
underlain by 30 m of soft clay resting on
a deposit of sand. A sand layer
approximately 5 m thick intersects the
clay.
• The structure of the tower is intact, but its
function is impaired by differential
settlement.
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SOIL SETTLEMENT
• The settlement of soil consist of

– Immediate settlement (usually occur during construction)
– Primary consolidation settlement (occurs during the life of the structure)
– Secondary consolidation settlement or creep (occurs during the life of the
structure but primary after primary consolidation)
SOIL SETTLEMENT
• Immediate settlement is estimated using elastic theory

• Primary and secondary consolidation settlements are calculated based
primarily on the one-dimensional consolidation theory proposed by Terzaghi
(1925)
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KEY POINTS
• Path AB ,called the normal

consolidation line (NCL), describes the
response of a normally consolidated
soil—a soil that has never experienced
a vertical effective stress greater than
its current vertical effective stress. The
NCL is approximately a straight line in a
plot of log versus e and is defined by a
slope, Cc, called the compression
index.
• A normally consolidated soil would
behave like an elastoplastic material.
That is, part of the settlement under the
load is recoverable, while the other part
is permanent.
Key Points
• An overconsolidated soil has

experienced vertical effective stresses
greater than its current vertical effective
stress.
• An overconsolidated soil will follow
paths such as CDE. For stresses below
the past maximum vertical effective
stress, an overconsolidated soil would
behave approximately like an elastic
material, and settlement would be
small. However, for stresses greater
than the past maximum vertical
effective stress, an overconsolidated
soil will behave like an elastoplastic
material, similar to a normally
consolidated soil.
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SUMMARY OF PRIMARY CONSOLIDATTION

SETTLEMENT PARAMETERS
• Compression index:
e
Cc 
( )
log z 2
(z )1
slope of normal consolidation line[plot: log  z ,  z ], no units, positive value
• Recompression index:
e
Cr 
( )
log z 2
(z )1
slope of unloading/reloading line[plot: log  z , z ], no units, positive value
10
OVERCONSOLIDATION RATIO
• dOverconsolidate
soils
d soil
• Overconsolidated soil - a soil Normally

• Normally
consolidated
whose current vertical effective consolidated soil
soils
stress or overburden effective
stress, is less than its past
maximum vertical effective stress.
• The degree of overconsolidation is
called overconsolidation ratio,
OCR.
• Normally consolidated soil:
OCR = 1
zc
OCR 
zo
RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129
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CIVE1108/CIVE1129
ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS - 2

CALCULATION OF PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
TEXTBOOK: SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS, MUNI BUDHU,3RD EDITION, 2011
BOOK CHAPTER: 9
SECTION: 9.4 PAGES: 217 TO 225
12
Learning outcomes
• Be able to calculate one-dimensional

consolidation settlement.
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13
ESTIMATION OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION
SETTLEMENT -1
2.5
2 Cr
• Laboratory vertical effective stress 1.5

Cc
(log scale)-void ratio is simplified void
ratio, e
by straight lines as shown by the 1
red lines.
Cr
0.5
0
100 1000 10000 100000
Vertical effective stress (psf)
Lab data from a 1D-consolidation test on a

soft clay shown by points
14
SETTLEMENT -2
• NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED
CLAYS (NCL); OCR = 1
H 
pc  o Cc log fin ; OCR1
1eo zo
or
Ho is the thickness of the layer, fin is the effective overburden pressure zo plus the increment of vertical stress z due to the surface loads
at the center of the layer.
pc  Homvz
Ho is the thickness of the layer, fin is the effective overburden pressure zo plus the increment of vertical stress z due to the surface loads
at the center of the layer.
Ho is the thickness of the layer, fin is the effective overburden pressure zo plus the
increment of vertical stress z due to the surface loads at the center of the layer.
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SETTLEMENT -3
• OVERCONSOLIDATED
CLAYS OCR > 1
H  
pc  (Cr log zc Cc log fin ); fin zc
1eo zo zc
or
H  H 
pc  (Cr log(OCR) Cc log fin ); fin zc
pc  Cr log fin ; fin  zc 1eo zc
1eo zo
16
PROCEDURE
• Calculate the current vertical • Normally consolidated soil, OCR

