Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Mathematical Modelling

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apm

Thermo-elastic analysis of a functionally graded rotating

hollow circular disk with variable thickness and angular
speed
Ting Dai a,b,c, Hong-Liang Dai a,b,c,∗
a
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
b
Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Simulation Technology for Special Equipment Ministry of Education, Hunan University,
Changsha 410082, China
c
Joint Research Center of Urban Resource Recycling Technology of Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University and Shenzhen Green
Eco-Manufacturer High-Tech, Shenzhen 518055, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, the displacement and stress fields in a functionally graded material (FGM)
Received 11 November 2014 hollow circular disk, rotating with an angular acceleration under a changing temperature
Revised 14 March 2016
field, are achieved by using a semi-analytical approach. The material properties are as-
Accepted 24 March 2016
sumed to vary along the radial coordinate and related to the volume fraction of each ma-
Available online 4 April 2016
terial. The modulus of elasticity and the coefficient of thermal expansion are supposed to
Keywords: be temperature-dependent, while the Poisson’s ratio is assumed to be constant. In numer-
Rotating circular disk ical examples, effects of the functionally graded index, the geometric shape, the angular
FGM speed and the temperature boundary conditions to the displacement and stresses are con-
Thermal elasticity sidered. The results of this study may be useful for other investigations of rotating FGM
Temperature-dependent properties circular disks with variable thickness.
Variable thickness © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

FGM is a kind of nonhomogeneous composite material of which the compositions and properties varying continuously
along its thickness or length. Its distinctive merit comparing with usual composite materials is that it will reduce the stress
concentration and optimize the stress distribution so that the attributes of each component can be made good use of. These
features can effectively resolve some problems of the composite materials such as low bond strength and inharmonious
of properties. FGMs often have good performance in high temperature environment especially under severe temperature
gradients. A typical kind of FGMs used as thermal insulation material is constructed with metal and ceramic. The parts
under high temperatures have higher content of ceramic than metal and vice versa. Hence, the thermal stresses result from
temperature gradient gaps can reduce a lot in the material transition zones.
Rotating hollow circular disks are widely used in rotating mechanisms like turbine rotors, propellers and internal com-
bustion engines. The angular speed of the hollow circular disk is always constant during normal work. But it will change
over time and the disk may have a changing angular acceleration during the start or stop process of the machine. Obviously,

∗
Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
Tel.: +86 731 88664002; fax: +86 731 88711911.
E-mail address: hldai520@sina.com (H.-L. Dai).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2016.03.025
S0307-904X(16)30150-0/© 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
7690 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707

they will have influences on the displacements and stresses in the hollow circular disk. Therefore, studies of rotating hollow
circular disks with angular accelerations are necessary.
Different aspects of researches on rotating FGM circular disks can be found in literature. About rotating FGM circular
disks of uniform thickness under only mechanical loads, studies with different methods can be found a lot. By utilizing the
finite element method and direct numerical integration of the governing differential equations, Durodola et al. [1] studied
deformation and stresses in FGM rotating disks. Also with finite element method, Çallioğlu et al. [2] analyzed the stress
distributions of FGM rotating circular disks and carried out both analytical and numerical solutions. Eraslan et al. [3] carried
out closed form solutions on the plane strain and plane stress of FGM rotating solid shaft and solid disk problems. Asghari
et al. [4] and Chen et al. [5] investigated three-dimensional solutions for a rotating FGM circular disk. The effects of gradient
on stress distribution in rotating FGM solid disks were studied by Peng et al. [6], where both the power-law and radial non-
homogeneity cases were considered. Zenkour [7–9] researched the stresses and deformations of rotating FGM disks with
composite structures, various boundary conditions or rigid casing. Dai et al. [10,11] analyzed nonlinear dynamic responses
of FGM circular plates.
About rotating FGM circular disks in temperature environment, there are also abundant literatures. Temperature and
thickness effects on thermal and mechanical stresses of rotating FGM disks were analyzed by Damircheli et al. [12], in which
the finite element method was used. By semi-exact methods of Liao’s homotopy analysis method, Adomian’s decomposition
method and He’s variational iteration method, Hassani et al. [13] gave semi-exact elastic solutions for thermo-mechanical
analysis of FGM rotating disks. Peng et al. [14] and Kordkheili et al. [15] also studied the thermal stresses in rotating FGM
disks, the former got analytical solutions while the latter achieved semi-analytical ones. Afsar and Go. [16,17] utilized the
finite element method to study the thermo-elastic field in a rotating FGM circular disk. Brischetto et al. [18] researched the
thermo-mechanical bending of FGM plates and obtained the closed form solutions.
About FGM disks of variable thickness, investigations also can be seen. By removing or retaining the transverse normal
strain in the kinematics assumptions of various refined plate/shell theories, Carrera et al. [19] evaluated the effects of thick-
ness stretching in FGM plates and shells. Based on the finite difference method, Zenkour et al. [20] carried out analytical and
numerical solutions for a rotating annular disk of variable thickness. Zafarmand et al. [21] analyzed two-dimensional FGM
rotating thick disks with variable thickness, applying the graded finite element method. Bayat et al. [22–24] researched me-
chanical and thermal stresses in a FGM rotating disk with variable thickness. Goupee et al. [25] considered multi-objective
optimization of functionally graded materials with temperature-dependent material properties.
Moreover, many other aspects of studies about FGM structures can be found in literature. For example, Dai et al. [26] in-
vestigated the stresses distributions in a rotating functionally graded piezoelectric hollow cylinder and got the analytical
solutions. Arani et al. [27,28] studied magneto-thermo-elastic stresses and thermo-piezo-magneto-mechanical stresses in
rotating FGM disks. Focusing on creep buckling and post-buckling problems, Mao et al. [29] investigated the laminated
piezoelectric viscoelastic functionally graded plates. Besides, Dai et al. [30,31] researched free vibration of a FGPM circular
plate placed in a uniform magnetic field and the buckling analyses for a hybrid laminated viscoelastic FGM cylindrical shell.
Brischetto [32] carried out exact three-dimensional solutions for the free vibration problems of functionally graded one-
layered and sandwich simply-supported plates and shells. In recent years, Mashat et al. [33] utilized one-dimension Carrera
Unified Formulation [34,35] and the finite element method to study free vibration problems of FGM layered beams. With
the same methods, Filippi et al. [36] performed static analyses of FGM beams.
However, to our knowledge, researches on thermal and mechanical behaviors of rotating FGM circular disks of variable
thickness with angular accelerations are not found in literatures. Therefore, in this paper, a rotating FGM circular disk which
has variable thickness and a changing angular acceleration is considered, and the effects of material properties, change rules
of thickness, different angular speeds and accelerations and various temperature environment to the thermal and mechanical
behaviors of the circular disk are studied. The FGM circular disk is considered to be hollow with fixed-free boundary, and
semi-analytical solutions are presented.

