ATLAS

A-Z

LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE,

MUNICH, AND DELHI
2

LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE,

MUNICH, AND DELHI
FOR THE FIFTH EDITION
Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf Art Director Philip Ormerod
Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler Associate Publisher Andrew Macintyre
Senior Cartographic Editor Simon Mumford
Designer Nimbus Design
Editors Cambridge International Reference on Current Affairs (CIRCA)
3D Globes Planetary Visions Ltd., London
Production Controller Mandy Inness Production Editor John Goldsmid

FOR PREVIOUS EDITIONS

Cartographic Director Andrew Heritage
Cartography Roger Bullen, Rob Stokes, Iorwerth Watkins
Project Editor Sam Atkinson Art Editor Karen Gregory

First American Edition, 2001

This revised Edition 2012
Published in the United States by
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 3
Key to map symbols
ELEVATION DRAINAGE FEATURES

6000m / 19,686ft River

4000m / 13,124ft
Seasonal river
2000m / 6562ft
1000m / 3281ft Canal
500m / 1640ft
250m / 820ft Lake
100m / 328ft
Seasonal lake
0
Below sea level
SETTLEMENTS
Mountain Capital city

Depression
Major town

BORDERS
Minor town

Full international Major port

Disputed de facto COMMUNICATIONS

Territorial claim Major road

Cease-fire line Rail

International airport
Undefined

State/Province Insight; facts, figures, and

amazing information from
around the world
4
Atlas contents
The Political World . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
The Physical World . . . . . . . . 10-11
Time Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13
Atlas Opener . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15
North & Central
America 16–17
Western Canada & Alaska . . . 18-19
Eastern Canada . . . . . . . . . . . 20-21
USA: The Northeast . . . . . . . . 22-23
USA: Central States . . . . . . . . 24-25
USA: The West . . . . . . . . . . . 26-27
USA: The Southwest . . . . . . . 28-29
USA: The Southeast . . . . . . . . 30-31
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-33
Central America . . . . . . . . . . 34-35
The Caribbean. . . . . . . . . . . . 36-37
South America
38–39
Northern South America . . . . 40-41
Peru, Bolivia, & North Brazil 42-43
Paraguay, Uruguay,
& South Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . 44-45
Southern South America . . . . 46-47
The Atlantic Ocean . . . . . . . . 48-49
Africa 50–51
Northwest Africa . . . . . . . . . . 52-53
Northeast Africa . . . . . . . . . . 54-55
West Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56-57
Central Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . 58-59
Southern Africa . . . . . . . . . . . 60-61
Europe 62–63
The North Atlantic. . . . . . . . . 64-65
Scandinavia & Finland. . . . . . 66-67
The Low Countries . . . . . . . . 68-69
The British Isles . . . . . . . . . . . 70-71
France, Andorra,
& Monaco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-73
Spain & Portugal . . . . . . . . . . 74-75
Germany &
the Alpine States . . . . . . . . . 76-77
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-79
Central Europe . . . . . . . . . . . 80-81
Southeast Europe. . . . . . . . . . 82-83
The Mediterranean . . . . . . . . 84-85

Bulgaria & Greece. . . . . . . . . 86-87
The Baltic States
& Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88-89
Ukraine, Moldova,
& Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90-91
European Russia . . . . . . . . . . 92-93
North & West
Asia 94–95
Russia & Kazakhstan . . . . . . . 96-97
Turkey & the Caucasus . . . . . 98-99
The Near East
& West Bank . . . . . . . . . . 100-101
The Middle East . . . . . . . . 102-103
Central Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . 104-105
South & East
Asia 106–107
Western China
& Mongolia. . . . . . . . . . . 108-109
Eastern China & Korea. . . . 110-111
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112-113
South India & Sri Lanka. . . 114-115
North India & Pakistan . . . 116-117
5
Atlas contents
Mainland Southeast Asia . . 118-119
Maritime Southeast Asia . . 120-121
The Indian Ocean . . . . . . . 122-123
Australasia &
Oceania 124–125
The Southwest Pacific . . . . 126-127
Western Australia . . . . . . . 128-129
Eastern Australia . . . . . . . . 130-131
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . 132-133
The Pacific Ocean . . . . . . . 134-135
Antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Arctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Country Factfiles
138–359
See overleaf for contents
Overseas territories . . . . . . 360-365
International organizations . . . 366
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368-432
6
Factfile contents
A Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Afghanistan . . . . . . . . 153
Albania . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Algeria. . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Andorra . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Angola. . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Antarctica . . . . . . . . . 158
Antigua & Barbuda . . 159
Argentina. . . . . . . . . . 160
Armenia . . . . . . . . . . 161
Australia . . . . . . 162–163
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Azerbaijan. . . . . . . . . 165
B D
Bahamas . . . . . . . . . . 166
Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Bangladesh . . . . . . . . 168
Barbados . . . . . . . . . . 169
Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Belgium. . . . . . . . . . . 171
Belize . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Benin. . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Bhutan. . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Bolivia. . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Bosnia
& Herzegovina . . . . 176
Botswana. . . . . . . . . . 177
Brazil. . . . . . . . . . 178-179
Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Bulgaria. . . . . . . . . . . 181
Burkina Faso . . . . . . . 182
Burma . . . . . see Myanmar
Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . 183
C Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cambodia . . . . . . . . . 184
Cameroon . . . . . . . . . 185
Canada . . . . . . . . 186-187
Cape Verde . . . . . . . . 188
Central African
Republic . . . . . . . . . 189
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
China . . . . . . . . . 192-193
Colombia . . . . . . . . . 194
Comoros . . . . . . . . . . 195
Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Congo, Dem. Rep. . . 197
Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . 198
Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . 199
Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Cyprus. . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Czech Republic . . . . . 203
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . 204
Djibouti. . . . . . . . . . . 205
Dominica . . . . . . . . . 206
Dominican Republic . 207
E
East Timor . . . . . . . . . 208
Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
El Salvador . . . . . . . . 211
Equatorial Guinea . . . 212
Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Estonia. . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . 215
F Korea, North . . . . . . .
Fiji. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . 217
France . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
G Kyrgyzstan . . . . . . . . .
219
Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Germany . . . . . . . . . . 222
Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Grenada . . . . . . . . . . 225
Guatemala. . . . . . . . . 226
Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Guinea–Bissau. . . . . . 228
Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . 229
H
Haiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Honduras . . . . . . . . . 231
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . 232
I
Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . 233
India . . . . . . . . . . 234-235
Indonesia. . . . . . . 236-237
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
J
Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Japan . . . . . . . . . . 244-245
Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
K
Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . 247
Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Kiribati . . . . . . . . . . . 249
250
Korea, South . . . . . . . 251
Kosovo . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
254
L
Laos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Latvia . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . 257
Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Liechtenstein . . . . . . . 261
Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . 262
Luxembourg . . . . . . . 263
M Philippines . . . . . . . .
Macedonia . . . . . . . . 264
Madagascar . . . . . . . . 265
Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . 267
Maldives . . . . . . . . . . 268
Mali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Malta. . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Marshall Islands . . . . 271
Mauritania. . . . . . . . . 272
Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . 273
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Micronesia . . . . . . . . 275
Moldova . . . . . . . . . . 276
Monaco. . . . . . . . . . . 277
Mongolia. . . . . . . . . . 278
Montenegro. . . . . . . . 279
Morocco . . . . . . . . . . 280
Mozambique . . . . . . . 281
Myanmar (Burma) . . . 282
N Senegal . . . . . . . . . . .
Namibia . . . . . . . . . . 283
Nauru . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Netherlands. . . . . . . . 286
New Zealand . . . . . . 287
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . 288
Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . 291
O
Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
P Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . .
Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Palau . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
7
Factfile contents
Panama . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Swaziland . . . . . . . . . 328
Papua New Guinea . . 296 Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . 297 Switzerland . . . . . . . . 330
Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
299
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 T
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Taiwan. . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . 333
Q
Qatar. . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . 334
Thailand . . . . . . . . . . 335
R Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Romania . . . . . . . . . . 303
Tonga . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Russian
Trinidad & Tobago . . . 338
Federation . . . . . . . . 304
Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Tunisia. . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
S Turkmenistan . . . . . . . 341
St. Kitts & Nevis . . . . 306 Tuvalu . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
St. Lucia . . . . . . . . . . 307
St. Vincent & the U
Grenadines . . . . . . . 308 Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . 344
San Marino . . . . . . . . 310 United Arab Emirates. 345
São Tomé & Príncipe . 311 United Kingdom . 346-347
Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . 312
313
United States . . . . 348-350
Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . 351
Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . 352
Seychelles . . . . . . . . . 315
Sierra Leone . . . . . . . 316 V
Singapore . . . . . . . . . 317 Vanuatu. . . . . . . . . . . 353
Slovakia. . . . . . . . . . . 318 Vatican City. . . . . . . . 354
Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . 319
Venezuela . . . . . . . . . 355
Solomon Islands . . . . 320
Vietnam. . . . . . . . . . . 356
Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . 321
South Africa. . . . . . . . 322 Y
South Sudan . . . . . . . 323 Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
325 Z
Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Suriname . . . . . . . . . . 327 Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . 359
 8
The Political World
A B C D

Svalbard
Severnaya Zemlya
(Norway) Franz Josef Land
New Siberian Islands
Novaya Zemlya
1 Jan Mayen
(Norway)

AY

FINLAN
ICELAND
RW
DE N
O

DENMARK
R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
N

S WE

D
Faeroe Islands
(Denmark) ESTONIA
UNITED LATVIA
IRELAND KINGDOM LITHUANIA
BELARUS
NETH. 1 POLAND
BELGIUM 3 UKRAINE
5 2 MOLDOVA KA Z A KH S TA N
LUXEMBOURG 4 6 MON G OLIA
ROMANIA
2 SWITZERLAND 7 8 GEORGIA
FRANCE
13 119 10 12 BULGARIA UZBEKISTAN
ANDORRA 14 KYRGZSTAN
SPAIN ALB. ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN N. KOREA
PORTUGAL MONACO ITALY MAC. TURKEY TURKMEN. TAJIKISTAN
GREECE AZ. S. KOREA JAPAN
TUNISIA SYRIA C H I N A
LEBANON AFGHANISTAN
MOROCCO MALTA CYPRUS BHUTAN
IRAQ I R A N NEPAL
AN
ISRAEL KUWAIT ST MYANMAR
ALGERIA I
WESTERN L I B YA JORDAN QATAR PAK (BURMA)
SAHARA EGYPT BAHRAIN INDIA LAOS TAIWAN
U.A.E.
(disputed) SAUDI
CAPE MAURITANIA ARABIA

VI
ERITREA OMAN BANGLADESH Northern Mariana
MALI NIGER

ET
VERDE Islands (US)

N AM
YEMEN
GAMBIA
SENEGAL
BURKINA
CHAD SUDAN DJIBOUTI THAILAND
PHILIPPINES Guam (US)
GUINEA- FASO NIGERIA CAMBODIA
A

3 GUINEA
BENIN C.A.R. SOUTH ETHIOPIA
A LI

BISSAU MICRONESIA
CAMEROON
SUDAN SRI BRUNEI
SIERRA LEONE
M

LANKA
O

LIBERIA TOGO UGANDA KENYA S MALDIVES MALAYSIA PALAU

O

GHANA
NG

CÔTE D’IVOIRE
RWANDA
PAPUA
CO

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE DEM. REP. SINGAPORE

CONGO
BURUNDI INDONESIA NEW
EQUATORIAL GUINEA GABON TANZANIA SEYCHELLES
GUINEA
Cabinda
(Angola) EAST
AT L A N T I C ANGOLA ZAMBIA MALAWI COMOROS TIMOR
OCEAN ZIMBABWE
MADAGASCAR
NAMIBIA BOTS. MAURITIUS
Tropic of Capricorn

4 MOZAMBIQUE I N D I A N A U S T R A L I A
KEY TO NUMBERS SOUTH SWAZILAND

1. Germany
AFRICA LESOTHO O C E A N
2. Liechtenstein
3. Czech Republic
4. Austria
French Southern
5. Slovakia
& Antarctic Territories
6. Hungary (France)
7. Slovenia
8. Croatia
9. Bosnia & Herzegovina
10. Serbia
5 11. Montenegro
12. Kosovo (disputed) S O U T H E R N O C E A N
13. San Marino
14. Vatican City
ANTARCT ICA

A B C D
 9

E F G H

A R C T I C
Greenland
O C E A N (Denmark) 1

Arctic Circle
Alaska
(US)
C A N A D A

S) AT LAN T IC
(U
Aleutian Islands
OCE AN
2
P A C I F I C
U N I T E D S TAT E S
O C E A N OF AMERICA
Bermuda (UK)
Midway Islands DOM. REP. Puerto Rico (US)
(US) ST KITTS & NEVIS
M

BAHAMAS ANTIGUA & BARBUDA

EX

Hawai‘i BELIZE CUBA DOMINICA Tropic of Cancer

IC

(US) O ST LUCIA
GUATEMALA HAITI BARBADOS
EL SALVADOR JAMAICA ST VINCENT &
MARSHALL Wallis & Futuna (France)
HONDURAS COSTA RICA THE GRENADINES
ISLANDS Palmyra Atoll (US) 3
NICARAGUA VENEZUELA GRENADA
PANAMA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
Galapagos Islands COLOMBIA French Guiana (France)
NAURU (Ecuador) GUYANA Equator
KIRIBATI SURINAME
TUVALU ECUADOR
Tokelau B R A Z I L
PE

SOLOMON (NZ) Cook

ISLANDS Islands
RU

(NZ)
VANUATU French
Polynesia BOLIVIA
Niue (NZ) Pitcairn
FIJI (France) Islands CHILE PARAGUAY
(UK) Tropic of Capricorn
TONGA American
New Samoa (us) 4
Caledonia P A C I F I C
NA

(France) SAMOA
URUGUAY
O C E A N
TI
EN
ARG

NEW CONTINENTAL KEY

ZEALAND
North & Central Europe Falkland Islands (UK)
America
CHILE
South America NW/SE Asia South Georgia &
South Sandwich Islands
Australasia (UK) 5
Africa & Oceania

Antarctic Circle

E F G H
 10
The Physical World
A B C D

Spitsbergen
Franz Josef
Land Severnaya
A R C T I C
Zemlya
New Siberian
G reenl an d Novaya Islands
1 Zemlya Laptev Sea
Sea K ar a
Bare n ts
t Se a

Yeni s
rai ia Sea
St v Kh

Lena
N orw eg i an reb
Arctic Circle
ar
k na y et C

e
Sea di her
m

s
sko
S iO b e r i a
en

an

in

n
a go
l t i c Sea Pl
Iceland

Ural Mountai
D

b’
Sc

n
ea
op Volg
a Sea of
British North
E ur Lake Baikal
Sea Ba rth
Okhotsk
Isles
E U R O P E
No A SA I A ur

Am
Mo lt Sakhalin
Bay of un ai i
2 Biscay lps Da
n u be Cau
cas
tai
n b Manchurian
A Black Sea us Aral Sea
e n Shan s o Plain Hokkaido
Iberian Caspian G Ti ver Sea of
Azores

