 Introduction

 Bearing History and concept

 Function of Bearing
 Bearing Classification
 Non contact Bearings
- Fluid Bearings
- Hydrostatic Bearings
- Hydrodynamic Bearing
- Design and Selection Aspects
 Magnetic Bearings
 Contact Bearings
 Plain Bearings
 Rolling Contact Bearings
 Construction of Bearing
 Classification of rolling bearings
 Ball Bearings
 Rolling Bearings
 How it Made
 References
 The word "bearing" incorporates the meaning of "to bear," in the
sense of "to support," and "to carry a burden." This refers to the fact
that bearings support and carry the burden of revolving or rotating
axles and shafts. Therefore the support for the shaft or power
transmission elements called the bearing.

The main function of a rotating shaft is to transmit power from one

end of the line to the other. So it needs the bearing where is a good
supports to ensure stability and frictionless rotation.
So bearings are machine elements that allow components to move
with respect to each other. Bearings are used to support large
skyscrapers to allow them to move during earthquakes, and bearings
enable the finest of watches to tick away happily. Without bearings,
everything would grind to a halt, including people, whose joints are
comprised of sliding contact bearings!
Therefore from small and large motors to car axles to electric fans,
hard disc drives (HDDs), trains, ships airplanes, and satellites.
Bearings are used in a wide array of machines for rotary motion and
linear motion. It support rotary parts and reduce friction to facilitate
the smooth operation of machines.
The size of bearings can range from smaller than a grain of rice — small
enough to fit inside a wristwatch—to over one meter in diameter for
factories, bridges and power plant applications. Thus bearings are used in
a lot of different mechanical devices and are very important to make
different applications durable, noiseless, efficient. And enhance the
functionality of machinery and help to save energy.
Bearings do their work silently, in tough environments, hidden in
machinery where we can't see them. Even so, bearings are crucial for the
stable operation of machinery and for ensuring its top performance.
 The concept of bearings dates back to "rolling bodies", such as the
round timbers used by Egyptians during the time of the pharaohs.

With rolling bodies :

1. Speed of displacement was increased.
2. Friction problems were resolved.
3. Tasks were made less difficult.

 Although the bearing owes a lot to the round timbers, it was also
largely inspired by the wheel. The two concepts are united by the
principle of rotation, both rotating around a shaft.
 The problem to be resolved was therefore as follows: reduce friction
by rotation while increasing speed.
 Leonardo de Vinci was the first to design a solution to this
problem. The bearing's ancestor was born…but only on paper !!!

Drawing of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Study of

a ball bearing

 The actual historical turning point of the bearing was therefore the
Industrial Revolution. The bearing was adapted to suit its
environment (hence the different types of bearings) and it
contributed to technological advances, progress in industry and
hence our way of life
 The discovery of the first prototypes of axial (thrust) ball bearings
technique discovered dates back to the 3rd Roman Emperor (Caius
Julius Caesar) commonly Know by his third name Caligula The ships
of the time of Caligula (1st century AD) have been discovered to
contain Rotating Discs.
 1st Disc of which was discovered by the archaeologists was still
operable by small rollers which were attached to its circumference.

 2nd Disc which was mounted under the floor, featured balls instead of
rollers, each of the balls was connected by the means of a rotating-pin.
 3rd Disc featured eight wooden cylinders in shape of cones the basis
of the turning Discs assembly consisted of two wooden wheels. The
lower wheel had a rotating-pin that kept both wheels axially aligned.
The top wheel featured eight depressions with spherical rolling
elements. These roller elements were held by rotating-pins loosely
attached to the top wheel, limiting their movement of the unit around
one axis. Despite the fact that the main weight was carried by the
turning-pins which did not provide pure rolling.
Nevertheless, this is the first noted Assembly which contained ball
shaped rolling elements; for the purpose of transferring weight.
The Assembly of the turning Discs discovered can be considered to be
one of the earliest examples of ball bearings, roller cylindrical and
tapered bearings. (Fig. 3)

