Chapter 20 – Vectors

Solutions to Exercise 20A

" # " # " #
1 2 − −1 −3
1 a is the vector “1 across to the right 3 v= =
5 −10 − 5 15
and 5 up.”
a = 3, b = −15

" # " #
−−→ 1−0 1
4 a OA = =
−2 − 0 −2
" # " #
−−→ 3−1 2
"
0
# b AB = =
b is the vector “2 down.” 0 − −2 2
−2
" # " #
−−→ 2−3 −1
c BC = =
−3 − 0 −3
" #
−−→ −−→ −2
d CO = −OC =
" # 3
−1
c is the vector “1 across to the left
−2
" #
−−→ −−→ 1
and 2 down.” e CB = − BC =
3

" # " #
1 1
5 a i a+b= +
2 −3
1+1
" # " #
2
= =
"
−4
# 2 + −3 −1
d is the vector “4 across to the left
3 " # " #
−2 1
and 3 up.” ii 2c − a = 2 × −
1 2
" # " #
−4 − 1 −5
= =
2−2 0
" # " #
2 −2
"
# " # iii a + b − c = −
6−1 5 −1 1
2 u= =
6−5 1 "
2 − −2
# " #
4
= =
a = 5, b = 1 −1 − 1 −2
#"
2
b a+b= = −c
−1

688
 ∴ a + b is parallel to c. c

6 a

8 From the graphs above it can be seen

that a and c are parallel.

e
9

a&b

7 a

" # " #
−−→ 1 − −1 2
c i AB = =
4−0 4
b " # " #
−−→ 4−2 2
DC = =
3 − −1 4
−−→ −−→
∴ AB = DC

689
 " # " # −−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
ii
−−→
BC =
4 − −1
=
3 ii MN = MA + AD + DN
3−4 −1 1 −−→ 1 −−→
" # " # = BA + b + DN
−−→ 2 − −1 3 2 2
AD = = 1 −−→ 1 −−→
−1 − 0 −1 = − AB + b + DC
−−→ −−→ 2 2
∴ BC = AD 1 1
=− a+b+ a
d ABCD is a parallelogram. 2 2
=b

3
"# " # "
2 3m
# " #
2n −−−→ −−→
10 m +n = + b MN = AD
−3 4 −3m 4n (both are equal to b)
3m +2n
" # " #
−19
= =
−3m +4n 61 −−→ −−→ −−→
12 a CB = CA + AB
3m + 2n = −19 = −b + a = a − b
6m + 4n = −38
1 −−−→ −−→ −−→
MN = MA + AN
−3m + 4n = 61
2
1 1
=− a+ b

1 − :
2 2 2
9m = −99 1
= (b − a)
2
m = −11
−−−→ −−→
−33 + 2n = −19 b MN is half the length of CB, is
−−→
parallel to CB and in the opposite
2n = −19 + 33 −−→
direction to CB.
= 14
n=7 −−→ −−→
13 a CD = AF = a
−−→ −−→
−−−→ −−→ −−→ b ED = AB = b
11 a i MD = MA + AD
1 −−→ c The regular hexagon can be divided
= BA + b
2 into equilateral triangles, showing
1 −−→ that
= − AB + b −−→ −−→
2 BE = 2AF = 2a.
1
=b− a −−→ −−→
2 d Likewise, FC = 2AB = 2b
−−→ −−→
e FA = −AF = −a
−−→ −−→ −−→
f FB = FA + AB
= −a + b = b − a

690
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 2 −−→ 2
g FE = FA + AB + BE c AP = AB = (b − a)
3 3
= −a + b + 2a −−→ −−→ −−→
OP = OA + AP
=a+b
2
= a + (b − a)
3
14 1 2
= a+ b
3 3
1
= (a + 2b)
3
−−→ 1 −−→
−−→ −−→ d PQ = OP
a DC = AB = a 3
−−→ −−→ 1 1
b DA = − BC = −b = × (a + 2b)
3 3
−−→ −−→ −−→ 1
c AC = AB + BC = a + b = (a + 2b)
9
−−→ −−→
d CA = −AC = −a − b −−→ −−→ 1
e BP = −PB = (a − b)
−−→ −−→ −−→ 3
e BD = BA + AD −−→ −−→ −−→
BQ = BP + PQ
= −a + b = b − a 1 1
= (a − b) + (a + 2b)
3 9
15 1
= (4a − b)
9

16

−−→ −−→ −−→

a BA = BO + OA = a − b
−−→ −−→
b AB = − BA = b − a
−−→ −−→ −−→
−−→ 1 −−→ 1 a PR = PQ + QR = u + v
PB = AB = (b − a)
3 3 −−→ −−→ −−→
b QS = QR + RS = v + w
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
c PS = PQ + QR + RS
=u+v+w

17

691
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 2 −−→
a OB = OA + AB = u + v c CP = CM
−−→ −−→ 3
AM = MB 2 1
!
= u− v
1 −−→ 1 3 2
= AB = v
2 2 2 1
−−→ −−→ −−→ = u− v
OM = OA + AM 3 3
1 −−→ −−→ −−→
=u+ v d OP = OC + CP
2 !
2 1
−−→ −−→ −−→ =v+ u− v
b CM = CB + BM 3 3
1 −−→ 2 2
= u + BA = u+ v
2 3 3
1 2 2 −−→
=u− v = (u + v) = OB
2 3 3
Since OP is parallel to OB and they
share a common point O, OP must be
−−→
on the line OB. Hence P is on OB

e Using the result from part d,

OP : PB = 2 : 1.