Ri
Peninsula M e d i t e Anatolia Sea Japan
Kush P lateau of Y e l l o

w
rr (East Sea)
t s . an
a
Iranian
ndu
Madeira M e an Sea H i mTibet
Z

gr Plateau Honshu
las

s
Hi
Indu
At Syrian os M ala Yan g t z e
East Kyushu
Canary Islands ts. yas
S a h a r a Desert
G ang
China
Tropic of Cancer es Mount Everest Sea
Red

il 29,029ft (8848m)
e

Arabian Taiwan
N

A F R I C A Peninsula
Deccan
Philippine
Sea

Me
South

Phi lands
kong
Cape Verde S a h e l Arabian Bay of
China Sea
Ni

Is
Bengal

lipp
Islands Ethiopian Sea M
ge

3 Sea el
r

Highlands Horn of

ine
Africa
Malay a
Sri Lanka Peninsula
y
Great Rift Valle

Equator Gulf of Congo Somali Borneo Celebes

Lake Victoria
go

Guinea Basin Basin Sumatra

Kilimanjaro E a s t I n d i e s New
on

ATLANTIC C
Ridge

19,340ft Seychelles Java Sea

Guinea
(5895m) Java
Angola
gasc l

Timor Sea
ne

I N D I A N
ar

Basin mbezi G
han

Ninetyeast

Za

re
OCEAN
Nam

Mauritius Great
ue C

at
Mada

Di
Kalahari Réunion Sandy Desert
ib

biq

vid
dge

Tropic of Capricorn Desert

Des

za m

ing Range
4 Cape O C E A N g
lin
cRi

ert

Mo

e r Plain
Basin larbo
dg Nul r
Da
Ri
nti

Cape of
n A U S T R A
Good Hope ia
nd
tla

So
s tI ut
d-A

Tasmania
h we he
ut as
So t I
Mi

Kerguelen
nd ian R
idge
South Indian Basin
5
Antarctic Circle
S O U T H E R N O C E A N
ANTARCTICA

A B C D
 11

E F G H

O C E A N
Ellesmere Island
Queen Elizabeth
Islands Greenland 1
East Siberian Sea
Be a uf o rt Sea Baffin
Baff
in Bay
Chukchi Sea Is
Brooks Range M la
ac nd Arctic Circle
k
it

Great Bear
ra

en
St

Lake
ng
zie
ri
tka

C
Be Mount McKinley oas Great Slave
ha

(Denali)
Hudson Labrador
mc

Lake
R
tM

B e r in g S e a 20,322ft (6194m) Bay

Ka

Sea
o ins
ou

s
ck
nta

nd Gulf of G
Aleutian Isla Alaska
re NORTH
y

Great Lakes
ts . Grand Banks 2
at
M

No rth we s t AMERICA M e
ia
n of Newfoundland dg
Ri
o u

P
Coas

P a c if i c ch
la
lai

tic
i
pp

pa
n t

an
issi
Basin North American
Ap
t R

tl
ns

Miss
a

a i n

-A
P Basin
n ge

id
Ha
s

w Gulf of

M
Mi
Isl ai‘ia Tropic of Cancer
o

d-P an Mexico
aci ds n We s t I n d i e s
l

fic
ATLANTIC
M

M
ou
y

Caribbean
ic

nt
ain Sea
ro

s
3
ne

P A C I F I C OCEAN
e

ne Galapagos
si

si Islands Equator
a

a n
A m azo
i

Solomon O C E A N Amazon Basin

a

Islands
SOUTH
n

Brazil
East Pacific Rise

Peru
Coral
d

Fiji Basin AMERICA Basin

e

Sea s
New Caledonia
ac n
C h ra

Tropic of Capricorn
o
G

Easter Island
á

Cerro
n

4
Para

Tasman North Southwest Aconcagua

22,831ft Pa
Sea Island (6959m)
m pas
L A S I A Argentine
Pacific
a

South
oni

Island New Basin

Pa t a g

Zealand Basin
Falkland Islands
South Georgia
Tierra del Fuego
Cape Horn
ssa ge South Sandwich
Drake Pa Islands
5
Antarctic Antarctic Circle
Peninsula

E F G H
 12
Time Zones
A B C D

–2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10

1
A R C T I C
0 +1 +7 O C E A N
–3 +3 +10
–1
+1

0 +2 +9 +10
+5 +7
+3 +8
2 0
+2 +6
+1 +10
+5
0 +4
0 +2 +9
+8
+31/2 +41/2
+53/4 +6
+2 +3 +5
+6
+1 +4 +51/2 +61/2
0
–1 +3 +7
3
+51/2 +8 +10
0
0 +5 +8 +9 +11
+1 +7
+2 +3 +4 +6 +8
ATLANTIC +61/2
OCEAN +3 +4
Greenwich Meridian

+1 I N D I A N +8
4 +2 +91/2
+10
O C E A N
0
+5

+5 +5

5
11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00

A B C D
 13

E F G H

+11 –11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2

Inter line
Date

1
natio

0
–4
nal

–3 –1
–9
+11

–10 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 2
–31/2

P A C I F I C ATLANTIC
O C E A N OCEAN
–11
–10 –5
–4
3
+12 –10
–41/2
Equator
+13 +14 –5
–91/2 –4
+11 –10 –10 –3
+13
+111/2 –8 –6
4
+101/2 –4 –3
+12 P A C I F I C
+123/4 O C E A N
–3 –4
–2

5
23:00 24:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00
–3

E F G H
14

The
world's
regions
15
 A B C D E
16
95 OH 94
LUF
F& E
FWL U
$U
1 A S I A 1

R
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P
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WR5XVVLD

Svalbard
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$5&7,& 1RUWK
134 3ROH
%HULQJ6HD
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t
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an <XN R Q %HDXIRUW
ds
ALASKA(US) 6HD ICELAND
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dre O
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M Eccide n
REPUBLIC ST KITTS
& NEVIS

rie

X tal
I
C U Puerto

nt
Rico ANTIGUA &

al
BA
BARBUDA

C
Cayman Islands 86
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Montserrat8. )UDQFH
BELIZE JAMAICA DOMINICA ST LUCIA
GUATEMALA HONDURAS Martinique)UDQFH
Clipperton Island ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES BARBADOS
)UHQFK3RO\QHVLD EL SALVADOR Aruba1HWK GRENADA
7 NICARAGUA 7
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& TOBAGO
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DWRU PANAMA
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2& ( $1 (TXDWRU
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S O U T H
Q
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0 km 1000 Galapagos Islands

8
A M E R I C A 8
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0 miles 1000
NORTH AMERICA

135 38
17

A B C D E
 18 NORTH AMERICA

Western Canada & Alaska

A B C D

97
RUSSIAN A R C T I C
1 FEDERATION O C E A N
In 1867 William Henry Seward negotiated
the purchase of Alaska from Russia for Wrangel I.
the price of $7,200,000, which amounted

Ar
to around two cents per acre (0.4 hectares).

cti
c
Ci
Attu I.

rcl
Bering

e
it
Sea Beri n g S t r a
2 135
Br Prudhoe
Rat Is St. Lawrence I. oo Bay
A

ks
Ran
le

ge
ALASKA
u

n
ia Nunivak I. ko (part of USA)
t

Yu
n Mt McKinley
Is (Denali) Fairbanks
20,322ft (6194m)
la
Umnak I. nd Alaska Ran
3 Dutch Harbor s ge
Unalaska I. Anchorage
Valdez YUKON
Kodiak I. TERRITORY
Kodiak Cordova

Ro
WHITEHORSE
The Aleutian Islands span some 1200 miles
Gulf

ck
(1800 km) and by crossing the 180º line of
of

y
longitude, form both the most easterly
and westerly extents of the United States. JUNEAU
4 135 Alaska
P A C I F I C Ketchikan

Prince Rupert
O C E A N Queen Charlotte Is.
BRITISH
COLUMBIA
On July 9, 1958, a massive landslide Queen Charlotte
dropped 40 million cubic yards Sound
(30.6 million cu m) of rock into Lituya Bay, Port Hardy
5
creating a wave 1720 ft (524 m) high. Vancouver I.
0 km 400
135 VICTORIA
0 miles 400

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 19

E F G H

64
Sought by explorers for centuries as
a trade route between Europe Greenland
and Asia, the famous Northwest (Danish external 1
Passage is now often navigable Ellesmere territory)
during the summer months Axel Island
without the need for an Heiberg Despite an area of 808,109 sq miles
icebreaker because of Island (2,092,993 sq km), the northerly province
reduced volumes ds
lan of Nunavut has only 530 miles (850 km)
of sea ice. th Is
Queen Elizabe
of roads and highway.
Bathurst I. Devon Baffin Bay
Melville Island ou nd
Resolute t er S
Island
(Qausuittuq) Lancas Davi 64 2
s S
Viscount Somerset t ra
Banks Baffin it
Beaufort Melville Prince Island
Island Sound of Isl
Sea an
Wales I. d
Amundsen Victoria
Gulf Island cle
King Cir
Inuvik tic IQALUIT
William I. Arc
(Frobisher Bay)
Kugluktuk
(Coppermine)
NUNAVUT H u d son Strait
3
Great Bear Lake Southampton I.
NORTHWEST
TERRITORIES
nt

M
ac YELLOWKNIFE Rankin
Dubaw

ken Inlet
zie
Great Slave Lake
Hudson QUÉBEC
Hay River Bay
Fort Smith
Churchill
Lake 20 4
ALBERTA Athabasca
Fort Fort SASKATCHEWAN M A N I T O B A
M

St. John McMurray

C A N A DO N T A R I A
ou
nt

Flin Flon Thompson O

ai

Grande Prairie
an Only just over 1% of Canada’s
EDMONTON tch ew
ns

Prince
George a 3.5 million sq miles (9.1 million sq km)
sk Prince Albert Lake
Leduc land area is devoted to grain production,
Sa

Winnipeg
Red Deer Saskatoon yet this yields around 25 million tons
Kamloops Yorkton WINNIPEG 5
(tonnes) of wheat every year.
Vancouver Calgary REGINA
Kelowna Brandon
Lethbridge Estevan 25
U S A
E F G H
 20 NORTH AMERICA

Eastern Canada
A B C D

Southampton I. Salisbury I.
19 Nottingham I.
Coats I.
1 Ivujivik
NU NA VU T
Mansel I.
Hudson
Bay Péninsule
The largest hydroelectric d'Ungava
complex in Canada at
James Bay produces
over 16,000 megawatts Inukjuak
19 MANITOBA (Port Harrison)
of power.
2 Belcher Is. L. Minto
The Trans-Canada Highway, (Nunavut)
running from St. John’s in
the east to Victoria in the Kuujjuarapik
Peawanuck
west, is 4990 miles n (Poste-de-la-Baleine)
Sever
(8030 km) long.
James
Win is k Attawapiskat Bay

3 C At tawa
pi s k
at
A Alb
any
N Akimiski I.
(Nunavut) A Eastma i n

L. Seul
O N T A R I O Q U É
Moosonee
Kenora L. Mistassini
Armstrong
L. Nipigon
Lake
of the Cochrane
Woods
Thunder Bay Rés. Gouin
Timmins
MINNESOTA Lake Superior
Wawa
Ot

4 25
wa
ta

Sudbury
Sault
Lake Superior is the largest freshwater Sainte Marie North Bay
lake in the world, covering an area OTTAWA
of 31,820 sq miles (82,413 sq km). Lake
Peterborough Kingston
Huron Oshawa
WISCONSIN Lake
Lake TORONTO Ontario
UNITED STATES Michigan M I C H I G A N Kitchener Hamilton NEW
IOWA London YORK
OF AMERICA
Windsor Lake Erie St. Catharines
5 ILLINOIS
INDIANA O H I O PENNSYLVANIA
22

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 21

E F G H

Baffin I. 64
Huds
L a b r a d o r
on Strai S e a
t 1
Akpatok I.
(Nunavut) Canada has the world’s longest coastline
(including tens of thousands of islands), with a
Ungava total length of 151,019 miles (243,042 km).
Bay
A T L A N T I C
La

Kuujjuaq Nain
Can

O C E A N
b

Hopedale
iap

48 2
d
a

Makkovik
isc

au
or
Schefferville Cartwright

Smallwood NEWFOUNDLAND
Reservoir
Réservoir & LABRADOR Strait of Belle Isle
Caniapiscau

Réservoir Newfoundland
D Manicouagan
A Havre-
Saint-Pierre
Gander 3
B E C Sept-Îles
Île d’Anticosti
Grand Falls ST.JOHN'S
Corner Brook
e
enc G u lf nce Channel-Port-
aw
r
Gaspé o f S t. L a w r e aux-Basques Cape Race
.L ab
C

L. Saint-Jean St ot St Pierre
Jonquière St & Miquelon
PRINCE rai
Chicoutimi Bathurst t (French overseas
EDWARD
NEW ISLAND Sydney collectivity)
QUÉBEC BRUNSWICK Moncton CHARLOTTETOWN
FREDERICTON 48 4
Trois-Rivières
NOVASCOTIA
Sherbrooke Saint John Dartmouth
HALIFAX
Montréal MAINE
Yarmouth
A T L A N T I C
NEW
HAMPSHIRE
The Bay of Fundy has the world’s
O C E A N
VERMONT
highest tidal range, with water’s rising
MASSACHUSETTS 20–56 ft (5–17 m) every high tide as
around 115 billion tons (tonnes) of 0 km 300 5
RHODE ISLAND water flows into the bay.
CONNECTICUT
0 miles 300
48

E F G H
 22 NORTH AMERICA

USA: The Northeast

A B C D

20

MINNESOTA
C A
1 Lake Superior

Superior
O N T A R I O
Ironwood Marquette
Sault Ste Marie
Iron Mountain
Ladysmith
Cheboygan
Lake Huron
WISCONSIN
2 25 Eau Claire MICHIGAN
M Green Bay
is
s
Traverse
City
is

La Crosse
sip

Oshkosh Lake
pi

Michigan Bay City

MADISON Saginaw
I O W A Grand Rapids Flint
Milwaukee
The Chicago River Waukegan LANSING
3 originally flowed into Rockford Detroit
Ann Arbor Erie
Lake Michigan, but was Chicago Lake Erie
reversed in 1900 by Aurora South
the completion of Joliet Toledo Cleveland
Rock Island Bend
a canal. Gary Youngstown
Galesburg Akron
Peoria Fort Wayne
Mansfield Canton
ILLINOIS INDIANA Wheeling
Champaign Muncie O H I O
SPRINGFIELD INDIANAPOLIS
4 25 Decatur COLUMBUS
Dayton
Effingham Terre Haute
Cincinnati
Ohio
ash

Bloomington
East St Louis
ab

Huntington
Mt. Vernon W Louisville
CHARLESTON
Evansville FRANKFORT WEST
M I S S O U R I Carbondale Lexington
Owensboro VIRGINIA
io

Richmond
Oh

5
KENTUCKY
Paducah Hopkinsville Bowling London
Green
ARKANSAS 30

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 23

E F G H

21
N A D A Presque Isle
NEW
1
BRUNSWICK
Q U É B E C
MAINE

dy
un
At times of peak flow, around Calais

fF
45 million US gallons (170 million litres) o
y
of water plunge over the167 ft (52 m) Bangor Ba NOVA
drop of Niagara Falls every minute. SCOTIA

PSHIR E
AUGUSTA
T
Ogdensburg Burlington
e
O N
21 2
MONTPELIER Lewiston in

a
HAM

M
Portland
R M

Watertown Rutland

of
CONCORD

lf
NEW

io Utica
V E

Lake Ont a r ATLANTIC

Gu
Manchester
Syracuse
Rochester ALBANY BOSTON
Buffalo Worcester Cape Cod O C E A N
Niagara N E W Y O R K Springfield MASSACHUSETTS
Falls Binghamton PROVIDENCE
Elmira HARTFORD RHODE ISLAND 3
Hudson
.
ts

CONNECTICUT
Williamsport Scranton
M

New Haven
n

ia New York Long Island

PENNSYLVANIA c h
Newark
a la In 1626, the Dutch bought Manhattan Island
Pittsburgh pp Allentown from the local Native Americans in exchange
A
HARRISBURG TRENTON for goods worth around US$1000. Today, this
Gettysburg Philadelphia NEW JERSEY would buy around 50 sq in (325 sq cm) of
Wilmington prime New York City real estate.
Cumberland
Baltimore DOVER Atlantic City 48 4
DELAWARE
Arlington ANNAPOLIS
WASHINGTON, D.C.
ai n
ns
nt ia

MARYLAND The Pentagon building in Arlington, Virginia,

ou ch

Fredericksburg contains nearly 100,000 miles (161,000 km) of

M la

Charlottesville telephone cable, enough to go around the

a
pp

RICHMOND circumference of the Earth almost four times.

