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Grout-Time to Break Through the SL Dispute

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Overture
Our seventeenth appointment for the
end of this summer 2009 to be ready
to be back to work after our vacations
(if any!).
For this issue an article related to
some clarification about the “dispute”
Introduction
Cement based grout is frequently used
for ground reinforcement and sealing.
In rocks grout is injected from a drilled
borehole and grouting proceeds while
monitoring injection pressure, grout
volume, and their product. The gin
procedure that is used for rock grouting
has been criticized by Rombough et
al., which led to the dispute between
D. Shuttle and G. Lombardi (co-author
with D.U. Deere of the Gin-model).
The complete correspondence of the
SL dispute (Shuttle-Lombardi dispute),
from 2007 to 2008, is available on
the website of Groutline. The dispute
raised the necessity of understanding
grouting as being controlled by the
flow rate. It also revealed that, in the
existing grouting models of a Bingham
material, time is ignored and that the
analytic solution for annular injection
is not known. In effect, known analytic
September 2703.indd 41
Grout Line
Paolo Gazzarrini
(as defined by the author, but I will
call it a “discussion”) about the GIN
method. The author, Mohamed El Tani
is a Physicist-Engineer at Lombardi
SA Ingegneri Consulenti in Minusio-
Switzerland with experience in dam
design, undersea tunnels, and numerical
Grout - Time to Break Through the
SL Dispute
Mohamed El Tani
solutions for grouted slabs and pipes
look toward the steady state and none
consider the advance of the grout with
time. There is a lack of closed form
solutions that predict the time advance
of a Bingham-like grout. This note
completes the known grout models of a
Bingham fluid for a slab and cylindrical
pipe with the grout time and advance.
And, it gives the complete evolution
equation for radial grouting. In each
case, a distinction is made between
injecting at a constant flow rate and a
constant pressure.
A grouted fracture in the form of
a slab will serve for introducing the
basic concepts of grout time. Plotted
relations, and simple equations that are
accessible to those who are less familiar
with the mathematical developments
will be used. The SL dispute follows
and is then resolved by introducing
THE GROUT LINE
and analytical developments.
As you may remember, between
June 2007 and June 2008, 4 articles
were published related to some discus-
sion about the GIN Method. All these
articles can be found in the grout line
web page www.groutline.com/articles.
the grout energy and energy diagrams,
and the grout time. The grouted slab,
SL dispute, and grout energy sections
contain the necessary elements to
apprehend the grout evolution and the
important parameters and steps that
are needed in elaborating a grouting
program. However, the development
continues in the second part. It
contains more complicated equations
than the first part without bringing
fundamentally new physics findings.
The second part may be skipped, going
directly to the conclusions. Otherwise,
only the necessary equations that
are needed to develop new ones are
mentioned. Indications will be given,
when needed, of how to undertake
the derivation without going into the
details of the development, explaining
just the necessary steps to obtain them
and plotting the important relations.
Geotechnical News September 2009 41
13/08/09 9:21 AM
 THE GROUT LINE
the grout line

Grout and Borehole forces (that are

From an injection borehole, grout will neglected), and,
flow in the adjacent openings that inter- th e in jectio n
sect the borehole. The considered pressure and the
grouted openings are fractures in the external pres-
form of a slab, a disc, or a pipe, which sure at the ad-
are suitable geometries for analytic pro- vancing face are
cess. Two parallel plates of constant uniform but not
width encountering the borehole longi- necessarily con-
tudinally form the slab. The disc is the stant in time.
perpendicular intersection of the two Grout does not
parallel plates with the borehole. The bleed, resists fil-
grouted pipe is a cylinder. The dimen- tration, pene-
sions of the grouted openings are shown Figure 2. Grouted slab and velocity profile, showing core
trates the and boundary layers.
