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30 (1):53-57
(53) ISSN 0973-6913 (Print), ISSN 0976-3384 (On Line)
Cardiac diseases are one of the most commonly encountered Echocardiographic examination was performed as suggested
diseases in canine practice. Most form of cardiac disorders by some workers using LOGIC BOOK XP ultrasound system
will eventually result in cardiac failure. Dilated Cardiomyopathy with a cardiac probe of 6 to 10 Megahertz (MHz) to obtain two
(DCM) and Chronic mitral valve disease due to myxomatous dimensional, M-mode, pulsed wave and color flow Doppler
degeneration are the important causes of cardiac morbidity echocardiographic images of the heart7. Confirmative diagnosis
and mortality in dogs and is the mostly acquired cardiac disorder of various cardiac problem done by Echocardiography. Blood
in dogs1-5. In clinical practice, dogs with cardiac diseases are was collected from the clinical cases in to a clean sterile vials
commonly diagnosed when they develop clinical signs or containing Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) for
present with a clinical abnormality on examination. Diagnosis haematology and in to another vial without EDTA for serum
of cardiac diseases is made on the basis of history, clinical separation. Serum was separated and divided into two aliquots.
findings, and echocardiographic examination. Biochemical One aliquot was used for estimation of total protein, albumin,
markers, as a diagnostic tool can reveal functional status of glucose, and lactate dehydrogenase. The other aliquot was
heart such as asymptomatic or marginally symptomatic stored at -500C for estimation of biochemical markers of cardiac
cardiac failure, minimal myocardial injury and evaluate disease. Haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), red blood
equivocal cases6. Assessing the haematological profile is off cell (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and differential leucocyte
utmost important in assessing the severity of the disease. counts were analysed using auto haematology analyser BC-
Hence the present study was under taken to study the 2800 Vet, Mindray. Total protein, albumin and glucose were
haematological and biochemical profile and its diagnostic estimated in semi-automatic biochemical analyser using
importance in cardiac disorders in dogs. commercial reagents kits manufactured by Transaia Bio-
medicals Ltd, Solan, HP. Serum Potassium, Sodium, chloride
MATERIAL AND METHODS
and calcium were estimated using automatic electrolyte
Dogs presented to Teaching Veterinary College Hospital, analyser. The data obtained were subjected to statistical
Bangalore, with clinical signs of inappetance, coughing, analysis as per standard protocol using Graph pad prism and
ascites, dyspnea and exercise intolerance suggestive of SPSS 17 software8. Data were recorded as per cent, Mean ±
cardiac failure, were selected as subjects for the present study. SE. Data between various cardiac diseases and Analysis.
Table-2. Association of diagnosis with levels of total protein in cardiac diseases in dogs.
ns
statistically non-significant (P>0.05)
Table-3. Association of diagnosis with levels of Albumin in cardiac diseases in dogs.
ns
statistically non-significant (P>0.05)
Table-4. Association of diagnosis with levels of Blood glucose in cardiac diseases in dogs.
ns
statistically non-significant (P>0.05)
Table-5. Association of diagnosis with levels of Serum Potassium in cardiac diseases in dogs.
ns
statistically non-significant (P>0.05)
Table-6. Association of diagnosis with levels of Serum Sodium in cardiac diseases in dogs.
ns
statistically non-significant (P>0.05)
Table-8. Association of diagnosis with levels of Calcium in cardiac diseases in dogs.
ns
statistically non-significant (P>0.05)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Serum Sodium: Association of diagnosis with levels of serum
sodium in cardiac diseases in dogs are shown in Table-6.
A total of 82 cases were studied for the present study. Dilated
Serum sodium values were less than 141 mEq/L in 61 %
Cardiomyopathy (DCM) was recorded in 45.1% cases followed
(95% CI:50.15-70.82), 141-156 mEq/L in 35.4 per cent (95%
by Mitral Valve Disease (MVD) in 31.7% and Hypertrophic
CI:25.89-46.16) and more than 156 mEq/L were observed in
Cardiomyopathy (HCM) in 7.3% cases.
