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CESE/3-2015105150
ESE133-0/C1
RESEARCH WORK #1
1. What is the DOH AO 2016 - 0264? What is its scope and objectives?
DEPARTMENT ORDER
No.2016 – 0264
SUBJECT: Guidelines for the Institutionalization of Occupational Safety and Health in the
Department of Health
SCOPE: This issuance shall apply to the DOH - Central Office, Regional Offices, DOH -
ARMM, Services and Specialty Hospitals; Medical Centers, Hospitals, and Sanitaria;
Treatment and Rehabilitation Centers (TRC); Bureau of Quarantine; Philippine Health
Insurance Corporation, National Nutrition Council, Population Commission, Food and
Drug Administration; and other Attached Agencies.
OBJECTIVES: This Order shall (a) ensure the implementation and sustainability of
Occupational Safety and Health Standards' Rule 1040 and Rule 1960, (b) institutionalize
the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Policy and Program in all workplaces of the
Department of Health, and (c) pursue the OSH vision, mission and goals of DOH.
(4) Use only approved devices and SEC 5 Workers' Right to Know — The
equipment for the workplace; right to safety and health at work shall
he guaranteed. All workers shall be
(5) Comply with OSH standards including appropriately informed by the employer
training medical examination, where about all types of hazards in the
necessary, provision of protective and safety
Workplace, provided access to training
devices such as personal protective
and education on chemical safety, and
equipment. (PPE) and machine guards;
to orientation on the data sheet
(6) Allow workers and their safety and health
chemical safety, electrical safety.
representatives to participate actively in the mechanical safety.
process of organizing, planning,
implementing and evaluating the safety and SEC 6 Workers’ Right to Refuse Unsafe
health program to improve safety and health Work – The worker has the right of
in the workplace: and refusal to work without threat or reprisal
from the employer if, as determined by
(7) Provide, where necessary. for measures the DOLE, an imminent danger situation
to deal with emergencies and accidents exists in the workplace that may result in
including first-aid arrangements. illness, injury or death, and corrective
actions to eliminate the danger have not
been undertaken by the employer.
SEC. 7. Workers’ Right to Report workers, free of charge, protective
Accidents ~ Workers and their equipment for their eyes, face, hands
representatives shall have the light to and feet, and lifeline, safety belt or
report accidents, dangerous harness, gas or dust respirators or
occurrences, and hazards to the masks, and protective shields whenever
employer, to the DOLE and in other necessary by reason of the hazardous
concerned government agencies work process or environment, chemical.
exercising jurisdiction as the competent radiological, mechanical and other in-
authority in the specific industry or manta or hazards capable of causing
economic activity injury or impairment in the function of
any part of the body through absorption,
SEC 8. Workers' Right to Personal inhalation or physical contact. The cost
Protective Equipment of the PPE shall be part of die safety and
health program which is a separate pay
(PPE). — Every employer, contractor OR item pursuant us section 20 of this Act.
subcontractor, if any shall provide his
4. What is the difference between a bilateral and a multilateral
agreement?Trade agreements are either bilateral, involving only two countries, or
multilateral, involving more than two countries. They are usually intended to lower trade
barriers between participating countries (though not necessarily between those countries
and other non-participating countries) and, as a consequence, increase the degree of
economic integration between the participants.
Bilateral Agreement
Bilateral Trade is an agreement where two countries agree to have equal amounts of trade
between each other. It means if one country has a trade deficit, it has to be made up so that the
trade levels meet. This is inferior to multilateral trade where a country trades with numerous
other countries and doesn’t worry about bilateral trade deficits.
A bilateral contract is distinguishable from a unilateral contract, a promise made by one party
in exchange for the performance of some act by the other party. The party to a unilateral
contract whose performance is sought is not obligated to act, but if he or she does, the party
that made the promise is bound to comply with the terms of the agreement. In a bilateral
contract both parties are bound by their exchange of promises.
Both parties to a bilateral contract make promises. With respect to the promise in issue, the
party making the promise is the promisor and the other party is the promisee. The legal
detriment incurred by the promisee consists of a different promise by him or her to do
something or refrain from doing something that he or she was not previously legally obligated
to do or to refrain from doing. This legal detriment constitutes consideration, the cause,
motive, or benefit that induces one to enter into a contract. Consideration is an essential
component of a contract.Traditionally, courts have distinguished between unilateral and
bilateral contracts by determining whether one or both parties provided consideration and
at what point they provided the consideration. Bilateral contracts were said to bind both
parties the minute the parties exchange promises, as each promise is deemed sufficient
consideration in itself. Unilateral contracts are said to bind only the promisor and do not bind
the promisee unless the promisee accepts by performing the obligations specified in the
promisor's offer. Until the promisee performs, he or she has provided no consideration under
the law.
