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Self-similar expansion of a warm dense plasma

Article in Physics of Plasmas · July 2013

Impact Factor: 2.14 · DOI: 10.1063/1.4812588

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 PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 20, 072702 (2013)

Self-similar expansion of a warm dense plasma

Mourad Djebli1,a) and Waleed M. Moslem2,b)
1
USTHB, Faculty of Physics, Theoretical Physics Laboratory, B.P. 32 Bab-Ezzouar, 16079 Algiers, Algeria
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
(Received 27 March 2013; accepted 29 May 2013; published online 2 July 2013)
The properties of an expanding plasma composed of degenerate electron fluid and non-degenerate
ions are studied. For our purposes, we use fluid equations for ions together with the electron
momentum equation that include quantum forces (e.g., the quantum statistical pressure, forces due
to the electron-exchange and electron correlations effects) and the quasi-neutrality condition. The
governing equation is written in a tractable form by using a self-similar transformation. Numerical
results for typical beryllium plasma parameters revealed that, during the expansion, the ion
acoustic speed decreases for both isothermal and adiabatic ion pressure. When compared with
classical hydrodynamic plasma expansion model, the electrons and ions are found to initially
escape faster in vacuum creating thus an intense electric field that accelerates most of the particles
into the vacuum ahead of the plasma expansion. The relevancy of the present model to beryllium
plasma produced by a femto-second laser is highlighted V C 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4812588]

I. INTRODUCTION temperature gradient, and turns out to modify the dynamics

of the ions.5
Quantum effects in plasmas become important when the
The expansion is important first to understand plasmas
de Broglie wavelength of the charged carriers is comparable
created by irradiation of solid used in the deposition of thin
to the inter-particle spacing, i.e., at extremely high plasma
films by laser ablation.6 And second to know the mechanism
number densities and low-temperatures. This is the case for
whereby nanoparticles are formed in a laser-generated
many modern experiments in which high-energy density
plasma related to growth processes controlling the surface
compressed plasmas are produced by intense short laser
properties.7 In inertial confinement, the dynamics of the
pulses or charged particle beams. In various astrophysical
coronal plasma produced by the laser beam is required to
objects, such as white dwarf stars or neutron stars, the quan-
estimate its effects on the implosion efficiency.8 During the
tum mechanical effects1,2 of degenerate electrons should
expansion, the spectral measurements from an evaporated
be considered. Furthermore, due to recent advances in femto-
material can be used as techniques for remote detection of
second pump-probe spectroscopy, quantum mechanical
chemical compound elements present in the material.9 One
effects have been involved in thin metal films irradiated by
of the important phenomena associated with plasma expan-
femtosecond laser pulses most notably, ultrafast heating and
sion is the production of energetic ions when laser heats
ballistic oscillations of the electron gas.3 The generation of
plasma under high pressure of energetic electrons.10 The use
ultra-strong attosecond pulses through laser-plasma interac-
of plastic plasma as a compressor produces a collimated
tions gives rise to the possibility of quantum electrodynami-
plasma outflow11 and gives rise to an axial velocity consider-
cal tests and matters probing at extremely short scales.4
ably larger than the velocity of freely expanding plasma
Plasma expansion from the source into vacuum or into
stream. The plastic plasma envelope strongly accelerates the
another medium is a result of the combination of two effects.
plasma in the axial direction.12
The first one is the creation of self-consistent electric fields
In quantum plasmas, the number density is very high and
due to separation of charges resulting from the electrons that
the dominant contribution to the electron pressure is attrib-
first leave the bulk of the plasma and followed by accelerated
uted to the degeneracy pressure.13 For example, in matter
ions in order to maintain the quasi-neutrality in the plasma.
under extreme conditions, such as white dwarf stars, thermal
The second effect is the thermal pressure arising from the
pressure no longer can sustain the gravitational force. The
localized deposition of the energy, such as of a laser pulse as
stability of white dwarf stars is guaranteed by the balance
it ablates a solid target and produces high thermal pressure
between gravitational pull and the degeneracy pressure of
gradients across the plasma. The electrons from the hot
the electrons.13,14 In plasma physics, at equilibrium, the de
plasma expand into the cold one, and the charge imbalance
Broglie wavelength depends on the species temperature (elec-
drags a beam of cold electrons into the hot plasma. Thus, an
trons or ions). Even at high temperatures, free-electron de
electrostatic double layer is established to reduce the electron
Broglie wavelength is greater than the average inter-particles
distance. So, electrons are treated quantum mechanically,
a) whereas non-degenerate ions can be described classically.
mdjebli@usthb.dz
b)
Also at Center for Theoretical Physics, The British University in Egypt In dense plasmas, quantum mechanical effects play a
(BUE), El-Shorouk City, Cairo, Egypt. major role in collective nonlinear wave-wave interactions.15