A Chesapeake Bay
VIRGINIA Newport News 0 km 200
Roanoke Norfolk 5
Danville 0 miles 200

NORTH CAROLINA 31

E F G H
 24 NORTH AMERICA

USA: Central States

A B C D

B R I T I S H 19
C O L U M B I A
A L B E R T A
1 WASHINGTON S A S K A T C H E WA N
Famous for its
Havre
predictable eruptions, Malta
Kalispell
the “Old Faithful” geyser Minot
shoots water and steam
M is s o uri Fort Peck L. Williston
120–150 ft (36–45 m) Missoula
Great Falls
into the air. Eruptions occur L. Sakakawea
every 45 to 110 minutes
R M O N T A N A Glendive
NORTH
and use 3700–8400 gallons

ne
HELENA o
Yell o w s t Dickinson
o
2 (16,800–38,100 litres)
Butte Miles City
of water heated to a Bozeman
c k
temperature of 204°F (95.5°C).

er
Billings

wd
OREGON

Po
I D A H O
y

Bi Mt
gh s.
Sheridan SOUTH

or
The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of the

n
prehistoric Lake Bonneville, which once Gillette
M o u

Black
covered almost 20,000 square miles
(51,800 sq km) of western Utah. H i l l s Rapid City
3 WYOMING
Casper
Formed by the Glen
n t

Canyon Dam, Lake Rock Torrington Scottsbluff

Great
Powell finally reached
its maximum storage Salt Lake Ogden
Springs N.
Pla
t
NEB
te
a i

capacity of 7.2 billion Laramie CHEYENNE

cubic yards (5.5 billion SALT LAKE Orem
CITY Ogallala
cubic metres) in 1980, Provo Fort Collins
n

some 17 years
Boulder
4 after the lake first U T A H
s

began to fill. Grand DENVER

Junction Lakewood Aurora
27 Richfield COLORADO
do

ra Colorado Springs
lo Pueblo
N E VA D A Co Arkans
as
CA

L. Powell
Durango
LI
FO

5 A R I Z O N A
RN
IA

N E W M E X I C O
28 TEXAS

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 25

E F G H

20
C A N A D A
1
M A N I T O B A Lake of the Woods O N T A R I O

Superior
MINNESOTA Lake
Grand Forks Virginia
DAKOTA Duluth
22
Moorhead
Fargo Access to the St. Lawrence Seaway
BISMARCK Brainerd
via the Great Lakes makes Duluth 2
the most westerly Atlantic port in
the US, some 1100 miles (1770 km)
Aberdeen St Cloud from the Atlantic ocean.
SAINT M
Minneapolis PAUL IC
DAKOTA Watertown W I S C O N S I N
Rochester Lake

H
PIERRE
Michigan

IG
Mitchell Sioux Falls
Mason City

AN
3
Missouri Dubuque
Cedar Rapids
Sioux City I O W A I L L I N O I S INDIANA
OHIO
RASKA DES MOINES Davenport
Columbus
North
Omaha Council Bluffs The deadliest tornado in US
Platte Burlington
e history struck Missouri on
Pl a t t
LINCOLN March 18, 1925. Leaving a
M is

Hastings Kirksville continuous 219 mile (352 km)

sis

si
pp track, the tornado crossed three 4
St Joseph i
states and killed 695 people.
Kansas City Independence
Oakley Missouri 22
Hays Kansas City Saint
TOPEKA
Louis
K A N S A S JEFFERSON CITY
KENTUCKY
Pratt
MISSOURI
Dodge Wichita Springfield
City
teau
Ar

Pla 5
ka

ark TENNESSEE
ns

s Oz
a

0 km 200
O K L A H O M A A R K A N S A S 30
0 miles 200

E F G H
 A B C D E
26
19 19

C A N A D A AL BE RTA
1 Vancouver The Boeing aircraft factory in 1
B R I T I SH C OL U MB I A
Island Everett is the world’s largest
building by volume at
Bellingham

ia
472 million cu ft (13.3 million cu m),
covering 100 acres (40 hectares).

C o l u mb

Range
Port Angeles Everett
NORTH AMERICA

Coeur d'Alene

ade
Seattle Bellevue Spokane

sc
Tacoma
Ellensburg

Ca
2 135 MONTANA 24 2

B
Aberdeen OLYMPIA

it
te
I N G T O N
W A S HYakima
rr
Walla Lewiston
Longview Richland o Hells Canyon is the
USA: The West

Astoria Walla ts.

Kennewick deepest in the US,
ot
M

es
with cliffs up to 7993 ft

ue
Vancouver C o l u m b i a

Bl
Pendleton (2436 m) high.
La Grande
Ran

Portland e
ge

SALEM

Rang
Sna k
Newport Albany Baker Hells Canyon

nge
3 Corvallis 3

Ra
Eugene Springfield Bend

e
I D A H O

ad
Coos Bay Burns Caldwell BOISE Idaho Falls

sc

ast
Nampa

Ca
O R E G O N American

Co
Bandon Falls Res. Pocatello
Snake
Medford Twin Falls
4 4
Klamath Falls

Crescent Goose Lake Great

City Alturas
Weed Basin

C o a s t
 Winnemucca

t
Redding Susanville Elko UTAH

bold

R a
Hum
Pyramid Lake
5 Chico N E V A D A At Black Rock Desert 5

n g
S Reno Sparks on October 15, 1997,
Ukiah Fallon

i
Yuba Lake Tahoe ThrustSSC, driven
Ely

e s
e
City by Andy Green,
CARSON CITY

r
became the first land
SACRAMENTO

r
Hawthorne vehicle to break the
Santa Rosa

a
sound barrier by
Berkeley achieving a speed
Stockton of 763 mph

N
San Francisco Oakland Tonopah (1228 km/h).

e
Modesto

v
6 Bishop 6

Sa
San Jose Merced

n
Jo
Santa Cruz

a
Fresno Death Valley

a d

qu
Salinas

C o
n
Monterey Mt Whitney

V
al 14,495 ft
Visalia Lake Mead

as
le (4418m) -282 ft
y

t
(-86m)
CALIFORNIA Las Vegas
The Golden Gate Bridge,

R
completed in 1937, has Bakersfield ARIZONA

a
80,000 miles (129,000 km) of Mojave

n
Desert
wire in its two main cables,

g
7 e Mojave 28 7
weighing a total of s Barstow
22,200 tons (tonnes). Santa Barbara Lancaster Death Valley is not
Pasadena only the lowest point
Oxnard do in North America, at
135 San Bernardino
Santa Rosa I.
Los Angeles Riverside 282 ft (86 m) below
C o l o ra

Long Beach Santa Ana Palm Springs sea level, it is also

P ACIF IC C h a n n e l Huntington Beach Oceanside the hottest, with
I s l a n d s Santa Catalina I. Salton a maximum air
San Nicolas I. San Sea temperature of
OC EAN Clemente I.
134ºF (57ºC)
San Diego
8 0 km 200 recorded in 1913. 8
Chula Vista
NORTH AMERICA

0 miles 200
MEXICO
32 32
27

A B C D E
 28 NORTH AMERICA

USA: The Southwest

A B C D

N E V A D A 24 UTAH
Completed in 1936, the
L. Powell COLORADO
1 Hoover Dam contains
4.5 million cubic Pa

nde
nd Canyo in
yards (3.4 million ra n Farmington
te

Gra
G
cubic metres) of L. Mead

Rio
concrete, enough Colorado

D
Los Alamos
to build a 4 feet

es
Plateau Gallup SANTA FE

ert
(1.2 metre) wide Flagstaff
path around the Pec
os
Earth at the Equator.
Prescott Albuquerque
do
lora

2 27
A R I Z O N A N E W
Co

CALIFORNIA Glendale Scottsdale

S o n o ra n
PHOENIX Mesa M E X I C O
Yuma Roswell
Casa Grande Alamogordo
D esert
Artesia
Tucson
Las Cruces Carlsbad

3
Douglas
El Paso
Meteor Crater was formed when a
meteor about 150 ft (46 m) across
struck the desert at about 40,000 mph Ri
o
(64,372 km/h) creating a bowl-shaped

Gr
depression 4,150 ft (1,265 m) wide and The first atomic bomb was

and
570 ft (174 m) deep. tested at Trinity Site near

e
Alamogordo on July 16, 1945,
Go

yielding an explosive force

equivalent to 20,000 tons
lf

4 135
(tonnes) of TNT from around
o

2.2 lbs (1 kg) of plutonium-239.

de
C
al
if

PACIFIC M E X I
or
n

OCEAN
ia

5
0 km 200

0 miles 200 32

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 29

E F G H

25
K A N S A S
Ponca City 1
Enid Tulsa
Broken Arrow
OKLAHOMA
Borger OKLAHOMA CITY Shawnee
adian
Can Pampa
Amarillo Norman A R K A N S A S
Lawton 30
Red
Clovis Riv
er River
On January 10, 1901, 2
Vernon Red
Paris the Lucas Gusher blew
Wichita Falls oil 150 ft (46 m) into the
Lubbock air, flowing at 100,000
Denton
barrels a day until it was
Brownfield
Fort Worth Arlington Longview eventually capped nine
Hobbs Dallas days later.
Sweetwater
Abilene Br Tyler
Big Spring Jacksonville
az
os

Toledo Bend Res.

Odessa Midland Waco 3
San Angelo Colorado N e ch es
Pecos
T E X L. Travis
A S Bryan
LOUISIANA
Beaumont
Edwards AUSTIN
Houston
Port Arthur
Plateau Pasadena
San Antonio Texas City
San

Galveston
Del Rio Victoria 30 4
An

to Freeport
nio
Eagle Pass

Gulf
Corpus Christi
C O Laredo Kingsville of
Ri
oG

Padre Island
Mexico
ra

de 5
n

Brownsville 33

E F G H
 30 NORTH AMERICA

USA: The Southeast

A B C D

ILLINOIS
25 K E N T U C K Y
M I S S O U R I
1 Walnut Ridge Clarksville
OKLAHOMA Fayetteville NASHVILLE
Murfreesboro

see
Fort Smith
ARKANSAS TENNESSEE

nes
Memphis

n
Chattanooga

Te
North Little Rock
LITTLE ROCK Florence
Huntsville

A
Hot Springs ka

r
ns Rome
Pine as
Bluff Gadsden
Ou

ATLANTA
ch Columbus
a

Yazoo
2 29 Texarkana ita
Birmingham
Monroe MISSISSIPPI
Shreveport Demopolis MONTGOMERY
LOUISIANA
pi

JACKSON Meridian Columbus

sip

R e
T E X A S ALABAMA
sis
d

Pea
R.

Mis

Alexandria
rl

Hattiesburg Dothan
3 BATON ROUGE Mobile
Lake Charles Gulfport
Biloxi TALLAHASSEE
Lafayette Pensacola
Metairie New Orleans Panama City

Mississippi
Delta
In August 2005 Hurricane Katrina
cut a swath through New Orleans
4 29 with winds of up to 175 mph (278 km/h). The Mississippi/Missouri river system
At least 1836 people lost their lives drains around one-third of the US,
and the area sustained over US$100 covering 1,245,000 sq miles
billion of damage. (3,225,000 sq km) including 31
states and two Canadian provinces.

0 km 200
G u l f o f
0 miles 200

5
M e x i c o
33

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 31

E F G H

.
V I R G I N I A

ts
23

M
n
Kingsport
i a Winston- Ro
a c h Salem an
oke 1
l Durham
Knoxville p pa Greensboro RALEIGH
A
Asheville Gastonia
NORTH CAROLINA Cape Hatteras
Charlotte
Fayetteville Havelock
Greenville Spartanburg

COLUMBIA Wilmington
Florence
Athens SOUTH CAROLINA Cape Fear
L. Marion 48 2
Augusta The carnivorous Venus flytrap plant,
Macon found only on the wet coastal plains of
Sava

Charleston North and South Carolina, can count.

nn

h
It requires two separate stimuli on
a

trigger hairs before the trap is sprung

GEORGIA Savannah to avoid “false alarms” caused by
Albany raindrops, twigs, etc.

