Islamic University – Gaza

Engineering Faculty
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Electric Circuits Laboratory EELE 2112

Experiment #1
Lap Report
Resistance Measurement

Prepared by:
Saeed A. Rantisi 120113385

Submitted to :
Eng .Nahid Alshorafa
 November 04, 2014

 Objective:
 To learn how to make basic electrical measurements of current, voltage, and
resistance using multi-meters.
 To measure and calculate resistors by several methods.

 Theory :

 Factors affect resistance :

-Cross sectional area .
-Resistance length.
-specific heat.
ρ∗L
R=
A
R=R ° (1+ α∗∆ T )
1 σ∗A
G= =
R L

 Ohm's Law :
V =I ∗R (Ohm's Law)

∆V
R=slope= (R is linear element)
∆I

Figure 1: Ohm's law

 Wheatestone Bridge :
At equilibrium state (v = 0)

Figure 2: Wheatestone Bridge

 Methods of calculating and measuring resistance :

1- Technical method.
2- Direct method (By using ohmmeter).
3- Indirect method (By using ohm’s law).
4- Wheatstone Bridge.
  Results :

1-Direct method (By using ohmmeter) :

Table 1: Direct method (By using ohmmeter)

R(Theoritical) R(Experimental) Percentage Error (%)

100 (Ω) 99 (Ω) 1.00
330 (Ω) 328 (Ω) 0.61
1 (kΩ) 0.978 (kΩ) 2.20
10 (kΩ) 10.09 (kΩ) 0.90
220 (kΩ) 224 (kΩ) 1.82

2-Indirect method (By using Ohm’s law) :

Figure 3: Resistane Measurement By using Ohm’s law

Table 2: Indirect method (By using Ohm’s law)

R(Theoretical) V(volt) I (mA) R(Experimental) Percentage Error(%)

100 (Ω) 9.85 99.5 98.99 (Ω) 1.01 %
330 (Ω) 9.91 30 330.33 (Ω) 0.10 %
1 (kΩ) 10.15 10.3 0.985 (kΩ) 1.50 %
10 (kΩ) 10.06 0.996 10.1 (kΩ) 1.00 %
220 (kΩ) 10.16 0.047 216.17 (kΩ) 1.74 %
120

100
f(x) = 9.84 x + 0.12
80
I mA

60
Slope = V = 9.84 volt
40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
1/R
1/kΩ
 A. Constant R (R = 100 Ω )

Table 3:
V(volt) I(mA) R(Experimental) R=V/I (Ω)
2 19.9 100.50
4 40.7 98.28
6 60.4 99.34
8 79.4 100.76
10 99 101.01
Average R 99.98
Percentage Error % 1.2 %

Constant R (R = 100 Ω )

V (volt) / I(Ampere
12
10
8 f(x) = 100.44 x
Volt

6
4
Slope = R = 100.44 Ω
V

2
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 (E% = 0.44 %)
Current I A

I (mA) / (1/R) (1/kΩ)

120 B. Constant Volt (V=10 volt)
100
80 f(x) = 9.92 x Table 4: Constant Volt (v=10 volt)
mA

60
R(KΩ)
40 I(mA) V=RI (volt)
I

20
0
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
1/R
1/kΩ
 0.100 98.6 9.86
0.220 45.9 10.098
0.330 30.4 10.032
0.470 21.5 10.105
R (Ω)
1 V (volt)
10 I (A) 10
100 Average 3V 0.03010.019
220 6.5 %
Percentage Error 0.0300.19 %
330 9.7 0.029
470 14 0.030
1000 30.2 0.030
Average I 0.030 Slope = V = 9.917 volt (E% = 0.83
Percentage Error % 0.00 % %)
C. Constant Current I (I = 30 mA)
Table 5: Constant Current I (I = 30 mA)
V(volt) / R(Ω)
35
30
25 f(x) = 0.03 x
20
V volt

15
10
5
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
R Ω

Slope = I = 0.03 A (E% = 0.00 %)

3-Wheatstone Bridge

Figure 4: Wheatstone Bridge

 Table 6: Wheatstone Bridge

Runk(kΩ) R
R1 R3 Runk=Rvar*(R3/R1)(kΩ)
(Theoretical variable Error(%)
(kΩ) (kΩ) (Experimental)
) (kΩ)
1 1 10 9.91 9.91 0.90 %
1 1.8 22 11.37 20.46 7.00 %
1.8 1 6.8 11.37 6.31 7.20 %

 Comment :
 Resistance measurement by Ohm's law not suitable to measure small
resistance because of a high current may defect resistor.
 Small resistance must be measured by wheastone bridge .
 Wheastone bridge not suitable to measure large resistance because achieve
equilibrium is very difficult in this case.