effective stress,(zo ) and the =1
current void ratio (eo) at the center Ho fin
of the soil layer for which pc  Cclog
settlement is required.
1 eo zo
• Calculate the applied vertical • Overconsolidated soil, OCR > 1

stress increase,z, at the center – Case 1:
of the soil layer using the fin zc ,
appropriate method in the section Ho σfin
dealing with stress increase from pc  Cr log
– Case 2: 1 eo σzo
surface loads
• Calculate the final vertical effective σfin  σzc,
stress fin zo z . Ho  σfin 
pc  Cr log (OCR) Cclog 
1eo  σzc 
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CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT USING mv
• Normally consolidated soils • Unlike Cc, which is constant, mv

varies with stress levels.
• To reduce the effects of
• Overconsolidated soils
nonlinearity, the vertical effective
stress difference should not
ρpc  Homvz exceed 100 kPa in calculating mv.
18
HOW TO DEAL WITH THICK SOIL LAYERS?
• Assuming thick soil layers, Ho > 2 m

– Subdivide in thinner layers 2 m and less (usually 2 to 5
sublayers)
– Find vertical stress increase at center of each sublayer
– Find settlement for each sublayer and the sum the
settlements.
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Example: Settlement of normally consolidated clay
• Given data • Solution
Step 1: Calculate zo and eo at the center of the clay layer.
 Gs e  2.7  0.76

Sand: sat   w   9.8 19.3 kN/m3
1e   1 0.76 
eo (for sand) 0.76; w(for clay) 43%  G 1  2.71 
  s  w   9.8  9.5 kN/m3
 1e  10.76
H o  2m,  z 140 kPa, Cc  0.3, Gs  2.7 or sat w 19.39.8  9.5 kN/m3
Clay: eo  wGs  2.70.43 1.16

• Required to find  G 1  2.71
  s  w   9.8  7.7 kN/m3
 1e  11.16
Primary consolidation settlement of
clay layer The vertical effective stress at the mid-depth of the clay layer
is
zo  (19.3 3)  (9.5  7.4)  (7.7 1) 135.9 kPa
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Solution: Settlement of normally consolidated clay
• Solution
Step 2: Calculate the increase of stress at the mid-

depth of the clay layer. You do not need to
calculate z for this problem. It is given as
z 140 kPa.
Step 3: Calculate fin.

fin zo z 135.9140  275.9 kPa
Step 4: Calculate the primary consolidation

settlement.
Ho fin 2 275.9
pc  Cclog  0.3 log  0.085 m
1eo zo 11.16 135.9
85 mm
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Example: Settlement of an overconsolidated clay
• Given data • Solution
Step 1: Calculate zo and eo at mid-depth of the

clay layer.
Sand :sat 19.3 kN/m,
3
 9.5 kN/m3 Clay: eo  wGs  0.382.7 1.03
 G 1  2.71
w(for clay) 38%   s  w  
 1e  11.03
9.8  8.2 kN/m3
zo  (19.33) (9.57.4) (8.21) 136.4 kPa
H o  2m,  z 140 kPa, Cc  0.3, Cr  0.05, Step 2: Calculate the past maximum vertical
effective stress.
Gs  2.7, OCR = 2.5
• Required to find zc zo OCR 136.42.5  341 kPa
• Primary consolidation settlement Step 3: Calculate fin.
of clay layer
fin zo z 136.4140  276.4 kPa
22
Solution: Settlement of an overconsolidated clay
• Solution
Step 4:Check if fin is less than or greater than

zc.
(fin  276.4 kPa)  (zc  341 kPa)
Step 5: Calculate the total primary consolidation

settlement.
Ho fin 2 276.4
pc  Cr log  0.05 log  0.015 m
1eo zo 11.03 136.4
15 mm
You should note that this settlement is small

compared with the settlement for the normally
consolidated clay in the previous example.
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CIVE1108/CIVE1129

ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY
TEXTBOOK: SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS, MUNI BUDHU,3RD EDITION,

2011
Book chapter: 9
Section: 9.5 – 9.6 Pages: 225 to 235
24
Learning outcomes
• Be able to understand the assumptions of the one-

dimensional consolidation theory.
• Be able to understand
–how the excess porewater varies with time for simple
boundary conditions
–the significance of degree of consolidation and time
factor
• Know how to find the solution to the governing one
dimensional consolidation equation
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ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION THEORY
• Developed by Terzaghi (1925)