on Figure 1. considered
The grout is a Bingham material that openings and,
behaves as a rigid body unless shear quantities: its velocity Vc and thickness
has constant characteristics that do not
reaches a critical yield value and then it change with time. The injection times 2Hc. Rather than the core thickness, the
flows like a viscous liquid (which hap- are much shorter than the time the mix core ratio, which is the ratio of the core
pens in a boundary layer). The critical settles and solidifies. The preparation of thickness to the plate thickness, is usu-
shear value is known as the yield shear. cement-based grout with the desired ally used. The core ratio is smaller than
The grout governing equations cannot properties is discussed in Bremen and in one and cannot exceed unity.
be solved analytically without making Rombough et al. The advance ratio of a grout is de-
strong hypotheses that will inhibit any fined with
complex behavior. It is supposed that Grouted Slab
The velocity profile of a Bingham mate- cL
the injection fluid is incompressible, the α=
flow is laminar, cohesive and viscous rial between two parallel plates is PH
forces are predominant over the inertia shown on Figure 2. Velocity grows from
zero on one plate in which c, P, H and L are the yield
an d th en d e- shear, pressure which is the excess of
creases turning injection pressure over the in situ pres-
back to zero on sure, slab half thickness and grout
the second plate. length which is the distance traveled by
In between the ve- the grout front. When equating the
locity gradient, forces that make the grout advance and
also known as the the resistance forces of the boundaries,
shear rate, is zero an important relation appears that states
m a k in g s h e a r that the advance ratio is equal to the core
stress falls below ratio. For an advancing grout the ad-
the yield shear vance ratio is less than one since the
that allows the core ratio cannot exceed one. For a
grout to flow. A grout at rest the advance ratio may ex-
rigid core appears ceed one and is not equal to the core ra-
between the plates tio. In the literature the advance ratio
and moves with a and the core ratio are not distinguished,
constant velocity which is fine as long as an advancing
represented by a grout is considered. A distinction is
flat velocity pro- necessary to account for the state of a
file. The velocity grout, which may be at rest, or moving,
p r o file o f a repeatedly during the injection. A grout
g r o u te d s la b that is moving under the action of a con-
changes with the stant pressure will slow down until it
advance of the stops and the advance ratio increases
g r o u t bu t n o t until it reaches unity. The grout length
along the grout. that is attained when the advance ratio
Figure 1. Grout borehole and grout flowing into a slab, pipe
and disc fractures. The grout front is shown as different from The core is char- reaches unity is called the span, and it is
the span by darker shading. acterized by two obtained from the advance ratio as

42 Geotechnical News September 2009

42 Geotechnical News, September 2009

September 2703.indd 42 13/08/09 9:21 AM


Figure 3. Flow rate relationship versus the advance ratio for a
slab.
PH
S=
c find the pressure that makes the grout
The span is not a fixed quantity and
change instantaneously with the pres-
sure. If pressure is zero the span is zero.
Combining the last two equations pro-
duces
L rate and the advance ratio of a Bingham
α=
S material are interrelated and their rela-
The advance ratio is also the ratio of
the grout length to its span, or the dis-
tance the grout front has traveled to the
maximal distance it can attain consider-
ing the acting pressure. The first equa-
tion, or the advance ratio definition,
shows that advance ratio changes as the
grout advance and/or when the pressure
changes. Suppose there is pressures
drop during the injections such that the
advance ratio exceeds unity; then the
span falls below the grout length, and
the grout advance will stop immedi-
ately. To make the grout moves again,
the injection pressure must be raised
such that the span exceeds the grout
length. If the injection is stopped, the
flow will be reactivated applying a pres-
September 2703.indd 43
Figure 4. Time relationship versus the advance ratio under a
constant pressure.
sure with a span larger than the grout
length. The advance ratio α is useful to
moves again after a break – that is, to re-
activate the advance of a grout at rest the
pressure must be raised such that the
advance ratio returns less than one.
The flow rate is the volume of grout
that flows through a perpendicular sec-
tion to the flow per unit time. The flow
tion that may be found in Dai and Bird is
plotted on Figure 3. The flow rate is des-
ignated with the letter Q, the slab width
w and the grout viscosity η.