(Fig. 3)
The concept behind the bearings is very simple since rolling friction is
far less than sliding friction therefore things roll well than they slide
hence the invention of wheel.
And Bearings reduce friction by providing smooth metal balls or
rollers, and a smooth inner and outer metal surface for the balls to roll
against. These balls or rollers "bear" the load, allowing the device to
spin smoothly.
 Bearings may be classified broadly according to the motions they
allow and according to their principle of operation. Where Common
motions are include linear and rotary. A linear bearing allows motion
along a straight line, for example a drawer being pulled out and pushed
in. A rotary bearing allows motion about a center, such as a wheel on a
shaft or a shaft through housing. Common kinds of rotary motion
include both one-direction rotation and oscillation where the motion
only goes through part of a revolution.

There are many types of bearings available where classified according

to application and shape requirement:
 Plain and Bushing Bearings (Sliding contact Bearing)

 Ball or Roller Bearings

 Magnetic Bearings

 Jewel Bearings

 Fluid Hydrodynamic Bearings

 Flexure Bearing

 Other Types of Bearings(special bearings)

Bearings are classified under two main categories, each used for
different purposes and different conditions. Two major types of
bearings
- Noncontact bearings.
- Contact bearings.
 Non contact Bearings
Noncontact bearings are bearings that support their loads solely on a
thin layer of liquid or gas or magnetic field. Where they include fluid
bearings and magnetic bearings. Fig (* )
Bearings with an externally pressurized fluid film have no mechanical
contact in which bearing surfaces are separated by a thin fluid layer.
The lack of mechanical contact means that static friction can be
eliminated, although viscous drag occurs when fluids are present,
however, life can be virtually infinite if the external power units
required to operate them do not fail.

Non contact(fluid) bearings F(* )

 Fig.(*)
Noncontact Compound bearings (Journal and Tilting bad bearings)

Fig.(*) Noncontact magnetic bearings

- Fluid bearings
Fluid bearings are a part of the non contact bearings as I mentioned
earlier .They can be broadly classified into two types: fluid dynamic
bearings and hydrostatic bearings. Hydrostatic bearings are externally
pressurized fluid bearings, where the fluid is usually oil, water or air,
and the pressurization is done by a pump. Hydrodynamic bearings rely
on the high speed of the journal (the part of the shaft resting on the
fluid) to pressurize the fluid in a wedge between the faces. Fig (*)
Fluid bearings are frequently used in high load, high speed or high
precision applications where error motions are extremely small and the
system is extremely well damped (harmonics die quickly) where
ordinary ball bearings would have short life or cause high noise and
vibration. They are also used increasingly to reduce cost. For example,
hard disk drive motor fluid bearings are both quieter and cheaper than
the ball bearings they replace.

Fig ( * )
Fluid bearings use a thin layer of liquid or gas fluid between the
bearing faces, typically sealed around or under the rotating shaft.
There are two principal ways of getting the fluid into the bearing:

- Hydrostatic and many gas or air bearings, the fluid is pumped in

through an orifice or through a porous material. Such bearings should
be equipped with the shaft position control system, which adjusts the
fluid pressure and consumption according to the rotation speed and
shaft load. Hydrostatic bearings rely on an external pump. The power
required by that pump contributes to system energy loss, just as bearing
friction otherwise would. Better seals can reduce leak rates and
pumping power, but may increase friction.