• Assumptions
– The soil is saturated, isotropic, and u 2u
 Cv 2 (8)
homogeneous. t z
– Darcy’s law is valid.
– Flow only occurs vertically.
– The strains are small.
kz
Where Cv is the coefficient of consolidation Cv 
mvw
of consolidation
The 1D-consolidation equation (8) describes the

spatial variation of excess porewater pressure, u
with time (t) and depth (z). It is a common
equation in many branches of engineering.
SOLUTION OF 1D CONSOLIDATION EQUATION

THEORETICAL VARIATION OF EXCESS POREWATER PRESSURE WITH
TIME AND DEPTH
26
Top
2
1.8
1.6
1.4 2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.1 0 0.05 0.02 = Tv
1.2
Middle
Ho/Hdr 1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Bottom
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
∆u/∆uo
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SOLUTION OF 1D CONSOLIDATION EQUATION
DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION
• Geotechnical Engineers are

particularly interested in the
• Relationship between U and Tv
average degree of
consolidation, U, or
consolidation ratio, which gives
us the average amount of
consolidation completed at a
particular time, t.
Solution of 1D consolidation • Convenient equations for double drainage
equation gives

2
U 1 2 exp ( M2Tv )
2
m0 M  U 
Tv    for U  60%
4 100
Where Tv is called Time Factor.
Tv 1.7810.933 log (100U) for U  60%
28
SECONDARY COMPRESSION
• The secondary compression, or

creep, takes place under a
constant vertical effective stress.
• The physical reasons for
secondary compression in soils • Secondary compression index
are not fully understood. is
(et ep ) e
• One plausible explanation is the C   ; t tp
expulsion of water from log(t/tp ) log(t/tp )
micropores; another is viscous • Secondary consolidation
deformation of the soil structure. settlement is
Ho t
sc  C log 
(1ep )  tp 
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ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION LAB TEST
TEXTBOOK: SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS, MUNI BUDHU,3RD

EDITION, 2011
BOOK CHAPTER: 9
SECTION: 9.7 PAGES: 235 TO 243
30
Learning outcomes
• Be able to conduct a one-dimensional consolidation lab

test.
• Be able to understand the interpretation of the data from
a one-dimensional consolidation test especially the
determination of
–Cc, Cr
–Cv ,zc, and OCR
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IMPORTANCE
• To estimate the total settlement and the time rate of settlement, we need
to obtain certain soil consolidation parameters such as Cc as discussed
previously. These parameters are obtained from a lab test called the
one-dimensional consolidation test.
32
C
1D LAB CONSOLIDATION TEST
,
and
• Equipment
• We want to find the following
parameters to estimate the
amount and rate of
consolidation settlement
• Compression indices:
Cc, Cr
And mv , Cv
• The ring containing the soil sample can
be fixed to the container by a collar
(fixed ring cell, Figure b) or is
unrestrained (floating ring cell, Figure
c).
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• A disk of soil is enclosed in a stiff

metal ring and placed between two
porous stones in a cylindrical container
filled with water.
• A metal load platen mounted on top of
the upper porous stone transmits the
applied vertical stress (vertical total
stress) to the soil sample.
View a YouTube video on the performance of a one
• Both the metal platen and the upper dimensional consolidation test at the link below.
porous stone can move vertically http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3OSjEb2KpkE
inside the ring as the soil settles under

the applied vertical stress.
34
• Incremental loads, including unloading

sequences, are applied to the platen,
and the settlement of the soil at
various fixed times under each load
increment is measured by a
displacement gage.
• Each load increment is allowed to
remain on the soil until the change in • Each load increment is doubled.
settlement is negligible and the excess The ratio of the load increment to
porewater pressure developed under the previous load is called the load
the current load increment has
increment ratio (LIR);
dissipated. For many soils, this usually
occurs within 24 hours, but longer
conventionally, To determine Cr,
monitoring times may be required for the soil sample is unloaded.
exceptional soil types, for example,
montmorillonite.
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• What data are collected? • What plots are