Valdosta Brunswick
A T L A N T I C 3
Jacksonville
O C E A N
FLORIDA
Daytona Beach
During the Apollo Space Program
NASA launched a total of 13 Saturn V
Orlando
rockets from the Kennedy Space Center.
Cape Canaveral Each rocket was 363 ft (111 m) high,
Tampa Melbourne
Clearwater weighed around 3000 tons (tonnes) 48 4
and generated 7,648,000 lbs (34 MN)
St Petersburg
of thrust at launch.
Lake
Okeechobee West Palm Beach
Fort Myers The Pompano Beach Grand Bahama I.
Everglades
Fort Lauderdale
Miami Miami Beach
BAHAMAS
a
id
or
Fl

of New Providence 5
ys its Andros I.
Key West Ke ra
orida St 36
Fl

E F G H
 32 NORTH AMERICA

Mexico
A B C D

Mexicali 28 NEW MEXICO

Tijuana Desierto
de Altar ARIZONA
1
Ensenada Ciudad Juárez Ri
UNITED
o

Gr
ande
I. Ángel
de la

Si
Guarda

Si
Chihuahua
B

Hermosillo
aj

er
Yaqui

er
I. Cedros
Go
a

ra
ra
2 135 Conchos
lfo
C

Monclova
de
al

Ciudad

M
M
Ca
if

Obregón
lif

or

ad
Large examples of the

a
or

ni
Saguaro cactus, found in the a

d
Gómez Palacio

re
ni

re
Altar Desert, can take nearly Torreón
Los Mochis
a

150 years to grow to their full

O
height of around 45 ft (14 m),

cc
Culiacán
and can hold several tons

E
id
3 (tonnes) of water. Durango
La Paz

en
ta Fresnillo
Tropic of Cancer l
Mazatlán Zacatecas
X
Gray whales have one of the longest migrations of any Aguascalientes
mammal, traveling some 12,500 miles (20,000 km) Islas Tepic
every year from the Arctic Ocean to their winter Marías
Guadalajara
breeding grounds in the Golfo de California.
4 135 Puerto Vallarta
L. de Chapala
PA C I F I C
Islas Revillagigedo
O C E A N (part of Mexico)

0 km 200 The cliff divers of Acapulco must time their dive from the
148 ft (45 m) cliff at La Quebrada to coincide with the
5 0 miles 200
incoming swells to avoid being dashed on the rocks
in the shallow inlet.
135

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 33

E F G H

30

STATES OF AMERICA LOUISIANA

1

TEXAS
Ri

In spring 2001, the Rio Grande stopped flowing

oGr

into the Gulf of Mexico for the first time in

an
de

recorded history, allowing illegal immigrants

Nuevo Laredo to simply walk into the US. 36
2
Reynosa
G u l f o f cer
Matamoros of Can
Monterrey Tropic
Saltillo M e x i c o
O It is thought that “The Ballgame,” a ritual sport
ri Ciudad Victoria played by Maya and Aztec civilizations, and a
en forerunner of volleyball, often ended Cancún
3
ta with members of the losing team
l being sacrificed.
San Luis Tampico Mérida
Potosí Isla
Ciudad Valles Cozumel
Río Verde Yucatan
Dolores Hidalgo Campeche
León Poza Rica Peninsula
Querétaro Bahía de Campeche
I Pachuca
Tulancingo
Xalapa 34 4
MEXICO Veracruz
Morelia
B E L IZ E

CITY Villahermosa
Cuernavaca
Uruapan C Puebla Coatzacoalcos
Minatitlán
Sie B a ls a
s
Tehuacán
rra O Tuxtla
ALA

Ma
dre
d e l S Oaxaca
ur
EM

Acapulco Golfo Tapachula 5

HONDURAS
AT

de
U

Tehuantepec 34 G
EL SALVADOR

E F G H
 34 NORTH AMERICA
Central America
A B C D

33

1 M E X I C O
Belize City
U
su BELMOPAN
Flores

m
San Ignacio

ac
in

A
BELIZE

ta
L Islas de la Bahía
A f of Honduras
GUA TEM Gul
Puerto Cortés Trujillo
Huehuetenango Cobán Lago
Puerto
de Izabal
Barrios San Pedro La Ceiba
2 33 Quezaltenango Zacapa Sula

ca
tu
Pa
GUATEMALA CITY Santa Rosa
de Copán Comayagua
HONDURAS
Juticalpa
Escuintla La Esperanza C oc o
TEGUCIGALPA
Santa Ana
SAN SALVADOR San Miguel

NI
EL SALVADOR Somoto

CA
Choluteca
ca Jinotega
onse Estelí
o f FChinandega

RA
3 l f Matagalpa
Gu León
P A C I F I C Corinto

GU A
Juigalpa
MANAGUA Lago de
Granada Nicaragua
O C E A N Rivas
San
Ju
an
For many years it was thought that the sharks in Liberia
Península de
Lake Nicaragua were a unique freshwater species. Nicoya Alajuela
4 135
However, research has shown that they are in fact Puntarenas
Bull Sharks that have swum 120 miles (190 km) up
SAN JOSÉ
the San Juan River from the Caribbean Sea.

The strongest living creature is the Rhinoceros Beetle,

found in the jungles of Costa Rica. It can support
up to 850 times it’s own body weight, equivalent to
a human carrying about 70 tons (tonnes).
5 0 km 200

0 miles 200
135

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 35

E F G H

36
The Great Blue Hole in Lighthouse Reef, a submerged Gr
cave some 1000 ft (303 m) in diameter and ea HAITI
400 ft (120 m) deep, was originally explored by te 1
r A
Jacques Cousteau, co-inventor of the aqualung. nti
lles
Islas Santanilla JAMAICA
(part of Honduras)

Bajo Nuevo
(part of Colombia) 36 2
C oast

Cayos Miskitos C a r i b b e a n
Mosquito

I. de Providencia S e a
(part of Colombia)
3
I. de San Andrés
(part of Colombia)
Islas del Maíz
Bluefields
Each chamber at Gatun Locks on the Panama Canal
is 110 ft (33 m) wide and 1000 ft (303 m) long.
The locks took four years to build and required
2 million cubic yards (1.5 million cu m)
of concrete.
COSTA 40 4
RICA
Limón
Cartago
C Colón
de ord Gulf
Ta i l l e
lam ra
anc P ANA MA PANAMA CITY
of
Da rien
a David Penonomé Panama IA
Isla del Canal MB
Rey
O
Golfo Santiago
Chitré Golfo L 5
de
CO

Chiriquí de
Las Tablas Panamá
40

E F G H
 36 NORTH AMERICA

The Caribbean
A B C D

31 Grand Freeport
G u l f Bahama I.
UNITED STATES Great Abaco
o f

id a
1
OF AMERICA

B
or
M e x i c o New Providence

Fl
NASSAU
of Eleuthera I.

A
s
ait Cat I.
Trop ic of Can cer Str an
Andros I.

H
S
ta
re Great
n

A
HAVANA Ch Long I.
Matanzas a n n Exuma I.
el M
Pinar del Río Santa Clara Mayaguana
A
Yu

Acklins I.
2 33 Cienfuegos
c

S
at

n
a

Ch
an
nel Isla de la Juventud CUBA Great
Camagüey Holguín Inagua
G r e
a Bayamo Guantánamo

Cayman Islands George Town Santiago t

Cap-Haïtien
(UK overseas de Cuba Gonaïves e
territory) HAITI r
PORT-AU-PRINCE
3 Montego Bay
The Bee Hummingbird, found in Cuba, KINGSTON Jérémie Jacmel
is the smallest bird in the world. An adult A n
male measures around 2 inches (5 cm) JAMAICA t i l
from beak to tail and weighs about Navassa Island
0.06 oz (1.8 gms). (US unincorporated
territory)

HONDURAS
C a r i b b e a n
4 35

S e a
A
U
G

A
AR
NIC
0 km 200

0 miles 200
5

35 COLOMBIA

A B C D
 NORTH AMERICA 37

E F G H

48

A T L A N T I C 1

nc er
Tr op ic of Ca

O C E A N
Milwaukee Deep, which lies 84 miles (135 km)
off the north coast of Puerto Rico, is the deepest point
in the Atlantic Ocean. It is 28,231 ft (8605 m), or just 48 2
Turks &
Caicos Islands over 5 miles (8 km), below sea level.
(UK overseas
territory)
Monte Cristi
Virgin Islands British Virgin L e e
Puerto Plata w a
(US unincorporated Islands r d
Santiago territory) (UK overseas I s
Anguilla
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC territory) l
(UK overseas territory)
Road a
San Juan Town
The Valley 3
ANTIGUA

n
SANTO La Romana Charlotte Barbuda
& BARBUDA

d
DOMINGO Amalie
Puerto Rico

s
BASSETERRE Antigua
l e s (US commonwealth
territory) ST KITTS & NEVIS ST JOHN'S
Montserrat Plymouth Guadeloupe
(UK overseas territory) (French overseas
Basse-Terre department)
W
L

The deadliest volcanic eruption

DOMINICA
in
e

of the 20th century took place on ROSEAU

s

dw

May 8, 1902, when Mount Pelee Martinique

se

Fort-de-France (French overseas 48 4

erupted on Martinique, killing
ar

department)
r

30,000 people, around 15% ST LUCIA

d

of the island’s population. CASTRIES

ST VINCENT & BARBADOS
Aruba Le THE GRENADINES BRIDGETOWN
sse
An

(part of r Ant KINGSTOWN

i l l e s
Isla

Netherlands) Curaçao
(part of Netherlands) GRENADA
t i l

Oranjestad Kralendijk ST GEORGE'S

nds

Willemstad Bonaire
(part of Netherlands) Tobago TRINIDAD
l e s

Isla de Margarita & TOBAGO 5

PORT-OF-SPAIN
VENEZUELA 41 San Fernando

E F G H
 A B C D E
38
17 48

1 G 1
Puerto
re Hispa
at
er niola Rico
Jamaica Anti
lles Le
ss

er
Caribbean Sea
ATLANTIC

An
OCEAN
SOUTH AMERICA

tille
s
T r inidad

M
a

gd
(claimed by

s
2 17 ca o Venezuela) 49 2

u
Orinoc

alena

Ca
no
Meta VENEZUELA French
G GUYANA Guiana
(France)

Lla
South America

u i
a n SURINAME
COLOMBIA a
H i
g h l
a n d s
Equator Equator
n

Rio Negr o (claimed by

zo

Represa Suriname) a

Pu
ECUADOR

t
um Balbina Am
Chimborazo N ayo A m a z o n
20,702ft (6310m)
ap
o Içá
3 Am 3
azon
s

Ma B a s i n

li
r a ñón
jó

ya
ra
pa

ei Planalto

ca
Ta

ad

U
Ju ru á M da
s Borborema

A
ru B R A Z I L

Pu
S

ão Fr an
aia

ci
s

P n
tins

gu
co

u
g

Represa de

R
Ara

E d
Sobradinho
Xin
Tocan

Cha

U
pad
i
n

e
ad
s

os
a

Ben Pa
s
li

rec
4 4
nd

is
i

Lake
z

P
Al
la

Titicaca Planalto de
ra
h

an
B

tip
ig

BOLIVIA Mato Grosso

H

tan
al

slano
 o

e
ac
PA
r

Para g
Ma

Ch
Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Capricorn

RA

d
do

uay
G
Pi
rra

an
Ser
l co e
Isla San Ambrosio

Desert
S

Atacama
ma

UA
yo

Gr
5 5

n
(Chile) Isla San Félix

ra G
á

A
(Chile) Cerro Ojos Para n

er a

ná
l
del Salado

ia
ay

gu

A
E
22,572ft

ru

Para
ta
U
PACIFIC (6880m)

I N
p
Cerro Aconcagua

so
Lagoa dos Patos

L
e
22,835ft

T
OCEAN o

M
(6959m) Ne g r
Mirim Lagoon

I
as

N
URUGUAY
Islas Juan Fernández p
(Chile) m Rio ATLANTIC
Pa de l

H
a Plat a
6 6

G E
C ol o
Río r a d o
OCEAN

C
Ne Bahía Blanca

R
gr
o

a
Golfo San Matías

A
Isla de Chiloé
Península

o n i
Valdés
0 km 1000
D e s Gulf of San Jorge
ead
o 0 miles 1000
C
hi
Bahía Grande

P a t a g
co
7 135 Falkland Islands 49 7
West Falkland (UK)
East Falkland
Tierra del Fuego South Georgia
Strait of (UK)
Magellan Cape Horn e
ag Scotia Sea
ass
ke P South Sandwich
Dra Islands
(UK)
South Shetland Islands South Orkney Islands

8 8
SOUTH AMERICA

ANT ARC TI CA
136 136
39

A B C D E
 40 SOUTH AMERICA

Northern South America

A B C D

Gulf Lesser
36 of
Caribbean Ríohacha Venezuela Coro
Santa Marta Maicao
1 Sea Barranquilla Maracaibo CARACAS
Cartagena Valledupar
Cabimas Maracay
Ciudad Ojeda
Lago de Barquisimeto Valencia
Sincelejo Maracaibo
Valera Acarigua
AMA
P AN Montería ca Mérida Guanare de losSan Juan
Morros

Gu
Ca

a
an
l

d a l en
a
Cúcuta Barinas r e L
San Cristóbal

Mag
re San Fernando
A rau c a A pu
2 35
Bello
Bucaramanga
Barrancaberneja Arauca VENE
Medellín
Itagüí
s Puerto Carreño
Quibdó Tunja
PA C I F I C Manizales
Yopal
eta
M
Pereira e
OCE AN Armenia BOGOTÁ A
Buenaventura
Ibagué
Villavicencio I Guav
iar
e

B
d

3
Cali

Popayán Neiva San José M Ne

gr

o
n

del Guaviare
O

Florencia
Pasto
L

Mocoa
Esmeraldas Mitú
A

Tulcán
O

Ibarra A gu
Equator ar i The first coffee
QUITO co
C

seedlings were
4 135 Santo Domingo Ca
de los Colorados qu brought to
OR

et
Manta Colombia in
Ambato
á

Portoviejo 1804 by Jesuit

D

Guayaquil Riobamba missionaries;

Milagro A P u t u m ayo today, Colombia
U
Golfo de Cuenca EC Nestling between snow capped
produces over
700,000 tons
Guayaquil
peaks at 9350 ft (2850 m),
Machala (tonnes) of
Quito is the second highest
coffee beans
5 Loja PER U capital in the world after
La Paz in Bolivia which has an
every year.
elevation of 11,975 ft (3,650 m).
42

A B C D
 SOUTH AMERICA 41

E F G H

Antilles GRENADA 37
Isla de Margarita
Carúpano TRINIDAD A T L A N T I C 1
Cumaná & TOBAGO
Barcelona
The S
erpe O C E A N
nt'
s
Maturín M The Guiana Shield is one of the
Tucupita ou
Earth’s oldest surfaces, formed
El Tigre th
o s around 2 billion years ago.
a n Or
inoc
o
Ciudad Guayana
Ciudad Bolívar (claimed by Venezuela)
Embalse
de Guri
Nieuw
ZUELA Cuyu n
iGEORGETOWN
New Amsterdam
Amsterdam
49 2

Bartica St.-Laurent-
Salto PARAMARIBO du-Maroni
Cau

Ángel Rockstone Linden

a Car Sinnamary
r

GUYANA Kourou
on

W.J. van
Pa

G u i a n a
ra

Blommesteinmeer
gu

H i g h l a n d s CAYENNE
a

SURINAME French
Essequibo

Guiana

a r o w ijne
O r ino c o (French overseas 3
Cour

department)
Angel Falls
an

(Salto Ángel)
Ac

ar
ty

plunge a total ai M
ne

of 3212 ft ts. (claimed by Suriname)

(979 m) to form The European Space Agency launch
the world’s (claimed by facility at Kourou takes advantage
highest waterfall. Suriname) of the Earth's spin near the
equator to gain 10 percent Equator
A m a z o n more payload than an equivalent 4
launch at Cape Canaveral in the US.