2. FGM properties and structural model

In this study, an FGM hollow circular disk constructed with metal and ceramic is considered. The physical property pa-
rameter P of FGM varies along the radius and related to the volume fraction of each material. The function of P is expressed
as [12]

P = PcVc + PmVm , Vc + Vm = 1, (1)

where Pc and Pm represent the physical property parameter of ceramic and metal, respectively; while Vc and Vm represent
the volume fractions separately, and Vm is supposed to change exponentially as follow [12]
 r − r n
i
Vm = , (2)
ro − ri
where n (0 ≤ n ≤ ∞) is the index of the volume fraction of metal. The component of material remains only metal when
n = 0 and only ceramic when n → +∞. Apparently, materials of the inner and outer radii of the hollow circular disk are
pure metal and pure ceramic, respectively.
 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707 7691

ω(t )

r
ri θ
O
ro

ho
hi h(r)

Fig. 1. Structural model of the rotating FGM circular disk.

Table 1
Change rule of thickness.

Parameters of thickness Change rule

hi = ho or s=0 Uniform thickness

hi < ho 0<s<1 Increase, convex
s=1 Increase, linear
s>1 Increase, concave
hi > ho 0<s<1 Decrease, convex
s=1 Decrease, linear
s>1 Decrease, concave

Combining Eq. (2) with Eq. (1), the physical property parameters of FGM can be achieved as follows
 r − r n
P (r ) = (Pm − Pc )
i
+ Pc . (3)
ro − ri
As FGM is often used in high temperature environments, temperature dependency of some important properties should
be taken into consideration. These parameters can be expressed as [23]
 r − r n
P (r, T ) = [Pm (T ) − Pc (T )] + Pc (T ),
i
(4)
ro − ri
where
Pj (T ) = P0 j (P−1 j T −1 + 1 + P1 j T + P2 j T 2 + P3 j T 3 ) ( j = c, m ), (5)
in this expression, T represents temperature and Pij (i = −1, 0, 1, 2, 3 ) are constants.
The present hollow circular disk is rotating around a vertical axis, whose inner radius and thickness are assumed to be ri
and hi , while the outer ones to be ro and ho , respectively. Cylinder coordinate system (r, θ , z) is appropriate here as shown
in Fig. 1.
In this paper, thickness of the FGM hollow circular disk is considered to change along the radial coordinate and its
expression is
 r − r s
h ( r ) = hi + ( ho − hi )
i
, (6)
ro − ri
where s (s ≥ 0) is a geometry parameter which affects the thickness as Table 1.
The present investigation focuses on the accelerating or decelerating process of the FGM rotating disk. Hence, its an-
gular speed is a function of time, rather than a constant as studied in the past literatures by most other researchers. For
convenience of solving the whole problem, angular speed of the disk here is set as
ω (t ) = ωoe−λt , (7)
where ω0 is the initial angular speed and λ is a constant which affects the change rule.
Accordingly, the angular acceleration is
dω (t )
ω˙ (t ) = = −λωoe−λt , (8)
dt
7692 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707

Fig. 2. Comparison of radial displacement between this paper and Ref. [2].

Fig. 3. Comparison of radial stress between this paper and Ref. [2].

Table 2
Comparison of results between this paper and Ref. [2].

r/b ur (μm) Relative error (%) σ r (MPa) Relative error (%)

This paper Ref. [2] This paper Ref. [2]

0.4 35.264 36.475 –3.32 0 0 0

0.5 33.870 34.524 –1.89 6.089 6.061 0.46
0.6 33.361 33.739 –1.12 8.274 8.306 –0.39
0.7 33.171 33.307 –0.41 8.217 8.372 –1.85
0.8 32.929 32.842 0.26 6.629 6.896 –3.87
0.9 32.496 32.511 –0.05 3.955 3.994 –0.98
1.0 31.723 31.550 0.01 0 0 0
 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707 7693

Table 3
Main parameters of material properties.

Parameters Ceramic (inner surface) Metal (outer surface)

ν 0.3 0.3
ρ (kg/m3 ) 5700 7800
E(GPa) 244.27 201.04
α (10−5 /K) 1.277 1.233
κ (W/mK) 13.723 15.379
P−1 (E, α ) 0 0
P1 (E) −1.371 × 10−3 +3.079 × 10−4
P2 (E) +1.214 × 10−6 −6.530 × 10−8
P3 (E) −3.680 × 10−10 0
P1 (α ) −1.490 × 10−3 +8.086 × 10−4
P2 (α ) +1.0 0 0 × 10−6 0
P3 (α ) +6.800 × 10−12 0

Table 4
Geometric parameters.