– Initial height of the soil, Ho, prepared?
which is fixed by the height of
– Time (log scale) versus height
the ring. (to find Cv using Casagrande
– Current height of the soil at and Fadum (1940) method, and
various time intervals under C)
each load (time–settlement – Square root of time versus
data). height (to find Cv using Taylor’s
– Water content at the beginning method)
and at the end of the test, and – Vertical effective stress (log
the dry weight of the soil at the scale) versus void ratio at the
end of the test. end of each increment ( to find
Cc, Cr and zc
36
FINDING Cv USING TAYLOR’S METHOD
• Procedure
– Plot the displacement gage readings
(height)versus square root of times.
– Draw the best straight line through
the initial part of the curve intersecting
the ordinate (displacement reading) at
O and the abscissa at A.
– Note the time at point A; let us say it
is tA.
– Locate a point B, on the
abscissa. 1.15 tA ,
– Join OB. • Calculate
– The intersection of the line OB with
the curve, point C, gives the
displacement gage reading and the
time for 90% consolidation (t90).
0.848H dr2
C 
t90
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FINDING Cv USING CASAGRANDE AND FADUM (1940)
METHOD
• Procedure FOR ROOT TIME
METHOD
– Project the straight portions of the
primary consolidation and secondary
compression to intersect at A. The
ordinate of A, d100, is the displacement
gage reading for 100% primary
consolidation.
– Correct the initial portion of the curve to
make it a parabola. Select a time t1,
point B, near the head of the initial
portion of the curve and then another
time t2, point C, such that t2 = 4t1
– Calculate the difference in displacement
reading, d = d2 – d1,between t2 and t1.
– Plot a point D at a vertical distance from • Calculate
B. The ordinate of point D is the
corrected initial displacement gage
reading, do, at the beginning of primary
consolidation.
– Calculate the ordinate for 50%
consolidation as d50 = (d100 + d0)/2. 2
– Draw a horizontal line through this point 0 .1 9 7 H
to intersect the curve at E. The abscissa
Cv  dr
t50
of point E is the time for 50%
consolidation, t50.
38
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO METHODS OF DETERMINING
Cv
• The log time method makes use of • In theory, the root time method
the early (primary consolidation) should give good results except
and later time responses when nonlinearities arising from
(secondary compression) secondary compression cause
substantial deviations from the
• The root time method only utilizes
expected straight line. These
the early time response, which is
deviations are most pronounced in
expected to be a straight line
fine-grained soils with organic
materials.
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Determination of Void Ratio at the End of a Loading Step
• Calculate the final void ratio, • Back-calculate the initial void

efin  wGs , ratio using
(z)fin
where w is the water content efin 
determined at the end of the test. Ho
eo 
(z)fin
• Calculate the total consolidation 1
settlement of the soil sample Ho
during the test • Calculate e at the end of each
(z)fin  dfin di , loading step using
where dfin is the final displacement
gage reading and di is the
displacement gage reading at the   z fin   z fin
start of the test. e  eo 1 
 Ho  Ho

40
DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSION AND RECOMPRESSION
INDICIES
• The slope of the normal

consolidation line, BA, gives the
compression index, Cc.
• To determine the recompression
index, Cr, draw a line (BC)
approximately midway between
the unloading and reloading
curves.
– The slope of this line is the
recompression index (Cr).
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAB AND FIELD CONSOLIDATION, TYPICAL
SOIL CONSOLIDATION PARAMETERS
TEXTBOOK: SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS, MUNI BUDHU,3RD

EDITION, 2011
Book chapter: 9
Section: 9.8 – 9.11 Pages: 243 to 249
42
Learning outcomes
• Be able to estimate the amount of consolidation in the

field using lab data.
• Be able to estimate consolidation parameters from
empirical relationships.
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IMPORTANCE
We have described the consolidation test of a small sample of soil and
the soil consolidation parameters that can be obtained. What is the
relationship between this small test sample and the soil in the field? Can
you readily calculate the settlement of the soil in the field based on the
results of your consolidation test?
Sometimes, we need to make an estimate of consolidation settlement
without having the lab test results. We can use empirical relationships
based on simple soil test such as water content and index properties to
give a first approximation of the consolidation parameters.
44
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LABORATORY AND FIELD
CONSOLIDATION
• The time factor, Tv, provides a

useful expression to estimate the Ctv lab Ctv  field
Tv  
settlement in the field from the
results of a laboratory Or H  H 
2
dr lab
2
dr field
consolidation test.
• If two layers of the same clay
have the same degree of
consolidation, then their time
factors and coefficients of tfield H 
2
dr field