692
Solutions to Exercise 20B
−−→
1 AB = (3i − 5j) − (i + 2j) 4 a u − v = (7i + 8j) − (2i − 4j)
= 3i − 5i − i − 2j = 7i + 8j − 2i + 4j
= 2i − 7j = 5i + 12j
|u − v| = |5i + 12j|
√
2 = 25 + 144
= 13

b xu + yv = x(7i + 8j) + y(2i − 4j)

= 7xi + 8xj + 2yi − 4yj
−−→ −−→ −−→
a OP = OA + AP = 44j
= 5i + 6j 7x + 2y = 0
−−→ −−→ −−→ 14x + 4y = 0
1
b AB = AO + OB
8x − 4y = 44
2
= −5i + 6j
1 +
2 :
−−→ −−→
c BA = −AB 22x = 44
= 5i − 6j x=2

√ 7 × 2 + 2y = 0
3 a |5i| = 52 = 5 2y = −14
b |−2j| = (−2)2 = 2 y = −7
p

√
c |3i + 4j| = 32 + 42
√ 5
= 9 + 16 = 5
p
d |−5i + 12j| = (−5)2 + 122
√
= 25 + 144 = 13

693
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−−→
AB = AO + OB iv ON = OM + MN
−−→ −−→ !
= −OA + OB 2
= i+ −
1 1
+ j
5 15i 6
= −10i + (4i + 5j)
1 1
= −6i + 6j = i+ j
3 6
−−→ 1 −−→
AM = AB −−→ −−→ −−→
v OA = OP + PA
2
5 = 2i + j
= −3i + j
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 1 1
OM = OA + AM b i ON = i + j
! 3 6
5 1
= 10i + −3i + j = (2i + j)
2 6
5 1 −−→
= 7i + j = OA
2 6
Since ON is parallel to OA and
they share a common point O, ON
6
must be on the line OA. Hence N
is on OA.

ii 1:5

−−→ 1 −−→ −−→

" #
1
a i OM = OP 7 OA = = i + 3j
5 3
2
= i −−→
" #
5
5 OB = = 5i − j
−1
−−−→ −−→ −−→
ii MQ = MO + OQ −−→ −−→ −−→
AB = −OA + OB
−−→ −−→
= −OM + OQ = −i − 3j + 5i − j
2
=− i+j = 4i − 4j
5
−−→ p
−−−→ 1 −−−→ |AB| = 42 + (−4)2
iii MN = MQ √
6 = 16 + 16
√ √
!
1 2
= − i+j = 32 = 4 2 units
6 5
1 1
=− i+ j
15 6

694
8 a 2i + 3j = 2li + 2kj
" #
−−→ 5−2
9 a AB =
2j = 2 1−3
" #
l=1 3
=
−2
2k = 3
= 3i − 2j
3
k=
2 −−→ p
b |AB| = 32 + (−2)2
b x−1=5 √
= 9+4
x=6 √
= 13
y= x−4
=2 −−→
10 a AB = i + 4j − 3i
c x+y=6
1 = −2i + 4j
x−y=0
2 −−→
b AC = −3i + j − 3i
1 +
2 :
= −6i + j
2x = 6
−−→ −−→ −−→
x=3 c BC = AC − AB
3+y=6 = −6i + j − (−2i + 4j)
y=3 = −4i − 3j
−−→ p
d k = 3 + 2l | BC| = (−4)2 + (−3)2
√
k = −2 − l = 16 + 9
3 + 2l = −2 − l =5
3l = −5
5 11 a Let D = (a, b).
l=− −−→
3 AB = −5i + 3j
5 −−→
k = −2 − − CD = (a + 1)i + bj
3
5 a + 1 = −5
= −2 +
3 a = −6
1
=− b=3
3 D is (−6, 3).

695
 b Let F = (c, d). a i 2i − j
−−→
BC = −i − 4j
−−→ ii −5i + 4j
AF = (c − 5)i + (d − 1)j
c − 5 = −1 iii i + 7j

c=4 iv 6i + 3j
d − 1 = −4 −−→ −−→
v AD = BC
d = −3
F is (4, −3). = 6i + 3j
−−→ −−→ −−→
c Let G = (e, f ). b AD = OD − OA
−−→
AB = −5i + 3j −−→ −−→ −−→
OD = AD + OA
−−→
2GC = 2(−1 − e)i + 2(− f )j = 6i + 3j + 2i − j
2(−1 − e) = −5 = 8i + 2j
3 D is (8, 2).
e=
2
−2 f = 3 −−→
14 a OP = 12i + 5j
3 −−→ −−→ −−→
f =− PQ = OQ − OP
! 2
3 3
G is , − . = 18i + 13j − 12i − 5j
2 2
= 6i + 8j

−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→

12 OA = −AO b |RQ| = |OP|
√
= −i − 4j = 122 + 52
A is (−1, −4).
= 13
B is (−2, 2).
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
BC = OC − OB |OR| = |PQ|
−−→ −−→ −−→ √
OC = BC + OB = 62 + 82
= 2i + 8j + (−2i + 2j) = 10
= 10j
C is (0, 10) −−→
15 a i |AB| = |2i − 5j|
√ √
= 22 + 52 = 29
13

696
 −−→ −−→
ii | BC| = |10i + 4j| iii BA = −3i − 5j
√
= 102 + 42 −−→ 1 −−→
√ √ iv BM = BA
2
= 116 = 2 29
1
= (−3i − 5j)
−−→ 2
iii |CA| = |12i − j|
√ √ −−→ −−→ −−→
= 122 + 12 = 145 b OM = OB + BM
−−→ 3 5
OD = 7j + − i − j
b AB2 + BC 2 = 29 + 116 2 2
= 145 = AC 2 3 9
=− i+ j
∴ ABC is a right-angled triangle. 2 2
!
3 9
M= − ,
−−→ 2 2
16 a i AB = −i − 3j
−−→
ii BC = 4i + 2j 18 a a = 3i + 4j
√
−−→ |a| = 32 + 42
iii CA = −3i + j
−−→ √ =5
b i |AB| = 12 + 32
√ 1
= 10 â = (3i + 4j)
5
−−→ √
ii | BC| = 42 + 22 b b = 3i − j
√ √ p
= 20 = 2 5 |b| = 32 + (−1)2
√
−−→ √ = 10
iii |CA| = 32 + 12
1
√ b̂ = √ (3i − j)
= 10 10

c AB = CA c c = −i + j
√ p
= 10 |c| = (−1)2 + 12
√
AB2 + CA2 = 10 + 10 = 2
= 20 = BC 2 1
ĉ = √ (−i + j)
∴ ABC is an isosceles right-angled 2
triangle.
d d =i−j
−−→ 1
17 a i OA = −3i + 2j d̂ = √ (i − j)
2
−−→
ii OB = 7j