If the injection starts with a constant
flow rate the volume V of the injected
grout up to time t is
V = Qt
Substituting for the slab volume, the
product of its thickness 2H, width w,
and length L in the last equation, gives
the grout length as a time function
Qt
L=
2Hw
Knowing the flow rate and the grout
length allows determining the advance
THE GROUT LINE
the grout line
ratio, pressure and the span. The ad-
vance ratio is deduced from Figure 3
following a simple procedure. The flow
rate is multiplied by the indicated coef-
ficient on the vertical axis of Figure 3.
A horizontal line is drawn at the value
found. At the intersection of the hori-
zontal line and the plotted curve a verti-
cal line is drawn. The intersection of the
latter with advance ratio axis gives the
corresponding advance ratio. Knowing
the flow rate, the advance ratio and the
grout length and using the precedent
equations gives
Qt
S=
2Hwα
cQt
P=
2wαH 2
Let’s restate what was obtained.
When injecting at a constant flow rate,
the advance ratio is constant and
smaller than one, and the grout volume,
length, span and pressure increase lin-
early with time. They will continue to
increase as long as the injection contin-
ues which may become risky if pressure
approaches a limit value that it should
Geotechnical News September 2009 43
Geotechnical News, September 2009 43
13/08/09 9:21 AM
 THE GROUT LINE
the grout line
Figure 5. Grouting at a constant flow rate and then under a
constant pressure after a break.
not exceed. Such a risk will necessitate
stopping the injection before attaining
the grout target. The injection may re-
sume, by controlling the pressure in-
stead of controlling the flow rate. The
advance ratio and time are interrelated
when injecting at a constant pressure.
Their relation that will be proved later
on is plotted on Figure 4. For a given
time the advance ratio is deduced from
Figure 4 and vice versa. With this in
hand, the grout length and span, and the
flow rate are deduced from Figure 3 and
the definition of the advance ratio.
Figure 5 illustrates some of the con-
cepts introduced in this section. A slab
is injected at a constant rate from time
zero to time t1 when a sudden pressure
drop stops the advancing grout. At time
t2 injection starts again, controlling the
injection pressure to avoid a pressure
rise that may produce a claquage. The
injection sequence of Figure 5 or any
sequence that combines repeatedly and
successively over time intervals a con-
stant flow rate and a constant pressure
can be entirely calculated using the
plotted relations, equations and
definitions of this section.
44 Geotechnical News September 2009
44 Geotechnical News, September 2009
September 2703.indd 44
Figure 6. Paths to attain a target point (VG, PG) on a gin
curve.
SL Dispute L = αLG
The Gin-model states that the grout
length is obtained solely from the yield
The ratio of the grout length ob-
shear and a gin number. This latter is the
tained by Rombough et al. to the gin
product PV of the pressure and grout
prediction equals the square root of the
volume. Rombough et al. compared the
advance ratio. Since the advance ratio is
grout length when injecting a slab at a
smaller for a greater flow rate the dis-
constant volume rate with the predic-
crepancy between the two lengths in-
tion of the Gin-model. These lengths
creases with increasing the flow rate.
are not equal and Rombough’s et al.
Dr. Lombardi responded that the gin
criticism against the Gin-model led to
number refers to the final state of the
the SL dispute. For a slab the gin predic-
process and corresponds to a flow rate
tion is, without being derived here,
nil. Prof. Shuttle responded that
Gin-model provides no guidance on the
PV = 2cwL2G
pumping rate required to approximate
zero flow. The correspondence between
in which LG is the gin grout length.
the protagonists continued and the
The grout length that is calculated by
problem remained unresolved. There
Rombough et al. is deduced from the
are two modes to obtain a zero flow rate
advance ratio that corresponds to the in-
one is injecting with a decreasing pres-
jection flow rate and from Figure 3;
sure and the second is turning off the
substituting in the definition of the ad-
pumps. The problem to resolve is the
vance ratio the slab thickness that is ob-
moment the pumps need to be turned
tained from the slab volume gives
off, or the pressure that will lead the
grout to its target with a final zero flow
PVα = 2cwL2
rate. Before going further, it is impor-
tant to notice that the last equation is
Combining the last two equations
correct and needs being accepted as
gives
given. This equation only says that the
13/08/09 9:21 AM

ratio of the length attained by an ad-
vancing grout to the gin length at the gin
number is the square root of the advance
ratio. Inserting into the last equation the
advance ratio leads to
SL = L2G
Here again this equation needs to be
considered as it comes. It says that the
product of the span and the length of an
advancing grout is the square of the gin
length when attaining the gin number.
