The Universe's Zoo

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................................. 2
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 2
2. NEBULAS ............................................................................................................................................................ 2
2.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEBULAS ..................................................................................... 2

2.2. TYPES OF NEBULAS ................................................................................................................................. 2
3. NEBULAS WITH NAMES FROM THE ANIMAL KINGDOM ................................................................... 3
3.1. THE CRAB NEBULA .................................................................................................................................. 3

3.2. THE SWAN NEBULA ................................................................................................................................. 3
3.3. THE PELICAN NEBULA ............................................................................................................................ 4
3.4. THE OWL NEBULA ................................................................................................................................... 4
3.5. THE CAT'S EYE NEBULA ......................................................................................................................... 5
3.6. THE ANT NEBULA .................................................................................................................................... 5
3.7. THE BUTTERFLY NEBULA...................................................................................................................... 6
3.8. THE LAGOON NEBULA ............................................................................................................................ 6
4. THE UNIVERSE’S ZOO ................................................................................................................................... 7
4.1. THE STORY ................................................................................................................................................ 7

4.2. THE EXERCISE .......................................................................................................................................... 7
5. CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................................................................................. 9
6. THE TEAM ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................ 9
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Page 1 of 10
ABSTRACT
The aim of this project is a discussion about nebulas particularly ones that have names from the animal kingdom. Not
only the images of nebulas captured by the Hubble telescope but also the images captured by amateur astronomers caught our
attention and fascinated us and because of that, we decided to realize this project. In the first part of the project we briefly present
general notions about nebulas, followed by their classification.
In the second part, we will highlight the most important characteristics of the nebulas with names from the animal
kingdom, together with the most beautiful images of them.
In the final part of the project, we present our practical approach to the chosen theme, aimed at arousing the curiosity of
our younger colleagues. It consists of a story we wrote and presented to them, in which we “brought to life" the nebulas - creating
the Universe's zoo. For the exercise, we used sketches and illustrations with the animals in the story, but they were not included
from document size reasons.
1. INTRODUCTION
The hidden secrets of the Universe have attracted man's attention from ancient times. To explain the unknown, he first
used what was familiar to him, and then an image, trying to transpose that unknown into a familiar graphic domain, demonstrating
an imagination without limits.
It was difficult for man to explain and make an image of a celestial object, unable to be seen with the naked eye. That is
why he used what was familiar to him - in our case, animals. With imagination, man individualized each object, giving it an
animal or plant name, or anything else from his known world.
In the 17th century, French astronomer, Charles Messier, had the idea to make a list of the extrasolar objects visible
through a telescope. This list became a catalog with over 100 objects called Messier Catalog (the objects have the index M).
Messier wasn't the only discoverer of these objects; other astronomers contributed to this list as well. Of the objects that were
found on Messier's list, 88 are nebulas and star clusters. Apart from Messier there were other astronomers like Donald Menzel (in
this catalog, the objects have the index Mz) who cataloged deep space objects. All deep space objects also have a corresponding
entry in New General Catalog (NGC). In the next section, we will concisely present information about the nebulas’ general
characteristics, especially on those with animal names. We will focus on the most famous nebulas and the importance they have in
the study of the star's evolution and last but not least, in the study of the galaxies.
2. NEBULAS
2.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEBULAS
In Latin, "nebula" means "mist", describing the cloud of gases, interstellar dust and cosmic dust, situated in the space
that lies between stars. The nebulas are both the birthplace and the deathplace of stars. In 1864, William Huggins confirmed
William Herschel' conclusion (that nebulas are not swarms of stars) by determining that the spectra of the nebulas are made of
bright lines, characteristic of radiating gases 1.
These clouds are made up of 98% hydrogen, 2% other elements in gaseous form and silicates under the form of
interstellar dust. The nebulas’ denser parts can compress so much that they can give birth to new stars. All the stars in the
Universe were born inside a nebula 2.
2.2. TYPES OF NEBULAS