697
 1 1 f f = 6i − 4j
e e= i+ j
2 3 p
s
!2 !2 | f | = 62 + (−4)2
1 1 √
|e| = + = 52
2 3
√
= 2 13
r
1 1
= +
4 9 1
r fˆ = √ (6i − 4j)
13 2 13
= 1
36 = √ (3i − 2j)
√
13 13
=
6
!
6 1 1
ê = √ i+ j
13 2 3
1
= √ (3i + 2j)
13

698
Solutions to Exercise 20C
1 Let a = i − 4j, b = 2i + 3j and c = −2i − 2j b a · b = 5 × 6 cos 135◦
1
a a · a = 17 = 30 × − √
2
√
b b · b = 13 = −15 2

c c·c=8
4 a
d a · b = −10 (a + 2b) · (a + 3b) = a · a + 4a · b + 4(b · b)
= |a|2 + 4a · b + 4|b|2
e a · (b + c) = (i − 4j) · (j) = −4
b
f (a + b) · (a + c)
|a + b|2 − |a − b|2
=a·a+a·c+b·a+b·c
= (a + b) · (a + b) + (a − b) · (a − b)
= 17 + 6 − 10 − 10
= (a · a + 2a · b + b · b) − (a · a − 2a · b + b · b)
=3
= 4a · b
g a + 2b = 5i + 2j c
3c − b = −8i − 9j a · (a + b) − b(a + b = a · a + a · b − a · b + b · a
∴ (a + 2b) · (3c − b) = −58
= |a|2 − |b|2

2 Let a = 2i − j, b = 3i − 2j and c = −i + 3j d
a · (a + b) − a · b |a|2 + a · b − a · b
=
a a·a=5 |a| |a|
= |a|
b b · b = 13
−−→
c a·b=8 5 a AB = −2i − 2j − i + 3j

d a · c = −5 = −3i + j
−−→ √ √
e a · (a + b) = 13 b |AB| = 9 + 1 = 10
−−→ −−→
c a · AB = |a||AB| cos θ
3 |a| = 5 and |b| = 6 √ √
∴ −4 = 10 × 2 2 cos θ
a a · b = 5 × 6 cos 45◦ 4
∴ cos θ = − √
1 2 20
= 30 × √
2 ∴ θ = 116.57◦
√
= 15 2

699
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
6 CD = −c + d 8 a AP = AO + OP
Let θ be the angle between c and d = −4i − 4j + q(2i + 5j)
c · d = |c||d| cos θ = (2q − 1)i + (5q − 4)j
4
∴ cos θ = b
5×7 −−→ −−→
Using the cosine rule. AP · OB = 0
−−→
|CD|2 = 52 + 72 − 2 × 5 × 7 cos θ ⇒ ((2q − 1)i + (5q − 4)j) · (2i + 5j) = 0
4 ⇒ 4q − 2 + 25q − 20 = 0
= 25 + 49 − 2 × 5 × 7 ×
35
⇒ 29q − 22 = 0
= 66
√ 22
−−→ ⇒q=
∴ |CD| = 66 29
−−→ 22
c OP = qb = (2i + 5j)
7 a (i + 2 j) · (5i + x j) = −6 9  44 110 
5 + 2x = −6 Cooordinates of P are ,
29 29
2x = −11
11 √ √
x=− 9 a (i + 2j) · (i − 4j) = 5× 17 cos θ
2 √
b (xi + 7 j) · (−4i + x j) = 10 −7 = 85 cos θ
−4x + 7x = 10 cos θ = − √
7
3x = 10 85

10 θ = 139.40◦
x= √ √
3
b −2i + j) · (−2i − 2j) = 5× 8 cos θ
c (xi + j) · (−2i − 3 j) = x √
2= 40 cos θ
−2x − 3 = x
2
−3 = 3x cos θ = √
40
−1 = x
θ = 71.57◦
d x(2i + 3 j) · (i + x j) = 6 √
x(2 + 3x) = 6 c 2i − j) · (4i = 5 × 4 cos θ
√
2x + 3x2 = 6 8 = 4 5 cos θ
3x2 + 2x − 6 = 0 2
cos θ = √
√ 5
−2 ± 76
x= θ = 26.57◦
6

700
 √ √ −−→ −−→ −−→
d 7i + j) · (−i + i)+ = 50 × 2 cos θ 12 a i OM = OA + AM
−6 = 10 cos θ 1
= a + (b − a)
3 2
cos θ = − 1
5 = (a + b)
2
θ = 126.87◦
1
= (3i + 4j)
2
10 a · b = |a|||b| cos θ −−→ −−→ −−→
If a and a are non-zero vectors, then ii ON = OA + AN
a · b = 0 ⇔ cos θ = 0 1
= a + (c − a)
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ 1
11 a OM = OA + AM = (c + b)
2
1 1
= a + (b − a) = (i + 6j)
2 2
1
= (a + b) b
2 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
OM · ON = |ON||OM| cos(∠MON)
3
= i 27
2
cos(∠MON) = 4
√
−−→ −−→ 5 37
b a · OM = |a|OM| cos(∠AOM) 2
× 2
3 1
cos(∠AOM) = √ 2 cos(∠MON) = √
2× 3 5
2

∴ ∠AOM = 45◦ ∠BMO = 27.41◦

−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
c
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
MB · MO = | MB|| MO| cos(∠BMO) c OM · OC = |OM||OC| cos(∠MOC)
9
− 34 cos(∠MOC) =
cos(∠BMO) = √ 5 √
5 × 40
× 3 2
2 2
9
1 cos(∠MOC) = √
cos(∠BMO) = − √ 5 10
5 ∠BMO = 55.30◦
∠BMO = 116.57 ◦

