(Chapter 1) Introduction To Electronic Communication (1-18) PDF

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC
CHAPTER 1 COMMUNICATIONS
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Its fundamental purpose is to transfer information from Electronic

1)
one place to another. Communication System
The transmission, reception, and processing of

Electronic
2) information between two or more locations using
Communication
electronic circuits.
Electronic Communications Time Line
1830: American Scientist and professor Joseph Henry transmitted the first
practical electrical signal.
1837: Samuel Finley Breese Morse invented the telegraph.
1843: Alexander Bain invented the facsimile.
1861: Johann Phillip Reis completed the first nonworking telephone.
1864: James Clerk Maxwell released his paper “Dynamic Theory of the
Electromagnetic Field”, which concluded that light electricity,
and magnetism were related.
3)
1865: Dr. Mahlon Loomis became the first person to communicate wireless
through the Earth’s atmosphere.
1866: First transatlantic telegraph cable was installed.
1876: Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson Invented the telephone.
1877: Thomas Alva Edison invents the phonograph.
1880: Heinrich Hertz discovers electromagnetic waves.
1887: Heinrich Hertz discovers radio waves. Marchese Guglielmo Marconi

demonstrates wireless radio wave propagation.
Prepared By : Raniel P. Babon 1

1888: Heinrich Hertz detects and produces radio waves. Heinrich Hertz
conclusively proved Maxwell’s prediction that electricity can travel
in waves through the Earth’s atmosphere.
1894: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi builds his first radio equipment, a device
that rings a bell from 30 ft. away.
1895: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi discovered ground wave propagation.
1898: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi established the first radio link between
England and France.
1900: American Scientist Reginald A. Fessenden the world’s first radio broadcast
using continous waves.
1901: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi transmits telegraphic radio messages from

Cornwall, to Newfoundland.
Reginald A. Fessenden transmits the World’s first radio broadcast using
continuous waves. First successful transatlantic transmission of
radio signal.
1903: Valdemar Poulsen patents an arc transmission that generates continuous

wave transmission 100-kHz signal that is receivable 150 miles away.
1904: First radio transmission of music at Graz, Austria.
1905: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi invents the directional radio antenna.
1906: Reginald A. Fessenden invents amplitude modulation (AM).

First radio program of voice and music broadcasted in the United States
by Reginald Fessenden.
Lee DeFrorest invents triode (three-electrode) vacuum tube.
1907: Reginald Fessenden invents a high- frequency Electric generator that

produces radio waves with a frequency of 100 kHz.
1908: General Electric develops a 100-kHz, 2-kW alternator for radio

communications.
1910: The Radio Act of 1910 is the first concurrence of government regulation of
radio technology and services.
1912: The Radio Act of 1912 in the United States brought order to the radio
bands by requiring station and operators licenses and assigning
blocks of the frequency spectrum to the existing users.

1913: The cascade-tuning radio receiver and the heterodyne receiver are
introduced.
1914: Major Edwin Armstrong develops the superheterodyne radio receiver.
1915: Vacuum-tube radio transmitters introduced.
1919: Shortwave radio is developed.
1920: Radio Station KDKA broadcasts the first regular licensed radio transmission
out of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
1921: Radio Corporation of America (RCA) begins operating Radio Central on

Long Island. The American Radio League establishes contact
via shortwave radio with Paul Godley in Scotland, proving that shortwave
radio can be used for long distance communications.
1923: Vladimir Zworykin invents and demonstrates television.
1927: A temporary five- member Federal Radio Commission agency was

created in the United States.
1928: Radio station WRNY in New York City begins broadcasting television shows.
1931: Major Edwin Armstrong patents wide- band frequency modulation (FM).
1934: Federal Communications Commission (FCC) created to regulate

telephone, radio, and television broadcasting.
1935: Commercial FM radio broadcasting begins with monophonic transmission.
1937: Alec H. Reeves invents binary coded pulse-code modulation. (PCM)
1939: National Broadcasting Company (NBC) demonstrates television

broadcasting. First use of two-way radio communications
using walkie-talkies.
1941: Columbia University Radio Club opens the first regularly scheduled FM
radio station.
1945: Television is born. FM moved from its original home of 42 MHz to 50 MHz to
88 MHz to 108 MHz to make room.