1070-664X/2013/20(7)/072702/6/$30.00 20, 072702-1 C 2013 AIP Publishing LLC

V
072702-2 M. Djebli and W. M. Moslem
The collective excitations of quantum plasmas with the elec-
tron exchange and electron-correlations potentials induce a
frequency-shift.16 The quantum mechanical correction to the
electron-ion collision frequency at high temperatures in
plasma is found to increase the electron temperature.17 Mola
et al. investigated the expansion of a quantum electron gas
via the one-particle Schr€odinger-Poisson model. Based on
rescaling methods, they found that the quantum asymptotic
solution is identical to the classical one.18
Recently, the first experiment with x-ray laser of kiloelec-
tronvolt (keV) photon energy was reported. The observations
of photoabsorption mechanisms and femtosecond electronic
response in a prototypical atom of ultra-intense, short-wave-
length regime showed that sequential single-photon absorp-
tion dominates and any process that is energetically feasible
with a single photon is observed. The photoabsorption mecha-
nism at high x-ray intensity is expected to produce plasma
with degenerate electrons by multiple photons absorption.19
In the present paper, the expansion of plasma with single
ion species and degenerate electrons is investigated using a
self-similar approach. The effects of the electron-exchange
and electron-correlations on the plasma expansion are stud-
ied in the aim to understand the expansion mechanisms of
strongly coupled plasma states. The latter correspond to
short-living, highly excited states of matter, near-solid den-
sity plasma states which are an area of active research.20
II. MODELING
The interaction of a femto-second laser pulses with
planar targets generates plasmas in warm dense matter
regime at near solid-density. The plasma expands perpendic-
ular to the target surface onto the target as well as outward.21
The latter expansion is studied in one-dimension by two
fluids model, inertialess degenerate electrons and inertial
ions. Due to electron-ion strong correlations, the expansion
is mainly driven by the electrostatic potential /. However,
for high density plasma, the pressure term cannot be
neglected. The ion fluid equations are
@ni @
þ ðni vi Þ ¼ 0; (1)
@t @x
@vi @vi e @/ 1 @pi
þ vi ¼  ; (2)
@t @x mi @x mi ni @x
where ni and vi stand for the ion number density and the ion
velocity, respectively, mi and e are the ion mass and the mag-
nitude of the electron charge, respectively. For an adiabatic
expansion, the ion pressure depends on the polytropic coeffi-
c
cient ci , and pi ni i ¼ Constant.
In warm dense matter of temperature ranging from
0.1 eV to several eV, quantum effects are important when
the density is of the order of 1023 cm3 (c.f. Ref. 22). The
inertialess degenerate electron fluids momentum equation is
given by
" pffiffiffiffiffi#
@/ @Vxc h2 @ 1 @ 2 ne 1 @pe
e  þ pffiffiffiffiffi 2
 ¼ 0: (3)
@x @x 2me @x ne @x ne @x
Phys. Plasmas 20, 072702 (2013)
Electron number density and mass are ne and me, respec-
tively. The third term of Eq. (3) is the so-called Bohm
potential. Mostly, in expansion problem, the density decays
with a profile close to an exponential function, that the
Bohm potential can be neglected. Moreover, this potential
term could be comparable to the Fermi pressure force term
when the density is low and the wavelength is short such as
in semiconductor plasmas23 but negligible compared to
the degeneracy pressure term.24 The exchange-correlation
potential Vxc arises due to the exchange-correlation forces
between the identical particles when their wave functions
overlap due to their high number density. This potential is
given by25
" #
e2 1=3 0:034  1=3
Vxc ¼ 0:985 ne 1 þ 1=3
ln½1 þ 18:37aB ne  ; (4)
 a ne B
where aB ¼ h2 =me e2 is the Bohr radius,  ¼ o r the dielec-
tric permittivity of the material, and h the Planck constant
divided by 2p.
At high-densities, the electrons are degenerate with a
pressure, in the non-relativistic limit case, given by26,27
pe ¼ Kncee ; (5)
with
 1
5 5 p 3 ph2
ce ¼ and K ¼ : (6)
3 3 3 me
We shall combine the basic set of fluid equations (1)–(5)
to obtain ordinary differential equations using a self-similar
approach. A phenomenon is called self-similar, if the spatial
distributions of its properties at different periods of time can
be obtained from one another by a similarity transformation.
This implies that the local scale length ni =ð@ni =@xÞ is much
larger than the Debye length kD ¼ ½o =eðdne =d/Þ, i.e., a
quasi-neutral expansion.28 The self-similar approach reduces
the set of partially differential equations to an ordinary one.
Thus, the moving boundary problem could be overpassed by
using initial boundary conditions. The self-similar solution is
an asymptotic solution valid for large values of time.29 In
quantum plasmas, the analog of the Debye length is the
Thomas-Fermi length kF ¼ vF =xp , where vF is the Fermi
electron speed and xp the electron plasma frequency. We
note that kF describes the scale length of the electrostatic
screening of ions by degenerate electrons in a quantum
plasma.30
The set of governing equations is transformed using the
self-similar variable n ¼ x=t. The latter has the dimension
of velocity. It is worth to note that, in general, the set of dif-
ferential equations are transformed using a dimensionless
variable n ¼ x=Cs t, if the ion-acoustic speed Cs is known.31
In the present study, the Fermi ion-acoustic speed has to be
calculated under the combined influence of the quantum
statistical pressure, as well as the electron-exchange and
electron-correlations effects on the dynamics of degenerate
electrons.
072702-3 M. Djebli and W. M. Moslem Phys. Plasmas 20, 072702 (2013)