Parameters Values

Inner radius ri (m) 0.05,0 0 0

Outer radius ro (m) 0.25,0 0 0
Inner thickness hi (m) 0.07,500
Outer thickness ho (m) 0.01,500
Thickness parameter s 1

and the ratio ω˙ (t )/ω (t ) is

ω˙ (t )
= −λ. (9)
ω (t )
Apparently, when λ > 0 it is a decelerating process, while an accelerating one when λ < 0, and when λ = 0 the hollow
circular disk is rotating with a constant angular speed.

3. Basic formulations

(1) Thermal conduction problem

The present rotating FGM hollow circular disk is under a temperature field which is changing along the radial coordinate,
and the thermal conduction equation without heat source is
 
d d
T ( r )
r h ( r )κ ( r ) = 0, (10)
dr dr
in which
T(r) is the change of temperature and k(r) is the thermal conductivity which obeys Eq. (3).
The heat boundary conditions can be expressed as follows

d
T (r ) 
C11
T (ri ) + C12 = ζ1 , (11a)
dr 
r=ri

d
T (r ) 
C21
T (ro ) + C22 = ζ2 , (11b)
dr 
r=ro

where Ci j (i, j = 1, 2 ) are constants which relate to the thermal conductivity and head transfer coefficient, while ζ j ( j = 1, 2 )
are constants on the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow circular disk, respectively.

(2) Thermo-mechanical problem

Ignoring gravity, any part of the hollow circular disk subjects a radial force f r = ρ (r )[ω (t )]2 r and a circumferential force
fθ = −ρ (r )r dωd(t t ) . Because of symmetry, the displacements and stresses have no relation with the circumferential coordinate.
Hence, the equilibrium equations are expressed as
 
1 ∂ [ h ( r ) σr ] σr − σθ
+ h (r ) = −[ω (t )]2 , (12a)
r h ( r )ρ ( r ) ∂r r
 
1 ∂ [ h ( r ) τr θ ] 2 h ( r ) τr θ dω (t )
+ = , (12b)
r h ( r )ρ ( r ) ∂r r dt
7694 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707

373
307.0

306.5
353

306.0

Temperature T (K) 333

305.5

313 305.0
0.1060 0.1065 0.1070 0.1075 0.1080

n=0
n=0.5
293 n=1
n=3
n=5
273
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Radial coordinate r (m)
Fig. 4. Temperature field under different values of functionally graded index n.

2.5x10-4

1.5x10-4
Radial displacement ur (m)

-5
5.0x10

n=0
n=0.5
-5
-5.0x10 n=1
n=3
n=5
-4
-1.5x10
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Radial coordinate r (m)
Fig. 5. Radial displacements under different n, when hi /ho = 1/5, s = 1, ri /ro =1/5, Ti = 375K, To = 273K and ω = 10 0 0 r/min.

in which σ r , σ θ and τ rθ represent radial, circumferential and shear stresses, respectively, and ρ (r) is the mass density which
obeys Eq. (3).
The geometric equations are

∂ ur
εr = , (13a)
∂r
ur
εθ = , (13b)
r
∂ uθ uθ
γrθ = − , (13c)
∂r r
where ɛr , ɛθ and γ rθ are radial, circumferential and shear strains, respectively; ur and uθ separately represent radial and
circumferential displacements.
 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707 7695

1.5x109

n=0
n=0.5
1.2x109
n=1
n=3
Radial stress σr (Pa)
n=5
9.0x108

6.0x108

8
3.0x10

0.0
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Radial coordinate r (m)
Fig. 6. Radial stresses under different n, when hi /ho = 1/5, s = 1, ri /ro =1/5, Ti = 375K, To = 273K and ω = 10 0 0 r/min.

5.5x108

4.8x108
Circumferential stress σθ (Pa)

4.1x108

n=0
3.4x108
n=0.5
n=1
8 n=3
2.7x10
n=5

8
2.0x10
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Radial coordinate r (m)
Fig. 7. Circumferential stresses under different n, when hi /ho = 1/5, s = 1, ri /ro =1/5, Ti = 375K, To = 273K and ω = 10 0 0 r/min.

The thermo-mechanical constitutive equations are

E (r, T )
σr = [εr + νεθ − (1 + ν )α (r, T )
T (r )], (14a)
1 − ν2

E (r, T )
σθ = [νεr + εθ − (1 + ν )α (r, T )
T (r )], (14b)
1 − ν2

E (r, T )
τr θ = γ , (14c)
2 (1 + ν ) r θ

where E(r, T) is the modulus of elasticity and α (r, T) is the coefficient of thermal expansion, and both of them obey Eq. (4).
ν is the Poisson’s ratio and assumed to be constant.
7696 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707

1.00x105

-5.00x104

n=0
Shear stress τrθ (Pa)

-2.00x105 -2.0x10
5 n=0.5
n=1
-2.2x10
5
n=3
-3.50x105 n=5
-2.4x105

5
-5.00x10 -2.6x105

-2.8x105
0.060 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.068 0.070

5
-6.50x10
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Radial coordinate r (m)

Fig. 8. Shear stresses under different n, when hi /ho = 1/5, s = 1, ri /ro =1/5, Ti = 375K, To = 273K and ω = 10 0 0 r/min.