B R A Z I L 43
B a s i n
2.47 acres (one hectare) of Amazon rain forest
can contain more than 750 types of trees and
1500 plant species, amounting to around 0 km 200
900 tons (tonnes) of living plant material. 5
0 miles 200

43

E F G H
 42 SOUTH AMERICA

Peru, Bolivia & North Brazil

A B C D

GU
40 VENEZUELA

YANA
Gu
C O L O M B I A ian
1 a H
igh lands
0 km 400
Boa Vista
0 miles 400
Rio Neg r o
Represa
Equ ator Balbina
Pu tu
ECUADOR m
ay n
o Amazo
N

po Manaus
a

2 135 Amazon
Iquitos

uá

a
ir
Jur

de
a
P

M
Ma
rañón Moyobamba A m a z o n B a s i n
Piura
li

Tarapoto
ya

a
Chiclayo Uc

us
B Pu
r
R A
A

Saña
E

Pucallpa Porto Velho

3
Trujillo
Chimbote
n

Huaraz Rio Branco os

Huánuco Di
R

e de Riberalta
Huacho La Oroya dr
Puerto a Gu
M

Callao
d

Maldonado apo
Beni

re
LIMA Huancayo U
PACIFIC Ayacucho e Cusco
Pisco
Trinidad
OCEAN Ica
4 135 Nazca
s Puno BOLIV IA
Arequipa Lake LA PAZ
Titicaca Cochabamba Montero
Lake Titicaca is the largest lake in South Santa Cruz
America at 3220 sq miles (8340 sq km). Oruro
Tacna
With an altitude of 12,500 ft (3810 m) Lago Poopó SUCRE Puerto Suárez
it is also the world’s highest navigable lake. Potosí
PA

BOLIVIA'S TWO CAPITALS Uyuni Tupiza

CHIL

Tarija
RA

5 La Paz - legislative and

administrative capital
GU

Sucre - legal capital

Y
A

46
E

ARGENTINA
A B C D
 SOUTH AMERICA 43

E F G H
SUR

48
French Guiana
IN A

(French overseas department)

M

The Amazon River is 4049 miles (6516 km) long, with 1

E

an average flow of 7.7 million cubic feet (219,000 cu m)

of water entering the Atlantic Ocean every second.

Macapá Ilha Caviana de Fora

ATLANTIC Equ ato r
Ilha de Marajó
Belém
Ama
zon
OCEAN
São Luís
Santarém Paranaíba
San Fernando 49 2
Represa de
Fortaleza de Noronha
Tucuruí
(part of Brazil)
s
ajó

Mossoró
p

Imperatriz
Xin
Ta

Teresina
gu

Natal
Carolina
João
Z I L Juàzeiro do Norte
Campina
Grande Pessoa
ns

Te l o F r anc Recife
i

Sa
To c a n t

e sP is
ia

i re Represa de co 3
gua

Sobradinho Juàzeiro Maceió

s

Ara

Aracaju
Taguatinga Feira de Santana
Mato Grosso
Salvador
Brazilian
Cuiabá Itabuna
Anápolis BRASÍLIA 49 4
Highlands Vitória da Conquista
Goiânia
Montes Claros Governador Valadares
Uberlândia
Uberaba Belo Horizonte
Divinópolis
Campo Ribeirão Preto Vitória
Grande
ná

Campos
ra

Nova 5
Pa

Marília Campinas Iguaçu Juiz de Fora

Londrina
Sorocaba Taubaté Rio de Janeiro 44 Tropic of Capri
corn
São Paulo
E F G H
 44 SOUTH AMERICA
Paraguay, Uruguay & South Brazil
A B C D

42
BOLIVIA
B R A

o
c
1

a
São José do Rio Preto
h
C
General Eugenio A. Garay Campo Grande
Fuerte Olimpo
n

Presidente
a

Mariscal Prudente Marília

Dourados

ná
r

Estigarribia ra
Pa
G

Bauru
46
PARAGUAY Ourinhos
2 Concepción
Tropic of Capricorn Pozo Colorado
Pi Par Maringá Londrina
lco aguay
ma
yo
Coronel Ciudad
ASUNCIÓN Oviedo del Este Ponta Grossa
Villarrica Guarapuava
Lambaré
Iguaçu
Curitiba
Formed by river deposits washed Caazapá
down from the Andes and Brazilian San Juan
á Joinville
an

Shield, the Gran Chaco is virtually Bautista r

M a r
free of stones. It is composed of Pa Pelotas Blumenau
3 Pilar
sand and silt sediments that are Encarnación
Erechim Florianópolis
up to 10,000 ft (3050 m) thick.

do
Lajes
ay Carazinho
With a maximum height of 269 ft Passo Fundo
u
ug

ra
(82 m) and a total width of 1.7 São Borja Caxias do Sul
Ur

r
miles (2.7 km) Iguaçu Falls has

e
S
a peak flow rate of 452,000 cu ft/s Uruguaiana Santa Maria Canoas
(12,799 cu m/s) which would fill
five Olympic size swimming Porto Alegre
pools every second. Artigas
4 Rivera
Bagé Lagoa dos Patos
46 Salto
ARGENTINA Tacuarembó Pelotas
o
gr

Paysandú Ne Melo Rio Grande

Fray Bentos URUGUAY Mirim Lagoon

Mercedes Durazno Chuy

Trinidad
5 Las Piedras
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46 Pla t a

A B C D
 SOUTH AMERICA 45

E F G H

Uberlândia Governador 43

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Volta Redonda Campos

Nova Iguaçu
Campinas
Sorocaba Taubaté Rio de Janeiro 49 2
São Paulo
Tropic of Ca
Santos pricorn
The famous statue of Cristo Redentor (Christ the Redeemer),
built on top of the 2300 ft (700 m) Corcovado Mountain in 1931,
stands 100 ft (30 m) tall and weighs 700 tons (tonnes).

The population of greater Sao Paulo is close to 22,000,000,

over twice the entire population of Portugal, the country 3
that originally colonized Brazil in the 16th century.

A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
49 4
Lagoa dos Patos is the largest lagoon in Brazil and the second
largest in South America. The lagoon is 180 miles (290 km) long
and up to 40 miles (64 km) wide, with an area of more than
3900 sq miles (10,100 sq km).

Following the battle of the River Plate (Río del la Plata) in

December 1939, the German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee took
temporary refuge in Montevideo for repairs. The captain
subsequently ordered that she be scuttled in the estuary to 5
avoid inflicting further casualties on the crew.
49

E F G H
 A B C D E
46
PERU 42 44 B
The driest place on Earth is the Atacama Desert R
in Chile, with an average rainfall of 0.004 inches
1 1

A
(0.1 mm) per year. Until recently, some places had
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Arica Z I
One of the world’s largest copper mines at
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L
PACIFIC 29 million tons (tonnes) of copper over
Iquique its 90-year history. The huge opencast pit
is 2.6 miles (4.3 km) long, 2 miles (3 km)
SOUTH AMERICA

OCEAN B OLIVIA
wide, and over 2788 ft (850 m) deep.

Pi
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Valparaíso Cuarto Gualeguaychú
San Antonio SANTIAGO
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Pilchilemu Pampas BUENOS AIRES
Islas La Plata
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6 Puerto Aisén 6
Coihaique Comodoro Rivadavia

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A group of 150 Welsh settlers arrived
Lago Buenos Aires Caleta Olivia

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do
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Isla
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Pat
Puerto San Julián

El Calafate Falkland Islands

7 135 PACIFIC (UK overseas territory) 49 7
Río Gallegos
Puerto Natales West Stanley
Falkland East
OCEAN Punta Arenas Falkland
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The Strait of Magellan was named after
Tierra
del Fuego Ferdinand Magellan, who passed through
Ushuaia the straits during the first circumnavigation
Strait of
Magellan of the globe in 1520. Of the five vessels and
237 men that set out, only one ship and 18
0 km 400 Cabo de Hornos survivors returned to Spain after the three-year
8 (Cape Horn) voyage. Magellan himself was killed 8
0 miles 400
SOUTH AMERICA

in the Philippines.

136 136
47

A B C D E
 A B C D E
48
137 AR C TI C OC EAN 137

1 1

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OCEANS

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7 135 a n 123 7
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136 Weddell Sea 136 A N T A R C T I C A

49

A B C D E
 A B C D E
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136 136
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A B C D E
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roughly the same as Europe, it has a population
of only around 2 million people compared to
Europe’s population of 731 million people.

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C H A D 5
N I G E R
58

E F G H
 A B C D E
54
87 S Y R I A 102
CYPRUS I R A N
Mediterranean I R A Q
1 LEBANON 1
Sea When first opened in 1869, the Suez Canal
Nile ISRAEL AN consisted of a channel 26 ft (8 m) deep and
AFRICA

Al Iskandaríyah Delta JORD

Búr Sa’íd (Port Said) 200 to 300 ft (60 to 90 m) wide at the surface.
(Alexandria) Construction involved the excavation and
Al Ismá’ílíya dredging of 97 million cubic yards
CAIRO Suez Canal
Munkhafaç Al Jízah As Suways (Suez) (74 million cubic metres) of material.

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al Qaœœárah (Giza) Sinai er
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2 53 Sawháj cultivation in the Aswan region, despite it being 102 2
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L i b y a n Isná of only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) of rain per year.
Al Khárijah
D e s e r t Idfú
Tropic of Cancer Aswán Tropic of Cancer
Lake Nasser
Northeast Africa

(administered by
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KIGALI
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BUJUMBURA Malindi
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The shortest war on
TA N Z A N I A record, between Britain
7 59 Lake DODOMA Zanzibar and Zanzibar in 1896, 122 7
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E F G H
 A B C D E
58
53 53

L I B Y A E G Y P T
1 Tropic of Cancer 1
Tropic of Cancer
AFRICA

A L G E R I A The eye of an ostrich is bigger than it’s

brain. They are the largest bird on Earth.
An adult male can stand 8 ft (2.5 m) tall,
Ti b
esti weigh up to 300 lbs (135 kg), and run at
N I G E R around 30 mph (48 km/h).

S a h a r a
2 57 Faya 54 2
The vast sand flats surrounding Lake
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Central Africa

Changing climatic patterns caused Ennedi

the lake to shrink and desert now
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Mao
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Bol Pygmies who inhabit the Congo
Lake Chad Ati Abéché
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Port-Gentil G A B O N D E M . R E P. Goma

Co n
Massoukou Lake Kivu
RWANDA
Djambala CONGO Bukavu
6 Mossendjo Bandundu Kindu 6
Ka BURUNDI
BRAZZAVILLE sai Lodja
Dolisie Kasongo
KINSHASA Ilebo
Pointe-Noire
Mitumba
TAN

Cabinda Boma Matadi Kikwit Kalemie

(Angola) Kananga Kabinda
ZA

Tshikapa Lake Tanganyika

NI

Kwa
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Mwene-

ng
o
The only major river that Ditu Manono
flows both north and south
Monts

7 49 of the equator is the Congo. 55 7

It crosses the equator twice, With a maximum recorded Kamina
volume of 2,500,000 cu ft/s L. Mweru
which means that at least
part of its catchment area (70,793 cu m/s) and an average
is always experiencing flow rate of 910,000 cu ft/s Kolwezi
a rainy season. (25,768 cu m/s) the rapids at Dilolo Likasi
Inga Falls on the Congo river are
the biggest in the world.
Lubumbashi
ATLANTIC
A N G O L A
8 OCEAN 8
0 km 400
AFRICA

Z A M B I A
0 miles 400
60 60
59

A B C D E
 60 AFRICA
Southern Africa
A B C D

59 go
DEM. REP.

n
Co
Cabinda
(Angola) Cabinda CONGO
1
0 km 400 Lake
Tanganyika
0 miles 400 Uíge
Ambriz
Lucapa
N’Dalatando
LUANDA Saurimo
Malanje
Ndola
Cu a n
za Mufulira
Sumbe
Lobito
ANGOLA Chingola
2 49 Kuito Kitwe
ATLANTIC Benguela
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OCEAN Lubango
Menongue
ZAMBIA

Za
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The Okavango River pours N’Giva Choma be
go
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m
some 14.4 billion cubic yards Ok Livingstone

Za
u n e n e av Kariba
(11 billion cu m) of water into C Rundu a Victoria

ng
the Okavango Delta each year. Falls
ZIMBA

o
Etosha Tsumeb Okavango Delta
N

3
It drains away through a maze of Pan
Grootfontein
lagoons, channels, and islands
a

Maun
N A MIBIA Bulawayo
m

covering around 5800 sq miles

(15,000 sq km), before eventually Ghanzi Francistown
i b

disappearing into the sands of the

Swakopmund
WINDHOEK BOTSWANA po
Kalahari Desert to the south. K a l a h a r i Mahalapye po
D e s

Walvis Bay m

Li
Rehoboth GABORONE
Capricorn PRETORIA/
Tropic of Desert Lobatse
TSHWANE
Mmabatho
e r t

The Kalahari Desert is the largest Soweto

Keetmanshoop
4 continuous sand surface in the world. Johannesburg
Iron oxide gives a distinctive red Lüderitz V aal
49 O Karasburg Kroonstad
color to the sand, which is over ra
n g e R. Kimberley
200 ft (60 m) deep in places. MASERU
BLOEMFONTEIN
SOUTH AFRICA'S THREE CAPITALS S OU T H LESOTHO r
g

Middelburg e b
Pretoria / Tshwane - administrative capital
A FRICA ns
Cape Town - legislative capital a ke
Bloemfontein - financial capital Beaufort West
Dr
Bellville East
5
CAPE TOWN George Port London
Cape of Good Hope Elizabeth
136

A B C D
 AFRICA 61

E F G H

122

Coco de Mer, or the double coconut

Inner Islands 1
TA N Z A N I A palm, produces some of the largest
seeds in the plant kingdom. Weighing VICTORIA Mahé
up to 60 lbs (27 kg), they take Amirante SEYCHELLES
around 10 years to ripen. Islands
Mbala
Aldabra
Group

s
nd
Kasama Farquhar
MALAWI

s la
Rov uma COMOROS Group I
Mzuzu t er
Lake Mocímboa
Grande Comore Ou
Mpika MORONI
Nyasa da Praia Mwali Anjouan 123 2
LILONGWE Mamoudzou Antsiraùana
Salima
Zomba
E Nacala Mayotte
(French overseas Ambanja
Blantyre
Tete
U Moçambique department) Antalaha
IN D IAN
Q Nampula Antsohihy
Nsanje Mahajanga
Mocuba
O C EAN
I

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MADAGASCAR
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el

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M

nn

Chimoio Beira 3
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Toliara Farafangana eI
(French sca ren
Xai-Xai Vangaindrano overseas Ma
MAPUTO department) 123
MBABANE Amboasary 4
Tropic
SWAZILAND of Cap
ricorn
In 1905, the world’s largest rough
Pietermaritzburg diamond was discovered at the
Durban Cullinan Diamond Mine. Weighing Thought to have been extinct for
3106 carats, or about 1.3 pounds 70 million years, a living coelacanth
(0.6 kg), the diamond was cut into was netted in the Indian Ocean
nine smaller stones, including the in 1938. They are powerful predators,
530.2 carat “Cullinan I” or “Great averaging 5 feet (1.5 m) in length
Star of Africa,” which forms part and weighing about 100 lbs (45 kg).
of the British Crown Jewels and 5
is estimated to be worth over
$400 million. 136