H 
consolidation are the same. 2
tlab dr lab
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TYPICAL VALUES OF CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
PARAMETERS AND EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS
• Compression indices
Empirical relationships Reference
Cc 0.009 (LL10) Terzaghi and Peck, 1967
Cc 0.40(eo 0.25) Azzouz et al., 1976
Cc  0.1 to 0.8 Cc 0.01(w5) Azzouz et al., 1976
Cr  0.015 to 0.35; also, Cr  Cc/5 to Cc/10 Cc 0.37(eo 0.003 LL0.34) Azzouz et al., 1976
Cc 0.00234 LLGs Nagaraj and Murthy, 1986
C /Cc  0.03 to 0.08 Cr 0.15(eo 0.007) Azzouz et al., 1976
Cr 0.003(w7) Azzouz et al., 1976
Cr 0.126(eo 0.003 LL0.06) Azzouz et al., 1976
w is the natural water content (%), LL is the liquid limit Cr 0.000463 LLGs Nagaraj and Murthy, 1985
(%), eo is the initial void ratio, and PI is the plasticity
index. Cc 1.35 PI (remolded clays) Schofield and Wroth, 1968
46
SUMMARY
• Consolidation settlement of a soil is a

time-dependent process that depends on
the hydraulic conductivity and thickness
of the soil, and the drainage conditions.
• When an increment of vertical stress is
applied to a soil, the instantaneous
(initial) excess porewater pressure is
equal to the vertical stress increment.
• With time, the initial excess porewater
pressure decreases, the vertical effective
stress increases by the amount of
decrease of the initial excess porewater
pressure, and settlement increases.
• The consolidation settlement is made up
of two parts —the early time response
called primary consolidation and a later
time response called secondary
compression.
23

CIVE1129 - Lecture Notes - Consolidation PDF

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CIVE1129 - Lecture Notes - Consolidation PDF

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18/08/2014

ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION OF FINE-GRAINED

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129 2

• Under loads, all soils will settle, causing settlement of

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129 3

• Construction of the tower started in 1173,

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129 4

• The settlement of soil consist of

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129 5

• Immediate settlement is estimated using elastic theory

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129 6

• Path AB ,called the normal

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129 7

• An overconsolidated soil has

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129 8

SUMMARY OF PRIMARY CONSOLIDATTION

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129 9

• Overconsolidated soil - a soil Normally

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129

ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS - 2

TEXTBOOK: SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS, MUNI BUDHU,3RD EDITION, 2011

• Be able to calculate one-dimensional

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129

• Laboratory vertical effective stress 1.5

Lab data from a 1D-consolidation test on a

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129

• Calculate the current vertical • Normally consolidated soil, OCR

• Calculate the applied vertical • Overconsolidated soil, OCR > 1

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129

• Normally consolidated soils • Unlike Cc, which is constant, mv

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129

• Assuming thick soil layers, Ho > 2 m

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129

• Given data • Solution

Step 1: Calculate zo and eo at the center of the clay layer.

 Gs e  2.7  0.76

Clay: eo  wGs  2.70.43 1.16

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129

Step 2: Calculate the increase of stress at the mid-

Step 3: Calculate fin.

Step 4: Calculate the primary consolidation

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129

• Given data • Solution

Step 1: Calculate zo and eo at mid-depth of the

zo  (19.33) (9.57.4) (8.21) 136.4 kPa

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129

Step 4:Check if fin is less than or greater than

Step 5: Calculate the total primary consolidation

You should note that this settlement is small

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129

ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS - 3

TEXTBOOK: SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS, MUNI BUDHU,3RD EDITION,

• Be able to understand the assumptions of the one-

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129

• Developed by Terzaghi (1925)

The 1D-consolidation equation (8) describes the

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129

SOLUTION OF 1D CONSOLIDATION EQUATION

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129

• Geotechnical Engineers are

RMIT University©Sep. 2014 Geotechnical Engineering 2, CIVE1129

• The secondary compression, or