701
Solutions to Exercise 20D
√ √
1 a |a| = 1 + 9 = 10 4 a a = i + 3j, b = i − 4j
1
∴ â = √ (i + 3j)
10 a·b 1 − 12
b= (i − 4j)
√ √ √ b·b 17
b |b| = 4 + 4 = 8 = 2 2 11
1 1 = − (i − 4j)
∴ â = √ (2i + 2j) = √ (i + j) 17
2 2 2
b a = i − 3j, b = i − 4j
−−→ −−→ −−→
c c = AB = AO + OB = i − j
a·b 1 + 12
1
∴ ĉ = √ (i − j) b= (i − 4j)
b·b 17
2
13
= (i − 4j)
17
1
2 a i â = (3i + 4j) c The vector resolute is b
5
√
ii |b| = 2 a·b 2
√ 5 a = =2
|b| 1
2
b (3i + 4j)
5 a·c 3−2 1
b = √ = √
|c| 5 5
1 √
3 a i â = (3i + 4j) a·b 2 3
5 c = √
|a| 7
1
ii b̂ = (5i + 12j) √
13 b · c −1 − 4 5
d = √
−−→ −−→ |c| 17
b Let OA0 = â and OB0 = b̂
Then 4A0 OB0 is isosceles. Therefore
the angle bisector of ∠AOB passes 6 a a = u + w where u = 2i and w = j
through the midpoint of A0 B0 .
b a = u + w where u = 2i + 2 j and
Let M be the midpoint of A0 B0
w= i− j
Then
−−→ 1
OM = (â + b̂) c a = u + w where u = 0 and w = −i + j
2
1 1 1
= ( (3i + 4j) + (5i + 12j))
2 5 13 a·b
7 a b = 2(i + j)
8 b·b
= (4i + 7j)
65 −−→
b Let OC = 2(i + j)
∴the unit vector in the direction of −−→
OC is the vector resolute of a in the
−−→ 1
OM is: = √ (4i + 7j) direction of b
65 −−→ −−→
∴ CA is a vector perpendiculr to OB

702
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
CA = CO + OA Therefore ii AC = AO + OC
= −2(i + j) + (i + 3j) = −i − 2j + 2i − 3j
= −i + j = i − 5j
1
the unit vector is √ (−i + j) −−→ −−→
2 AB · AC −−→
b The vector resolute = −−→ −−→ AC
AC · AC
a·b 3 1+5
8 a b = (i − j) = (i − 5j)
b·b 2 26
3
a·b 3 = (i − 5j)
b a− b = 4i + j − (i − j) 13
b·b 2
1 c
= (8i + 2j − 3i + 3j) −−→ 3
The shortest distance = AB − (i − 5j)
2 13
1
= (5i + 5j) 3
2 = (10i + 2j)
13
√ The shortest distance is the height of
1 5 2
c Distance = | (5i + 5j)| = triangle ABC wherethe base is taken
2 2
as AC
3
Therefore height= | (10i + 2j)| =
−−→ 13
9 OA = a = i + 2j 1 √
−−→ 104
OB = b = 2i + j 13
The area of the triangle
−−→ 1 1 √ √
OC = c = 2i − 3j = × 104 × 26
2 13
=2
−−→ −−→ −−→
a i AB = AO + OB
= −i − 2j + 2i + j
=i−j

703
Solutions to Exercise 20E
−−→ 4 −−→ 2 6
1 a i OR = OP 2 a AP = AB and CQ = CB.
5 3 7
−−→ −−→ −−→
4 OP = OA + AP
= p
5 −−→ 2 −−→
= OA + AB
−−→ 1 −−→ 3
ii RP = OP 2
5 = a + (b − a)
1 3
= p 1 2
5 = a+ b
3 3
−−→
iii PO = −p −−→ −−→ −−→
OQ = OC + CQ
−−→ 1 −−→ −−→ 6 −−→
iv PS = PQ = OC + CB
5 7
1 6
= (q − p) = ka + (b − ka)
5 7
−−→ −−→ −−→ k 6
v RS = RP + PS = a+ b
7 7
1 1
= p + (q − p) b i OPQ is a straight
5 5
line if OP = nOQ.
1
= q
!
1 2 k 6
5 a+ b=n a+ b
3 3 7 7
b They are parallel (and OQ = 5RS ). nk 6n
= a+ b
7 7
c A trapezium (one pair of parallel
2 6n
lines). =
3 7
14 7
d The area of triangle POQ is 25 times n= =
18 9
the area of PRS = 125 cm2 . !
∴ area of ORS Q = 125 − 5 1 2 7 k 6
a+ b= a+ b
3 3 9 7 7
= 120 cm2
k 2
= a+ b
9 3
k 1
=
9 3
k=3

704
 −−→ −−→ −−→
ii From part i OE = OA + AE
−−→ 7 −−→
OP = OQ = 3i + 3.5j + 0.75i − 1.25j
9
7 = 3.75i + 2.25j
= (OP + PQ)
9 15 9
7 7 = i+ j
= OP + PQ 4 4
9 9 !
2 7 −−→ 15 9
OP = PQ ii ED = 2i − 0.5j − i+ j
9 9 4 4
2OP = 7PQ 6 11
=− i− j
OP 7 4 4
= s
!2 !2
PQ 2 −−→ 7 11
|ED| = +
−−→ −−→ −−→ 4 4
c BC = BO + OC r
49 + 121
= −b + ka =
16
= 3a − b, since k = 3 r
170
−−→ −−→ −−→ =
PR = PO + OR 16
√
1 2 7 170
=− a− b+ a =
3 3 3 4
2
= 2a − b b
−−→ 15p
i OX =
9p
i+ j
3 4 4
2
= (3a − b) −−→
3 ii AD = 2i − 0.5j − (3i + 3.5j)
2 −−→
= BC = −i − 4j
3
Hence PR is parallel to BC −−→
XD = −qi − 4qj
−−→ −−→ −−→
−−→ 1 −−→ OD = OX + OD
3 a i OD = OB −−→ −−→ −−→
3 OX = OD − XD
1
= (6i − 1.5j) = 2i = 0.5j − (−qi − 4qj)
3
= 2i − 0.5j = (q + 2)i + (4q − 0.5)j
−−→
AB = 3i − 6j
−−→ 1
AE = (3i − 5j)
4
= −0.75i − 1.25j