1946: The American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) inaugurated

the first mobile telephone system for the public called MTS
(Mobile Telephone System).
1948: John Von Neumann created the first store program electronic digital
computer. Bell Telephone Laboratories unveiled the transistor, a joint
venture of scientist William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain.
1951: First transcontinental microwave system began operation.
1952: Sony Corporation offers a miniature transistor radio, one of the first mass
produced consumer AM/FM radios.
1953: RCA and MBC broadcast first color television transmission.
1954: The number of radio stations in the world exceeds the number of
newspapers printed daily.
1954: Texas Instruments becomes the first company to commercially produce

silicon transistors.
1956: First transatlantic telephone cable systems began carrying calls.
1957: Russia launches the world’s first satellite. (Sputnik)
1958: Kilby and Noyce develop first integrated circuits.

NASA launched the United States first satellite.
1961: FCC approves FM stereo broadcasting, which spurs the development of

FM. Citizens band (CB) radio first used.
1962: U.S. radio stations begin broadcasting stereophonic sound.
1963: T1 (transmission 1) digital carrier systems introduced.
1965: First commercial communications satellite launched.
1970: High-definition television (HDTV) introduced in Japan.
1977: First commercial use of optical fiber cables.
1983: Cellular telephone networks introduced in the United States.

1999: HDTV standards implemented in the United States.
1999: Digital Television (DTV) transmission began in the United States.
Are time-varying voltages or currents that are

4) analog signals
continuously changing such as sine and cosine waves.
5) Is sometimes referred to as a power loss. Attenuation
Is sometimes referred to as a ____________ , If Pout = Pin,

6) the absolute power gain is 1, and the dB power gain is Unity Power Gain
0 dB.
Are voltages or currents that change in discrete steps

7) digital signals
or levels.
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson

were the first to successfully transfer human
8) Telephone
conversation over a crude metallic- wire
communications systems using this device.
The first commercial radio broadcasting station in 1920

9) that broadcasted amplitude modulated signals in KDKA
Pittsburgh.
10) Is a logarithmic unit that can be used to measure ratio. Decibel ( dB )
Is a unit of measurement used to indicate the ratio of a

11) power level with respect to a fixed reference level dBm
(1mW).
12) One-tenth of a decibel. Bel

A collection of one or more electronic devices or

circuits that converts the original source information to
13) Transmitter
a form more suitable for transmission over a particular
transmission medium.
Provides a means of transporting signals between a

14) Transmission Medium
transmitter and a receiver.
A collection of electronic devices and circuits that

accepts the transmitted signals fro the transmission
15) Receiver
medium and then converts those signals back to their
original form.
Is any unwanted electrical signals that interfere with the

16) System Noise
information signal.
Because it is often impractical to propagate

information signals over standard transmission media,
17) Carrier
it is often necessary to modulate the source information
onto a higher-frequency analog signal called a ______.
The process of changing one or more properties of the

18) Modulation
analog carrier in proportion with the information signal.
A system in which energy is transmitted and received in

Analog Communication
19) analog form (a continuously varying signals such as a
System
sine wave).
A true digital system where digital pulses (discrete levels

20) such as +5V and ground) are transferred between two Digital Transmission
or more points in a communications system.
The transmittal of digitally modulated analog carriers

between two or more points in a communications
21) digital radio
system.

A modulation technique where the information signal is

Amplitude Modulation
22) analog and the amplitude (V) of the carrier is varied
( AM )
proportional to the information signal.