Also, if the span and the grout length are
known the last equation will give the gin
number and gin length that corresponds
to that state.
Grout Energy
An energy diagram is a graphic repre-
sentation whose axes are pressure and
volume. It is an energy diagram because
the product of pressure and volume is
the energy. In the energy diagram the
gin number that is the product of pres-
sure and volume is represented by a hy-
perbola. Figure 6 shows an energy dia-
gram with the gin curve, noted G, and
different grouting paths. Gin-model
recommendations are that the grout
path reaches a target point on the gin
curve without crossing it. It will be
shown hereafter that this is impossible.
To reach a point on the gin curve within
a reasonable time, the path must cross it
and then turns back to the targeted
point. The shortest time to get the target
is attained by traveling past the crossing
point with the deepest penetration of the
path into the forbidden zone.
A unique gin length LG independent
of the thickness corresponds to a given
gin number and vice versa. The gin
number is noted G and the correspond-
ing length is obtained from the first
equation of the precedent section sub-
stituting PV with the gin number,
leading to
G to a target point. To overcome the unex-
LG =
2wc
The volume of the grout when the
grout reaches LG is noted VG and the
corresponding gin pressure is PG. These
are
September 2703.indd 45
2wG
VG = H
c Rombough et al. is attained. The injec-
1 cG
PG =
H 2w
The gin length is independent of the
thickness while the corresponding gin
volume and pressure are dependent on
it. The points on the gin curve depend
on the thickness of the slab and for a
given slab there is only one point on the
gin curve that corresponds to this slab.
Grouting a slab using the Gin-model is
selecting a path that will ends on the
slab corresponding point on the gin
curve. Now, the SL dispute will be re-
solved choosing paths along which the
grout length increases and when it
reaches LG the injection is stopped. Two
paths will be looked at one with a con-
stant flow rate and one with a constant
pressure.
When injecting at a constant flow
rate the grout length increases with time
and when it reaches LG the volume at-
tains VG. The target point is attained
stopping the grout advance by turning
off the pumps or lowering the pressure
under the pressure of the target point.
The necessary time tG to reach the gin
length is VG/Q and is
H 2wG
tG =
Q c
Grouting time is infinite for a nil
flow rate and decreases increasing the
flow rate. The path of an injection at a
constant flow rate is a straight oblique
line as shown on Figure 6. The zero
flow path is also a straight line that starts
at the origin and passes thought the tar-
get point with coordinates PG and VG
on the gin curve. If a path starts to cross
or simply attains the zero flow path
grout will stop immediately. On the
zero flow path the time to reach the tar-
get point is infinite. It should be obvious
that real injection cannot proceed with a
zero flow rate. A non-zero flow rate
path is necessary to proceed and such a
path is a straight oblique line that
crosses the gin curve above the zero
THE GROUT LINE
the grout line
flow path. At the intersection with the
gin curve the grout length calculated by
tion must continue and will be stopped
when time has attained tG or equiva-
lently when the grout length or volume
have attained LG or VG. At this moment
the injection must be stopped. If it is
stopped before that the grout length will
not attain LG and if it is stopped further
the grout length will exceed LG.
On the other hand, there is the possi-
bility to inject with a constant pressure.
