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Assignment 3
Additional problems:
1. The signal constellation for 16‐QAM is shown in Fig. 1. If the transmitted signal is
x(t) = s4(t)+s2(t‐T)+s11(t‐2T); where T denotes the symbol duration. Sketch x(t) assuming fc = 2T;
where fc denotes the carrier frequency.
2. A set of transmitted signals in a baseband 4‐ary scheme is shown in Fig. 1. (i) Find the average
energy ^E of the transmitted signals assuming equiprobable symbols, (ii) Draw the signal
constellation for the above signalling scheme.
Assignment 2
A source has an alphabet fa1; a2; a3; a4g with corresponding probabilities {0:1; 0:2; 0:3; 0:4}
(a) Find the entropy of the source?
(b) What is the minimum required average codeword length to represent this source for error‐free
reconstruction?
(c) Design a Huffman code for the source and compare the average length of the Huffman code with the
entropy of the source?
(d) Design a Huffman code for the second extension of the source (take two symbols at a time)? What is
the average codeword length? What is the average required binary letters per each source output
symbol?
(e) Compare the efficiency of above coding schemes?
Communication Channel Capacity: 7.4, 7.5;
Determine the capacity of the ternary‐input ternary‐output channel shown in the figure?
Assignment 1
Probability Theory: 2.1, 2.6, 2.9 Random Process: 2.11, 2.12, 2.14, 2.16
Signals and Systems: 4.3, 4.4 Signal Space: 4.10, 4.12, 4.16
Additional Problems:
Frequency Spectrum: Evaluate the spectra of the signal,
is defined as a unit rectangular pulse centered at t = to with the width of T.
Time Domain Signal: Find the inverse Fourier transform of the spectra shown in the figure (use
properties of the Fourier transform such as frequency‐shifting).
BSC: Over a binary communication channel, the symbol 0 is transmitted with probability 0:4 and 1 is
transmitted with probability 0:6. It is known that P(E; 0) = 10^‐6 and P(E; 1) = 10^‐4, where P(E; xi) is the
probability of detecting the error given that xi is transmitted. Determine P(E), the error probability of the
channel.