PROBLEM 4

16. What is thermal dryer? Discuss its types and usage.

Heat treatment followed by filtration is economical for dewatering sludge without using
chemicals. Thermal drying of the sludge is economical only if a market for the product is
available. Several types of thermal dryers used by the chemical process industry can be applied
to sludge drying. The sludge is always dewatered prior to drying, regardless of the type of dryer
selected.
Types Of Dryers [2]
[A] Flash dryer
 operates by promoting contact between the wet sludge and a hot gas stream.
 Drying takes place in less than 10 sec of violent action, either in a vertical tube or in a
cage mill.
 A cyclone, with a bag filter or wet scrubber, if necessary, separates the solid from the gas
phase.
 The vapors are returned through preheaters to the furnace, minimizing odor problems.
 A portion of the solid product is often returned to precondition the wet sludge.
 Being of only moderate thermal efficiency, this type of furnace is appropriate only for
 low sludge flows and where heat is available cheaply
[B] Screw conveyor dryers
 It uses a hollow shaft and blades through which hot gas or water is pumped.
 The heat is transferred to the sludge as it is conveyed through the dryer.
[C] Multiple-hearth dryer
 These are converted multiple-hearth furnaces.
 The wet sludge can be mixed with dry product as it descends through the furnace.
 Fuel burners are located both on top and bottom.
 The outlet temperature of the gases is approximately 400 0C, while that of the wet
sludge
 at the upper drying levels barely exceeds 70 0C.
[E] Rotary dryers
 It consists of a rotating cylinder through which the sludge moves.
  Various types of blades or flights are installed in the dryers depending on the type of
material being dried.
 Drying takes place by direct contact with heated air.
 With a combustion temperature of 900 to 1000 0C and 50 % excess air, the outlet
temperature of gases from sewage sludge is around 300 0C.
[F] Atomized spray dryers
 It has been used for many years in the chemical process industry.
 Spraying solids counter-currently into a downward draft of hot gas dries although
concurrent spray dryers are also used in the chemical industry.

17. Write full forms of

(a) MLSS (Mixed Liquor Solid Suspended)
(b) VSS (Volatile Suspended Solid)
(c) MLVSS (Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solid
(d) RBC (Rotating Biological Contractor)
(e) SBR (Sequential Batch Reactor)
(f) VER (Volum Exchange Ratio)
(g) HRT (Hydrolic Retention Time)
(h) SRT (Solid Retention Time)
(i) UASB (Unflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket)
(j) OLR (Organic Loading Rate)
(k) HRT (Hydrolic Retention Time)
(l) GBT (Gravity Belt Thickener)

18. Distinguish between

(a) Suspended- and attached- growth processes
(b) Aerobic and anaerobic processes
(c) Nitrification and denitrification
PROBLEM 5
3. Discuss standards methods for managing MSW in short. Discuss various methods for
generation of energy from MSW.
4. What are the various sources of plastic waste? Discuss various problems related to
plastic wastes with special emphasis on Indian scenario.
5. Discuss various acts, rules and legislations related to plastic wastes in India.