Prospect of Lithium Iron Phosphate

Battery Used in Energy Storage

Phoenix Silicon International Corporation

Mike Yang, Ph.D.
March 28th , 2014

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 Why ESS is Noted
Growing needs for storage
 The following problems
occur against increase and
expansion of new energy
(PV, WP) peak demand.
• Increase of unstable
power
• System congestion
• Surplus of wind and
solar power
• Aging of power
equipment
• Power shortage at its
peak demand
 Each country (state)
government, actively
promotes the new rules
and subsidies to develop
its industry
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Expectation toward EV
as substitute
 Material manufacturers
and LIB manufacturers,
which are to make
aggressive investment, are
significantly affected
because EV market is not
Growing
set up as planned.
Expectation
Toward ESS  LIB market for automotive
is supposed to be harsh as
severe price game.
 When it comes to ESS,
there is no winner yet in
the market because the
market is still being
growing. Lots of attention
has been focused on its
potential.
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 Why ESS is Noted
ESS market will grow rapidly.
LIB for ESS market forecast (optimistic case)

Market - MWh Market – million$

35,000 14,000

30,000 12,000

25,000 10,000

million$
(MWh)

20,000 8,000

15,000 6,000

10,000 4,000

5,000 2,000

0 0
2011 2015 2020 2011 2015 2020
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Grid-Scale ESS Market Estimation

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 Segmentation of Psi’s ESS
Psi’s ESS market is comprised of 2 kinds of market: existing market
and new market

Small UPS Large UPS Telecomm.

Existing Market

3 hours (300W) 3 hours (3.6kW) 3 hours (2.3kW)

LIB Market
for ESS

Grid stability

New Market
(Grid Energy System) At Power Grid Beside PV/WP
generation facility
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Global PV Industry Goes Healthful
Healthful supply-demand
trend
Over supply percentage
has down to less than 20%

Market place diverse

Japan and other region
increasing and German
decreasing
(due to subsidy policy)

European market expected

to be down to 20% and
Asian (Japan + China)
market expected to be
around 40%

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Inexorable Cost Reduction
Solar module price
declines from 1972
show an overall
learning rate of 22%...

…though in recent
years (from 2008)
that learning rate has
increased to 40%.

In reality, the actual

learning rate is
likely to be around
30%
Source: Citi Research, 7
Bloomberg New Energy Finance
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Solar in Peak Electricity Demand
Solar has stolen the peak of the
electricity demand curve

An actual German electricity demand

curves (in sunny day)

Doubling (simulated) the penetration of

wind and solar, with the same electricity
demand curves

During the sunny period, the power

from conventional generator will be
less than the economics of baseload
generation
Source: Citi Research, 8
Bloomberg New Energy Finance
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 Energy Storage Becomes Inevitable
Solar has a specific generation profile tilted towards
the middle of the day
As solar installation rates growing, midday electricity
generation will causes grid stability problem
Energy demand/supply imbalance leads to grid
instability,
Grid instability is costly for the industry
Solar storage as a viable solution to mitigate grid
instability

Source: Citi Research, 9

Bloomberg New Energy Finance
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Battery Storage Becomes Inevitable

Any excess generation above the

natural run rate of conventional
baseload is stored (upper figure)
and spread across the day (lower
figure)

Source: Citi Research, 10

Bloomberg New Energy Finance
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 Battery Storage Becomes Inevitable
 Batteries and storage could mitigate this problem to an
extent by spreading solar’s excess peak generation across
the ‘shoulders’
 This would allow more conventional plants to operate at a
natural run rate.
 There is still need certain amount of capacity payments
(conventional plants) to cover backup generation to replace
solar’s shortfall during the winter
 Partly driven by the growth of PV, over 720 MW of
distributed energy storage will be deployed in the U.S.
between 2014 and 2020.
(GTM Research, 2014 February)

Sourced by multiple material 11

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 Regulatory Landscape
Energy Investment
FERC 992 FERC 784 FERC 755
Tax Credit

Government
IRS FERC FERC FERC
Body

Jurisdiction United States Unites States United States TSOs U.S. wholesale markets

Rules implemented as of
Effective Expires 12/31/16 11/22/13 7/18/13
2012-2014

Revises the interconnection

Fast Track threshold from 2
10%-30% tax credit MW to 5MW, contingent upon
for purchasers of line voltage and/or distance
Summary
energy storage from a substation and
systems amperage; includes energy
storage in the definition of
small generating facility
Creates a fast-regulation
Similar to FERC 755, service in wholesale power
but for markets; fast-regulation
transmission resources are compensated
providers for speed and accuracy
using a mileage payment