Frequency Modulation
23) analog and the frequency (f) of the carrier is varied
( FM )

24 analog and the phase () of the carrier is varied Phase Modulation

Amplitude Shift Keying
25) digital and that amplitude (V) of the carrier is varied
( ASK )

Frequency Shift Keying
26) digital and the frequency (f) of the carrier is varied
( FSK )

Phase Shift Keying
27) digital and the phase () of the carrier is varied
( PSK )
A modulation technique where both the amplitude Quadrature Amplitude

28) and the phase of the carrier are varied proportional to Modulation
the information signal. ( QAM )
Modulation is performed in a transmitter by a circuit

29) Modulator
called ________.
The reverse process of modulation and converts the

30) modulated carrier back to the original information Demodulation

Demodulation is performed in a receiver by a circuit

31) Demodulator
called _______.
2 Reasons why modulation is necessary in electronic communications :
1. It is extremely difficult to radiate low-frequency signals from an antenna in

the form of electromagnetic energy.
32)
2. Information signals often occupy the same frequency band and, if signals
from two or more sources are transmitted at the same time, they would
interfere with each other.
A specific band of frequencies allocated a particular

33) Channel
service.
Process of converting a frequency or band of

33) frequencies to another location in the total frequency Frequency Translation
spectrum.
The purpose of an electronic communications system is

34) to communicate information between two or more Stations
locations commonly called _____________ .
The number of times a periodic motion, such as a sine

35) wave of voltage or current, occurs in a given period of Frequency
time.
36) Each complete alternation of the waveform. Cycle
Is an international agency in control of allocating International

37) frequencies and services within the overall frequency Telecommunications
spectrum. Union ( ITU )
Federal
In the United States, assigns frequencies and
38) Communications
communications services for free-space radio
Commission ( FCC )
propagation.

39)
Are signals in the 30Hz to 300Hz range and include ac

Extremely Low
40) power distribution signals (60Hz) and low frequency
Frequencies ( ELF )
telemetry signals.
Are signals in the 300Hz to 3000Hz range and include Voice Frequencies
41)
frequencies generally associated with human speech. ( VF )
Are signals in the 3kHz to 30kHz range which include the

Very Low Frequencies
42) upper end of the human hearing
( VLF )
range.
Are signals in the 30kHz to 300kHz range and are used Low Frequencies
43)
primarily for marine and aeronautical navigation. ( LF )

Are signals in the 300kHz to 3MHz range and are used

Medium Frequencies
44) primarily for commercial AM radio broadcasting
( MF )
(535kHz-1605kHz).
Are signals in the 3MHz to 30MHz range and are often

High Frequencies
45) referred to as short waves. Used for most two-way
( HF )
radio communications.
Are signals in the 30MHz to 300MHz range and are used

for mobile radio, marine and aeronautical
Very High Frequencies
46) communications, commercial FM broadcasting (88 to
( VHF )
108MHz) and commercial TV broadcasting of Ch 2 to
13 (54MHz to 216MHz).
Are signals in the 300MHz to 3GHz range and are used

by commercial television broadcasting of channels 14
Ultrahigh Frequencies
47) to 83, land mobile communications services, cellular
( UHF )
telephones, certain radar and navigation systems, and
microwave and satellite radio systems.
Are signals in the 3GHz to 30GHz range and include the

Super High Frequencies
48) majority of the frequencies used for microwave and
( SHF )
satellite radio communications systems.
Are signals in the 30GHz to 300GHz range and are Extremely High
49) seldom used for radio communications except in very Frequencies
sophisticated, expensive, and specialized applications. ( EHF )
Are signals in the 0.3THz to 300THz range and are not

generally referred to as radio waves. Used in heat
50) Infrared
seeking guidance systems, electronic photography,
and astronomy.
Includes electromagnetic frequencies that fall within

51) Visible Light
the visible range of humans (0.3PHz to 3PHz).

Light-wave
52) Used for optical fiber systems.
Communications
The length that one cycle of an electromagnetic wave

53) occupies in space (i.e., the distance between similar Wavelength
points in a repetitive wave).
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVELENGTH SPECTRUM
54)
Radio transmitter classifications according to

55) bandwidth, modulation scheme, and type of Emission Classifications
information.