When injecting at a constant pressure
the span is constant and the grout will
advance until it reaches the span. For
the grout length to reach LG the span
must be selected larger than LG. The
pressure that produces the desired span
is applied to the grout and when the
grout reaches L G the injection is
stopped or pressure is lowered under the
pressure of the target point. The path
that corresponds to a constant pressure
is a horizontal line in the energy dia-
gram as shown on Figure 6. The volume
that corresponds to the span is obtained
from the intersection of the horizontal
line with the zero flow path. The shorter
path that does not cross the gin curve
corresponds to a span that is equal to
LG. The time to reach LG on this path is
infinite. Selecting a span larger than LG
will allow attaining LG in a finite time
but the path will cross the gin curve.
Whatever is the selected injection
mode, injecting at constant pressure or
injecting at a constant flow rate the in-
jection path will cross the gin curve to
attain the desired grout length LG. This
is contrary to gin recommendations
since this zone is indicated as a prohib-
ited zone stamped with the word danger
in one of the figures of the SL dispute.
One may wonder if changing the gin
curve will resolve the problem. The an-
swer is no. It is not a gin curve problem.
Whatever is the edge curve in the en-
ergy diagram any path will cross it to get
pected inconsistency of a forced cross-
ing of a forbidden zone selecting an
injection energy range may be an alter-
native. Selecting an energy range is
equivalent to let the grout attain a zero
flow rate with an energy E included be-
Geotechnical News September 2009 45
Geotechnical News, September 2009 45
13/08/09 9:21 AM
 THE GROUT LINE
the grout line
Figure 7. Path to attain a targeted energy range.
tween a minimal energy Em and a maxi-
mal energy EM
Em ≤ E ≤ EM
The lower and the upper energy lim-
its are chosen to satisfy the grouting ob-
jectives that depend on the project. If it
is decided that the minimal and maxi-
mal lengths of the grout must be inde-
pendent of the thickness of the fractures
then the minimal and maximal energies
will be chosen as constants. If it is de-
cided that the length range must follow
a given distribution depending on the
thickness the energy curves will be con-
structed using the previous equations
exchanging G successively with Em and
EM. Every point on the energy curves
corresponds to a unique combination of
thickness, grout length, volume and
pressure at a nil flow rate. The straight
line that joins the origin to that point is on Figure 3 when the advance ratio is
the zero flow path. An illustration of the known. This is not possible since the
use of a grouting energy range is shown
on Figure 7. Many paths are depicted.
One of these starts with a constant flow
rate, stops due a pressure drop, resumes
under a constant pressure and finally
lands on the target zone. If the injected
rocks contain slabs with different
thickness, paths will be plotted for
every different thickness.
46 Geotechnical News September 2009
46 Geotechnical News, September 2009
September 2703.indd 46
Figure 8. Radial section of a grouted disc and velocity profiles.
Slab Evolution
The steady state
e q u a tio n s o f a
flowing Bingham
fluid in a slab are
known. The time
evolutions of ad-
vancing grouts are
not known and a
description of the way to calculate them
is the scope of this section. The flow
rate of a routed slab is zero when the ad-
vance ratio is greater than one, other-
wise it is calculated with
cH 2 w (1 − α) 2 ( 2 + α)
Q =
3η α
When grouting while controlling the
flow rate, the injection pressure adapts
and changes with time as long as the ac-
tion is maintained. From the flow rate is
obtained the advance ratio and from the
advance ratio is obtained the ratio of the
grout length to pressure. To separate the
pressure and grout length a second equa-
tion should be found. When pressure is
controlled the volume rate adapts and
changes as long as the action is activated.
The flow rate may be calculated from the
last equation or its plotted representation
grout length is unknown and the advance
ratio cannot be calculated. Here again, it
appears that an equation is missing to
calculate all the variables. The flow rate
is the time derivative of the grout vol-
ume. This definition provides the miss-
ing equation that will allow time
calculation. From the definition of the
flow rate is deduced
dV
Q=
dt
With the last equation the evolution
equations form a complete set that al-
lows defining at any moment the state of
the grout. Inserting in the last equation
the flow rate and the grout volume,
which is the product of its thickness,
width and length leads to an evolution
equation that may be integrated exactly
when pressure is constant. The
integration gives
c2t 2 2(1 − α) α
= 1n +
2ηP 3 2 +α 1−α
The advance ratio depends only on
the ratio that is shown on the left hand
side. Different grouts that have the same
ratio of the square of the yield shear to
the viscosity and pressure have identi-
cal evolutions. The time the advance ra-
tio attains a desired value is obtained
directly from the above equation or
from its plotted representation on Fig-
ure 4. It is perhaps useful to use the
equation in the other direction, that is,
obtaining the advance ratio as a time
function. This cannot be done algebra-
ically, only graphically or numerically.