- Dynamic bearings, the bearing rotation sucks the fluid on to the inner
surface of the bearing, forming a lubricating wedge under or around the
shaft. where bearings rely on bearing motion to suck fluid into the
bearing, and may have high friction and short life at speeds lower than
design, or during starts and stops. An external pump or secondary
bearing may be used for startup and shutdown to prevent damage to the
hydrodynamic bearing. A secondary bearing may have high friction and
short operating life, but good overall service life if bearing starts and
stops are infrequent.
Angled-surface self-compensating hydrostatic bearing
 Hydrostatic bearings
Hydrostatic bearings are widely used in high precision mechanisms and
machines for the advantage of low friction, high stiffness, high accuracy, and
long life. The pressure in the hydrostatic bearings is generated by external
pumps, and compensation devices are necessary to regulate flow into the
pockets
Hydrostatic bearings support a load by using a fluid (liquid or gas) under
pressure, generated externally and sufficient to ensure separation of the
bearing surfaces. Application of a load compensation mechanism using
restrictors or flow control devices ensures that a stable fluid film continues
to separate the bearing surfaces under a range of applied loads, thereby
providing the necessary stiffness. The hydrostatic stiffness is of unique
importance for the centering of high-precision milling machines, gyroscopes,
large arena movable seating areas, telescope bearings, and even cryogenic
fluid turbo pumps for rocket engines.
Note that hydrostatic bearings require an external pressurized supply system
and some type of flow restrictor. Also, under dynamic motions, hydrostatic
bearings may display a pneumatic hammer effect due to fluid
compressibility. However, and most importantly, the load and static stiffness
of a hydrostatic bearing are independent of fluid viscosity; thus making this
bearing type very attractive for application with non-viscous fluids,
including gases and cryogenics.
Metered flow to each side of the bearing creates a pressure differential
proportional to the displacement. therefore Hydrostatic bearings are need
support equipment.

Fig(*) Pressure profile in simple a 1- D Hydrostatic Bearing

 Support equipment
1 - Pumps
– Screw-type pumps are most quiet.
– Piston pumps are noisiest.
– Accumulators and pressure relief valves are needed to keep pressure pulsations
from increasing error motions.

2 - Filters
– Air bearings ideally are fitted with desiccant dryers.
– Fluid bearings require filters.
– Water bearings require fluid chemistry control.
– Centrifugal filters work well, but are expensive.
– Cartridge filters must be changed.
Theory of operation for plane opposed bearings with fixed
compensation
The key feature of the angled-surface self-compensating hydrostatic bearing is a
restricting gap region that makes an acute angle relative to a bearing gap region.
And the main feature of the opposed-pad self-compensating bearing is the
restricting pocket on the opposite side of the bearing pocket. The restoring force
in radial direction is reinforced for self-compensating bearings because the
restricting gap adversely varies with the corresponding bearing gap.
For any of these bearings, a designer can rapidly check feasibility with the
following formulae:
𝑨bearing area 𝑷supply pressure
𝑭load cabacity =
𝟐

𝑭load cabacity
𝑲Hydrostatic stiffness = −
𝒉𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑎𝑝
Fluid flow (Q) into the bearing is regulated by a resistance (R)
𝑷 = 𝑸𝑹
When a force applied to the bearing, the fluid flow resistance changes.

Fig(*)
Fluid flow into the bearing is regulated by a resistance that is created at the outlets of the
bearing. Outlets are formed by a small gap between the housing and the shaft
 The difference in pressure between the upper and lower pads of the bearing is:
𝑅𝑢 𝑅𝑙
∆P=𝑃𝑢 − 𝑃𝑙 = 𝑃𝑠 [ − ]
𝑅+𝑅𝑢 𝑅+𝑅𝑙
For a nominal gap h and small excursions δ of the structure

γ𝑢 γ𝑙
𝑅𝑢 = 𝑅𝑙 = Where γ𝑢 and γ𝑙 are the structural parameters of
(ℎ−δ)3 (ℎ+δ)3
compensator and land.

Fig(*)To eliminate the need for a separate pump for each bearing side, a resistance R at
the inlets is added
The difference in pressure across the bearing is
1 1
∆ P=𝑃𝑠 γ[ − ]
𝑅(ℎ−δ)3 +γ 𝑅(ℎ+δ)3 −γ
-If the inlet flow resistance R was zero, the bearing could support no load
-If the inlet flow resistance was infinite, the bearing could support no load
-There must be some ideal inlet resistance (compensation) between these two
extremes.