705
 15p 9p b i
c (q + 2)i + (4q − 0.5)j = i+ j
4 4
15p
q+2=
4
4q + 8 = 15p 1

9p
4q − 0.5 =
2 It can be seen from the parallelo-
4
51p gram formed by adding a and b
2 : 8.5 =
1 − that a + b will lie on the bisector
4
8.5 × 4 of angle POQ.
p= Hence any multiple, λ(a + b), will
51
2 also lie on this bisector.
=
3
15p ii If p = ka and q = lb, then
q+2= −−→ βp + αq
4 OM =
α+β
10 5
= = βka + αlb
4 2 =
an + β
1
q= If M is the bisector of ∠POQ,
2 OM = λa + λb

−−→ ∴ αl = βk
4 a PQ = q − p Divide both sides by βl:
−−→ −−−→ α k
= PM + MQ =
β l
−−−→ β −−→
MQ = PM
α 5 Let OABC be a rhombus.
−−→ −−→ β −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ PQ = PM + PM Let OA = a and OC = c
α
We note that |a| = |c|
α + β −−→
= PM
α a
−−→
i AB = c
−−→ α −−→
PM = PQ
α+β −−→ −−→ −−→
ii OB = OA + AB = a + c
−−→ −−→ −−→
OM = OP + PM −−→ −−→ −−→
α iii AC = AO + OC = −a + c
=p+ (q − p)
α + ba −−→ −−→
b OB · AC = (a + c) · (−a + c)
α+β α
= p+ (q − p) = −a · a + c · c
α+β α + ba
α+β−α α = −|a|2 + |c|2
= p+ q
α+β α+β
=0
βp + αq
=
α+β

706
 −−→ −−→
6 u = OR + RU
−−→ 1 −−→
= OR + RS
2
−−→ 1 −−→
= OR + OT
2
−−→ 1
a s = OS =r+ t
−−→ −−→ 2
= OR + RS 1 1
∴ u + v = 1 + t + (s + t)
−−→ −−→ 2 2
= OR + OT
1
= (s + 2r + 2t)
=r+t 2
−−→ −−→ −−→ 2u + 2v = s + 2r + 2t
b S T = OT − OS Add the two expressions for 2u + 2v:
=t−s 4u + 4v = 3s + 3r + 3t
−−→ = 3(s + r + t)
v = OV
−−→ −−→
= OS + S V
−−→ 1 −−→
= OS + S T 7 Required to prove that if the midpoints
2
of the sides of a quadrilateral are joined
1
= s − (t − s) then a parallelogram if formed.
2
1 A
= (s + t) P
2
S B
c Similarly:
−−→
u = OU
D
−−→ −−→
= OS + S U
Q
−−→ 1 −−→ R
= OS + S R
2
1
= s − (r − s) C
2
ABCD is a quadrilateral. P, Q, R and S
1
= (s + r) are the midpoints of the sides AB, BC,
2
1 1 CD and DA respectively.
∴ u + v = (s + r) + (s + t)
2 2
1
= (2s + r + t)
2
2u + 2v = 2s + r + t
We may also express u as

707
 −−→ 1 −−→ |a − b|2 = (a − b) · (a − b) The
AS = AD
2
−−→ 1 −−→ = a · a − 2a · b + b · b
AP = AB
2 = |a|2 + |b|2
−−→ −−→ −−→ diagonals are of equal length
S P = AP − AS −−→
Let M be the midpoint of diagonal OC.
1 −−→ 1 −−→ −−→ 1 −−→ 1
= AB − AD Then OM = OC = (a + b).
2 2 2 2
1 −−→ −−→ −−→
= (AB − AD) Let N be the midpoint of diagonal BA.
2 −−→ −−→ 1 1
Then ON = OB + (a − b) = (a + b).
1 −−→ 2 2
= DB Therefore M = N. The diagonals bisect
2
−−→ 1 −−→ each other
∴ S P = DB
2
Similarly,
−−→ 1 −−→ 9 Required to prove that the diagonals of a
CR = CD
2 parallelogram bisect each other.
−−→ 1 −−→ A B
CQ = CB
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ M
RQ = RC + CQ
1 −−→ 1 −−→
= CB − CD
2 2
1 −−→ −−→ D C
= (CB − CD)2 ABCD is a parallelogram.
2 −−→
1 −−→ Let AD = a
= DB −−→
2 Let AB = b
−−→ 1 −−→ Let M be the midpoint of AC.
∴ RQ = DB −−→
2
−→ −−→ AC = b + a
Thus SP = RQ meaning SP k RQ and −−→ 1
SP = RQ ⇒ AM = (a + b)
2
Hence PQRS is a parallelogram. −−→ −−→ −−→
BM = −AB + AM
1
8 Consider the square OACB. = −b + (a + b)
−−→ −−→ 2
Let OA = a and OB = b 1
They are of equal magnitude. That is, = (a − b)
2
|a|= |b|. −−−→ −−→ −−→
MD = −AM + AD
The diagonals are a + b and a − b
1
|a + b|2 = (a + b) · (a + b) = − (a + b) + a
2
= a · a + 2a · b + b · b 1
= (a − b)
= |a|2 + |b|2 2
−−→
= BM

708
 Thus M is the midpoint BD. Therefore
−−→ −−→
Therefore the diagonals of a 4|OC|2 + 4|AC|2 = 2|a|2 + 2|b|2
−−→ −−→
parallelogram bisect each other. ∴ 2|OC|2 + 2|AC|2 = |a|2 + |b|2