3.7 per cent of the study samples and expected range was
Haematology: Haematological findings in various cardiac between 1.25-10.21 at 95 % confidence interval.
disorders in dogs are given in Table-1. Total leucocyte counts
Serum chloride: Association of diagnosis with levels of serum
was within the normal range in 86.6 % and increased leucocyte
chloride in cardiac diseases in dogs are shown in Table-7.
count was observed in 13.4 %. Red blood cell counts were
Serum chloride values were less than 105 mEq/L in 54.9 %
within normal range in 70.7 % and low in 28 % cases.Low
(95% CI:44.13-65.19), 105-115 mEq/L in 36.6 % (95% CI:26.98-
haemoglobin concentration was present in 57.3 % and 42.7
47.39) and more than 115 mEq/L were 8.5 % of the study
%showed normal haemoglobin level. Haemotocrit values were
samples and expected range was between 4.2-16.59 at 95 %
low in 31.7 % cases and normal in 64.6 % cases.
confidence interval.
Serum biochemistry
Serum calcium : Association of diagnosis with levels of serum
Total protein : Association of diagnosis with levels of total
calcium in cardiac diseases in dogs are shown in Table-8.
protein in cardiac diseases in dogs are shown in Table-2. Total
Serum calcium values were less than 7.5 mg/dL in 57.3 %
protein values were less than 5.1 g/dL in 9.8 % (95%
(95% CI: 46.52-67.46), 7.5-11.3 mg/dL in 37.8 % (95% CI:
Confidence Interval (CI):5.03-18.09), 5.1-7.8 g/dL in 65.9 %
28.08-48.62) and more than 11.3 mg/dL in 4.9 % of the study
(95% CI: 55.09-75.29) and more than 7.8 g/dL in 24.4 % of
samples and expected range was between 1.91-11.88 at 95
the study samples and expected range was between 16.38-
% confidence interval. In the present study, 82 dogs presented
34.69 for 95 % confidence interval.
with cardiac disease were examined. Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Albumin : Association of diagnosis with levels of albumin in (DCM) was recorded in 45.1 %, Mitral Valve Disease 31.7%
cardiac diseases in dogs are shown in Table-3. Total albumin and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in 7.3 % dogs. The findings
values were less than 2.6 g/dL in 30.6 % (95% CI:26.98-47.39), are in agreement with earlier workers9-14. The most prominent
2.6-4.3 g/dL in 57.3 %(95% CI: 46.52-67.46) and more than clinical signs observed in dog with cardiac diseases were
4.3 g/dL in 6.1 % of the study samples and expected range inappetance, coughing, ascites, dyspnoea, exercise
was between 2.63-15.6 at 95 % confidence interval. intolerance, cyanosis and jugular pulsation . Systolic murmur
and gallop rhythm were recorded in 24 % and 19% of the dogs
Glucose: Association of diagnosis with levels of glucose in
examined respectively. The present findings concur with the
cardiac diseases in dogs are shown in Table-4. Glucose values
earlier workers5, 15-17. The present study revealed that the
were less than 60 mg/dL in 19.5 % (95% CI:12.38-29.37), 60-
haematological values were within the normal range, and in
125 mg/dL in 69.5 % (95% CI:58.86-78.42) and more than
agreement with earlier workers10,18. Increased leucocyte counts
125 mg/dL in 11% of the study samples and expected range
were observed in 13.4 % cases. Leukocytosis is attributed to
was between 5.88-19.56 at 95 % confidence interval.
inflammatory reaction, probably associated with increased
Serum Potassium : Association of diagnosis with levels of level of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-I10. A Low
serum potassium in cardiac diseases in dogs are shown in haemoglobin concentration was observed in 57.3 % of the
Table-5. Serum potassium values were less than 4 mEq/L in cases. Similar findings were reported by some workers who
42.7 % (95% CI:32.54-53.48), 4-5.6mEq/L in 50 % (95% suggested there was no difference in the prevalence of anaemia
CI:39.42-60.58) and more than 5.6 mEq/L in7.3% of the study between echocardiographic positive and echocardiographic
samples and expected range was between 3.40-15.06 at 95 negative cases (P=0·1)18.
% confidence interval.