Nebulas can be classified by:
a. Belongingness to our Galaxy:
• Galactic nebulas
• Extragalactic nebulas
b. Type:
• Diffuse nebulas: bright nebulas and dark nebulas. Diffuse nebulas are types of nebula ranging from huge masses
presenting relatively high surface brightness down to faint, milky structures that are detectable only with long
exposures and special filters. They may contain both dust and gas or may be purely gaseous 3.
• Planetary nebulas - A nebula, such as the Ring Nebula, consisting of a hot, blue-white, central star surrounded by
an envelope of expanding gas 4.
• Supernova remnant (SNR) - A supernova remnant is a nebula consisting of an expanding shell of gas that has been
ejected by a supernova 5.
1
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Nebul%C3%A6
2
http://universe-review.ca/F09-earth.htm
3
http://www.answers.com/topic/diffuse-nebula-1
4
http://www.answers.com/topic/planetary-nebula
5
http://www.answers.com/topic/supernova-remnant
Page 2 of 10
3. NEBULAS WITH NAMES FROM THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
3.1. THE CRAB NEBULA

The Crab Nebula or Messier 1 (M1 or NGC 1952) is the extra solar
object that inspired Messier to start his catalog.
The M1 Nebula is the result of a supernova’s explosion and it is the first
astronomical object identified as a result of this kind of phenomenon. Observed
by astronomers in the Far-East during the years 1054 A.D. and 1056 A.D, it is
situated in the Taurus constellation and has a diameter of 11 light years. 6
The matter spread by the explosion occupies today 10 light years and is
continuously expanding at the speed of 1800 km/h. The light emitted consists of a
red component that creates a chaotic network of bright filaments, not only
extremely complex, but also having a speed much faster than it was anticipated.
The blue component of the background's light is emitted by electrons with a large
energy, located in a strong magnetic field. In 1948, the Crab Nebula was
identified as a strong source of X radiation 7. In the table below 8 are some
characteristic features of the nebula:
Fig.1: The Crab Nebula (Credits: Right Ascension 05 : 34.5 (h:m)

http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/entire/pr2 Declination +22 : 01 (deg:m)
005037a/small_web/) Distance from Terra 6.3 (kly)
Visual Brightness 8.4 (mag)
Apparent Dimension 6x4 (arc min)
3.2. THE SWAN NEBULA

The Swan Nebula or Messier M17 (M17), also known under the name
of the Omega Nebula, was discovered in 1745-1746 by French astronomer
Philippe Lozs de Cheseaux, but was reported to the public by Charles Messier in
1764.
It is a nebula that shines because of the excitation of its gas, by the
high energy radiations, coming either from the already formed stars, or from the
ones that are about to form inside the cloud. In the cloud, young stars are formed,
especially type B stars. It is thought that Swan Nebula hides about 35 stars,
masked by gases and dust, extremely bright but not easy to be observed. 9 The
mass of this nebula is 800 times the mass of the Sun, and because of this, it has a
great potential in the star formation. M17 has a very bright central part, which
stretches over 15 light-years, and another peripheral part, which is darker and
slightly larger. The total size of the nebula is approx. 40 light-years in diameter
or apparently 11 arc minutes. The color of the Swan Nebula is reddish, with some
graduation to pink. This color comes from the hot hydrogen gas which is excited
to shine by the hottest stars which have just formed within the nebula. 10 M17 is
Fig. 2: The Swan Nebula (Credits:
situated in the Sagittarius Constellation, towards the center of the Milky Way. In
http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/entire/
good observing conditions, (without light pollution), M17 can be seen with the pr2003013a/small_web/)
naked eye. The table below 11 presents some features of the nebula:
Right Ascension 18 : 20.8 (h:m)

Declination -16 : 11 (deg:m)
Distance from Terra 5.0 (kly)
Apparent Dimension 11.0 (arc min)
6
Matthew J. Bester & Matteo J. Paris, J. Undergrand, “Determination of the Distance to the Crab Nebula”, Sci. 3: 57-62 (Summer 1996)
7
http://www.astronoo.com/
8
http://seds.org/messier/
9
http://www.astropolis.fr/catalogue-Messier/articles/M17/astronomie-messier-M17.html
10
http://seds.org/messier/m/m017.html
11
Page 3 of 10
3.3. THE PELICAN NEBULA
The Pelican Nebula lies in the constellation Cygnus, the Swan. Also
known as IC 5070, this nebula is appropriately found just off the east side of the
North America Nebula (NGC 7000), another surprisingly familiar looking
emission nebula in Cygnus 12. The Pelican and North America nebulae are part
of the same large and complex star forming region, almost as nearby as the
better-known Orion Nebula. We may say that the dark dust clouds (upper left)
help define the Pelican's eye and long bill, while a bright front of ionized gas
suggests the curved shape of the head and neck 13. The Pelican is much studied
because it has a highly active mix of star formation and evolving gas clouds 14.
In the table below4, some features of the Pelican nebula are

highlighted:
Right Ascension 20 : 50 (h:m)