Then when taking the partial derivative of the pressure difference with respect to
the inlet flow resistance and ignoring all terms with 𝛿 2 and higher terms:
𝜕∆𝑃 −ℎ−3δ ℎ+3δ
= 𝑃𝑠 γℎ2 [ 2 2 − 2 2 ]
𝜕𝑅 (𝑅ℎ ℎ−δ +γ) (𝑅ℎ ℎ−δ +γ)
There fore The "optimal" inlet flow resistance to maximize load capacity is
γ
R=
ℎ3
The resistance of a capillary restrictor is proportional to(𝐷capillary )−4
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 commonly used restrictors are “capillary” and “orifice”. there is the
potential for a very high degree of sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances.
Capillary is relatively long and narrow opposed to and orifice which is short in the
direction of flow.
– In a capillary, flow occurs due to shearing and is dependent on viscosity of fluid,
whereas flow in orifice is due to inertia and depends on density.
– Flow in capillary is directly proportional to pressure difference and that in an
orifice is dependent on square root of pressure difference.
– Although the pumping power losses are higher for these types of compensation
devices, the initial cost is much less.

Fig(*) compensating system (Capillary restrictor)

For an opposed pad bearing with supply pressure Ps and inlet restrictor resistance
R, the total flow is
𝑃𝑠
Q=
𝑅
• Stiffness is the change in load for a given change in bearing gap (A∂(ΔΡ)/∂δ)
where A effective is the effective bearing area.
𝜕∆𝑃 (ℎ−3δ)2 (ℎ+3δ)2
K= 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝜕δ
= 3𝑃𝑠 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ3 [ 3
[ h−δ) +ℎ ]3 2 + 3
[ h+δ) +ℎ ]3 2]
  Advantages of Hydrostatic Bearing

 Support very large loads. The load support is a function of the pressure drop
across the bearing and the area of fluid pressure action.
 Load does not depend on film thickness or lubricant viscosity.
 Long life (infinite) without wear of surfaces.
 Provide stiffness and damping coefficients of very large magnitude. Excellent
for exact positioning and control.

 Disadvantage of Hydrostatic Bearing

 Require ancillary equipment. Larger installation and maintenance costs.

 Need of fluid filtration equipment. Loss of performance with fluid
contamination.
 High power consumption because of pumping losses.
 Potential to induce hydrodynamic instability in hybrid mode operation.
 Potential to show pneumatic hammer instability for highly compressible
fluids, i.e. loss of damping at low and high frequencies of operation due to
compliance and time lag of trapped fluid volumes.
 Hydrodynamic Bearing
Hydrodynamic bearings are fluid film bearings that rely on a film of oil to create a
clearance between the moving and stationary elements. Where the gap is
generated dynamically by the bearing motion.
Hydrodynamic bearings is different in operation from plain bearings, although
may be similar in appearance . Plain bearings are simple, inexpensive bearings in
which the shaft comes in contact with the bearing surface during operation, and
uses a lubricant to reduce the friction between the sliding surfaces. In contrast to
plain bearings, hydrodynamic bearings are more expensive and complex in
design.
Hydrodynamic bearings are used in rotary applications, and may require external
pressure on one of the bearing pads or a secondary bearing to avoid excess
friction when starting rotation.
Hydrodynamic bearings can be designed for radial or thrust loads. Since there are
no direct contact between the bearing and the moving surface, the generation of
heat during machine operation is due to oil shear.
In hydrodynamic bearings, The most basic hydrodynamic bearing is the journal
bearing. It has a cylindrical bore, typically with two axial grooves for lubrication.
This bearing has a high load capacity and the simple design is compact, bi-
rotational, and easy to manufacture.
 Design and Selection Aspects:
This is a type of bearing where all parameters are to be selected by the designer
for designing the bearing. This is more of a bearing made for a application rather
than the one which is taken from off the shelf.
An important note for the design of hydrodynamic bearings, the hydrodynamic
bearings are good in handling radial loads but will not be able to carry any axial
load. Hence necessary precaution is to be taken during design of hydrodynamic
bearings for accommodating the axial loads generated.