Capacity
N/A Market driven N/A Market driven
Requirement

Value 10%-30% tax credit N/A N/A N/A

FERC: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission IRS: Internal Revenue Service TSO: Transmission System Operator
Sourced by Navigant Consulting 201412
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 Regulatory Landscape
SGIP AB 2514 Solar PV+ESS

Government Body State of California CPUC KfW

Jurisdiction California California Germany

Effective As of 2009 Target announced in 2013 2013-2014

1,325 MW by 2020 for California

$1,620/kW for advanced
IOUs, excludes pumped hydro
energy storage up to 3MW €2,640 to €3,600 per system;
over 50MW; IOUs may shift up to
Summary and behind the meter 1.4% interest loan to cover
80% of the requirement between
(independent or tied to remainder
the transmission and distribution
distributed generation)
systems

702 MW for transmission, 437MW PV system is typically 7 kW to

Capacity
N/A for distribution systems, 199 MW 10kW peak, the BESS is typically
Requirement
for behind-the-meter storage 4kWh to 8kWh

$57,892,500 for emerging

Value technologies (including N/A €25 million per year
storage) in 2014

Sourced by Navigant Consulting 201413

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 Regulatory Landscape
Ontario LTEP Micro-grid Program Capacity Market New Jersey

Department of Energy and Office of Clean Energy

Government
OPA Environmental Protection ERCOT at the New Jersey Board
Body
(Connecticut) of Public Utilities

Jurisdiction Ontario Connecticut Texas New Jersey

Effective 2013 onward Effective 7/1/2012 Proposed Proposed

3-year resiliency program to

build micro-grids
A proposed design Non-binding vote Between $5 million and
- $15 million/year
and outline for an October 2013 made $10 million during the
- Round 1 concluded (9 projects)
energy storage the reserve margin a next 4 years for energy
Summary - Round RFP under
procurement requirement; specific storage; up to $2.5
development
framework by margin is million in the fiscal year
- Indirectly supports energy
1/31/2014 undetermined 2014
storage

Undetermined until
Capacity
Minimum 50MW N/A Texas PUC develops a N/A
Requirement
proposal

Value N/A $45,000,000 N/A $2.5 million per year

OPA: Ontario Power Authority ERCOT: Electric Reliability Council of Texas
Sourced by Navigant Consulting 201414
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 Energy Storage Subsidy Program
Germany:
 New installation of solar PV systems with battery storage
 Retrofit existing PV installations (after 1.1.2013) with battery
storage system
 Battery system has to be operational for a minimum of 5
years
 Battery system must be installed on German ground
 Battery system provider must give a guarantee of minimum 7
years
 Until Nov. 2013, 1900 home or small companies have used
this program
Source: NRI (Battery Japan, 2014)

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 Energy Storage in the Grid

CES: Community Energy Storage

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Value of Energy Storage

Note:
DESS: Distributed Energy Storage System
ISO: Independent System Operators
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Energy Storage Technologies

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Energy Storage System with
Psi Batteries

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 3U Battery Pack Specification
Product Model 48V40Ah battery module(2kwh)
Minimum Capacity 36 Ah at 8 A discharge
Nominal Capacity 40 Ah at 8 A discharge
Operating Voltage 40 V to 56 V
Nominal Voltage 51.2 V
Charge Voltage 58.4 V
Charge Method Constant current, constant voltage
Over Charge Protection Warning 3.9 V for each cell
Over Discharge Protection Warning 2.3 V for each cell
Maximum Continue Discharge Current 40 A
Max. Charge Current 40 A
2000 cycles with Capacity≧32 Ah
Cycle Life
at 8 A charge/discharge rate.
Operating Temperature
Charge 0 to 45℃
Discharge -20 to 60℃
Storage Temperature
Short Period (less than 1 month) -20 to 45℃
Long Period (less than 3 months) -20 to 35℃
Vertical Dimension 3U 20
Weight of pack ~ 25 kg
Initial Internal Impedance < 50 mΩ
 3U Battery Pack Application
Model Name RBC102N120JP00-R
Normal grid voltage 100 Vac
Operation grid range 80~120 Vac
Maximum AC input current 15A
AC input
50Hz(60Hz)  2Hz,
Operation frequency range
auto detection
Power factor > 0.9 at full load
AC Normal output range 100Vac  5%
output Maximum output power 1500VA/1000W
Bypass Max. bypass current 15A, (max. 1500VA)
mode
Battery model Psi 3U standard
Battery capacity 2000Wh/400Wh
Battery Discharge time @ 500W 3.6hrs/7.2hrs
Discharge time @ 1000W 1.8hrs/3.6hrs
Charge time 4.6Hrs/9.2hrs
Input voltage (max.) 45Vdc
MPPT voltage range 20~40Vdc
Solar MPPT tracker 1 tracker
charger
Input power (max.) 270W2
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Output power (max.) 500W
 Industrial Application
15 AGV/AGF/Forklift/Golf Kart
Operating Power (KW)