A. The Fermi acoustic speed As the expansion occurs in the positive x direction, the plus
sign is more appropriate.
At the expanding front, during the beginning of the
expansion, a disturbance creates a region of compressed par-
ticles that is pushing in the front creating a rarefaction wave III. DISCUSSION
behind. The speed, at which this disturbance propagates, is
The expansion front is formed by some of the ions that
known as the Fermi acoustic speed. The Fermi acoustic
are subsequently accelerated, and is associated with density
wave associated to this speed governs the evolution of the
depletion. The region of decreasing density moves into the
mass density due to the pressure gradient, charge imbalance
ambient plasma at the ion-acoustic speed. First, let us focus
and characterize the time scale of the phenomenon under
on an isothermal plasma expansion (ci ¼ 1). For classical
investigation.
plasmas when both electrons and ions are non-degenerate,
We close the set of differential equations (1)–(5) by
the finite expansion studied in the limit of half space expan-
invoking the quasi-neutrality assumption ne ¼ ni . As the
sion occurs with velocity following a linear profile. Initially,
density of particles in the plasma region is very high, the
the plasma is supposed to fill the half space x < 0 and the
space scale associated with Poisson’s equation is very
front is moving with the same velocity as the ion-acoustic
small.32 Therefore, the quasi-neutrality assumption can be
speed Cs, the time scale corresponds to the ion motion. The
used and turns out to make numerical solution possible by
electric field is space independent and is different from zero
invoking an appropriate self-similar transformation given by
when x ! 0. When the expansion starts with an unperturbed
the ans€atze
plasma (nðno Þ ¼ no ), ions located at the discontinuity x ¼ 0
mi are accelerated to infinity by the infinite electric field as soon
ni ¼ Nno ; /¼ U; pi ¼ mi no P: (7)
e as t > 0, the ion velocity increases linearly along the x axis
for a given t.8,33 From Eq. (13), the Fermi acoustic speed
By using Eqs. (4), (5), and the ion equation of state, in terms depends on the quantum parameters. To investigate the prop-
of the self-similar variable n, yield to a set of ordinary differ- erties of plasma expansion in the presence of quantum
ential equations governing the expansion effects, we numerically solve Eqs. (11) and (12) to follow
the expansion front in terms of the self-similar variable,
dN dv
ðv  nÞ þN ¼ 0; (8) then the evolution of the acoustic speed can be obtained.
dn dn Numerical discretization is based on Euler scheme, this
dv dU dN method is used instead of Rung-Kutta or other algorithms
ðv  nÞ ¼  rN c2 ; (9) because it is very stable. The desired accuracy is achieved by
dn dn dn
choosing a very small step to implement iterations. These
dU dN dN bN 2=3 dN approaches are motivated by the difficulties in following the
 ¼ dN ðce 1Þ  aN 2=3  : (10)
dn dn dn 1 þ N 1=3 dn plasma-vacuum interface where numerical instabilities can
grow.34 Our plasma model is inspired by solid-density plas-
Then, Eq. (10) is used to eliminate the electrostatic potential mas. Hence, our results are applied to a beryllium plasma
from Eq. (9) to obtain produced by a femto-second laser interaction with planar tar-
gets.21,35 The main contribution of the quantum mechanical
dN dv effects comes from the coefficients a, b, and , which are