APPLICATIONS
The crankshaft and camshaft bearings in an automobile engine is a very good example
for Hydrodynamic bearing
INDUSTRIAL
 Hydroelectric Generators.
 Hydraulic Turbines.
 Steam and Gas Turbines.
 Boiler Feed Pumps.
 High Speed Blowers
 Centrifugal Compressors.
 Electric Motors
 Deep Well Pumps
 Oil Pumps
 Cooling Pumps
 Pulp Refiners
 Turbochargers
 Air Preheaters
 Rock Crushers
 Extruders
SHIPBOARD APPLICATIONS
 Main Propeller Journals
 Propeller Line Shaft
 Turbine-Generator Sets
 Main Gear Box
 Clutch Pumps
 Blowers
 Auxiliary Machinery
 Advantage of Hydrodynamic Bearing
 Do not require external source of pressure.
 Support heavy loads where the load support is a function of the lubricant
viscosity, surface speed, surface area, film thickness and geometry of the
bearing.
 Provide stiffness and damping coefficients of large magnitude.
 With a given load and fluid, the thickness of the film will increase as speed is
increased
 Hydrodynamic Bearing can be relatively cheap compared to other bearings
with a similar load rating.
 Very low friction (hydrodynamic means that there is a full film of oil between
the bearing and race components).
 Lower wear and longer life than standard bearings (no metal-metal contact
within the wearing portions of the bearing).
 Low operation temperature since there is less friction and mainly viscous loss
to the oil

Disadvantage of Hydrodynamic Bearing

 Overall power consumption is typically higher compared to ball bearings.
 Power consumption and stiffness or damping greatly vary with temperature,
which complicates the design and operation of a fluid bearing in wide
temperature range situations.
 Fluid bearings can disastrously seize under shock situations. Ball bearings
destroy more gradually and provide acoustic symptoms.
 Fluid leakage; keeping fluid in the bearing can be a challenge.
 Hydrodynamic bearings are impractical in environments where oil leakage can
be destructive or where maintenance is not economical.
 Fluid bearing "pads" often have to be used in pairs or triples to avoid the
bearing tilting and losing the fluid from one side.
 Unlike greaseless mechanical bearings, fluid bearings cannot operate at the
extremely low temperatures needed for some specialized scientific research
applications
 - Magnetic bearing
A magnetic bearing is a bearing that supports a load using magnetic levitation.
Magnetic bearings support moving parts without physical contact. For instance,
they are able to levitate a rotating shaft and permit relative motion with very low
friction and no mechanical wear. Magnetic bearings support the highest speeds of
all kinds of bearing and have no maximum relative speed.
Passive magnetic bearings use permanent magnets and, therefore, do not require
any input power but are difficult to design due to the limitations described by
Earnshaw theorem. Techniques using diamagnetic materials are relatively
undeveloped and strongly depend on material characteristics. As a result, most
magnetic bearings are active magnetic bearings, using electromagnets which
require continuous power input and an active control system to keep the load
stable. In a combined design, permanent magnets are often used to carry the static
load and the active magnetic bearing is used when the levitated object deviates
from its optimum position. Magnetic bearings typically require a back-up bearing
in the case of power or control system failure.
Magnetic bearings are used in several industrial applications such as electrical
power generation, petroleum refinement, machine tool operation and natural gas
handling. They are also used in the Zippe-type centrifuge for uranium enrichment
and in turbomolecular pumps , where oil-lubricated bearings would be a source of
contamination.
 Advantages of Magnetic Bearings
 No physical contact between rotating and stationary components means
minimal friction and wear from load-bearing elements.
 AMB systems do not need lubrication systems, making them virtually
maintenance-free, reducing initial costs as well as operating and maintenance
costs.
 AMBs can be used in harsh environmental conditions, including extremely
low temperatures, zero-gravity, and corrosive environments.
 Low power losses allow AMB supported machines to achieve higher running
speeds, higher efficiencies and longer machine life than conventional bearings.
 Dynamic testing, health-monitoring, and data-logging features are integrated
into the control electronics. With conventional bearing machines, these
features must be externally supplied, implemented, and maintained.
 Dynamic properties (stiffness and damping) of magnetic bearings are easily
measured and readily changed through built-in control firmware as part of the
magnetic bearing controller. Where changing the dynamic properties of
conventional bearings requires a complete re-design, re-manufacture, re-test,
and re-installation of the bearings, taking several weeks up to several months.
 AMBs have high static stiffness, providing precise control of the nominal shaft
center under load
 AMB supported systems allow for synchronous current minimization
schemes, which virtually eliminates rotor unbalance forces transmitted to the
outside structure.
 Disadvantages of magnetic Bearings
 Magnetic Bearings costs are much higher compared to traditional
bearings because of the large amount of effort and time required for
development and the increase in the number of components.
Besides, their complexity is also a disadvantage to use them.