E F G H
 62 EUROPE

Europe
A B C D

A
tic ce

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Ci ck i
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UNITED
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NETHERLANDS
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n

A B C D
 EUROPE 63

E F G H

cl e
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Bar en t s S ea cti
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North Cape
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Russian
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a

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Crimea
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ROMANIA
an

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SERBIA Dan ube Black Sea 18,510ft a
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MON. BULGARIA
KOS. Balkan
(disputed) Mts.
MACED. TURKEY
ALBANIA
Aegean ia A S I A
Sea Anatol
GREECE 5
Peloponnese
Cyprus
S e a Crete 94

E F G H
 64 EUROPE
The North Atlantic
A B C D

Arctic
19 Devon
Island Ellesmere Island

Circle
s Strait
1 Nare
N U N A V U T an d
Qaanaaq en L
m uss
At 836,100 sq miles (2,166,600 sq km), Greenland R as
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Hudson 677,700 sq miles (1,756,000 sq km) of this is a Savissivik

K
Bay massive ice sheet so heavy that the central land Qimusseriarsuaq
area has sunk to form to a basin more than
1000 ft (300 m) below sea level. Baffin
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2 19 Bay
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t Ko Gunnbjørn Fjeld
12,139ft (3700m)
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48

A B C D
 EUROPE 65

E F G H

137
Lincoln
Sea
Kap Morris Jesup
ARCTIC Zemlya
Frantsa-Iosifa 1

Wandel OCEAN
Kvitøya
Sea Novaya
Nord Svalbard Zemlya
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Nordaustlandet
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(Norwegian
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Longyearbyen Edgeøya
L a h r i s Kong Fred

St
Barentsberg or fjo With temperatures ranging from 59º F 62 2
rd
en (15º C) in the summer to -40º F
X

(-40º C) in the winter, vegetation on

Greenland
n
nd tia

Svalbard consists mostly of lichens

Sea Bjørnøya and mosses; the only trees are the
C

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ng

Barents Sea
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Greenland's deeply indented coastline le
rc
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SS T
Oscar Fjord

IA IO
Jan Mayen

N N
Ka Ittoqqortoormiit
(Norway)
FI
n g ertit
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NL

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Norwegian
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ai t ter Sea
Str in
N

of w
R W A Y

L i m it
D

During April 2010, the Icelandic volcano 66 4

S W

ICELAND Eyjafjallajökull ejected an estimated

Siglufjördhur 330,000,000 cu yd (250 million cu m)
of ash 5 miles (8 km) into the atmosphere.
Akureyri Húsavík
This eventually caused the closure of
E D

Seydhisfjördhur most of Europe’s airspace over a six

REYKJAVÍK day period, leading to around
Selfoss 107,000 flight cancellations.
N O

E N

Surtsey
Faeroe Islands
(Denmark) 5
Tórshavn
Shetland 70
Islands

E F G H
 A B C D E
66
137 137

1 AR C TIC OC EAN 1
0 km 200
The North Cape Current warms the northern coasts of Norway,
EUROPE

0 miles 200 Finland, and Russia’s Kola Peninsula with water temperatures
of 39–54º F (4–12º C), allowing this area of the Barents Sea
to remain free of pack ice throughout the winter.

The sun is continuously visible from late No rdkapp Barents

(North Cape)
May to late July in Tromsø because of its
position well north of the Arctic Circle.
Sea
Hammerfest Vardø
2 65 92 2
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3
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W
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Umeå Pielinen
Trondheim Jakobstad
 Molde Östersund
Vaasa Joensuu

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L j usn
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O
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Sundsvall Jyväskylä
Saimaa
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6 Porsgrunn
STOCKHOLM 6

S
Halden Vänern Örebro ESTONIA
Nyköping

Setesd a l
Arendal Skövde
Trollhättan Norrköping The sauna is a Finnish institution, with
Kristiansand Vättern Linköping
Borås some 2 million sauna facilities to serve
Skag e r r a k Göteborg a population of just 5 million people.
Hjørring Jönköping Visby
Jylland Frederikshavn Gotland
Aalborg
DENMARK Halmstad Växjö Öland
L AT V I A
Silkeborg Randers Kalmar
7 70 Herning Århus Helsingborg 88 7
Karlskrona
Esbjerg Vejle
COPENHAGEN
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Nykøbing (part of Russian
S

Federation)
U

The 10 mile (16 km) bridge and tunnel link

R
A

across the Oresund Sound is one of the largest

infrastructure projects in European history.
L
E
8 It connects the Danish capital Copenhagen P O L A N D B 8
EUROPE

to the Swedish port of Malmö.

GERMANY 76 80
67

A B C D E
 A B C D E
68
67 67

The Netherlands is the lowest country in the

1 world. It is estimated that 30% of the land e n Schiermonnikoog 1
is below sea level, with the lowest point land
nei Ameland
some 23 ft (6.7 m) below sea level.
EUROPE

a d d e Terschelling
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THE NETHERLAND'S TWO CAPITALS ad
W
Amsterdam - Capital Leeuwarden
The Hague - Seat of government Groningen
Texel

2 71 Den Helder Assen 76 2

Heerenveen
The inner city of Amsterdam is divided by
its network of canals into some 90 “islands” NETHERLANDS
linked together by approximately 1300 Emmen
bridges and viaducts. Meppel

eer
Hoorn
Alkmaar
lm
se
North Sea IJ
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IJs l
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The Low Countries

The port of Rotterdam, combined with Purmerend Zwolle

Europoort (which handles vessels too Haarlem Almelo
3 large to reach Rotterdam), is one of AMSTERDAM 3
the largest in the world in terms of
Hilversum Deventer Hengelo
capacity, handling around 375 million
tons (tonnes) of cargo every year. Leiden Apeldoorn Enschede
THE HAGUE Amersfoort
Zoetermeer Utrecht Ede
Delft Arnhem
Gouda
Lek Wa a l
Rotterdam
4 Oss Nijmegen 4
Dordrecht
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Belgium and the

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5 Brugge Netherlands have an 5
Sint-
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and Mechelen that differs from the
ers Gent surface boundary
Roeselare Genk
Aalst shown on maps. In
Hasselt Heerlen 1950, the two countries
Ieper
Leuven agreed to move the
BRUSSELS
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Mouscron
so as not to divide
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On August 23, 1914, three weeks es
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n
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7 72 German army for the first time at A 77 7
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F R A N C E LUXEMBOURG
A N Y

Arlon LUXEMBOURG
Echternach is the home of the only religious dancing
procession remaining in the Western world. Every year
M o s elle

since the 15th century, thousands of pilgrims have marched Esch-

8 down the streets of the town performing a ritual dance sur-Alzette 8
involving specific movements, music, and prayers.
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0 km 50
72 72
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A B C D E
 A B C D E
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$7/$17,&
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Shetland
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Midges have the fastest wing-beat

of any insect, and are able to flap Orkney
their wings at around 60,000 Islands After the surrender of the German
2 48 beats per minute. 67 2
Kirkwall fleet in 1918 and its internment in
Scapa Flow, over 50 ships were
scuttled by the German crews on
Thurso June 21, 1919, to prevent them
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A B C D E
 A B C D E
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EUROPE

K I N G D O M NETHERLANDS
Work began on the 31-mile (50-km) Channel Tunnel in 1987.
Earth was removed at the rate of 2400 tons (tonnes) a day
On July 1, 1916, the British suffered 58,000
until completion, seven years later. Around 10.5 million
casualties on the opening day of the Somme
cu yards (8 million cu m) had been excavated.
Offensive. Five months later, after advancing
2 71 Channel 76 2
only a few miles, there had been 420,000 British,
Tunnel
200,000 French, and 500,000 German casualties.
Dunkerque
GERMANY
Calais BE Champagne bottles are placed
English Boulogne- LG neck down into a freezing brine
Channel sur-Mer Lille IU bath (bac à glace), freezing
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Channel Islands Arras
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ANDORRA e s Perpignan Toulon Îles
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ANDORRA d’Hyères Golfe
The Tour de France LA VELLA Bastia
bicycle race is typically held over
du Lion
Corse
some 20 day-long stages covering (Corsica)
around 2200 miles (3600 km) for The word denim comes from “de Nîmes,”
this being the town where the fabric was Ajaccio
the coveted yellow jersey.
7 originally produced. 78 7

S P A I N One of history’s great leaders,

Napoleon Bonaparte, was born
The lowest point in Andorra is Riu Runer, on August 15, 1769, at Ajaccio
at 2756 ft (840m) above sea level. in Corsica.
75 Sardinia
Balearic
0 km 100 Islands
8 0 miles 100 8
EUROPE

Mediterranean Sea
84 84
73

A B C D E
 74 EUROPE

Spain & Portugal

A B C D

71 Gijon
Ferrol Avilés (Xixón)
0 km 100 A Coruña (La Coruña)
1
Galicia Oviedo
0 miles 100
Santiago de Compostela Lugo
ra Can táb ri ca
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o
Mi ñ
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Pontevedra
Co
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ATLANTIC h (Orense)Emb. de Palencia

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Braga Bragança Valladolid
Póvoa de Varzim Duero
Guimarães
2 48 OCEAN Matosinhos
Vila Real
Zamora
Porto
Vila Nova de Gaia Douro S P
Port has been produced in the Duoro Aveiro Salamanca Ávila
Viseu
Valley under strict regulation since
the 1750s. Brandy is added to the al
Coimbra Covilhã entr
grape juice to fortify and
Figueira da Foz Sistema C
strengthen the wine. Plasencia
PORTUGAL
Ta us
Castelo Branco g
3 T a gus
Caldas da Rainha Cáceres
Santarém Portalegre

na
Sintra

ia
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Gu
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Setúbal
Alcácer do Sal
Morena
Portugal produces around half of the
Sines
Beja Sierra
world’s cork and has regulations for Córdoba
G u ad

48 iv i r
4 protecting cork trees dating back to lqu
Gua d a
i an

1320. Despite a recent decline, around Sevilla

Algarve ucía
a

1.2 billion bottles of wine are sealed

with cork stoppers every year. Lagos Huelva al
Cabo de
Faro
Olhão nd Antequera
Sã o V icente A Málaga
El Puerto de Santa María
Gibraltar was seized by a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet Cádiz Marbella
under Admiral Rooke in 1704. British sovereignty was Algeciras Gibraltar
5 then formalized in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht, and (UK)
Gibraltar eventually became a British colony in 1830. Ceuta
(Spain)
52 MOROCCO

A B C D
 EUROPE 75

E F G H

Bay of Biscay 73
Santander F R A N C E
Donostia-San Sebastián
Bilbao 1

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P y r Golfe du

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r

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Si Zaragoza Sabadell Barcelona 78 2
st
em Reus L'Hospitalet de Llobregat
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o Tortosa
1882, construction passed the mid-point
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Teruel
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no

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Murcia
Costa Blanca throughout history, the name
79 4
Jaén Lorca Mediterranean translates as
“sea between the lands.”
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Granada a
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vad a Se
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Med A L G E R I A 5

52

E F G H
 A B C D E
76
North 67 67 0 km 100

Sea 0 miles 100

Jylland
1 1
The Kiel Canal is 61 miles (98 km) long and
SWEDEN
EUROPE

one of the busiest canals in the world, with around

45,000 ships a year passing between the
Baltic and the North Sea.
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2 71 80 2
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ia
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la
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s
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73 SLOVENIA
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age of five, and at eleven he Koper
produced his first opera. Gulf
When it is completed in 2017, the of
Gotthard Base Tunnel will run for I TA LY Venice
C R O AT I A
35.5 miles (57 km) beneath the
Lepontine Alps to become the The acrylic glass roof over the Olympic stadium in München
8 8
longest tunnel in the world. (Munich) measures 914,940 sq ft (85,000 sq m), making
EUROPE

it the biggest structure of its kind in the world.

78 78
77

A B C D E
 A B C D E
78
CZECH REPUBLIC
77 GERMANY 77
FRANCE
SLOVAKIA
1 In May 2006 a violin called “The Hammer,” 1
made by Italian master Stradivari at
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London for US$3,540,000.

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A B C D E
 A B C D E
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Built between 1747 and
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2 76 KALININGRAD 89 2
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With a surface area of around
231 sq mi (598 sq km), Lake
77
Balaton has an average depth
of only 11 ft (3.25 m). The Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld) stretches
south from Budapest to the borders of Croatia
and Serbia and east to Ukraine and Romania.

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It covers an area of 20,000 sq miles (51,800 sq km)
and is almost completely flat.

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77 82
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1 1
At 11:15 am, on June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand
and his wife were shot dead by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.
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This single act precipitated World War I, which eventually

lead to the death of almost 10 million troops.

A U S T R I A H U N G A R Y
Born in Zagreb in 1892, Marshall Tito was
The Danube forms all or part of the
the president of the former Yugoslavia
border between nine different
from 1953 until his death in 1980.
2 78 European nations: Germany, Austria, 90 2
Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia,
Âakovec Romania, Bulgaria, and Ukraine.
Varaªdin

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only officially atheist state in the world where thousands of miles from the
all forms of religion were banned by law. Sargasso Sea to live most of their
7 lives in Lake Ohrid, before returning 86 7
to the Atlantic to spawn and die.
In February 2008, Kosovo (a UN Protectorate within Modern hydroelectric projects have
Serbia since 1999) declared independence. Although prevented this epic journey, but efforts
79 recognized by several countries, Kosovo’s decision has are underway to restore access
proved controversial with other states wary of setting a to the lake.
precedent for separatist groups within their own
borders. It is therefore likely to be some time before G R E E C E
Kosovo becomes universally recognized.

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Thermaïkós
Built between 447 and 438 BCE, the
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permanently inhabited.
The Corinth Canal was completed in 1893 after Kritikó Pélagos Kárpathos
11 years of work. The canal is 4 miles (6.3 km) Irákleio (Sea of Crete)
long, 80 ft (25 m) wide, and 26 ft (8 m) deep. Chaniá
The central section runs along a 260 ft- (79 m-)
deep cutting through solid rock. Kríti
7 (Crete) 98 7

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almost 7000 barrels of oil a day.