56)
 The first symbol is a letter that designates the type of modulation of the
main carrier.
 The second symbol is a number that identifies the type of emission.
 The third symbol is another letter that describes the type of information
being transmitted.

The two most significant limitations on the performance

57) of a communications system are ________and ________. Noise and Bandwidth
The difference between the highest and lowest

58) Bandwidth
frequencies contained in the information.
The bandwidth of a communications channel is the

difference between the highest and lowest
59) Passband
frequencies that the channel will allow to pass
through it.
A highly theoretical study of the efficient use of

60) bandwidth to propagate information through Information Theory
electronic communications systems.
The measure of how much information can be

61) propagated through a communications system and is Information Capacity
a function of bandwidth and transmission time.
The most basic digital symbol used to represent

62) Binary Digit / Bit
information.
The number of bits transmitted during one second and

63) is expressed in bits per second (bps). Bit Rate

In 1928, R. Hartley of Bell Telephone Laboratories Hartley’s Law

64) developed a useful relationship among bandwidth,
transmission time, and information capacity. IBxt
Shannon limit for

information capacity
In 1948, mathematician Claude E. Shannon published

a paper in the Bell System Technical Journal relating
65)
the information capacity of a communications
channel to bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. OR
Any undesirable electrical energy that falls within the

66) Electrical Noise
passband of the signal.
67) Noise present regardless of whether there is a signal Uncorrelated Noise

present or not.
68) Noise that is generated outside the device or circuit. External Noise
Noise that is naturally occurring electrical disturbances

69) Atmospheric Noise
that originate within Earth’s atmosphere.
70) Atmospheric noise is commonly called ____________ . Static Electricity
Noise consists of electrical signals that originate from

71) outside Earth’s atmosphere and is sometimes called Extraterrestrial Noise
deep-space noise.
72) Extraterrestrial noise is sometimes called ____________ . Deep-Space Noice

73) Noise generated directly from the sun’s heat. Solar Noise
Noise sources that are continuously distributed

65) Cosmic Noise
throughout the galaxies.
66) Noise that is produced by mankind. Man-made Noise
Electrical interference generated within a device or

67) Internal Noise
circuit.
Noise caused by the random arrival of carriers (holes

68) and electrons) at the output element of an electronic Shot Noise
device.
Any modification to a stream of carriers as they pass

69) from the input to the output of a device produces an Transit-time Noise
irregular, random variations.
Associated with the rapid and random movement of

70) Thermal Noise
electrons within a conductor due to thermal agitation.
THERMAL AGITATION HAS SEVERAL NAMES, INCLUDING :
 Thermal Noise, because it is temperature dependent;

71)  Brownian Noise, after its discoverer;
 Johnson Noise, after the man who related Brownian particle movement of
electron movement;
 White Noise, because the random movement is at all frequencies;
Johnson proved that thermal noise power is Noise Power

72) proportional to the product of bandwidth and
temperature. N = KTB

A form of internal noise that is correlated (mutually

related) to the signal and cannot be present in a
73) Correlated Noise
circuit unless there is a signal.
“ no signal, no noise! “
Occurs when unwanted harmonics of a signal are

74) produced through nonlinear amplification (nonlinear Harmonic Distortion
mixing).
The generation of unwanted sum and difference

Inter-modulation
75) frequencies produced when two or more signals mix in
Distortion
a nonlinear device.
The original signal and also called the fundamental

76) First Harmonic
frequency.
77) A frequency two times the original signal frequency. Second Harmonic
78) A frequency three times the original signal frequency. Third Harmonic
79) Another name for harmonic distortion. Amplitude Distortion
Characterized by high-amplitude peaks of short

80) Impulse Noise
duration in the total noise spectrum.

81)
A form of external noise and as the name implies it

82) Interference
means to disturb or detract form.
Noise produced when information signals from one

source produce frequencies that fall outside their
83) Electrical interference
allocated bandwidth and interfere with information
signals from another source.
Signal-to-Noise Power
Ratio ( S/N )
The ratio of the signal power level to the noise power

84)
level.