 A backup bearing is needed for start-up, shut down and in case

of power or control failure.
 Magnets give an unstable static forces that decreases at longer
distances and increases at shorter distances.
 Magnetic force provides very little, if any damping, to control
oscillations in ever present driving forces.
 Cooling is necessary to remove heat from electrical losses in
windings and heat generated by windage losses.
 Contact bearings
They have mechanical contact between elements, and they include
sliding, rolling, and flexural bearings. Mechanical contact means that
stiffness normal to the direction of motion can be very high, but wear or
fatigue can limit their life. Fig 1 shows different types of sliding and
rolling bearings.

 Plain Bearing
A plain bearing a support or a guide in which only sliding friction takes
place. (Sometimes called a solid bearing, sliding bearing and Bushing
Bearing), it is a simplest type of bearing, comprising just a bearing
surface and no rolling elements. Therefore the journal slides over the
bearing surface. The simplest example of a plain bearing is a shaft
rotating in a hole. A simple linear bearing can be a pair of flat surfaces
designed to allow motion, such the ways on the bed of a lathe.
Plain bearings, in general, are the least expensive type of bearing. They
are also compact and lightweight, and they have a high load-carrying
capacity. In plain bearings, the moving parts are in direct line contact
with one another. They can absorb more force than rolling bearings, but
due to higher friction, plain bearings are subject to higher wear. The
lubricant must match your operational and design requirements to
ensure your plain bearings run smoothly without re-lubrication for a
long time. For example, plain bearings used in the cement industry are
subject to completely different requirements to those used on ships, in
the automotive industry or in food processing.
Plain Bearings also known as “Bushings” are designed for use in
numerous applications and offer features and benefits unavailable with
many rolling-element bearings. Bushings are distinguished from
rolling-element bearings primarily by the fact that they consist of only
one part. That one part may be built up of different materials, layered
and combined into a load carrying system. Depending on the
application, bushings are available for operation with supplemental
lubrication or to run “dry”, with no additional lubrication. Bushings are
available impregnated with lubricant, with lubricant “plug” inserts, or
with inherently low coefficients of friction. Bushing materials include
cast or machined metals, stabilized polymers (“plastics”), fiber-wound
composites, and combinations of different types of materials. Selecting
the right bushing for each project requires detailed knowledge of the
application requirements and experience with bushing technology.
There are a several types of plain bearing can be classified:-
According to the direction of the supported load :
a) Journal bearing,
b) Thrust bearing, and
c) Thrust-journal plain bearing.
According to the type of lubrication :
a) Aerodynamic bearing,
b) Aerostatic bearing,
c) Hydrodynamic bearing,
d) Hydrostatic bearing,
e) Bearing with solid lubricant, and
f) Unlubricated bearing.
According to the design :
a) Plain self-aligning bearing,
b) Tilting pad journal bearing,
c) Pad thrust bearing,
d) Pad journal bearing,
e) Tilting pad thrust bearing.
f) Lobed plain bearing,
g) Self-lubricating bearing,
h) Porous bearing, and
j) Porous self-lubricating bearing.
 Rolling Contact Bearings
load is transferred through rolling elements such as balls, straight and
tapered cylinders ,Needle and spherical rollers.