ðv  nÞ þN ¼0 (11)
dn dn depending on the relative dielectric permittivity. In the case
of the beryllium plasma near solid-density, the relative per-
and mittivity varies within the range [5, 15].36 Three cases
" # are investigated  ¼ 5; 10, and 15 with typical parameters
dv bN 2=3
ðv  nÞ þ rN ðci 2Þ
þ dN ðce 2Þ
þ aN 2=3
þ n0 ¼ 2  1023 cm3 and To  Te ¼ 12 eV. Relying on the
dn ð1 þ N 1=3 Þ above typical physical parameters, we have numerically
dN investigated the properties of the Fermi ion-acoustic speed
 ¼ 0; ð12Þ Cs, as depicted in Figs. 1(a), the dependence of the Fermi
dn
ion-acoustic speed Cs on the perturbed ion number density N
where no is the plasma density at equilibrium. We have is considered. Comparing this figure with the expansion of
dropped the subscript i, that v ¼ vi . The constants are classical plasmas, the acoustic speed is depending upon the
a ¼ 0:985e2 no1=3 =3m; b ¼ 0:034  18:37a; d ¼ ce Knoðce 1Þ =me , density. We note that N ¼ 1 corresponds to the start of the
and r ¼ ce To =m and  ¼ 18:37aB no1=3 . The expansion is expansion. In the isothermal process, the plasma is supposed
assumed to start from an unperturbed plasma characterized to be connected to a thermal reservoir. As the electron corre-
by the ion number density no and the ion temperature To. lation effect is considered, it is not possible to recover the
From Eqs. (11) and (12), one obtains the front ion speed classical plasma result, i.e., the acoustic speed is independent
of the medium density, by putting r ¼ 1. The Fermi ion
v ¼ n6Cs
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi acoustic speed reflects the interaction of the ion wave with
¼ n6 rN ðci 1Þ þ dN ðce 1Þ þ aN 1=3 þ bN 1=3 =ð1 þ N 1=3 Þ: the electrostatic fields of the plasma positive charges. This
interaction is more important when the correlations are stron-
(13) ger. For higher r , the plasma behaves as a solid with an
072702-4 M. Djebli and W. M. Moslem
acoustic speed, in more dense materials the acoustic wave is
transmitted slower. Moreover, the acoustic speed defines the
time scale of the expansion. In the presence of degenerate
electrons, the ion acceleration is found to be higher by a
factor of 105 order.
For the adiabatic plasma expansion, higher values of the
acoustic speed are observed for lower values of the relative
permittivity (Fig. 1(b)). When the density decreases, the
acoustic speed decreases, but faster with an abrupt fall
when ni  0:1no . By lowering the initial density, we recover
the classical case, i.e., the plasma expansion with non-
degenerate electrons, the acoustic speed depends only on the
density and the polytropic exponent (Cs ¼ ci nci 1 ).8 This can
be seen when no  1019 cm3 (Figs. 2(a) and 2(b)). Thus, the
Phys. Plasmas 20, 072702 (2013)
FIG. 1. The acoustic speed as a func-
tion of the ion density. Typical param-
eters correspond to the beryllium
plasma of the electron temperature
Te ¼ 12 eV and relative permittivity
r ¼ 5 (—), 10 (– – –), and 15 ð  Þ.
The initial density of the beryllium
plasma is no ¼ 2  1023 cm3 . (a)
Isothermal and (b) adiabatic.
quantum mechanical effects are significant for plasmas near
solid density. The reduction of the medium density is associ-
ated with an oscillation region at the expanding front, which
becomes reduced and finite leading to the formation of a
rarefaction shock. The latter effect increases the local charge
separation between ions and electrons which in turns weaken