0.08
hi/ho=5
s=0
s=0.5
s=1
s=2
0.04
Thickness h (m)

0.00
0.08

0.04
hi/ho=1/5
s=0
s=0.5
s=1
s=2
0.00
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Radial coordinate r (m)

Fig. 9. Thicknesses under different ratios of hi /ho and values of s.
 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707 7697

1.2x10-4

6.0x10-5
hi/ho=5
Radial displacement ur (m)

s=0
s=0.5
s=1
s=2
0.0
2.0x10-4

1.0x10-4
hi/ho=1/5
s=0
s=0.5
s=1
s=2
0.0
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Radial coordinate r (m)

Fig. 10. Radial displacements under different thicknesses, when n = 1, ri /ro =1/5, Ti = 375K, To = 273K and ω = 10 0 0 r/min.

Combining Eqs. (13) and (14), the relations between stresses and displacements are got as follows
 
E (r, T ) ∂ ur ur
σr = +ν − (1 + ν )α (r, T )
T (r ) , (15a)
1 − ν2 ∂r r

 
E (r, T ) ∂ ur ur
σθ = ν + − (1 + ν )α (r, T )
T (r ) , (15b)
1 − ν2 ∂r r

E (r, T ) ∂ uθ uθ
τr θ = − . (15c)
2 (1 + ν ) ∂r r

Hence, Eq. (12) can be written as

∂ 2 ur ∂ ur
f 1 (r ) + f 2 (r ) + f3 (r )ur + f4 (r ) = g1 (t ), (16a)
∂ r2 ∂r
∂ 2 uθ ∂u
f 5 (r ) + f6 (r ) θ + f7 (r )uθ = g2 (t ). (16b)
∂ r2 ∂r
the expressions of fi (r) (i = 1, 2, ..., 7 ) and gj (t) ( j = 1, 2 ) are shown in Appendix A.
The hollow circular disk has a fixed inner surface and a free outer one, therefore, the boundary conditions can be ex-
pressed as follows

ur ( ri ) = 0, uθ ( ri ) = 0, (17a)

σ r ( r o ) = 0 , τr θ ( r o ) = 0 . (17b)
7698 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707

6.60x108

hi/ho=5
s=0
s=0.5
s=1
3.30x108 s=2
Radial stress σr (Pa)

0.00
1.6x109

hi/ho=1/5
s=0
s=0.5
s=1
8.0x108 s=2

0.0
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Radial coordinate r (m)

Fig. 11. Radial stresses under different thicknesses, when n = 1, ri /ro =1/5, Ti = 375K, To = 273K and ω = 10 0 0 r/min.

4. Solution of the problem

(1) Temperature field

r −r
Dividing the hollow circular disk along its radius into m parts, the width of each part is rm = om i . Obviously, each part
can be regarded as homogeneity in material and uniform in thickness when the value of m is big enough. Meanwhile, the
angular speed of the hollow circular disk can be seen as a constant when focusing on a period of time which is short
enough.
Based on the dividing method above, the heat conduction equation of the kth (k = 1, 2, ..., m ) part can be written as
follow
d 2
T ( k ) ( k ) d
T
(k )
A (k ) + B = 0, (18)
dr 2 dr
where
T(k) represents the temperature change of the kth part, and the expressions of A(k) and B(k) are

A ( k ) = r ( k ) h ( r ( k ) )κ ( r ( k ) ), (19a)
 
dh(r )  dκ (r ) 
B ( k ) = h ( r ( k ) )κ ( r ( k ) ) + r ( k ) κ ( r ( k ) ) + r (k ) h ( r (k ) ) . (19b)
dr  dr 
r =r ( k ) r =r ( k )

Eq. (18) is a homogeneous second order ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients, and its general solution
is
B (k )

T (k) = C1(k) + C2(k) exp(− r ), (20)
A (k )
in which C1(k ) and C2(k ) are unknown constants for the kth part which can be determined by the temperature continuity
conditions between the adjacent parts as follows
 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707 7699

7.00x108

hi/ho=5
s=0
s=0.5
s=1
3.50x108 s=2
Circumferential stress σθ (Pa)

0.00
1.6x109

hi/ho=1/5
s=0
s=0.5
s=1
8.0x108 s=2

0.0
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Radial coordinate r (m)
Fig. 12. Circumferential stresses under different thicknesses, when n = 1, ri /ro =1/5, Ti = 375K, To = 273K and ω = 10 0 0 r/min.

 

T (k) r=r (k) + rm =
T (k) r=r (k+1) − rm , (21a)
 
2 2

d
T (k )  d
T (k ) 
= . (21b)
dr  ( k ) rm dr  (k+1)
r =r + 2 r =r − r2m

Considering a special temperature boundary type, that is, the temperatures of the inner and outer boundary of the hollow
circular disk being given, the parameters in Eq. (11) are set as
ζ 1 = Ti , ζ 2 = To, (22a)

C11 = C21 = 1, C12 = C22 = 0. (22b)

Then, temperatures of the inner boundary and the outer one are


T (k) r=r (1) − rm = Ti , (23a)
2


T (k) r=r (m) + rm = To, (23b)
2

When making k = 1, 2, ..., m, Eqs. (21) and (23) make up a series of algebraic equations which can be solved to achieve
a series of values of C1(k ) and C2(k ) (k = 1, 2, ..., m ). Substituting these values into Eq. (20), the temperature field will be get.

(2) Displacement and stress fields

The governing equations of the kth part at time t = τ can be written as

d2 ur(k ) (k )
( k ) dur
f1(k ) + f 2
+ f3(k ) ur(k ) = g1 (τ ) − f4(k ) , (24a)
dr 2 dr
d2 uθ(k ) du (k )
f5(k ) + f6(k ) θ + f7(k ) uθ(k ) = g2 (τ ), (24b)
dr 2 dr
7700 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707

2.0x10-4
ri=0.05m
ri=0.10m
1.5x10
-4 ri=0.15m

Radial displacement ur (m)

-4
1.0x10

5.0x10-5

0.0
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Radial coordinate r (m)

Fig. 13. Radial displacements under different inner radius, when n = 1, hi /ho = 1/5, ro = 0.25m, Ti = 375K, To = 273K and ω = 10 0 0 r/min.

