“ORGANIC CHEMISTRY’’

NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Submitted By: Tasneem Ahmed

Submitted To: Ma’am Zainab

Roll Number: 44881

Department of Education

Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan

December 2018
 Organic Chemistry
Nomenclature of organic chemistry
Why we have to learn about organic compounds??
Cause every time we use organic compound especially what we are eating, what we wear, what
we polish, and many others like what we use when travelling either by bus, train, Aeroplan and
ships.
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Nearly 2 centuries ago all substances then known were classified based on source from which
they were derived into 2 main clauses:
 Organic
 In-organic
Organic and Inorganic Compound

Compound derived from earth crust were named as Inorganic and those obtained from vegetable
and animal or in other words from Living organisms as Organic
Example:

Table salt NaCL, Marble CaCO3, Carbon Dioxide were inorganic.

Whereas, urea, tartaric acid (Grapes C4H6O6), Citric Acid (Lemons C6H8O7) and Sucrose
(Sugar cane C12H22O11) were Organic

Organic Compound
The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of organic compound is called Organic
Chemistry. The chemistry of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Organic compound made up of
only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbon.

Characteristics of Organic Compound

 Composition Corban is essential
 Low melting & Boiling Points Volatile in nature
 Inflammability Natural gas, petrol, coal
 Bonding Covalent
 Solubility non-polar
 Electrical conductivity Poor conductive of electricity
 Reactivity slower than inorganic substance

Source of Organic Compound

All organic compound was formed from plant and animal, many of the organic compound derived
directly or indirectly from these sources:
 Coal (200 organic compound isolated from coal tar)
 Petroleum
 Natural gas (85% methane, 15% ethane)
 Plants (Main source)
 Synthesis in laboratory (1828 vital force theory (Berzelius))

Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry

The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a systematic method of naming organic chemical
compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It is
published in the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (informally called the Blue Book).

IUPAC Rules for Naming Hydrocarbons

 Choose the correct ending: -ane, -ene, or -yne
 Determine the longest carbon chain. Where a double or triple bond is present, choose the longest
chain that includes this bond.
 Assign numbers to each C of the parent chain.
 Attach a prefix that corresponds to the number of carbons in the parent chain.
 Determine the correct name for each branch (“alkyl” groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.)
 Attach the name of the branches alphabetically, along with their carbon position, to the front of
the parent chain name. Separate numbers from letters with hyphens (e.g. 4-ethyl-2-
methyldecane)
 When two or more branches are identical, use prefixes (di-, tri-, etc.) (e.g. 2,4-dimethylhexane).
Numbers are separated with commas. Prefixes are ignored when determining alphabetical order.
(e.g. 2,3,5-trimethyl-4-propylheptane)
 When identical groups are on the same carbon, repeat the number of this carbon in the name.
(e.g. 2,2-dimethylhexane)

Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are considering as parent organic compound. Hydrocarbon contain only carbon and
hydrogen. They are classified as saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon.
 Saturated hydrocarbon called Alkanes
 Unsaturated hydrocarbon are alkenes and alkynes
 Basic Naming of Hydrocarbons
1. Hydrocarbon names are based on:
a) type,

b) Number of carbons,

2. The name will end in:

-ane for alkanes,
-ene for alkenes, or
-yne for alkynes
3. The number of carbons is given by a “prefix”
1 meth- 2 eth- 3 prop- 4 but- 5 pent- 6 hex- 7 hept- 8 oct- 9 non- 10 dec-

Alkanes & Naming of Alkanes

 Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single covalent bonds
 Alkanes contain single covalent bonds between C-C and C-H atom
 Alkanes can be named by following rules:
 First member of Alkanes is Methane CH4
 Count number of carbon atom in a formula of an alkane
 They have general formula CnH2n+2
 End the name by writing –ane to the Greek numerals
Alkyl Radicals or Alkyl Group
 The radicals or groups derived from alkanes by removal of one H-atom are called alkyl radical or
alkyl group
 Alkanes are Unsaturated hydrocarbons
 General symbol –R
 Formula Cnh2n+1
 Where n is the number of carbon atom =1,2,3……40
 The name of an alkyl group is derived from the name of corresponding Alkane by replacing –ane
by –yl
Alkenes
 An alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond.
 The words alkene and olefin are often used interchangeably.
 Sometimes called olefins, “oil-forming gas”
 The molecular formula is CnH2n

Steps of Naming Alkenes

STEP 1 * Name the main chain*
Find the longest continuous chain of carbons containing the double or triple bond
When there is more than one multiple bond, use numerical prefixes (diene, diyne, triene, etc.)
STEP 2: Number the carbon atoms in the main chain
Begin at the end nearer the multiple bond.
STEP 3: Write the full name
 Assign numbers to the branching substituents, and list the substituents alphabetically
  Indicate the position of the multiple bond(s) in the chain by giving the number of the first
multiple - bonded carbon.
 If more than one multiple bond is present, identify the position of each multiple bond and use the
appropriate ending diene, triene, tetraene, and so forth.

CH3 C CH CH3
CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH3
1 Butene 2-methyl-2-butene

Alkynes
 Unsaturated hydrocarbon which contain at least a triple bond are called Alkynes
 Alkanes are Unsaturated hydrocarbons
 They have 2 hydrogen atoms less than the corresponding alkenes
 The general Formula is CnH2n-2
 Like alkane (-ane), alkyne have the suffix –yne
 One of the property of an alkyne is that, if you try to burn it, the flame results will turn out to be a
sooty flame.,

The side groups R and R' could

be any group that consist of
hydrogen and/or carbon atom

2- Butyne

6-boromo-2-
methyl-3-heptyne