the effect of electron correlation.
One of the problems related to the plasma expansion is
the choice of the initial velocity, taken here vðn ¼ no Þ ¼ 0,
when the expansion is supposed to start with an unperturbed
plasma. It is well known that the expansion results from the
combination of the thermal pressure and the ambipolar elec-
trostatic potential. In addition, in the presence of degenerate
electrons, there is a gradient of degenerate electron pressure,
FIG. 2. The effect of an initial density
on the acoustic speed. The parameter
labeling the curves is the plasma den-
sity when the expansion starts. Typical
parameters correspond to the beryllium
plasma of the electron temperature
Te ¼ 12 eV and relative permittivity
r ¼ 10. (a) Isothermal and (b)
adiabatic.
072702-5 M. Djebli and W. M. Moslem
as well a gradient of potentials associated with an electron-
exchange potential and electron-correlations. In Figs. 3(b)
and 3(d) are plotted the density and velocity for two different
ion initial temperature T0  Te ¼ 12 eV (black lines) and
1 eV (red lines) with relative permittivity r ¼ 1 (solid lines)
and 15 (dashed lines). The velocity almost keeps its linear
profile in the isothermal case (Fig. 3(b)). The ion accelera-
tion can be depicted for both isothermal and adiabatic cases.
For the adiabatic case, the velocity becomes independent
from the density far away from the plasma source region and
reaches the same limit which depends on the relative permit-
tivity (solid and dashed lines). The lower permittivity is the
higher the velocity is. We can conclude that the quantum
effects are more important close to the plasma source region
where the density is high. Far away from the source region,
the ambipolar potential is the main mechanism that governs
the plasma expansion. Since the velocity cannot increase
Phys. Plasmas 20, 072702 (2013)
indefinitely, it losses its physical meaning when the density
vanishes ðN  0Þ (Figs. 3(a) and 3(c)). Moreover, the adia-
batic expansion is associated to ions cooling effect, making
the adiabatic expansion ends earlier than the isothermal
expansion (comparison is made between dashed black lines).
The isothermal expansion supposes that the plasma is con-
nected to some energy reservoir. Thus, smaller limit for the
self-similar parameter means that the expansion is held in a
shorter time or ends very close to the plasma source region.
In large-size systems, the charged particles can be considered
far away from each other, so that one can assume that the
potential varies slowly on the scale given by the size of
the charge distribution, and the adiabatic process remains the
same. This can be used as a first approximation, which
allows a set of conservation laws.37 It turns out that for the
plasma produced by high intensity-laser with a light
weight metallic target, adiabatic expansion profiles offer a
FIG. 3. Density ((a) and (c)) and veloc-
ity ((b) and (d)) profiles versus the self-
similar variable. Typical parameters
correspond to the beryllium plasma
of the density no ¼ 2  1023 cm3 and
relative permittivity r ¼ 5 (—) and
15(– – –). Black lines with the electron
temperature Te ¼ 12 eV and red line
with Te ¼ 1 eV. First row corresponds
to isothermal case and the second row
corresponds to the adiabatic one.
072702-6 M. Djebli and W. M. Moslem Phys. Plasmas 20, 072702 (2013)

4
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