Declination +44 : 21 (deg:m)
Fig. 3: The Pelican Nebula (Credits: Distance from Terra ≈ 1.9 (kly)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican_nebula) Visual Brightness 8 (mag)
Apparent Dimension 120 (arc min)
3.4. THE OWL NEBULA

The Owl Nebula or Messier 97 (M97, NGC 3587) is a
planetary nebula in the constellation Ursa Major. This nebula is one of
the more complex planetary nebulae known up to date and it was
discovered by Pierre Méchain in 16th February 1781 15.
Even though the nebula’s luminosity is down, it may be seen
by the amateur astronomers using a minimum 8’ telescope, on dark
nights. As the other planetary nebulae, the brightness of M97
originates from the emissions of ionized hydrogen and from the
oxygen atoms, elements that give to the nebula its red characteristic
color with green nuances 16.
Also the gaseous cloud which forms this nebula takes some
of its light from a white dwarf which excites the nebular particles. The
nebula gets its name due to the appearance of owl-like "eyes" when
viewed through a large telescope under dark sky conditions. The
"eyes" are also easily visible through photographs taken of the
nebula 17.
Fig. 4: The Owl Nebula
18
In the table below are some characteristics of Owl Nebula: (Credit by: http://en.wikipedia.org/)

Apparent Dimension 3.4x3.3 (arc min)
12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican_nebula
13
http://orbitdecay.tumblr.com/post/80289163/the-pelican-nebula-lies-about-2-000-light-years
14
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/Pelican_Nebula.html
15
http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m097.html
16
http://www.nightskyinfo.com/archive/owl_nebula/
17
http://www.caha.es/the-owl-nebula.html
18
Page 4 of 10
3.5. THE CAT'S EYE NEBULA
The Cat’s Eye Nebula (NGC 6543) is a planetary nebula in
Draco Constellation. Discovered on 15th February 1786 it was the first
planetary nebula with a fully analyzed emission spectrum by the British
amateur astronomer William Herschel, in 1864.
The Hubble telescope observed a range of rings around the
“eye”, being as spherical sea shells which were pushed, in the past, to the
edge of the nebula by the central star. The nebula has a high luminosity
at the surface and a declination of 660 37' 59" which means that it can be
clearly seen from the North hemisphere 19.
The body of the nebula has a temperature about 7.000 -
9.0000K while the central star has a temperature of 80.0000K and the
luminosity of 10.000 times higher than our Sun’s 20. As the majority of
our Universe bodies, the Cat’s Eye Nebula contains largely hydrogen
and helium and also other heavier elements but in small quantities. We
may add that the nebula is situated at 3300 light years away of our planet
Fig. 5: The Cat’s Eye Nebula (1001 parsecs) 21.
(Credits: J.P. Harrington and K.J. Borkowski
(University of Maryland), and NASA)
Right Ascension 17 : 58 (h:m)

Visual Brightness 8,6 (mag)
Apparent Dimension 20 (arc min)
3.6. THE ANT NEBULA

The Ant Nebula or Menzel 3 (Mz 3 or NGC 6302) is a young bipolar planetary nebula (PN) that consists of a bright
core, two spherical bipolar lobes and two outer large filamentary nebulosities, discovered in 1922 by the American astronomer
Donald Menzel. 22
Its dimension is 1.6 light years, and it is situated at a distance between 3000 and 8000 light years in the Norma
constellation. This nebula is formed from the ejection of the external layers of a star at the end of its life, forming a cloud of gas
and dust, rapidly expanding. The central star becomes a white dwarf. The name "ant" comes from its characteristic shape,
specifically the head and body of an ant. To explain this structure, the astronomers speculate the presence of a matter disc that
surrounds the central star, contributing to the concentration of the matter thrown towards the nebula.
Fig. 6: The Ant Nebula (Credits:

http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/entire/pr200100
5a/small_web/)
19
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat's_Eye_Nebula
20
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1995/01/
21
http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2001/1220/index.html
22
Fe/Ni ratio in the Ant Nebula Mz 3, Y. Zhang and X.-W. Liu - Department of Astronomy, Peking University
Page 5 of 10
3.7. THE BUTTERFLY NEBULA
The Butterfly Nebula or Messier 76 (M76 or NCG 6302) is a
planetary bipolar nebula situated in Scorpius Constellation and was
discovered in 1780 by the French astronomer Pierre Méchain 23. M 76 is
situated in our Galaxy, at 3800 light-years by our Solar System. In the
center of this nebula lies a “dying” star which once had approximately
five times our Sun’s mass. After almost 100 million years the star
finished its gas and started to eject matter in the surrounding space 24.
The gaseous cloud originates from the outer layers of the star,
excluded almost 2200 years ago. The white regions are zones where the
light is emitted by sulfur 25. “The Butterfly” stretches on more than 2.5
light-years, on distance, which is approximately half of the distance from
our Sun to the closest star, Alpha Centauri 26.
Butterfly nebula major characteristics13:

Distance 3.4 (kly)
Visual Brightness 10.1 (mag) Fig 7: The Butterfly Nebula
Apparent Dimension 2.7x1.8 (arc min) (Credits: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble SM4 ERO)
3.8. THE LAGOON NEBULA

The Lagoon Nebula, or Messier 8 (M8), is made up of two
objects that were discovered at the distance of 70 years from one another.
The first one, an open cluster, NGC 6530, was discovered by the English
astronomer John Flamsteed in 1680, and in 1746, Phillipe Loys de
Cheseaux discovered the whole cluster that had formed inside the diffuse
nebula. The nebula's discovery was made by French astronomer
Guillaume Le Gentil in 1747. Charles Messier cataloged in his turn this
object with the catalog number 8 27. M8, the Lagoon Nebula has a
diameter apparently three times the monthly diameter on an axe, and 1.3
times the monthly diameter on the other axe. Its dimension is 2.400 light
years. The remarkable characteristics of this nebula are:
• on one hand, those "dark cloud" zones, of 10.000 AU in
diameter;
• on the other hand, a very bright region of the nebula, which
includes an object with the index MyCn18, known under the
Fig. 8: The Lagoon Nebula name of "Hourglass Nebula", named after its shape.
(Credits: http://hubblesite.org/)
The Lagoon Nebula - M8 - is the most prominent of a number of star-forming regions and supernova remnants in the
section of the Sagittarius-Carina Arm lying near our line of sight towards the Galactic Center 28.
The main characteristics of the Lagoon Nebula can be found in the following table 29:
Declination -24 : 23 (deg:m)
Distance 5.2 (kly)
Apparent Dimension 90x40 (arc min)
23
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_6302
24
25
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/multimedia/ero/ero_ngc6302.html
26
http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic0407/
27
http://www.astropolis.fr/catalogue-Messier/page-de-garde/astronomie-accueil-catalogue-Messier.html
28
The Lagoon Nebula and its Vicinity, N. F. H. Tothill, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA and School of Physics,
University of Exeter, Exeter, UK, Marc Gangue - Department of Geology and Astronomy, West Chester University, USA; B. Stecklum -
Thüringen Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Germany; M. A. Kenworthy, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
29
Page 6 of 10
4. THE UNIVERSE’S ZOO
To spark our younger colleagues’ curiosity for astronomy and space, to facilitate their learning the nebulas, and to make
it fun, interesting and simple for them, we wrote a story in which we "bring to life" the nebulas we examined earlier.
4.1. THE STORY