Noise Factor ( F )
Figures of merit used to indicate how much the signal-
85) and
to-noise ratio deteriorates as a signal passes through a
Noise Figure ( NF )
circuit or series of circuits
FORMULA OF NOISE FACTOR
86)
FORMULA FOR NOISE FIGURE
87)
NF ( dB ) = 10 log F
A convenient parameter often used rather than noise Equivalent Noise

figure in low noise, sophisticated VHF, UHF, microwave, Temperature
88) and satellite radio receivers. It indicates the reduction ( Te )
in the signal-to-noise ratio a signal undergoes as it
propagates through a receiver. Te = T ( F – 1 )

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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

Its fundamental purpose is to transfer information from Electronic

The transmission, reception, and processing of

Electronic Communications Time Line

1837: Samuel Finley Breese Morse invented the telegraph.

1843: Alexander Bain invented the facsimile.

1861: Johann Phillip Reis completed the first nonworking telephone.

1866: First transatlantic telegraph cable was installed.

1877: Thomas Alva Edison invents the phonograph.

1880: Heinrich Hertz discovers electromagnetic waves.

1887: Heinrich Hertz discovers radio waves. Marchese Guglielmo Marconi

Prepared By : Raniel P. Babon 1

1895: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi discovered ground wave propagation.

1901: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi transmits telegraphic radio messages from

1903: Valdemar Poulsen patents an arc transmission that generates continuous

1904: First radio transmission of music at Graz, Austria.

1905: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi invents the directional radio antenna.

1906: Reginald A. Fessenden invents amplitude modulation (AM).

1907: Reginald Fessenden invents a high- frequency Electric generator that

1908: General Electric develops a 100-kHz, 2-kW alternator for radio

Prepared By : Raniel P. Babon 2

1914: Major Edwin Armstrong develops the superheterodyne radio receiver.

1915: Vacuum-tube radio transmitters introduced.

1919: Shortwave radio is developed.

1921: Radio Corporation of America (RCA) begins operating Radio Central on

1923: Vladimir Zworykin invents and demonstrates television.

1927: A temporary five- member Federal Radio Commission agency was

1934: Federal Communications Commission (FCC) created to regulate

1935: Commercial FM radio broadcasting begins with monophonic transmission.

1937: Alec H. Reeves invents binary coded pulse-code modulation. (PCM)

1939: National Broadcasting Company (NBC) demonstrates television

Prepared By : Raniel P. Babon 3

1946: The American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) inaugurated

1951: First transcontinental microwave system began operation.

1953: RCA and MBC broadcast first color television transmission.

1954: Texas Instruments becomes the first company to commercially produce

1956: First transatlantic telephone cable systems began carrying calls.

1957: Russia launches the world’s first satellite. (Sputnik)

1958: Kilby and Noyce develop first integrated circuits.

1961: FCC approves FM stereo broadcasting, which spurs the development of

1962: U.S. radio stations begin broadcasting stereophonic sound.

1963: T1 (transmission 1) digital carrier systems introduced.

1965: First commercial communications satellite launched.

1970: High-definition television (HDTV) introduced in Japan.

1977: First commercial use of optical fiber cables.

1983: Cellular telephone networks introduced in the United States.

Prepared By : Raniel P. Babon 4

1999: HDTV standards implemented in the United States.

1999: Digital Television (DTV) transmission began in the United States.

Are time-varying voltages or currents that are

5) Is sometimes referred to as a power loss. Attenuation

Is sometimes referred to as a ____________ , If Pout = Pin,

Are voltages or currents that change in discrete steps

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson

The first commercial radio broadcasting station in 1920

10) Is a logarithmic unit that can be used to measure ratio. Decibel ( dB )

Is a unit of measurement used to indicate the ratio of a

12) One-tenth of a decibel. Bel

Prepared By : Raniel P. Babon 5

A collection of one or more electronic devices or

Provides a means of transporting signals between a

A collection of electronic devices and circuits that

Is any unwanted electrical signals that interfere with the