 Rolling contact bearings are also known as antifriction bearings.

 The load, speed, and operating viscosity of the lubricant affect the
friction characteristics of a rolling bearing.
 These bearings provide coefficients of friction between 0.001 and
0.002.
 The designer must deal with such matters as fatigue, friction, heat,
lubrication, kinematics problems, material properties, machining
tolerances, assembly, use and cost
  Construction of bearing

The rolling contact bearings are composed of four elements.

 Outer race or outer ring.

 Inner race or outer ring.
 Rolling element
 Cage or retaining ring
  Classification of rolling bearings
Rolling bearings are classified into two types

A - Ball Bearing
 Deep groove bearings.
 Filling notch ball bearings.
 Self aligning bearings.
 Angular contact bearings (AC).
 A 4-point angular contact ball bearings.

B- Roller Bearing
 Cylindrical bearings.
 Spherical bearings.
 Taper roller bearings.
 Needle bearings.
 Ball Bearings

1. - Deep groove bearing

 Single row of deep groove ball bearing can combinational of radial

and thrust load.
 Load capacity is limited by the number of balls
 Primarily designed to support radial loads, the thrust capacity is
about 70% of radial load capacity
2. - Filling notch ball bearings

 Bearings have the same basic radial construction as

Conrad type. However, a filling notch (loading groove)
permits more balls to be used.
 Radial load capacity is 20 – 40% higher than Conrad type.
 Thrust load capacity drops to 20% (2 directions) of radial
load capacity.
3. - Self aligning bearings.

Self-aligning ball bearings are constructed with the inner ring

and ball assembly contained within an outer ring that has a
spherical raceway. This construction allows the bearing to
tolerate a small angular misalignment resulting from shaft or
housing deflections or improper mounting. The bearing was
used mainly in bearing arrangements with very long shafts,
such as transmission shafts in textile factories.
 4.- Angular contact Ball bearings (AC)
Angular contact ball bearings, also known as spindle ball bearings,
consist of an inner ring, outer ring, ball, and a cage to contain and
separate the ball. Angular contact ball bearings can support an axial load,
but cannot be used by a single bearing because of their angle. They must
be used in combinations or in pairs. The centerline of contact between
the balls and the raceway is at an angle to the plane perpendicular to the
axis of rotation.
5.-A 4 Point Angular Contact Ball Bearings.
Four-point contact ball bearings are radial single row angular
contact ball bearings with raceways that are designed to support
axial loads acting in both directions. For a given axial load, a
limited radial load can be supported. These bearings take up
considerably less axial space than double row bearings.
 Roller Bearing
Roller bearings have higher load capacity than ball bearings,
load is transmitted through line contact instead of point contact.
There are several type of roller bearings according the shape of
rolling element.
1. - Cylindrical bearings
the cylindrical rollers bearings are in linear contact with the raceways.
They have a high radial load capacity and are suitable for high speeds.
There are different types designated as NU, NJ, NUP, N, NF (for single-
row bearings), NNU, and NN (for double-row bearings depending on
the design or absence of side ribs).
The outer and inner rings of all types are separable. Some cylindrical
roller bearings have no ribs on either the inner or outer ring, so the
rings can move axially relative to each other. These can be used as free-
end bearings. Cylindrical roller bearings, in which either the inner or
outer rings has two ribs and the other ring has one, are capable of
taking some axial load in one direction Double-row cylindrical roller
bearings have high radial rigidity and are used primarily for precision
machine tools.
2. - Spherical bearings.
A spherical roller bearing is a rolling-element bearing that
permits rotation with low friction, and permits angular
misalignment. Typically these bearings support a rotating shaft in
the [bore] of the inner ring that may be misaligned in respect to
the outer ring. The misalignment is possible due to the spherical
internal shape of the outer ring and spherical rollers. Despite
what their name may imply, spherical roller bearings are not
truly spherical in shape. The rolling elements of spherical roller
bearings are mainly cylindrical in shape, but have a profile that
makes them appear like cylinders that have been slightly over-
inflated.
3.- Taper roller bearings.
Tapered roller bearings are bearings that can take large axial
load (they are good thrust bearings) as well as being able to
sustain large radial forces. The inner and outer ring raceways
are segments of cones and the rollers are also made with a taper
so that the conical surfaces of the raceways and the roller axes
if projected, would all meet at a common point on the main axis
of the bearing. This geometry makes the motion of the cones
remain coaxial, eliminating sliding motion in the bearing.