2.0x109

ri=0.05m
1.5x10
9
ri=0.10m
ri=0.15m
Radial stress σr (Pa)

9
1.0x10

5.0x108

0.0
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Radial coordinate r (m)

Fig. 14. Radial stresses under different inner radius, when n = 1, hi /ho = 1/5, ro = 0.25m, Ti = 375K, To = 273K and ω = 10 0 0 r/min.

in which fi(k ) is short for fi (r(k) ), and r(k) is the radius in the middle of the kth part and its value is r (k ) = [ri + (k − 1 )rm ] + rm
2 .
(k )
It can be easily seen that, fi will be a constant when substituting the value of temperature in the kth part and r(k) into
(k )
it. ur and uθ(k ) are the radial and circumferential displacements in the middle of the kth part, respectively. g1 (τ ) and g2 (τ )
are separately the values of g1 (t) and g2 (t) when t = τ .
Eqs. (24a) and (24b) are both second order ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients, and their general
solutions can be written as

g1 (τ ) − f4(k )
ur(k ) = X1(k ) exp(a1(k ) r ) + X2(k ) exp(a2(k ) r ) + , (25a)
f3(k )

g2 ( τ )
uθ(k ) = Y1(k ) exp(b(1k ) r ) + Y2(k ) exp(b(2k ) r ) + , (25b)
f7(k )
 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707 7701

5.5x108

ri=0.05m
5.0x108 ri=0.10m

Circumferential stress σθ (Pa)

ri=0.15m
4.5x108

8
4.0x10

8
3.5x10

8
3.0x10
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Radial coordinate r (m)

Fig. 15. Circumferential stresses under different inner radius, when n = 1, hi /ho = 1/5, ro = 0.25m, Ti = 375K, To = 273K and ω = 10 0 0 r/min.

-4
6.50x10
ω=500 r/min
ω=1000 r/min
-4
5.00x10 ω=1500 r/min
Radial displacement ur (m)

ω=2000 r/min

-4
3.50x10

2.00x10-4

-5
5.00x10

-4
-1.00x10
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Radial coordinate r (m)
Fig. 16. Radial displacements under different angular speeds, when n = 1, hi /ho = 1/5, s = 1, ri /ro = 1/5, Ti = 375K and To = 273K.

where
rm rm
r (k ) − ≤ r (k ) ≤ r (k ) + , (26a)
2 2
 2
f2(k ) ± f2(k ) − 4 f1(k ) f3(k )
(k ) (k )
a1 , a2 = − , (26b)
2 f1(k )
 2
f6(k ) ± f6(k ) − 4 f5(k ) f7(k )
(k ) (k )
b1 , b2 = − . (26c)
2 f5(k )
7702 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707

9
3.2x10

ω=500 r/min
2.4x10 9 ω=1000 r/min
ω=1500 r/min
Radial stress σr (Pa) ω=2000 r/min

1.6x109

8
8.0x10

0.0
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Radial coordinate r (m)
Fig. 17. Radial stresses under different angular speeds, when n = 1, hi /ho = 1/5, s = 1, ri /ro = 1/5, Ti = 375K and To = 273K.

1.50x109

ω=500 r/min
1.23x10 9 ω=1000 r/min
Circumferential stress σθ (Pa)

ω=1500 r/min
ω=2000 r/min
9.60x108

6.90x108

8
4.20x10

8
1.50x10
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Radial coordinate r (m)
Fig. 18. Circumferential stresses under different angular speeds, when n = 1, hi /ho = 1/5, s = 1, ri /ro = 1/5, Ti = 375K and To = 273K.

X1(k ) , X2(k ) , Y1(k ) and Y2(k ) are unknown constants of the kth part which can be determined by the displacement and stress
continuity conditions between the adjacent parts as follows
 
φ (k) r=r(k) + rm = φ (k) r=r(k+1) − rm , (27)
2 2

in which φ (k) can represent ur(k ) , uθ(k ) , σr(k ) and τr(θk ) .

The boundary conditions Eq. (17) can be written as
 
ur(k )  = 0, uθ(k )  (1) rm = 0, (28a)
r =r (1) − r2m r =r − 2

 
σr(k) r=r(m) + rm = 0, τr(θk) r=r(m) + rm = 0. (28b)
2 2
 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707 7703

2.5x10-4

1.8x10-4

Radial displacement ur (m)

1.1x10-4

4.0x10-5
Ti= 273K
Ti= 323K
-5
-3.0x10 Ti= 373K
Ti= 473K

-1.0x10-4
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Radial coordinate r (m)

Fig. 19. Radial displacements under different temperature boundary conditions, when n = 1, hi /ho = 1/5, s = 1, ri /ro = 1/5, To = 273K and ω = 10 0 0 r/min.

When making k = 1, 2, ..., m, Eqs. (27) and (28) make up a series of algebraic equations which can be solved to achieve
a series of values of X1(k ) , X2(k ) , Y1(k ) and Y2(k ) (k = 1, 2, ..., m ). Substituting these values into Eq. (25), the displacement field
of the hollow circular disk will be obtained. Then, using Eq. (15), the stress fields will be achieved.
Obviously, enlarge the value of m can improve the accuracy of the solutions, but the amount of calculation will also be
increased. In fact, the value of m in each numerical example of the present paper adopts 500. This is under the consideration
that the geometric sizes of the present circular disk are less than 25 cm, and 0.4 mm is small enough to fulfil the isotropy
assumption for each dividing part.