Springtime, early in the morning, two best friends: the orphaned pelican and the orphaned swan, left in search of a meal.
Swimming and having good time fishing, they realized that it was about to rain. It wasn’t a warm, April shower, but a real storm.
They were alone and helpless in the middle of a meadow. Being very young, they started to cry because they were very
frightened. The wind was bending tree branches to the ground and lightning lit the cloudy sky and the earth. The friends were wet,
and could barely stand up, but they didn’t stop for one second to rest, even though the weather was horrible. From a large
distance, the two could hear the sound of a crab’s claws. In a rather small lagoon, the two friends found a crab that was all alone.
The pelican could barely control himself not to eat the crab. The crab realized that the two weren’t dangerous and came
out to ask them what happened. The swan and the pelican revealed to him their adventure and they decided to continue their
journey together. They kept on walking for a while when the rain suddenly stopped. Just then they realized that it was twilight and
that they were at the edge of a forest.
That’s when they noticed the two cat eyes that had been following them. But before they knew it, they encountered a
silk worm, and, without a word, he began to spin a thread. This thread led the two in a magical place where a marriage ceremony
between two ants was about to begin. The three followed the route indicated by the silk worm and reached the ant's wedding. The
ceremony was officiated by a wise owl. Here they saw wonderful things; red blooms filled the air with their fragrance. With their
wing beat, the butterflies created a beautiful melody that invited everyone to dance. The roses decorated this wonderful scene and
their fragrance made everyone feel like they were in a dream. The three friends forgot that they had been lost for three days. They
did not want to leave this wonderful party. Nobody stood in the way of their happiness except the two cat eyes that followed them
wherever they went.
The three friends were happier as the days past. They made friends with all the creatures they saw at the big wedding.
They were all very friendly and in a little while the three were part of their big family.
But, being constantly followed by those sinister cat eyes, the three, the pelican, the swan and the crab, decided to ask for
the owl's help. The three friends went to search for the owl, which they found in his library, reading some astronomy books. When
the swan told him the reason they had come, the owl put his book down and asked the three to have a seat. Then, he started his
story:
"Many years ago, when this forest was still young, the cat, the snake, and I were very good friends. One day, we were
out hunting, and we came across this forest and decided to form a small colony. Soon, all the other animals in the forest wanted to
be part of it. But, as always, problems began to appear, and not surprisingly, they were about the leader. I was the one who was
chosen as leader but the cat wanted to take my place. So, she and the snake left the colony and from that day, they look for ways
to hurt us. Your arrival here may have reminded them that they could've been here with us too, and may have made them jealous."
As the owl finished his story, the three realized that there was nothing they could do about it. The cat and the snake
didn't do anything to them in the end, but sometimes, you can still see them gazing around in the dark starry sky, looking for
something or someone…
4.2. THE EXERCISE

Step 1: Explain in short and clear terms what a nebula is. Step 2: Read the story to a group of children with ages 10+.
Page 7 of 10
Step 3: The children must read the papers we give them Step 4: Split them in 2 teams and give each team 5 images
about each animal nebula in the story. of different nebulas and 5 sketches of the animal each
nebula represents.
Step 5: On your mark, the 2 teams must start matching the Step 6: Next, each team must answer 2 different pop-quizzes
nebulas. The time-limit is 30 seconds. about the nebulas they had just read about. The team
that finished the matching-contest first gets to pick
one of the nebulas they will have to write about.
Step 7: The pop-quizzes are examined and the two teams are evaluated
according to points. The team with the most points gets to help
make a pop-quiz for the next group of children.
Page 8 of 10
Observations – What have we noticed
The two teams of children are learning to distinguish the nebulas, they are assimilating a lot of information in a very
short time, and at the same time they are having fun. They have also learned about the importance of team-work.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Discovered many years ago and subjected to rigorous research concerning declination, right ascension, distance from
Earth, visual magnitude, nebulas still constitute a mystery to earthlings. In order to unravel the mysteries, the scientist uses the
laws of physics and Universe he already knows, but the average man or even the artist uses denominations, pictures and images.
Spanning a vast literature, studying the characteristics of the nebulae in general and those bearing names of animals in particular,
we started our project in the idea to get our smaller colleagues familiar with the mysteries of the Universe, by using pictures and a
story. This journey opened a new perspective to ourselves as well, that of deepening the study of deep-sky objects in a future
project, following a more pragmatic and scientific manner.
6. THE TEAM
Our team was made up of Coşofreţ Lavina, Ferestrăoariu Georgiana and Lupu Maria, all students in the 9th grade at
Colegiul Naţional “Ştefan cel Mare”. The team was coordinated by Mrs. Beca Mihaela – Liliana, mathematics teacher. All of us
have a passion for astronomy and brought our contribution in the project. We all started to study astronomy this year, but we
knew about this competition from our older colleagues and we wanted to participate. Our roles in the project were split:
Georgiana selected all the images in our project from the Hubble site, and made the sketch for the activity with the younger
children. Lavinia collected the information regarding the nebulas and the Hubble space telescope. The technical writing and
translation to English was done by Maria.
This project helped us learn astronomy faster and in a fun way. We tested our teamwork abilities. We think it was the
most interesting thing we have ever done until now. Thanks to this project, we have seen how much this science – astronomy –
has to offer to us. Not only that we found many interesting things, but we also had long and enthusiastic discussions among
ourselves and with older colleagues, who are also passionate about this subject.
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o To ESO for opening a new opportunity to participate in this contest;

