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Eco-selection
and the
Eco-audit tool
Introducing students to life-cycle thinking
Mike Ashby
Department of Engineering
University of Cambridge
© M. F. Ashby, 2011
For reproduction guidance see back page
This lecture unit is part of a set created by Mike Ashby to help introduce students to materials, processes and rational selection.
The Teaching Resources website aims to support teaching of materials-related courses in Design, Engineering and Science.
Resources come in various formats and are aimed primarily at undergraduate education.
www.grantadesign.com/education/resources
Material production
96% of all
material
Usage
20% of
Global
energy
Carbon to atmosphere
20% of all
carbon to
atmosphere
The product life-cycle
Resources
Life cycle
assessment (LCA)
Combust Landfill
Emissions and waste
Life cycle assessment (LCA)
Typical LCA output
ISO 14040 series
PAS 2050 Aluminum cans, per 1000 units
• Bauxite 59 kg
n Full LCA expensive, and requires great detail and skill – and even
then is subject to uncertainty
Market need
Problem statement
Layout and
Embodiment Eco – audit
materials
ability
CAD, FE analysis,
Detail
optimization, costing
Product specification
Life cycle
Production assessment
Eco-audit for design
600 16
14
400
12
8
200
6
100 4
2
0
0
-100 -2
The steps
Analyse Explore
Fast
results, identify options with
eco-audit
priorities “What if..”s
600 600
Initial design What if ..
400 400 Different material?
300 300
Energy (MJ)
Energy (MJ)
200 200
100 100
0 0
-100 -100
Eco-aware design: the strategy (2)
600
Use eco-audit to
400
indentify
design objective
300
Energy (MJ)
200
100
-100
Eco audit
model
Outputs
(including
tabular data)
Typical record showing eco-properties
The simple Audit tool: Levels 1, 2 and 3
Add record
Eco Audit
Synthesizer
Options….
v 3. Use ? HELP at
each step
v 4. Report ?
Material and process energy / CO2
Transport energy
Transport CO2
Transport
Stage 1 14 tonne truck 550 km
Use - refrigeration
Fossil to electric 0.12 kW 2 days 24 hrs/day
The output: drink container
400
The audit reveals
300 the most energy
and carbon
Energy (MJ)
200 intensive steps…
100
12
10
8
Carbon (kg)
2
End of life
0
Material Manufacture Transport Use
-2
100% virgin PET
PET Glass ?
-4
with recycling
-6
Change the materials
Transport
Stage 1 14 tonne truck 550 km
Use - refrigeration
Fossil to electric 0.12 kW 2 days 24 hrs/day
Glass bottle replacing PET
200 400
Energy (MJ)
Energy (MJ)
100 200
-100 -200
100% virgin PET 100% virgin glass
with recycling with recycling
-200 -400
12 60
Change
10 of scale 50
8 40
Carbon (kg)
30
Carbon (kg)
4 20
2 10
End of life End of life
0 0
Material Manufacture Transport Use Material Manufacture Transport Use
-2 -10
400 400
300 300
200 200
Energy (MJ)
Energy (MJ)
100 100
End of life
0 0
Material Manufacture Transport Use Material Manufacture Transport Use End of life
-100 -100
100% virgin PET 100% recycled PET
with recycling with recycling
-200 -200
12 12
10 10
8 8
Carbon (kg)
6
Carbon (kg)
4 4
2 2
End of life
0 0
Material Manufacture Transport Use Material Manufacture Transport Use End of life
-2 -2
400 400
300 300
200 200
Energy (MJ)
Energy (MJ)
100 100
-100 -100
100% virgin PET 100% virgin PET
with recycling with combustion
-200 -200
12 12
10 10
8 8
Carbon (kg)
6
Carbon (kg)
4 4
2 2
End of life
0 0
Material Manufacture Transport Use Material Manufacture Transport Use End of life
-2 -2
400 1000
Change 800
300
of scale
600
200
Energy (MJ)
Energy (MJ)
400
100
200
Disposal
0 Disposal
Material Manufacture Transport Use 0
Material Manufacture Transport Use
-100 -200 100% virgin PET
100% virgin PET
with truck transport with air freight
-200 -400
12 60
10 Change 50
8 of scale 40
Carbon (kg)
30
Carbon (kg)
4 20
2 10
Disposal Disposal
0 0
Material Manufacture Transport Use Material Manufacture Transport Use
-2 -10
§ Material
§ Recycle content
§ Transport mode
§ Transport distance
§ Use pattern
§ Electric energy mix
§ End of life
Jug kettle
2 kW jug kettle
§ Made SE Asia
§ Air freight to UK
§ Life: 3 years
Transport Use
§ 6 minutes per day
§ 12,000 km, air freight § 300 days per year
§ 250 km 14 tonne truck § 3 years
Eco audit: the jug kettle
What do we learn?
Add record
Eco Audit
Synthesizer Same as the
Options…. simple model
^ 1. Material, manufacture and end of life ?
1 Component 1 Cast iron 30% 2.4 Casting Fine machining 10% Recycle 95%
Machining, % recovered
Component 1 Painting 0.55 m2 at end of life
grinding, %
Component 1 Welding 0.7 m removed
They allow fast audits and systematic materials selection for redesign
Reproduction Author
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Professor Mike Ashby
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
License.
University of Cambridge, Granta Design Ltd.
www.grantadesign.com/education
Please make sure that Mike Ashby and Granta Design are www.eng.cam.ac.uk
credited on any reproductions. You cannot use this resource
for any commercial purpose.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
Accuracy
We try hard to make sure these resources are of a high quality. If you have any suggestions for improvements, please contact us
by email at teachingresources@grantadesign.com
M. F. Ashby, 2011
Granta’s Teaching Resources Website aims to support teaching of materials-related courses in Engineering, Science and Design.
The resources come in various formats and are primarily aimed at undergraduate students.
This resource is one of 23 lecture units created by Professor Mike Ashby.
The website also contains resources donated by faculty at the 800+ universities and colleges worldwide using
Granta’s CES EduPack.
The teaching resource website contains both resources that require the use of CES EduPack and those that don’t.
Some of the resources, like this one, are open access.
www.grantadesign.com/education/resources