10 Consider 4ABC. Let the altitudes from 12

A to BC and B to AC meet at O.
−−→ −−→ −−→
LetOA = a, OB = b and OC = c.
Then
(c − b) · a = 0 . . . (1).
(c − a) · b = 0 . . . (2).
Subtract (1) from (2)
c − a) · b − (c − b) · a = 0 For rectangle ABCD
−−→ −−→
Let AB = x and BC = y
∴c·b−a·b−c·a+b·a=0
Then there exist real numbers 0 < λ < 1
∴c·b−c·a=0 and 0 < µ < 1 such that:
−−→
∴ c · (b − a) = 0 PB = λx + µy
Therefore OC is the altitude from C to −−→
PC = λx + (1 − µ)y
AB
−−→
PD = −(1 − λ)x + (1 − µ)y
−−→
11 PA = −(1 − λ)x − µy
−−→ −−→
|PB|2 + |PD|2
= λ2 |x|2 + µ2 |y|2 + (1 − λ)2 |x|2 + (1 − µ)2 |y|2
−−→ −−→
|PA|2 + |PC|2
= (1 − λ)2 |x|2 + µ2 |y|2 + λ2 |x|2 + (1 − µ)2 |y|2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
∴ |PB|2 + |PD2 | = |PA|2 + |PC|2
−−→ −−→ 1 −−→ −−→
OC = OA + (AO + OB)
2
1 13
= a + (−a + b)
2
1
= (a + b)
2
−−→ −−→ −−→
AC = AO + OC
1 Let OA = OB
= (b − a) −−→ −−→
2
−−→ −−→ Let a = OA and b = OB
4OC · OC = b · b + a · a + 2b · a Let M be the midpoint of OB and N be
= |a|2 + |b|2 + 2b.a the midpoint of OA.
−−→ −−→
4AC · AC = |a|2 + |b|2 − 2b.a

709
−−→ −−→ 1 −−→ −−→ 1 1
AM = AO + OB | BN|2 = ( a − b) · ( a − b)
2 2 2
1 1
= −a + b = a·a−a·b+b·b
2 4
−−→ −−→ 1 −−→
BN = BO + OA 1 2
= |a| + |b|2
2 4
1 But |a|| = |b|.
= −b + a −−→ −−→
2 Hence | BN| = |AM|
−−→ 2 1 1
|AM| = (−a + b) · (−a + b)
2 2
1 14 See question 10
=a·a−a·b+ b·b
4
1
= |a|2 + |b|2
4

710
Solutions to Exercise 20F
−−→ −−→ −−→
1 a a − b = (i + j + 2k) − (2i − j + 3k) b OE = OA + OD
= −i + 2j − k = i + 2j

b 3b − 2a + c = 3(2i − j + 3k) −−→ −−→ −−→

c OG = OC + OD
− 2(i + j + 2k) = i + 2k
+ (−i + k)
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
d OF = OA + OC + OD
= 6i − 3j + 9k − 2i − 2j
= i + 2j + 2k
− 4k − i + k
= 3i − 5j + 6k −−→ −−→
e ED = −OA
p = −2j
c |b| = 22 + (−1)2 + 32
√ −−→ −−→ −−→
= 4+1+9 f EG = −OA + OC
√
= 14 = −2j + 2k

d |b + c| = |(2i − j + 3k) + (−i + k)| −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→

g CE = −OC + OA + OD
= |i − j + 4k| = i + 2j − 2k
p
= 12 + (−1)2 + 42 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
√ √ h BD = −OC − OA + OD
= 18 = 3 2
= i − 2j − 2k
e 3(a − b) + 2c = 3((i + j + 2k)
√
− (2i − j + 3k)) 3 a i |a| = 32 + 12 + 12
√
+ 2(−i + k) = 11
= 3(−i + 2j − k) 1
â = √ (3i + j − k)
− 2i + 2k 11
3 1 1
= −3i + 6j − 3k = √ i+ √ j− √ k
11 11 11
− 2i + 2k
6 2 2
= −5i + 6j − k ii −2â = − √ i − √ j + √ k
11 11 11

−−→ −−→ −−→ 15 5 5

2 a OB = OA + OC b 5â = √ i + √ j − √ k
11 11 11
= 2j + 2k

711
 √ −−→ −−→ −−→
4 |a| = 12 + 12 + 52 6 a OE = OA + AE
√ √
= 27 = 3 3 = i + 3j
√
|b| = 22 + 12 + 32 −−→ 1 −−→
OM = OE
√ 3
= 14 1
= i+j
|a| 3
c= a −−→ −−→
|b| BF = OD
√
14 =i
= √ (i − j + 5k)
3 3 −−→ 1 −−→
√ BN = BF
42 2
= (i − j + 5k)
9 1
= i
2
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
5 a PQ = i − 3j ON = OC + CB + BN
−−→ √ 1
b |PQ| = 12 + 32 + 02 = i + 3j + 2k
2
√ −−−→ −−→ −−→
= 10 MN = ON − OM
!
−−→ −−→ −−→ 1 1
c OM = OP + PM = i + 3j + 2k − i + j
2 3
−−→ 1 −−→
= OP + PQ 1
2 = i + 2j + 2k
6
1 3
= i + 2j − k + i − j s
2 2 1
!2
−−−→
3 1 b | MN| = + 22 + 22
= i+ j−k 6
2 2 r
1 + 144 + 144
=4
36
r
289
=
36
17
=
6

712
Solutions to technology-free questions
−−→ −−→ −−→
1 a a is parallel to b if a = kb, where k is OC = OA + AC
a constant.
= 2i − j + i + 9j
7i + 6j = k(2i + xj)
= 3i + 8j
2k = 7
C = (3, 8)
7
k= −−→ −−→ −−→
2 OD = OA + AD
kx = 6 = 4j
7x
=6 D = (0, 4)
2
12
x=
7 3 a + pb + qc = (2 + 2p − q)i
√
b |a| = 72 + 62 + (−3 − 4p − 4q)j
√ + (1 + 5p + 2q)k
= 85
√ To be parallel to the x-axis,
|b| = 22 + x2 a + pb + qc = ki
√
= |a| = 85 1 + 5p + 2q = 0
∴ x2 + 4 = 85 2 + 10p + 4q = 0
1

x2 = 81 −3 − 4p − 4q = 0
2

x = ±9 1 +
2 :