o To our older colleagues Adnana and George, for guidance, encouragement and correction of the English translation of
this project;
o To Catalin Stan, for the lessons of graphics;
o To the children who participated in our exercise.
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
CITED REFERENCES
Matthew J. Bester & Matteo J. Paris, J. Undergrand, “Determination of the Distance to the Crab Nebula”, Harvard Yearbook
Publications, Sci. 3: 57-62 (Summer 1996), pdf file format at http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/
Y. Zhang and X.-W. Liu, “Fe/Ni ratio in the Ant Nebula Mz 3”, pdf file at http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/
N. F. H. Tothill, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA and School of Physics, University of Exeter,
Exeter, UK, Marc Gagn´e - Department of Geology and Astronomy, West Chester University, USA; B. Stecklum - Th¨uringer
Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Germany; M. A. Kenworthy, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA, “The
Lagoon Nebula and its Vicinity”, Handbook of Star Forming Regions Vol. II, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2008 Bo
Reipurth, ed., pdf file format at http://arxiv.org/
Hubble Space Telescope – Servicing Mission 3B, Media Reference Guide,

byhttp://hubble.nasa.gov/a_pdf/news/sm3b_composite.pdf
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Nebul%C3%A6
http://universe-review.ca/F09-earth.htm
http://www.answers.com/topic/diffuse-nebula-1
http://www.answers.com/topic/planetary-nebula
Page 9 of 10
http://www.answers.com/topic/supernova-remnant
http://www.astronoo.com/
http://www.astropolis.fr/catalogue-Messier/articles/M17/astronomie-messier-M17.html
http://seds.org/messier/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican_nebula
http://orbitdecay.tumblr.com/post/80289163/the-pelican-nebula-lies-about-2-000-light-years
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/Pelican_Nebula.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat's_Eye_Nebula
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1995/01/
http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2001/1220/index.html
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/multimedia/ero/ero_ngc6302.html
http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic0407/
http://www.astropolis.fr/catalogue-Messier/page-de-garde/astronomie-accueil-catalogue-Messier.html
http://hubblesite.org/
http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/hubble%E2%80%99s-heritage
http://alpcentauri.info/astterminology.html
GENERAL REFERENCES
www.eso.org
www.wikipedia.org
www.hubblesite.org
www.nasa.gov
Measuring the Distance to the Cat’s Eye Nebula, The ESA/ESO Astronomy Exercise Series, Exercise No. 3
Ieronim Mihaila, Manual de Astronomie, clasa a X-a, România, 1993
Hannu Karttunen, Pekka Kroger, Markku Poutanen, Heikki Oja, Karl J. Donner, Fundamental Astronomy, Fifth Edition, Ed.
Springer
IMAGE REFERENCES
Fig. 1 http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/entire/pr2005037a/small_web/
Fig. 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican_nebula
Fig. 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/
Fig. 5 J.P. Harrington and K.J. Borkowski (University of Maryland), and NASA
Fig. 7 NASA, ESA, and the Hubble SM4 ERO
Fig. 8 http://hubblesite.org/
Page 10 of 10

The Universe&#39;s Zoo

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

The Universe&#39;s Zoo

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEBULAS ..................................................................................... 2

3. NEBULAS WITH NAMES FROM THE ANIMAL KINGDOM ................................................................... 3

3.1. THE CRAB NEBULA .................................................................................................................................. 3

4. THE UNIVERSE’S ZOO ................................................................................................................................... 7

4.1. THE STORY ................................................................................................................................................ 7

6. THE TEAM ......................................................................................................................................................... 9

2.2. TYPES OF NEBULAS

3.1. THE CRAB NEBULA

Fig.1: The Crab Nebula (Credits: Right Ascension 05 : 34.5 (h:m)

3.2. THE SWAN NEBULA

Right Ascension 18 : 20.8 (h:m)

In the table below4, some features of the Pelican nebula are

Right Ascension 20 : 50 (h:m)

3.4. THE OWL NEBULA

Right Ascension 11 : 14.8 (h:m)

Right Ascension 17 : 58 (h:m)

3.6. THE ANT NEBULA

Fig. 6: The Ant Nebula (Credits:

Right Ascension 01 : 42.4 (h:m)

3.8. THE LAGOON NEBULA

4.1. THE STORY

4.2. THE EXERCISE

o To ESO for opening a new opportunity to participate in this contest;

Hubble Space Telescope – Servicing Mission 3B, Media Reference Guide,

Ieronim Mihaila, Manual de Astronomie, clasa a X-a, România, 1993

Você também pode gostar

The Universe's Zoo

The Universe's Zoo