5. Numerical results and discussion

Example 1. In order to check the correctness of the method used in this paper, a rotating FGM hollow circular disk which
is the same as the one in Ref. [2] is considered. Figs. 2 and 3 separately show the radial displacement and the radial
stress, either of them is calculated both by the current method in this paper and the analytical method in Ref. [2]. From
this two figures, it can be known that the results of the two methods are close. Meanwhile, Table 2 shows the numerical
values of several points as well as the relative errors between the results. From this table, the largest errors of displacement
and stress occur at their maximums. That is because the present method is based on the assumption that each division
is isotropy, hence, the larger gradient area may need more micromesh divisions which will spend longer computing time.
But in general, the relative errors are under 4%, therefore, we hold that the semi-analytical approach used in this paper is
reliable.

Example 2. In this example, the effects of the functionally graded index n to the displacements and stresses of the hollow
circular disk are studied. The main parameters of material properties [12] are shown in Table 3, which are also used in the
later examples.

The boundary temperatures are assumed to be Ti = 373 K and To = 273 K. The angular speed is set as ω (t ) =
20 0 0e−0.5t r/min. The geometric parameters of the hollow circular disk are shown in Table 4.
Fig. 4 is the temperature field under different functionally graded indexes. It can be seen that the effect of n to the
temperature field is small. More detailed observation shows that when n < 1, the temperature at a same radius decreases
as n increases, and while n > 1 the rule is opposite.
At time t = 1.39 s, that is, the angular speed is about ω = 10 0 0r/min, the effects of different n to the displacement
and stress fields are presented in Figs. 5–8. From these figures, it is easily seen that the radial displacement at the inner
boundary, and the radial and shear stresses at the outer boundary are 0, which agree with the boundary conditions. The
displacement and stresses at a same radius all increase when a larger n is adopted, but when n ≥ 3 this kind of effect
becomes small. From Fig. 7, it is easily seen that when n ≥ 3, the circumferential stress tends to increase near the outer
boundary, which does not happen when n < 3. Fig. 8 shows that the value of n has little influence on the shear stress.
7704 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707

2.0x109

Ti= 273K
1.6x109
Ti= 323K
Radial stress σr (Pa) Ti= 373K
1.2x109 Ti= 473K

8.0x108

4.0x108

0.0
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Radial coordinate r (m)

Fig. 20. Radial stresses under different temperature boundary conditions, when n = 1, hi /ho = 1/5, s = 1, ri /ro = 1/5, To = 273K and ω = 10 0 0 r/min.

9.00x108
Ti=273K
Ti=323K
7.30x108 Ti=373K
Circumferential stress σθ (Pa)

Ti=473K
8
5.60x10

3.90x108

8
2.20x10

7
5.00x10
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Radial coordinate r (m)
Fig. 21. Circumferential stresses under different temperature boundary conditions, when n = 1, hi /ho = 1/5, s = 1, ri /ro = 1/5, To = 273K and ω = 10 0 0 r/min.

Comparing Fig. 8 with Figs. 6 and 7, it also can be known that the main stresses in the hollow circular disk are the radial
and circumferential stresses.

Example 3. In this example, the effects of thickness and radius to the displacements and stresses of the hollow circular disk
are studied.

The temperature boundary conditions and angular speed in this example are the same as those in Example 1, while the
functionally graded index n is set to be 1. When choosing different ratios of hi /ho and values of s, the thicknesses of the
hollow circular disks can be seen in Fig. 9. Obviously, these curves agree with Table 1.
Figs. 10–12 respectively show the displacement and stress fields under different thickness. When s = 0, the hollow circu-
lar disk has a constant thickness, hence, the displacement and stresses have no relation with the ratio hi /ho . In these three
figures, the curves of hi /ho = 5(s = 0 ) are all under the one of s = 0, while those of hi /ho = 1/5 (s = 0 ) are all over it. This
 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707 7705

Table 5
Effects of angular acceleration to the maximum radial displacement and radial stress.

t (s) ω (r/min) ur σr
−4
Maximum value (×10 m) Radial coordinate (m) Maximum value (×109 Pa)

0 20 0 0 4.77 0.165 2.91

2 735.8 1.02 0.111 0.92
4 270.7 0.61 0.097 0.65
6 99.6 0.56 0.095 0.61
8 36.6 0.56 0.095 0.60
10 13.5 0.56 0.095 0.60

means that the hollow circular disk with a thick center and a thin edge has smaller displacement and stresses. The figures
also show that the value of s, that is, the shape of the surface of the hollow circular disk, has some effects, but not much.
When changing the inner radius of the hollow circular disk while remaining the outer one, the variations of the displace-
ments and stresses can be seen in Figs. 13–15. From Fig. 13, one knows that as the inner radius enlarged, the maximum of
the radial displacement firstly increases and then decreases, and the place where the maximum occurs moves toward the
edge of the disk. Fig. 14 represents that as the inner radius increases, the maximum of the radial stress gets larger, and the
location of it remains at the inner boundary. Fig. 15 is the circumferential stress under different inner radius, which shows
that when ri /ro = 0.2 the circumferential stress firstly increases and then decreases; when ri /ro = 0.4 it decreases smoothly;
and when ri /ro = 0.6 it firstly decreases and then increases.

Example 4. This example studies the effects of angular speed ω and temperature boundary conditions to the displacements
and stresses of the hollow circular disk. The functionally graded index n is also set to be 1 and the geometric parameters of
the hollow circular disk are the same as those in Table 4.