−1 + 6p = 0
2 1
p=
6
5
1+ + 2q = 0
6
A = (2, −1) 11
2q = −
−−→ −−→ −−→ 6
OB = OA + AB 11
q=−
= 5i + 3j 12
B = (5, 3)
−−→
−−→ −−→ −−→ 4 a PQ = (3i − 7j + 12k)
AC = AB + BC
−−→ −−→ − (2i − 2j + 4k)
= AB + AD
= i − 5j + 8k
= i + 9j −−→ √
|PQ| = 12 + 52 + 82
√ √
= 90 = 3 10

713
 1 −−→ −−→ −−→
b √ (i − 5j + 8k) iv PT = PQ + QT
3 10 −−→ −−→
= PQ − T Q
−−→ 1
5 AB = 4i + 8j + 16k = a − (a + b)
3
−−→ 1
AC = xi + 12j + 24k = (2a − b)
For A, B and C to be collinear, we need 3
−−→ −−→
AC = k AB. −−→ −−→ −−→
v T R = T Q + QR
xi + 12j + 24k = k(4i + 8j + 16k)
−−→ −−→
8k = 12 = T Q − RQ

k = 1.5 1
= (a + b) − (b − a)
3
x = 4k 1
= (4a − 2b)
=6 3
2
= (2a − b)
−−→ √ 3
6 a OA = 42 + 32 −−→ −−→
b 2PT = T R
=5
1 P, T and R are collinear.
Unit vector = (4i + 3j)
5
−−→ 16 −−→ 8 a=b
b OC = OA
5
16 1 a i −sj = 2j
= × (4i + 3j)
5 5 s = −2
16
= (4i + 3j) ii 5i = ti
25
t=5
−−→
7 a i SQ = b+a = a+b
iii 2k = uk
−−→ 1 −−→
ii T Q = S Q u=2
3
1 √
= (a + b) b â = 52 + 22 + 22
3 √
= 25 + 4 + 4
−−→
iii RQ = −2a + b + a = b − a √
= 33

714
 9 9h + 12k = 3
1

8h − 12k = 48
2

1 +
2 :

17h = 51
h=3
9 + 4k = 1
Use the cosine rule
|p + q|2 = 72 + 122 k = −2

− 2 × 7 × 12 × cos 60◦
= 109 12 mp + nq = 3mi + 7mj + 2ni − 5nj
√ = 8i + 9j
|p + q| = 109
3m + 2n = 8

10 a a + 2b = (5i + 2j + k) 7m − 5n = 9
Multiply the first equation by 5 and the
+ 2 × (3i − 2j + k) second equation by 2.
= 11i − 2j + 3k 15m + 10n = 40 1

√ 14m − 10n = 18
2
b |a| = 52 + 22 + 12
√ 1 +
2 :
= 30
29m = 58
1 m=2
c â = √ (5i + 2j + k)
30
6 + 2n = 8
d a − b = (5i + 2j + k) − (3i − 2j + k) n=1
= 2i + 4j
−−→
13 a b = OB
−−→ −−→ −−→
11 a OC = OA − OB −−→ −−→
= OA + AB
= (3i + 4j) − (4i − 6j) −−→ −−→
= OA + OC
= −i + 10j
=a+c
C = (−1, 10)

b i + 24j = h(3i + 4j) + k(4i − 6j)

3h + 4k = 1
4h − 6k = 24
Multiply the first equation by 3 and
the second equation by 2.

715
 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
b AB = b − a AB = AO + OB
BC = c − b = −4i − j + 3i + 5j
AB : BC = 3 : 2 = −i + 4j
−−→ −−→ −−→
AB 3 BC = BO + OC
=
BC 2 = −3i − 5j − 5i + 3j
2AB = 3BC
= −8i − 2j
2(b − a) = 3(c − b) −−→ −−→
AB · BC = 8 − 8 = 0.
2b − 2a = 3c − 3b Hence there is a right angle at B.
5b = 2a + 3c
2 3 16 p = 5i + 3j and q = 2i + tj
b= a+ c
5 5
a If p + q is parallel to p + q there exists
14 Let a = 2i − 3j, b = −i + 3j and a non-zeo real number k such that.
c = −2i − 2j k(p + q) = p − q.
That is,
a a · a = 13 k(7i + (3 + t)j = 3i + (3 − t)j.
Hence 7k = 3
b b · b = 10
3
k=
c c·c=8 7
k(3 + t) = (3 − t)
d a · b = −11 ∴ 3(3 + t) = 7(3 − t)
e a · (b + c) = (2i − 3j) · (−3i + j) = −9 ∴ 9 + 3t = 21 − 7t
10t = 12
f
(a + b) · (a + c) = a · a + a · c + b · a + b · c 6
t=
5
= 13 + 2 − 11 − 4
b p − 2q = 5i + 3j − 2(2i + tj)
=0
= i + (3 − 2t)j
g a + 2b = 3j p + 2q = 5i + 3j + 2(2i + tj)
3c − b = −5i − 9j
∴ (a + 2b) · (3c − b) = −27 = 9i + (3 + 2t)j
Since the vectors are perpendicular
−−→
15 OA = a = 4i + j
−−→
OB = b = 3i + 5j
−−→
OC = c = −5i + 3j

