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MILITARY TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGE
MTCC3006 Introduction to Civil Engineering
Week 1: Introduction to Surveying
Vocabulary
Surveying: The art of making measurements of the relative positions of natural and man‐made features
on the Earth’s surface, and the presentation of this information either graphically or numerically.
Computing or data processing: Preforming calculations on the recorded data to determine locations,
areas, volume and so on.
Mapping or data representation: Plotting measured and computed values to produce a map, plan or
chart, or present the data in a numerical or computer format.
Marking: Placing monument to delineate boundaries and guide construction operations.
A plan: is a graphical representation, to some scale, of the features on, near or below the surface of the
earth as projected on a horizontal plane which is represented by plane of a paper of which the plan is
drawn.
Plain scale: A plain scale is one on which it is possible to measure two dimensions only, such as units and
lengths, meters and decimeters etc.
Diagonal scale: On a diagonal scale, it is possible to measure three dimensions such as meters,
decimeters and centimeters.
Natural errors in surveying: caused by variation in or adverse weather conditions, refraction, un
modelled gravity effects, etc.
Instrumental errors in surveying: caused by imperfect construction and adjustment of the surveying
instruments used.
Personal errors in surveying: caused by the inability of the individual to make exact observations due to
the limitations of human sight, touch and hearing.