Low salinity and the shallow coastal waters cause pack ice to
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during most winters; occasionally the ice becomes banked
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7 90 7
independence in 1991.
Kyyivs’ke
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80 Covering an area of approximately Following the breakup of the Soviet Union,
34,000 sq miles (88,000 sq km), the Commonwealth of Independent States
Pripet Marshes are the largest area was established on December 8, 1991,
of marshland in Europe. by a treaty signed at Minsk, with the intent
of coordinating the foreign policies of the
newly independent former Soviet republics.
8 8
0 km 100
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0 miles 100
U K R A I N E
90 91
89

A B C D E
 90 EUROPE
Ukraine, Moldova & Romania
A B C D

81 et
BELARUS
P O LAND Prip
Pripet
1 Kovel’ Marshes
On April 25, 1986, engineers accidentally initiated
an uncontrolled chain reaction in the number 4
reactor of the Chornobyl' nuclear power plant.
The resulting explosion released 8 tons (tonnes) Luts’k Korosten’
of radioactive material in the world’s worst-ever

Bug
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 EUROPE 91

E F G H

RUSSIAN 93

Shostka
FEDERATION 1
Chernihiv
A monument in central Kiev stands as testament to
Chornobyl’ the 7–12 million Ukrainian peasants who died during
Sumy the Great Famine, or Holodomor, of 1932–33.
Kyyivs’ke Vdskh.
KIEV
Kanivs’ke Vdskh.
Lubny Kharkiv
Bila Tserkva
93 2
A I N E D
on
Cherkasy Poltava ets
Kremenchuts’ke Syeverodonets’k
Vdskh.
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Oleksandriya Luhans’k
Pavlohrad
Kirovohrad Horlivka Kostyantynivka
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ni
Odesa D established at Donets’k by British
Sea industrialist John Hughes
of (from whom the town's pre- 93 4
Karkinits’ka Revolutionary name Yuzovka
Zatoka
Azov was derived) to produce rails
Kryms'kyy for the growing Russian
Kerch
Pivostriv transportation network.
Yevpatoriya
Simferopol’ Black RU S S I A N
Sevastopol’
Yalta Sea FEDERATION
Odesa was one of the major flashpoints in the Russian Revolution 0 km 100
5
of 1905, and was the scene of the mutiny on the warship Potemkin, 0 miles 100
when sailors protesting against the serving of rotten
meat eventually killed several of the ship’s officers. 98

E F G H
 A B C D E
92
137 137
0 km 400

0 miles 400
A R C T I C O C E A N
1 1

A r
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cti
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winter thanks to the Gulf Stream, whereas St. Petersburg,

cC
Sea
600 miles (965 km) to the south on the Baltic Sea, is

irc
le
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some 1550 miles (2500 km).
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Volgograd Orenburg
6 Rostov- East European and Siberian 6
na-Donu plates moved together.
Krasnodar Orsk
Stavropol’ Elista From August 1942 to February 1943, German armies

Vol
Sochi laid siege to Volgograd, formerly known as Stalingrad.

ga
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Black 18,510ft (5642m) Kum Astrakhan’ and lost almost 250,000 men.
a
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K AZAK HSTA N

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a Vladikavkaz
7 99 GE u Groznyy Caviar is the processed eggs, or roe, of sturgeon that 96 7
OR c a live in the Caspian Sea and Volga River. Overfishing
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99 TURKMENISTAN 104
IRAQ IRAN
93

A B C D E
 94 NORTH & WEST ASIA

North & West Asia

A B C D

137 A R C T I C

1 Franz Josef Land Severna ya

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lya
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A B C D
 NORTH & WEST ASIA 95

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O C E A N 137

1
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0 miles 800 5
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125

E F G H
 96 NORTH & WEST ASIA

Russia & Kazakhstan

A B C D

Arctic
NORWAY 66
A R C T I C
GERM

DENMARK

Circ
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1 S W E D E N
ANY

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A B C D
 NORTH & WEST ASIA 97

E F G H

Circle
Ostrov
O C E A N Vrangelya
18

ic
Arct
Also known as the “Road of Bones,” construction
of the 1262 mile (2031 km) road between Yakutsk 1
and Magadan took over twenty years and cost
the lives of a huge number of prisoners from Pevek
Anadyr’
Stalin’s notorious Gulag camps. Vostochno-
Severnaya Novosibirskiye Sibirskoye More Ambarchik Bering
Zemlya Ostrova Sea
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rov Laptevykh
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rova
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C H I N A
The Trans-Siberian Railroad, completed in 1916, runs
Vladivostok
5578 miles (9297 km) between Moscow and Vladivostok.
Crossing eight time zones, the journey takes six days. 0 km 500 5
MONGOLIA 0 miles 500
110

E F G H
 98 NORTH & WEST ASIA
Turkey & the Caucasus
A B C D

ROMANIA 91

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An average of 50,000 commercial ships pass through the
Bosporus a year, along with thousands of ferries and smaller
BULGARIA passenger boats. The strait is three times busier than the
Suez Canal and four times as busy as the Panama Canal.

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A B C D
 NORTH & WEST ASIA 99

E F G H

RUSSIAN FEDERATION 93
The Spitak earthquake struck Armenia
in 1988, killing at least 25,000 people 1
and devastating the country’s infrastructure.
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7 LJ gu Toro located in and around the Caspian Sea.
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Malatya Siirt They were some of the earliest oilfields

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tan
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The salty water of Lake Van inhibits all animal 102 4
life except the Pearl Mullet, a small fish that
has adapted to the harsh conditions.

Atatürk Dam, one of the largest dams in the world, was completed in 1990.
The reservoir behind the dam covers an area of 315 sq miles (816 sq km)
and often requires interruptions in the flow of the Euphrates River
to maintain water levels.
0 km 200
S Y R I A 5
I R A Q 0 miles 200

102

E F G H
 A B C D E
100
98 99
The Euphrates is 1700 miles (2470 km) long and drains
0 km 100
1 an area of 171,000 sq mi (443,000 sq km). Although 1
0 miles 100 less than 30 percent of the river's drainage basin is in
Turkey, about 95 percent of the river's water originates
in the Turkish highlands. 7LJ
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T U R K E Y Al Qámishlí
Lebanon has only one permanent river,
the Nahr el Litani, which runs
for 110 miles (175 km).
NORTH & WEST ASIA

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Al Mafraq The shores of the Dead Sea are
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Al ‘Aqabah JERUSALEM

7 Bethlehem 102 7
Every day 7 million
Hebron D e ad
R D A N

tons (tonnes) of water The ancient city of Petra was carved

I S R A E L

Sea
evaporates from from solid rock by the Nabatean
the Dead Sea. people in about 400 BCE. It remained
J O

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101

A B C D E
 A B C D E
102
93 96
0 km 400
1 UKRAINE RUSSIAN 0 miles 400 1
FEDERATION
K A Z A K H S TA N
Sea of In the 10th century, the Grand Vizier of Persia took his
Azov entire library with him wherever he went. The 117,000 A ra l
volume library was carried by camels trained to S ea
walk in alphabetical order.

C
Bla C a
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a
u c IS
NORTH & WEST ASIA

s
98 Se a s TA
a GEORGIA u N
s

pi
2 Four thousand years ago Babylonian law 104 2
laid down a minimum wage for every

an
class of workers in the kingdom.

AR
M AZERBAIJAN
EN
IA T U R K M E N I S TA N
T U R K E Y
The Middle East

Sea
A AZ.
na
tolia Khvoy
Tabríz Ardabíl
N

Ti g r i s Marágheh Rasht
Zanján Sárí Gorgán Mashhad
CYPRUS Al Maw§il Arbíl Ámol
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S TA

3 (Mosul) Qazvín Neyshábúr 3

SYRI A Kirkúk Sanandaj TEHRÁN
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A

LEBANON I R A Q e Kavír
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Kermánsháh Qom D a s h t -
Buíayrat ath Arák Káshán G
ISRAEL Tharthár AF
BAGHDÁD I R A N
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s Iranian
Ahváz ount Z á Kermán
Sakákah Al Ba§rah Ábádán
ain g
4 Al Jawf (Basra)
s) r o P l a t e a u
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 Buraydah A BAHRAIN
ah

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Rim MANAMA Ash Sháriqah
r ar
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a W Gulf of Oman

a
b Al Hufúf DOHA fluíár Cancer
Tropic of

EGYP
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hn

T
5 Al Madínah i Íaraç ABU DHABI 5
(Medina)

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a UNITED ARAB Ar Rustáq MUSCAT
n

R e
EMIRATES Nazwá Ramlat flúr
Makkah P e
Ál Wahíbah

d
(Mecca) Laylá n i n s u l a

N
Jiddah Jazírat
(Jedda) A√ ◊á’if S A U D I A R A B I A Ma§írah

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As Sulayyil Khalíj
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SUDAN

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‘ al K M

a
Ar Rub Quarter)
Abhá ty
(Emp O
Sanáw flawqirah
6 6
Najrán Juzur al Íaláníyát
Wuday‘ah

A
Jízán

RE
Jazá’ir fla‘dah N flalálah

IT
Farasán Say’ún t
Arabian
SANA
E aw

ER
Al Hudaydah lat yn Sea
Ram ‘ata
ab
M Ía ç r a m Sayíút
as S E Saudi Arabia contains the world’s
Ta‘izz Y Al Mukallá largest oil reserves. The region
Suqutrá
(Socotra) can produce around 11 million
Ad
e n (to Yemen) barrels of oil every day.
7 55 ‘Adan Gul
f of 122 7
DJIBOUTI
The name “Red Sea” is probably
derived from the extensive blooms
INDIAN
of algae that occasionally occur.
These change pigment when they die, OCEAN
turning the sea’s normally intense
blue-green waters a deep red.

Every Muslim must make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca during his or her
8 ETHIOPIA lifetime. Muslims regard the small shrine called the Ka’bah, located near 8
the center of the Great Mosque in Mecca, as the most sacred place on Earth.
NORTH & WEST ASIA

55 SOMALIA 122
103

A B C D E
 104 NORTH & WEST ASIA

Central Asia
A B C D

96
Aral
KAZAKHSTAN Sea
1 d
Ustyurt

n
Since 1960, the Aral Sea has shrunk

la
by 90 percent, becoming extremely Plateau

w
saline and consequently losing all

Lo
but one of its once-abundant
Nukus
fish species.
Köneürgenç UZBEKISTAN
Da§oguz Urganch Uchquduq

n
To‘rtko‘l
Zarafshon

ra
2 99 Türkmenba§y
Aydarko'l

Tu
Hazar Balkanabat Ko'li
Bereket TURKMENISTAN Navoiy
Gara Buxoro
Caspian Serdar gum Seÿdi
Baharly Samarqand
Sea Gökdepe Türkmenabat Qarshi

Am
Abadan

u
Saÿat ar

D
AflGABAT Gar ya
ag Mary Baÿramaly
um
3 Kaka K a n aly Atamyrat
Tejen
Áqchah
Murgap
Shibirghān
The desert of Kara Kum (Garagum) occupies Mazár-e Sharíf
over 70 percent of Turkmenistan, severely limiting Bālā Murghāb
Maīmanah
human settlement across much of the country.
Serhetabat D a ry á -ye M
ur g
háb
H a r í r úd
I R A N Herát
4 102

The Kara Kum (Garagum) Canal, the world’s AFGHANISTAN

longest irrigation canal, stretches some 850 miles
(1375 km) and is known as the “River of Life,”
Faráh
since it irrigates large areas of arid land.
Qalāt
Gereshk
w

o
rg
Má Kandahár
Zaranj t-e-
0 km 200 Dash
5
Da

ryá nd
0 miles 200 - y e H el m a
102

A B C D
 NORTH & WEST ASIA 105

E F G H

97

1
K A Z A K H S T A N

BISHKEK Tyup
Kara-Balta
Tokmak Ozero Karakol
Talas n
S
Issyk-Kul’ h a
TASHKENT Chirchiq
KYRGYZSTAN T i e n u
a 108 2
Namangan Naryn l - T
Dzhalal-Abad aa
Olmaliq sh
Angren Andijon Kok
Qo‘qon Osh
Ûroteppa Khûjand Farg‘ona
Khaydarkan The “Epic of Manas” is a verbally transmitted
Sulyukta
Zeravshan
poem of close to 500,000 lines that tells the
DUSHANBE Su rkhob story of Kyrgyz hero Manas and his
descendants and followers.
Norak
TAJIKISTAN
P

Danghara Murghob
Qûrghon- tang
Bar
a

teppa Kulob 3
C H I N A
m

Khorugh
Farkhor
Termez m ir r
i

Khulm Faīzābād Pa s
Kunduz
Baghlán
ush Until recent years, people living in remote areas of
u K
Pul-e nd Afghanistan were immunized against smallpox by
Khumrī Hi having dried powdered scabs from victims of the
Cháríkár
Asadábád disease blown up their noses. This treatment was
invented by the Chinese in the 11th century, and is
KABUL Jalálábád thought to be the oldest form of vaccination. 108 4

Ghazní
Gardēz
Despite an area of 251,771 sq miles (652,090 sq km),
Afghanistan has a limited road network and no
railroads whatsoever, making access to much
of the country extremely difficult.

P A K I S T A N I N D I A 5

116

E F G H
 106 SOUTH & EAST ASIA

South & East Asia

A B C D

94 Lake
Black

Irty

Ye
Sea Baikal

ni
h se

s
y

a
Aral

Se
1 Sea Uvs Nuur
pian Hovsgol Nuur
Lake Balkhash Alt

Syr
ai
M MONGOLIA

Da
ou
Cas

nt

rya
ai
ns
Tien Shan b
i
G o R iv e r
Ira ni a n
A S I A

Y e l low
ush Takla Makan Shan
Pl a t ea u du K tun
Hin Desert Al
2 94 Kunlun Mounta
ins
Persia

s
H
Plateau
I ndu

lej im al of C H I N A
n

ul Sut
Yamuna
G

ay ek

M
f
PAKISTAN Tibet o gtze
rt a s Br a h m a p u t
Salwe an

ng

Y
e
Gu

Gan

es N ra en
D EP
lf

O ar Mount Everest 29,029ft (8848m)

of

Th AL
ge

ma s
n BHUTAN
f
Rann o y
Kachch h

Re
ad
BANGLADESH R Xi

d
Irraw
iv Jian
3 Gulf of
I N D I A e r g
MYANMAR VIETNAM
Khambhat c c a n
D e ats
West

(BURMA) LAOS
Arabian Gh Hainan
n
Sea er Mekon
ern

Bay of g
st
Ea

THAILAND
Bengal
Gha

Laccadive Islands
(to India) CAMBODIA
ts

Andaman Islands Tônle Sap

(to India) Andaman
SRI LANKA Sea Gulf of
4 51 Gulf of Thailand
Mannar Nicobar Islands
Equat MALDIVES (to India)
or

M ALAY
I N D I A N
SINGAPORE
Su
m
at

O C E A N
ra

Java
5
Java
123

A B C D
 SOUTH & EAST ASIA 107

E F G H

95
Am u r Sakhalin
un

1
ge
rg

A
Ran

Manchuria
Hokkaido
gan

Plain Lake Khanka 0 km 1000

hin

L i ao H Sea of
0 miles 1000
e
tK

Japan JAPAN
u
ea

(East Sea)
al

NORTH
Gr

shu

KOREA
Hon

SOUTH
KOREA
Gr

it

Yellow
ea

134
ra

St 2
tP

Sea ea Shikoku
Kor
la

PACIFIC
i

Kyushu
n

fC
o

hi
na
East China
n ds

Sea
s la
uI
it

ky

OCEAN
ra

yu

R
St
n
wa
Tai

TAIWAN Northern
Ph i l i p p i n e Marianas Is. 3
(to US)
Luzon Strait
Paracel Islands
S ea
(disputed) Luzon Guam
(to US)
South China
n e s i a
Sea PHILIPPINES M i c r o ator
Spratly Equ
Islands
(disputed) Palawan
Sulu
Sea
Mindanao 134 4