716
 −−→
(i + (3 − 2t)j) · (9i + (3 + 2t)j) = 0 17 OA = a = 2i + 2j
9 + (3 − 2t)(3 + 2t) = 0 −−→
OB = b = i + 2j
9 + (9 − 4t2 ) = 0 −−→
OC = a = 2i − 3j
4t2 = 18
−−→
9 a i AB = −a + b = −i
t = 2
2 −−→
3 ii AC = −a + c = −5j
t=±√
2 −−→ −−→
AB · AC −−→
b The vector resolute = −−→ −−→ AC
c |p − q| = |3i + (3 − t)j| AC · AC
=0
p
= 9 + (3 − t)2
|q| = |2i + tj| c 1
√
= 4 + t2
If |p − q| = |q|
then 9 + (3 − t)2 = 4 + t2
∴ 9 + 9 − 6t + t2 = 4 + t2
14 − 6t = 0
7
t=
3

717
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
p
|3i − 5j| = 32 + (−5)2
" # " #
3−1 2 6 B
1 C v= = √
5−1 4
= 9 + 25
a = 2, b = 4 √
= 34
−−→ −−→ −−→
2 C CB = CA + AB −−→ −−→ −−→
7 A AB = −OA + OB
−−→ −−→
= −AC + AB = (i − 2j) − (2i + 3j)
=u−v = −i − 5j
1+2
" #
−−→
3 E a+b= 8 C |AB| = | − i − 5j|
−2 + 3 p
" # = (−1)2 + (−5)2
3
= √
1 = 1 + 25
√
"
3
# " #
−1 = 26
4 A 2a − 3b = 2 −3 √
−2 3
" # 9 D |a| = 22 + 32
6 − −3 √
= = 13
−4 − 9
1
â = √ (2i + 3j)
" #
9
= 13
−13
√
10 C |a| = 32 + 12 + 32
5 B √
= 19
1
â = √ (−3i + j + 3k)
−−→ −−→ −−→ 19
S Q = S R + RQ
−−→ −−→
= PQ + −QR
=p−q

718
Solutions to extended-response questions
" # " #
1 0
1 is in the east direction and in the north direction.
0 1
" # " #
−−→ 0 1
a OP = −32 − 31
1 0
" #
−31
=
−32
" #
4
b The ship is travelling parallel to the vector u = with speed 20 km/h.
3
" #
1 4
The unit vector in the direction of u is .
5 3
" #
−−→ 20 4
The vector PR =
5 3
" #
16
=
12
The position vector ofthe ship is
−−→ −−→ −−→
OR = OP + PR
" # " #
−31 16
= +
−32 12
" #
−15
=
−20
" #
3
= −5
4
−−→ √
c |OR| = 5 32 + 42
= 25
When the ship reaches R, it is 25 km from the lighthouse, and therefore the
lighthouse is visible from the ship.

2 p = 3i + j and q = −2i + 4j

a ∴ |p − q| = |3i + j − (−2i + 4j)|

= |5i − 3j|
√
= 25 + 9
√
= 34

719
 √
b |p| =
9+1
√
= 10
√
and |q| = 4 + 16
√
=2 5
√ √
∴ |p| − |q| = 10 − 2 5

c 3i + j + 2(−2i + 4j) + r = 0
3i + j − 4i + 8j + r = 0
−i + 9j + r = 0
Hence r = i − 9j
       
−2 11 7 26
3 a =  1  , b =  7  , c = 9 and d = 12
 
      
       
2 3 7 2

a a + 2b − c = kd
       
−2 11 7 26
∴  1  + 2  7  − 9 = k 12
       
       
2 3 7 2
   
13 26
∴  6  = k 12
   
   
1 2
1 1
Therefore k = and a + 2b − c = d
2 2

b xa + yb = d
     
−2 11 26
∴ x  1  + y  7  = 12
     
     
2 3 2
The following equations are formed:
−2x + 11y = 26 ...
1

x + 7y = 12 ...
2

2x + 3y = 2 ...
3
Add
1 and 3
14y = 28
∴ y=2
Substitute in
3

720
 2x + 6 = 2
∴ x = −2
Equation 2 must be checked
−2 + 14 = 12
Therefore −2a + 2b = d.

c pa + qb − rc = 0
From parts a and b
1
a + 2b − c = d ...
1
2
−2a + 2b = d ...
2

From 1 2a + 4b − 2c = d
Therefore from 2
−2a + 2b = 2a + 4b − 2c
∴ 4a + 2b − 2c = 0
Hence p = 4, q = 2 and r = 2. (Other answers are possible e.g. p = 2, q = 1,
r = −1)
−−→ −−→ −−→
4 a OQ = OP + PQ
" # " #
5 20
= +
8 −15
" #
25
=
−7
The coordinates of Q are (25, −7).
−−→ −−→ −−→
QR = QO + OR
" # " #
−25 32
= +
7 17
" #
7
=
24

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 −−→ −−→
b RS = QP
" #
−20
=
15
−−→ −−→ −−→
OS = OR + RS
" # " #
32 −20
= +
17 15
" #
12
=
32
Hence the coordinates of S are (12, 32).
" #
−−→ 3
5 a OP = 4
1
" #
12
=
4
The coordinates of P are (12, 4).
−−→ −−→ −−→
b PM = PO + OM
" # " #
−12 k
= +
−4 0
" #
k − 12
=
−4
−−→ √
c |OP| = 122 + 42
√
= 160
√
= 4 10
−−→
Now |OM| = k
" #
−−→ k − 12
and, from part b, PM =
−4
−−→ p
∴ |PM| = (k − 12)2 + 16
For triangle OPM to be right-angled at P, Pythagoras’ theorem has to be satisfied.

722
 −−→ −−→ −−→
i.e. |OP|2 + |PM|2 = |OM|2
∴ 160 + (k − 12)2 + 16 = k2
∴ 160 + k2 − 24k + 160 = k2
∴ 24k = 320
∴ 3k = 40
40
∴ k=
3
d If M has coordinates (9, 0) then,
if ∠OPX = α◦ , tan α◦ = 3
3
and if ∠MPX = β◦ , tan β◦ =
4
∴ Angle θ = α − β
!
3
= tan (3) − tan
−1 −1
4
= 34.7◦ , correct to one decimal place

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