Serum biochemistry: In the present study the total protein,
albumin and glucose were within the normal range in 65.9, 2. Lord, P., Hansson, K., Kvart, C. and Haggstrom, J.(2010): J
57.3 and 69.5 per cent of cases respectively. This is in Small Anim Pract., 51:210.
accordance with some other workers who opined that there 3. Lundin, T. and Kvart, C.(2010): Acta. Vet. Scand., 52:54.
may be no abnormalities in the majority of dogs and regular 4. Moonarmart, W., Boswood, A., Luis Fuentes, V., Brodbelt, D.,
biochemical analysis are expected to be within the reference Souttar, K. and Elliott, J.(2010): J. Small Anim. Pract., 51(2):84.
range10,19. Total protein and albumin were low in 9.8 % and 5. Patrick, C. S., Richard Han, I. and Jane Grande Allen.(2012): J.
Vet. Cardiol., 14: 31.
30.6 % of dogs respectively. Anorexia, weight loss, ascites
6. Sisson, D.D.(2004): Vet.Clin. Small. Anim. Pract., 34: 1105.
and cardiac cachexia observed in the present study could be
7. Seiler, G., Mcevan J, D. and Gaschen, L.(2008): In: BASAVA
further correlated with the above findings of hypoproteinemia
Manual of canine and feline thoracic imaging Edt. Schwarz, T.
and hypoalbuminemia. and Johnson, V. Edn. 1st ., BASAVA.
Serum electrolytes: In the present study, serum sodium 8. Snedecor, G.W. and cochran, W.G.(1994). In: Statistical methods.
concentration was found to be less than 141 mEq/L in 61 % 8th edn. Iowa State University Press, USA .
cases, which can be correlated with the fluid retention and 9. Cobb, M.A.(1992): J Small Anim Pract., 33:113.
increased plasma volume due to ascites, pulmonary oedema, 10. Tidholm, A. and Jonsson, L. (1997): J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc.,
and pleural effusion in congestive heart failure. Earlier 33:544.
researchers docum ented that dogs with dilated 11. Detweiler, D.K. and Patterson, D.F.(1965): Ann. N Y. Acad
cardiomyopathy and decompensated heart failure had a serum .Sci.,127(1):481.
sodium concentration at or below the reference limit and 12. Buchanan, J.W.(1977): Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med., 21:75.
explained hyponatremia as an effect of decreased water 13. Kogure, K.(1980): Jpn. J. Vet. Sci., 42(3):323..
14. Fox, P.R. (2003). J. Vet. Cardiol., 2:39.
excretion, related to the increased release of both angiotensin
15. Atkins, C.E.(1994). Compend Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet.,16:1547.
and vasopressin in heart failure20. Similar findings were reported
16. Haggstrom, J., Boswood, A., O'grady, M., Jons, O., Smith, S.,
by some workers who reported that decreased serum sodium
Swift, S., Borgarelli, M., Gavaghan, B., Kresken, J.G., Patteson,
concentration indicated in advanced stages of heart failure21. M., Ablad, B., Bussadori, C.M., Glaus, T., Kovacevi,_C.A., Rapp,
In the present study, serum potassium, chloride and calcium M., Santilli, R.A., Tidholm, A., Eriksson, A., Belanger, M.C., Deinert,
concentration were found to be less than 4 mEq/L, 105 mEq/ M., Little, C.J.L., Kvart, C., French, A., Runn Landbo, M., Wess,
L and 7.5 mg/dL in 42.7 %, 54.9 % and 57.3 % cases G., Eggertsdottir, A.V., O'sullivan, M.L., Schneider, M., Lombard,
respectively. This may be due to poor diet intake. Some C.W., Mcewan, J., Willis, R., Louvet, A. and Difruscia, R.(2008):
workers reported Hypokalem ia, hypochloremia and J Vet. Intern. Med., 22(5):1124.
hyponatremia in dogs with advanced stages of cardiac failure22. 17. Martin, M. W. S., Stafford Johnson M. J. and CELONA, B.(2009):
J. Small. Anim. Pract., 50: 23.
CONCLUSION 18. Stafford, J. M., Martin, M., Binns S. and Day M. J.(2004): J. Small
Anim. Pract., 45: 546.
From the present study it is concluded that serum sodium
19. Tidholm, A.(1997): J. Small Anim. Pract., 38:94.
concentration may be indicative of animals that are in more
20. Ware, W.A., Lund, D.D., Subieta, A.R. and Schmid, P.G.(1990): J.
advanced stages of heart failure.
Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 197:1475.
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