The displacement and stress fields under different ω are separately presented in Figs. 16–18. From these figures, it can
be known that the displacement and stresses all increase at a same radius when ω increases, as a result of lager inertial
forces. In Figs. 19–21, by changing the temperature on the inner boundary while keeping the outer one, that is, enlarging
the temperature gradient, the influences of temperature fields to displacement and stresses are achieved. Fig. 19 represents
that when r < 0.175 m, the radial displacement increases as the temperature gradient enlarged, while when r > 0.175 m, it
decreases and even changes its direction. At the radius r = 0.175 m, the change of temperature has no effect to the radial
displacement. From Figs. 20 and 21, it can be known that the radial and circumferential stress at a same radius both increase
as the temperature gradient enlarged.
In addition, Table 5 is given here to show the effects of angular acceleration to the maximum radial displacement and
radial stress. Due to the time-dependent deceleration, the angular speed decreases sharply over time in the beginning, and
then turns smoothly. As the change of angular speed, both the maximum radial displacement and radial stress get smaller,
and the place where the max displacement occurs moves towards the center of the disk. When the angular speed is under
100r/min, it will have little change on the maximums and the location of max displacement.

6. Conclusions

By using a semi-analytical approach, displacement and stress fields of an FGM hollow circular disk with temperature-
dependent properties and rotating with an angular acceleration under a temperature field are solved. Numerical results
show that the displacement and stress fields are affected by the values of functionally graded index, the geometric shape,
the angular speed and the temperature boundary condition. Several conclusions have been achieved as follows:

(1) The functionally graded index has great influence on the displacement and stresses. As the index increases, the dis-
placement and stresses all increase at a same radius. Thus, adopting a proper functionally graded index can be an
effective way to reduce the deformation and stresses.
(2) The geometric shape of the hollow circular disk affects a lot. When the hollow circular disk has a thick center and a
thin edge, the displacement and stresses will be smaller. Meanwhile, the ratio ri /ro will affect the value of maximum
displacement and stresses and the places they occur.
(3) The angular speed and the temperature boundary conditions also have influences. The displacement and stresses all
increase at a same radius when the angular speed increases. When enlarging the temperature gradient, the radial and
circumferential stresses will both increase, while the radial displacement will have contrary change rules when r <
0.175 m and r > 0.175 m.

The conclusions above may be useful for other investigations of rotating FGM circular disks with variable thickness, and
offer theoretical references to optimization designs of FGM structures using for harsh temperature environments.
7706 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank reviewers for their valuable comments and the research is supported by the National Nat-
ural Science Foundation of China (11,372,105), New Century Excellent Talents Program in University (NCET-13-0184), State
Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body (71,475,004) and Joint Research Center of Urban
Resource Recycling Technology of Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University and Shenzhen Green Eco-Manufacturer
High-Tech (URRT2013001).

Appendix A.

E (r, T )
f 1 (r ) = , (A.1a)
( 1 − ν 2 )r ρ ( r )
 
1 E (r, T ) dh(r ) 1 dE (r, T ) E (r, T )
f 2 (r ) = + + , (A.1b)
( 1 − ν 2 )ρ ( r ) rh(r ) dr r dr r2
 
1 ν E (r, T ) dh(r ) dE (r, T ) E (r, T )
f 3 (r ) = +ν − , (A.1c)
( 1 − ν 2 )ρ ( r )r 2 h (r ) dr dr r
1 d
f 4 (r ) = − [E (r, T )h(r )α (r, T )
T (r )], (A.1d)
( 1 − ν )r h ( r )ρ ( r ) dr
E (r, T )
f 5 (r ) = , (A.1e)
2 ( 1 + ν )r ρ ( r )
 
1 E (r, T ) dh(r ) 1 dE (r, T ) E (r, T )
f 6 (r ) = + + , (A.1f)
2(1 + ν )ρ (r ) rh(r ) dr r dr r2
 
1 E (r, T ) dh(r ) dE (r, T ) E (r, T )
f 7 (r ) = − + + , (A.1g)
2 ( 1 + ν )ρ ( r )r 2 h (r ) dr dr r
g1 (t ) = −[ω (t )]2 , (A.2a)