For an advance ratio that is comprised
between 0.8 and one a good approxima-
tion of the inverse of the last equation is
1
α =1−
2
c t 2 3c 2 t
1+ + 1n(1 + )
2ηP 3 4ηP
The given approximation is the sec-
ond iteration of a numerical inversion
13/08/09 9:21 AM

scheme starting with a unit advance ra-
tio. The first iteration contains only the
first two terms of the denominator or
equivalently is obtained eliminating the
log term.
Pipe Evolution
The pipe equations will not be detailed
and may be obtained following the
same development than for the grouted
slab. The definition of the advance ratio
for a pipe of radius R is
2cL
α=
PR
and the advance ratio under a con-
stant pressure is
c2t 1 3(1 − α) α dius. The radius of the injection
= 1n + +
ηP 3 3 + 2α + α 2 1−α
5 2α
arctg
3 2 3 −α
Grouted Disc
The Bingham material in a grouted disc
exhibits an advancing rigid core. The
velocity profile changes with the ad-
vancing grout and along the grout. The
core thickness changes with the advanc-
ing grout but not along the grout. A ra-
dial section of a grouted disc with ve-
locity profiles and core thickness are
shown on Figure 8. The core thickness
to the disc thickness is the core ratio.
The advance ratio for a grouted disc
is defined with
c( Re − Ri )
α=
PH
in which Ri and Re are the radius of
the injection borehole and the radius of
the advancing face. Here again, as in the
case of the grouted slab, the advance ra-
tio and the core ratio are equals for a
moving Bingham fluid. The equality is
obtained using the conservation of en-
ergy while for the slab it is obtained by
equating the resisting and pushing
forces. Equating the resistance forces of
the boundaries and the driving forces
for a grouted disc is not possible be-
cause they are radial forces for which
September 2703.indd 47
THE GROUT LINE
the grout line
resultants are zeros. Instead the energy diagram is not a straight line as is the
conservation is retained. The power case of a grouted slab. When the flow
loss, the product of the pressure and the rate and the radius of the advancing face
flow rate, is equal to the friction energy are known the state of the grout is totally
rate, the volume integral of the product defined since it is possible to deduce the
of shear stress and rate. Since that for an advance ratio from which is deduced
advancing grout the core ratio and ad- the pressure.
vance ratio are equals this latter is On the other hand when working
smaller than one. The advance ratio is with a constant pressure the variables
smaller than one for and advancing that are more adapted to calculate the
grout and larger than one for a grout at flow rate are the advance ratio and the
rest. inner ratio that is defined with
Dai and Bird obtained the flow rate
for a grouted disc from an adaptation of cRi
αi =
the slab flow rate. Dai and Bird equation PH
is incorrect and unfortunately Huang et
al. who used this equation found an ex- The grout evolution when pressure is
act analytic solution to an incorrect constant is shown on Figure 9 consider-
equation. The correct flow rate is ing different values of the injection ra-
2πcH 2 Re − Ri (1 − α) 2 ( 2 + α) borehole has an influence on the neces-
Q=
3η R α sary time the grout needs for its ad-
1n e
Ri vance. A longer time will be needed to
achieve the same advance with a
smaller borehole radius. The grout ad-
The advance ratio alone is not suffi-
vance ratio evolution that is plotted on
cient to determine the flow rate, as it is
Figure 9 is obtained integrating the
the case for a grouted slab or pipe. Two
following equation
variables are needed to determine the
flow rate of a grouted disc. One can
(α + α i )1n(α / α i + 1) dα c2
choose two variables from the external =
face radius, pressure, the advance ratio, (1 − α) ( 2 + α)
2
dt 6Pη
or any independent combinations. A
choice that is adapted when working Many of the concepts and develop-
with a constant flow rate is the advance ments that have been presented for the
ratio and the external radius. The grout grouted slab such as the span, paths in
volume increases linearly in time when the energy diagrams, energy range and
injecting at a con-
stant flow rate and
the external radius
is obtained from
the grout volume
definition as
Qt
Re = Ri2 +
2πH
T h e as y m p-
totic behavior of
the radius of the
advancing face is
proportional to
the square root of
the time. A con-
stant flow rate Figure 9. Time relationship versus the advance ratio of a
path in the energy grouted disc under a constant pressure.