For example, if someone offered to drive you to work on Mondays and Tuesdays in exchange
for your promise to return the favor on Wednesdays and Thursdays, a bilateral contract
would be formed binding both of you once you provided consideration by accepting those
terms. But if that same person offered to pay you $10 each day you drove him to work, a
unilateral contract would be formed, binding only upon the promisor until you provided
consideration by driving him to work on a particular day.
Multilateral Agreement
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BY KIMBERLY AMADEO
Multilateral trade agreements are commerce treaties between three or more nations. The
agreements reduce tariffs and make it easier for businesses to import and export. Since they are
among many countries, they are difficult to negotiate.
That same broad scope makes them more robust than other types of trade agreements once all
parties sign. Bilateral agreements are easier to negotiate but these are only between two
countries.
They don't have as big an impact on economic growth as does a multilateral agreement.
Five Advantages
Multilateral agreements make all signatories treat each other the same. That means no country
can give better trade deals to one country than it does to another. That levels the playing field.
It's especially critical for emerging market countries. Many of them are smaller in size, making
them less competitive. The Most Favored Nation Status confers the best trading terms a nation
can get from a trading partner. Developing countries benefit the most from this trading status.
The second benefit is that it increases trade for every participant. Their companies enjoy low
tariffs. That makes their exports cheaper.
The third benefit is it standardizes commerce regulations for all the trade partners. Companies
save legal costs since they follow the same rules for each country.
The fourth benefit is that countries can negotiate trade deals with more than one country at a
time. Trade agreements undergo a detailed approval process.
Most countries would prefer to get one agreement ratified covering many countries at once.
The fifth benefit applies to emerging markets. Bilateral trade agreements tend to favor the
country with the best economy. That puts the weaker nation at a disadvantage. But making
emerging markets stronger helps the developed economy over time.
As those emerging markets become developed, their middle class population increases. That
creates new affluent customers for everyone.
Four Disadvantages
The biggest disadvantage of multilateral agreements is that they are complex. That makes them
difficult and time-consuming to negotiate. Sometimes the length of negotiation means it won't
take place at all.
Second, the details of the negotiations are particular to trade and business practices. That means
the public often misunderstands them. As a result, they receive lots of press, controversy, and
protests.
The third disadvantage is common to any trade agreement. Some companies and regions of the
country suffer when trade borders disappear. Smaller businesses can't compete with giant multi-
nationals. They often lay off workers to cut costs. Others move their factories to countries with a
lower standard of living. If a region depended on that industry, it would experience high
unemployment rates. That makes multilateral agreements unpopular.
5. Identify at least 10 bilateral/multilateral agreements of the Philippines
with other countries.
The ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) took effect in 2010 and consolidated all
Common Effective Preferential Tariff/ASEAN Free Trade Area (CEPT/AFTA) commitments
related to Trade in Goods. It focuses on tariff liberalization and non-tariff measures as well
as trade facilitation initiatives, simplification of rules of origin, and establishment of an ASEAN
Trade Repository. Visit Invest in ASEAN for updates on ATIGA.
The Philippines and Japan entered into an economic partnership agreement in 2008. PJEPA
is the Philippines’ first bilateral free trade agreement, covering, among others, Trade in
Goods, Trade in Services, Investments, Movement of Natural Persons, Intellectual Property,
Customs Procedures, Improvement of the Business Environment, and Government
Procurement.
The Philippines and EFTA members – Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland –
signed a free trade agreement in 2016. PH EFTA covers Trade in Goods, Trade in Services,
Investment, Competition, Intellectual Property, Government Procurement, and Trade and
Sustainable Development.
The Financing Cooperation Agreement on Chico River Pump Irrigation Project and
New Centennial Water Source-Kaliwa Dam Project between the Government of the
Republic of the Philippines represented by the Department of Finance and the Export-
Import Bank of China | Signatories: Finance Secretary Carlos Dominguez III and Export-
Import Bank of China President Liu Liange
Read more at https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/11/15/1759226/14-agreements-between-
china-and-philippines-signed#oSvdsuE0i4zr3fHb.99
Reference: http://finder.tariffcommission.gov.ph/index.php?page=acfta