10

Forklift
AGF
5

Golf Kart
AGV

Electric Pallet Stacker

1

PC Power Station
0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Medical e-Kart
Operating Time (Hours) 22
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Energy Storage Application
UPS Battery System
System: 500KVA UPS Smart UPS for Industrial
Industrial Customers
and Family Use

System: 15K~1000KVA UPS

Industrial Customers

System: 1K~10KW UPS

Customer: Regular Family

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 High Voltage UPS
500KVA System

 Managed by Central Facility

Control System
 Mod-bus communication protocol
 Battery Charging Voltage: 410V DC
 Plant Battery Capacity:
1.1 MWh.
 Installed in the largest LCD factory
in Taiwan since 2010.
 Energy Storage System for PV
Installation Jan./2010
Input 1ϕ, 277 VAC ±10%, 60Hz
Output 1ϕ, 277 VAC ±10%, 60Hz
Power 6kw
Solar panel 3.6kw
Battery cell PSI, LiFePO4, 40138, 3.3V/10Ah
Battery System 52.8V DC/10.6kwh

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 電
充
電
放

100.00
120.00
100.00
120.00

0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
16:44:43 14:42:33
17:00:13 14:47:23
17:15:43 14:52:13
17:31:13 14:57:03
17:46:43 15:01:53
18:02:13 15:06:43
18:17:43 15:11:33
Battery pack data (PV off)

18:33:13 15:16:23
18:48:43 15:21:13
19:04:13 15:26:03
19:19:43 15:30:53
19:35:13 15:35:43
19:50:43 15:40:33
20:06:13 15:45:23

時 間
時 間

充電曲線
放電曲線

20:21:43 15:50:13
20:37:13 15:55:03
20:52:43 15:59:53
21:08:13 16:04:43
21:23:43 16:09:33
21:39:13 16:14:23
21:54:43
The charge efficiency = 9.09/9.90 = 91.8%

16:19:13
22:10:13 16:24:03
22:25:43 16:28:53
22:41:13 16:33:43
22:56:43 16:38:33
23:12:13 16:43:23
(%)
(A)
(V)
(%)
(A)
(V)

(度)
(度)

(kW)
(kW)

D.O.D

D.O.C
充電度數
充電功率
充電電流
電池電壓
放電度數
放電功率
放電電流
電池電壓
Energy Storage System for PV
 Energy Storage System for PV
Installation Jul./2010
Input 3ϕ, 380 ~ 460 VAC , 50 / 60Hz
Output 3ϕ, 0 ~ 400 VAC , 0~60Hz/400Hz max.
Power 75kw
Battery cell PSI , LiFePO4 , 40138 , 3.3V/10Ah
Battery pack 528 VDC/10.6kwh (160S2P)

Battery pack:
10 modules
 Power Management Battery
• User: Japanese residential
• Module: 4 KWh (48V)
• System: 2 modules in parallel
• System management bus: Mod_bus/RS485

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 Cell Design and Performance:
(1) Safety
(2) Long cycle life: over 2K cycles
(3) Cell design for remanufacturing
easily and operation 30 years Single EV/E-
(4) Green material for Cell Bus
all parts of cell.

Pack Unit Mounted and

dismounted friendly

Energy
Emergency
Light Storage/ SOH<60-70%
UPS

SOH<20%
Car
Start Up Renovation
SOH<30-40%

Remanufacturing
Easily and friendly
 PSI LiFePO4 Characteristics & Advantages
 Safety & Environment:
 Free of lead and sulfuric acid pollution.
 Free of Li-Co and Li-Mn unsafe characteristics.
 Cycle Life & Durability
 Projected cycle life of PSI battery > 10~20 years.
 Tolerant of high operating temperature and LiFePO4 battery cell achieves optimal
performance at 35ºC.
 High C-rate Charge / Discharge:
 LiFePO4 offers impressive high-rate charge and discharge performance; such
characteristic makes it ideal for UPS applications
 Portability:
 66% lighter than lead-acid given identical capacity. Thus, requiring less peripheral
support and is much more portable.
 Compatibility & Maintenance:
 More compatible with existing lead-acid charger provided with the same charging
voltage.

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Thank you!!

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