Geotechnical News September 2009 47
Geotechnical News, September 2009 47
13/08/09 9:21 AM
 the grout line
curves need being defined and devel-
oped for the grouted disc.
Conclusions
SL dispute raised many problems to
which this note has given solutions.
Practical findings are obtained and new
topics found.
For a given opening similar evolu-
tions are achieved when injecting at
constant pressure keeping unchanged
the ration of the square of yield shear
to viscosity and pressure. For radial
injections the evolution is dependent
on the radius of the injection borehole
that needs being selected carefully to
reduce the grouting time.
To reach a target point on the gin
curve any grouting path must cross it
and penetrates into the prohibited zone.
the shortest time to get the target is at-
tained by traveling past the crossing
point with the deepest penetration of
the path into the forbidden zone.
Selecting a grouting energy range
is an alternative to avoid grouting
paths crossing the prohibited zone
and attaining the target from behind.
The energy range and its representing
curves remain topics to explore.
Notations
C Yield Shear
E Energy
Em Minimal energy
EM Maximal energy
H Half thickness of a slab or a
disc
48 Geotechnical News September 2009
September 2703.indd
View publication stats 48
Hc Half thickness of the core
L Grout length
LG Target gin length
P Injection Pressure
P G Target gin pressure
Q volume rate or flow rate
R Pipe radius
Ri Internal radius of the disc
Re Radius of the grout face
S Grout span
t Time
tG Time to attain LG at a SL dispute. http://www.groutline.com/
constant flow rate
t1, t2 Time interval
Vc Core velocity
V Volume
V G Target gin volume
W slab width
α Advance ratio
αI Inner ratio
η Viscosity
π pi
References
Bremen R. 1997. Use of additives in
cement grouts. The international
journal on hydropower and dams,
4, 71-76.
Dai G. & Bird B.R. 1981. Radial flow
of a Bingham fluid between two
fixed circular disks, Journal of non-
Newtonian fluid mechanics, 349-
355.
Huang D.C. & Jiang T.Q. 1987. An
analytical solution of radial flow
of a Bingham fluid between two
fixed circular disks, Journal of
non-Newtonian fluid mechanics,
26, 143-148.
Lombardi G. & Deere D.U. 1993.
Grouting design and control using
the GIN principle, Water power and
dam construction, June, 15-22.
Rombough V., Bonin D. & Shuttle D.
2006. Penetrability control of the
GIN mixes during fractured rock
grouting, Sea to Sky Geotechnique,
59th Canadian geotechnical society
conference, 528-535.
Articles.htm June 2007- September
2007 - June 2008
Acknowledgement. Thanks to Ray Hef-
ferlin for reviewing the manuscript and
helpful comments.
Mohamed El Tani, Lombardi SA, In-
gegneri Consulenti, Via R. Simen 19,
6648 Minusio (TI), Switzerland, Tel:
+41 91 744 60 30, Fax: + 41 91 743
9737, email: mohamed.eltani@lom-
bardi.ch
That’s all for this issue and remember
that there is always space for publica-
tion of your grouting papers, articles/
comments or in the printed issue or in
the online version of the grout line.
Paolo Gazzarrini, fax 604-913 0106
or paolo@paologaz.com , paologaz@
shaw.ca or paolo@groutline.com.
Ciao!
13/08/09 9:21 AM