dω (t )
g2 (t ) = . (A.2b)
dt
References

[1] J.F. Durodola, O. Attia, Deformation and stresses in functionally graded rotating disks, Compos. Sci. Technol. 60 (7) (20 0 0) 987–995.
[2] H. Çallioğlu, N.B. Bektaş, M. Sayer, Stress analysis of functionally graded rotating discs: analytical and numerical solutions, Acta Mech. Sin. 27 (6)
(2011) 950–955.
[3] A.N. Eraslan, T. Akis, On the plane strain and plane stress solutions of functionally graded rotating solid shaft and solid disk problems, Acta Mech. 181
(1-2) (2006) 43–63.
[4] M. Asghari, E. Ghafoori, A three-dimensional elasticity solution for functionally graded rotating disks, Compos. Struct. 92 (5) (2010) 1092–1099.
[5] J.Y. Chen, H.J. Ding, W.Q. Chen, Three-dimensional analytical solution for a rotating disc of functionally graded materials with transverse isotropy, Arch.
Appl. Mech. 77 (4) (2007) 241–251.
[6] X.L. Peng, X.F. Li, Effects of gradient on stress distribution in rotating functionally graded solid disks, J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 26 (5) (2012) 1483–1492.
[7] A.M. Zenkour, Stress distribution in rotating composite structures of functionally graded solid disks, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 209 (7) (2009)
3511–3517.
[8] A.M. Zenkour, Analytical solutions for rotating exponentially-graded annular disks with various boundary conditions, Int. J. Struct. Stabil. Dyn. 5 (04)
(2005) 557–577.
[9] A.M. Zenkour, Elastic deformation of the rotating functionally graded annular disk with rigid casing, J. Mater. Sci. 42 (23) (2007) 9717–9724.
[10] H.L. Dai, X. Yan, L. Yang, Nonlinear dynamic analysis for FGM circular plates, J. Mech. 29 (2) (2013) 287–296.
[11] H.L. Dai, Z.Y. Guo, L. Yang, Nonlinear dynamic response of functionally graded materials circular plates subject to low-velocity impact, J. Compos.
Mater. 47 (22) (2013) 2797–2807.
[12] M. Damircheli, M. Azadi, Temperature and thickness effects on thermal and mechanical stresses of rotating FG-disks, J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 25 (3)
(2011) 827–836.
[13] A. Hassani, M.H. Hojjati, G. Farrahi, Semi-exact elastic solutions for thermo-mechanical analysis of functionally graded rotating disks, Compos. Struct.
93 (12) (2011) 3239–3251.
[14] X.L. Peng, X.F. Li, Thermal stress in rotating functionally graded hollow circular disks, Compos. Struct. 92 (8) (2010) 1896–1904.
[15] S.A. Kordkheili, R. Naghdabadi, Thermoelastic analysis of a functionally graded rotating disk, Compos. Struct. 79 (4) (2007) 508–516.
[16] A.M. Afsar, J. Go, Finite element analysis of thermoelastic field in a rotating FGM circular disk, Appl. Math. Model. 34 (11) (2010) 3309–3320.
[17] J. Go, A.M. Afsar, J.I. Song, Analysis of thermoelastic characteristics of a rotating FGM circular disk by finite element method, Adv. Compos. Mater. 19
(2) (2010) 197–213.
[18] S. Brischetto, R. Leetsch, E. Carrera, T. Wallmersperger, B. Kröplin, Thermo-mechanical bending of functionally graded plates, J. Therm. Stresses 31 (3)
(2008) 286–308.
[19] E. Carrera, S. Brischetto, M. Cinefra, M. Soave, Effects of thickness stretching in functionally graded plates and shells, Compos. Part B: Eng. 42 (2)
(2011) 123–133.
[20] A.M. Zenkour, D.S. Mashat, Analytical and numerical solutions for a rotating annular disk of variable thickness, Appl. Math. 1 (5) (2010) 430.
[21] H. Zafarmand, B. Hassani, Analysis of two-dimensional functionally graded rotating thick disks with variable thickness, Acta Mech. 225 (2) (2013)
453–464.
[22] M. Bayat, M. Saleem, B.B. Sahari, A.M.S. Hamouda, E. Mahdi, Analysis of functionally graded rotating disks with variable thickness, Mech. Res. Commun.
35 (5) (2008) 283–309.
 T. Dai, H.-L. Dai / Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (2016) 7689–7707 7707

[23] M. Bayat, B.B. Sahari, M. Saleem, A.M.S. Hamouda, J.N. Reddy, Thermo elastic analysis of functionally graded rotating disks with temperature-dependent
material properties: uniform and variable thickness, Int. J. Mech. Mater. Des. 5 (3) (2009) 263–279.
[24] M. Bayat, M. Saleem, B.B. Sahari, A.M.S. Hamouda, E. Mahdi, Mechanical and thermal stresses in a functionally graded rotating disk with variable
thickness due to radially symmetry loads, Int. J. Pressure Vessels Piping 86 (6) (2009) 357–372.
[25] A.J. Goupee, S.S. Vel, Multi-objective optimization of functionally graded materials with temperature-dependent material properties, Mater. Des. 28 (6)
(2007) 1861–1879.
[26] H.L. Dai, T. Dai, H.Y. Zheng, Stresses distributions in a rotating functionally graded piezoelectric hollow cylinder, Meccanica 47 (2) (2012) 423–436.
[27] A.G. Arani, A. Loghman, A.R. Shajari, S. Amir, Semi-analytical solution of magneto-thermo-elastic stresses for functionally graded variable thickness
rotating disks, J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 24 (10) (2010) 2107–2118.
[28] A.G. Arani, Z.K. Maraghi, M.R. Mozdianfard, A.R. Shajari, Thermo-piezo-magneto-mechanical stresses analysis of FGPM hollow rotating thin disk, Int. J.
Mech. Mater. Des. 6 (4) (2010) 341–349.
[29] Y.Q. Mao, Y.M. Fu, H.L. Dai, Creep buckling and post-buckling analysis of the laminated piezoelectric viscoelastic functionally graded plates, Eur. J.
Mech.-A/Solids 30 (4) (2011) 547–558.
[30] H.L. Dai, T. Dai, L. Yang, Free vibration of a FGPM circular plate placed in a uniform magnetic field, Meccanica 48 (10) (2013) 2339–2347.
[31] H.L. Dai, T. Dai, H.Y. Zheng, Creep buckling and post-buckling analyses for a hybrid laminated viscoelastic FGM cylindrical shell under in-plane loading,
Int. J. Mech. Mater. Des. 9 (4) (2013) 309–323.
[32] S. Brischetto, Exact elasticity solution for natural frequencies of functionally graded simply-supported structures, Comput. Model. Eng. Sci. 95 (5)
(2013) 391–430.
[33] E. Carrera, E.M. Filippi, E. Zappino, Analysis of rotor dynamic by one-dimensional variable kinematic theories, J. Eng. Gas Turb. Power 135 (9) (2013)
092501.
[34] E. Carrera, M. Filippi, Variable kinematic one-dimensional finite elements for the analysis of rotors made of composite materials, J. Eng. Gas Turb.
Power 136 (9) (2014) 092501.
[35] D.S. Mashat, E. Carrera, A.M. Zenkour, S.A. Al Khateeb, M. Filippi, Free vibration of FGM layered beams by various theories and finite elements, Compos.
Part B: Eng. 59 (2014) 269–278.
[36] M. Filippi, E. Carrera, A.M. Zenkour, Static analyses of FGM beams by various theories and finite elements, Compos. Part B: Eng. 72 (2015) 1–9.