Single row tapered bearing four row tapered rolling bearing

Double row rolling bearing

4. - Needle bearings
A needle roller bearing is a bearing which uses small cylindrical
rollers. The difference between a needle roller bearing and roller
bearing is the ratio of diameter and length of their rollers, when the
ratio of the diameter and the length of roller of a roller bearing is
between the interval of 0.1 to 0.4, that roller bearing is called a needle
roller bearing. They are used to reduce the friction of a rotating surface.
Needle bearings have a large surface area that is in contact with the
bearing outer surfaces compared to ball bearings. Additionally there is
less added clearance (difference between the diameter of the shaft and
the diameter of the bearing) so they are much more compact. The
typical structure consists of a needle cage which orients and contains
the needle rollers, the needle rollers themselves, and an outer race
(sometimes the housing itself).
Radial needle bearings are cylindrical and use rollers parallel to the axis
of the shaft. Thrust needle bearings are flat and use a radial pattern of
needles.
Full complement bearings have solid inner and outer rings and rib-
guided cylindrical rollers. Since these bearings have the largest possible
number of rolling elements, they have extremely high radial load
carrying capacity and are suitable for particularly compact designs.
Needle bearings are heavily used in automobile components such as
rocker arm pivots, pumps, compressors, and transmissions. The drive
shaft of a rear-wheel drive vehicle typically has at least eight needle
bearings

the load distribution of a needle roller

bearing
 How it’s made

1- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGyoMuE4gDQ
2- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8SHKy5tXbI&feature=related

END
 References:
 Alexander Slocum, Precision Machine Design
 Design and Parameter Study of a Self-Compensating
Hydrostatic Rotary Bearing
 Hydrostatic bearing an introduction Dr. H. Hirani. Department of mech.
Eng. I.I.T Bombay
 A general guide to the principles, operation and troubleshooting of
hydrodynamic bearings, Kingsbury, Inc.
 http://www.newwayairbearings
 Precision Machine Design – Non-Contact Bearings
 IS:l0260(Part l)-1982 IS : 10260 ( Part I ) - 1982 Terms, definitions and
classifications of plain bearing : Part I Construction.
 IS: 10260 (Part II) - 1982 Terms, definitions and classifications of plain
bearing: Part If Friction.
 http://www.klueber.com/en/applications/components/plain-
bearings/#21395
 http://science.howstuffworks.com/bearing3.htm
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearings
 http://www.nsk.com/services/basicknowledge/introduction.html
 http://www-personal.umich.edu/~awtar/PHD/Diaphragm.pdf
 Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL) - Movies and
photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell
University. Also includes an e-book library of classic texts on mechanical
design and engineering.
 Weinstein, Warren D., "Flexure-Pivot Bearings", Machine Design, Part 1,
June 10, 1965, Part 2, July 8, 1965 - Spring rates, bearing types, single
and multi-strip design, material types, hysteresis and fatigue
 Weinstein, Warren D., "Micro performance of Metals". Machine Design,
September 11, 1969 - Material relaxation and rolamite
 The Bal-Tec Flexural Encyclopedia
 http://www.nmbtc.com/bearings/