M e l a n e s
BRUNEI Celebes

S I A
Sea Halmahera Bismarck Arch i a
ipel
ago
Borneo Moluccas Solomon
Islands
Seram Pegun ung an Maoke
I N D O N E S I A New Guinea Solomon
Celebes Sea
Banda Sea
Sea Flores
Islands Arafura 5
S e a Lesser Sunda Sea
EAST TIMOR
Coral
Timor 124 Sea

E F G H
 108 SOUTH & EAST ASIA

Western China & Mongolia

A B C D

96

The Altai Mountains provide one of the R U S S I A N F E D

1
last refuges for the endangered snow
leopard. There are thought to be only
a few thousand animals left in the wild.
Hövsgöl
Nuur
K A Z A K H S TA N A l
Ulaangom Uvs Nuur
The Turpan Depression is the lowest and hottest t a Ölgiy Hyargas Mörön
place in China. Temperatures can exceed i Nuur
117˚F (47˚C) around the lake of Aydingkol Hu, Altay M Har Us Nuur Ha
n g a Tsetserleg
which lies 505 ft (154 m) below sea level. Hovd yn Nu
ruu

o
2 96
M O N G

u
Ulungur n
Hu t
0 km 400 Karamay a Altay
Junggar i n Bayanhongor
0 miles 400 Kuytun Pendi s
Yining
Shihezi
K Y R G Y Z S TA N ÜRÜMQI Qitai
Hami
G Govï
e n S h a n o
T i Turpan
Bosten Hu Dalain Hob
i m H Korla
e
TA J I K Kashi Ta r im Basin Xingxingxia
3 I ST Tar Lop Nur
A Yengisar
XINJIANG UYGUR GANSU
N

Shache Qilian
Yecheng ZIZHIQU Ruoqiang Sh
AFGH. an
(claimed Taklimakan han
n S
Ka

by India) Shamo u
N Moyu lt Q
ra

A ai Qinghai Hu
o Qira da
A

ra m
ST

m Kunlun Shan Golmud

Pen
di
Range
KI

Dulan
PA

I
Aksai Chin
(administered by China, claimed C H I
nd

4 116 by India) Qingzang Gaoyuan Q I N G H A I

us

Rutog ( P l at eau of T i bet ) To n g t i a n He Ba

Demchok/Dêmqog yan
Har Shan
(administered by China, X I Z A N G M
claimed by India) Gar Tanggula eko
(Shiquanhe) Z I Z H I Q U Sha n g Yushu
Zanda n
H (Tibet) Amdo
I N D I A i m Br
a
Tangra Nyima Siling Co
Nagqu Salw Qamdo
a hmapu Yumco e
Jinsha

Nam Co Damxung
en

Although forming around l a tra a i n q ê ntanglha Shan

y a Lhazê Ny
N

20 percent of China’s landmass, E

Jiang

Tibet is sparsely populated, P s LHASA Arunáchal

5 A
supporting only 1 percent of China’s L Gyangzê Pradesh
Mount Everest (claimed by China)
1.3 billion population.
117 29,029ft (8848m) BHUTAN INDIA

A B C D
 SOUTH & EAST ASIA 109

E F G H

97

)
un H e
( E rg r g u n
Gegen
E R A T I O N Gol The name Gobi Desert is derived

Ling
Jagdaqi from Mongolian, meaning “waterless 1
Hulun Buir place.” Bare rock rather than sand
n
a

n
Ono (Hailar) dunes typify the cold desert landscape
ng

Da Hingga
Se l e

that stretches for some 500,000

Sühbaatar Manzhouli Hulun sq miles (1,295,000 sq km).
Darhan Nur
HEILONGJIANG
Erdenet
Bulgan ULAN BATOR Menengiyn
Öndörhaan Tal JILIN
len
K e r u Baruun-Urt U Tongliao 112 2
O L I A
Q
I
H
Z
Z I lia
)

Saynshand Xilinhot
L go LIAONING S e a of Jap an
O Mon
Dalandzadgad Erenhot N G ( E a st S e a)
O n e r Chifeng NORTH
Altayn
Nuru M (In (Ulanhad) KOREA
u E I
b N Ulan Qab K o r e a
i (Jining) Bay
HOHHOT BEIJING SOUTH
an g H e Baotou
TIANJIN Bo Hai KOREA
u 3
H

Wuhai Having started in the 7th century BCE, work on the

(Haibowan) Mu Us 3700 mile (6000 km) long Great Wall of China JAPAN
in ll

Shadi continued for hundreds of years. A major renovation

Ch a
a
of at W

begun in 1386 took 200 years to complete.

e

)
ver
Gr

SHANXI
NINGXIA Yellow
Ri

XINING HUIZU w
ZIZHIQU e llo JIANGSU
Sea
e (Y
Huang H
N GANSU ASHAANXI The Huang He (Yellow River) has flooded more East
113 4
than 1500 times in the last 1800 years. In 1931,
catastrophic flooding was responsible for the China
deaths of 3.7 million people. The river has also
otó

changed its course at least nine times. Sea

h

HUBEI ZHEJIANG
an)
o J i-s
ap

SICHUAN
se

CHONGQING Despite a population of 1.3 billion, China

n
(t

has only about 200 family names.

a
N

ncer
HUNAN
JIANGXI
ic o f Ca 5
FUJIAN
TAIWAN
Trop
YUNNAN
GUIZHOU 111

E F G H
 A B C D E
110
109 97

1 Whereas European languages such as English or French 1

use an alphabet of 26 letters, the Chinese language uses
a system of over 40,000 characters or symbols.

R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
Amur (H
ei lon
The “Yongle Dadian,” an encyclopedia of the Chinese Ming g
SOUTH & EAST ASIA

dynasty, had 22,937 chapters in 11,000 volumes. More than Jia

Xi
ng

2000 Chinese scholars worked on the book for five years a

)

2 108 before it was finished. 112 2

o H
i n
gg
an
Li

Tangshan, China, suffered the deadliest earthquake of the

ng

20th century on July 28, 1976. One-quarter of the population Qiqihar

was killed or seriously injured, with an estimated death Lake
HEILONGJIANG
toll of 250,000 people. Khanka
HARBIN

3 M O N G O L I A Mudanjiang 3
CHANGCHUN
XINJIANG Tiananmen Square in Beijing is the largest Jilin
Eastern China & Korea

UYGUR public square in the world, covering an J I L I N Ch’ôngjin

ZIZHIQU U
area of 100 acres (40.5 hectares). IQ Sea of
ZH SHENYANG Baishan
ZI Fuxin Fushun Japan
NG
OL ) LIAONING NORTH (East
ia Jinzhou
Q i N E I M O ongol Haicheng KOREA Sea)
l i r M Datong Dandong Hamhûng
a n (Inne l
al a Tangshan Dalian P’YÔNGYANG
S W n BEIJING
h YINCHUAN at hi TIANJIN Namp’o
a re TIANJIN SHI Bo SOUTH
4 G o f C Shijiazhuang 4
n HEBEI Hai Korea Bay
TAIYUAN SEOUL KOREA
SHANDONG Daegu
NINGXIA Handan JINAN Daejeon
Zibo Qingdao Busan
QINGHAI
it

LANZHOU SHANXI Anyang

ra

Gwangju
R i ver)
(Yellow

Xinxiang Zaozhuang
Huang He
St
 rait a
GANSU Jeju St re
Luoyang Xuzhou Ko
XI’AN JIANGSU Jeju-do

Ya
ZHENGZHOU Kaifeng JAPAN
Hanzhong Bengbu Ye l l o w

lon
HENAN

g
XIZANG SICHUAN SHAANXI Huainan Nanjing S e a
ZIZHIQU Mianyang S i c h u a n HEFEI

J ian
HUBEI SHANGHAI

g
5 (Tibet) Pendi Wuxi 5
ANHUI
CHENGDU Lichuan WUHANJiaxing

H
HANGZHOU
C H CHONGQING Yueyang
I Jingdezhen
N A

eng
Ningbo E a s t Ch i n a
Jinhua

Jinsha J
Leshan Zigong CHONGQING
g NANCHANG ZH EJ I A N G Sea

iang
ze
CHANGSHA Shangrao Wenzhou Okinawa

gt an
Fuzhou

duan S
n)

Ji a n
an
GUIZHOU

g
HUNAN

ha
pa t ó

JIANGXI (China and Taiwan

(Y ng Ji
C
Ja o

Guiyang FUZHOU claim all of each

han
i
of s h

Hengyang F U J I A N other's territory)

t -

t
KUNMING se r

rai
a n (pa

S a l w e en
Xiamen N

St
6 Liuzhou TAIPEI 6

n
YUNNAN GU A NGXI G UA N G D O N G Can cer
Z HU A NGZU Taizhong Tropic of

iwa

(BURM
ZI ZH IQU Shantou

Wulian
Tainan

Mek
Ta
GUANGZHOU Dongguan

M Y A N MA )
ong
TAIWAN

g S
NANNING

AR
Gaoxiong

Re

h
d
Macao HONG KONG

an
Ri
ve
(Aomen) (Xianggang) PACIFIC

r
tra it
on S
LAOS Luz
Hainan Dao Li is the family name OCEAN
HAINAN
for over 87 million

Gu
7 118 The Giant Bamboo is the people in China. 134 7

lf
Paracel

V
fastest growing plant in

of
Islands
the world, able to grow at (disputed by China,

To

IE
the rate of 3 ft (90 cm) a day. Taiwan and Vietnam)

ng
PHILIPPINES

ki

TN
ng
THAILAND
South China

AM
Sea
By far the biggest tidal bore in the world occurs
CAMBODIA on the Qiantang River in China. At spring tides
the wave attains a height of up to 30 ft (9 m)
0 km 400 Spratly Islands
8 (disputed by China,
and a speed of 25 mph (40 km/h). 8
Malaysia, Philippines,
SOUTH & EAST ASIA

0 miles 400
Taiwan and Vietnam)

118 121
111

A B C D E
 A B C D E
112
97 97
Kurile Islands
1
Ostrov (administered by the 1
Russian Federation,

ION
Sakhalin claimed by Japan)

AT
Sea of

R
C H I N A La Perouse Str
ai t Okhotsk
Japan

Wakkanai Ostrov

DE
Rebun-tó Iturup
Ostrov
Rishiri-tó

FE
Kunashir
Ostrov

N
Abashiri Shikotan
SOUTH & EAST ASIA

IA
Asahikawa Kitami

SS
2 110 Nemuro 134 2

RU
Sapporo Kushiro
Otaru Obihiro
Hokkaidó
Tomakomai

Okushiri-tó Hakodate

At 33.4 miles (53.8 km), 14.3 miles (23.3 km)

A
of which lie under the Tsugaru Strait, the Seikan
Tunnel is currently the longest tunnel in the Aomori
Hachinohe

RE
3 world. Construction began in 1964 and took 3
24 years to complete.

KO
Morioka
Akita
Sea of Japan Honshú
(East Sea) JAPAN On Friday March 11, 2011

NORTH
a 9.0 magnitude earthquake
The Toyota Motor Corporation was first established in
Sendai struck off the east coast of
1937 as a spin-off from Toyoda Automatic Loom Niigata Japan triggering massive
Sado
Works. The company now produces 8.5 million Fukushima tsunami waves up to 133 ft
4 Kóriyama (40 m) high that devastated 4
cars a year, equivalent to one every 3.7 seconds. Shinano-gawa
Iwaki coastal regions and left a
Liancourt Rocks Toyama death toll in excess of
(under South Nagano Hitachi 15,000 people.
Korean control) Kanazawa Mito
 Fukui TÓKYO
Oki-shotó Kawasaki
Biwa-ko Chiba
SOUTH Tottori Yokohama
Matsue Nagoya
KOREA

it
Okazaki The same family has occupied the
Kóbe

ra
5 Hamada Okayama Kyóto Imperial Throne of Japan for the 5

St
a
Hamamatsu
re Kurashiki Ósaka last 1300 years. The present-day
K o TsushimaHiroshima Wakayama emperor, Akihito, is the 125th
Shimonoseki Yamaguchi in succession.

I z u
Shingú

-
Kitakyúshú Matsuyama Tokushima
Iki Kóchi Hachijó-jima

s
Fukuoka Óita Shikoku
Sasebo Aoga-shima

ho
Nakamura
Nagasaki
Kumamoto

tó
Gotó-rettó Kyúshú
Amakusa-nada On August 12, 1990, Typhoon Winona, combined with
6 Miyazaki 6
the summer vacation rush, created the longest traffic
Kagoshima jam in Japan's history, an 84-mile long tailback
involving about 15,000 vehicles.

Tanega-shima
Ósumi-shotó
Yaku-shima The longest single span suspension bridge in the
world is the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge linking Honshu
East China and Shikoku, with a central span of 6352 ft (1991 m);
the total length shore to shore is 12,831 ft (3911 m),
7 111 Sea or 2.4 miles (3.9 km). 134 7

tó

t
Philippine

re
ú-
Tokuno-shima

y
Sea

úk
Amami-Ó-shima

Ry
Okinawa 0 km 200
P A C I F I C
Naha 0 miles 200
8 O C E A N 8
SOUTH & EAST ASIA

134 134
113

A B C D E
 114 SOUTH & EAST ASIA

Southern India & Sri Lanka

A B C D

Mumbai Kalyán Nánded

116

n
(Bombay) Nizámábád
Pune

a
W e
1 Solápur
Kri

c c
The Mumbai (Bombay) movie industry, known as sh
n Hyderábád

s t
Bollywood, makes around 900 films each year,

a
compared to Hollywood's 100, making it the most I N D I A
prolific film-producing country in the world.

e r
Hubli

D e
Belgaum
Pánáji Kurnool

n
A r a b i a n Dávangere Anantapur
Ka rná taka

G h
103
Bangalore Vellore
2
Mangalore
S e a

a t
Mysore
Amíndívi Is. Tamil
Salem

s
Lakshadweep Nadu
(part of India) Kozhikode / Calicut
Kavaratti I. Coimbatore Tiruchchi-
Ernákulam ráppalli

Keral a
The word ghats, literally “stairs that Kalpeni I.
descend to a river,” refers to the Kochi / Cochin
3 stair-like appearance of the slopes Madurai
of the Western Ghats mountain Thiruvananthapuram / Gulf
range, as they descend to Tivandrum of
the coastal plain. Minicoy I. MannarNágercoil

Ihavananthapuram
Atoll
MALDIVES
4 55
There are over 1300 islands in the Maldives
but only about 200 are inhabited. All the MALE’
islands are low-lying, none rising more
than 6 ft (1.8m) above sea level.
INDIAN
Kolhumadulu Atoll
0 km 300

0 miles 300

5
Equator
Huvadhu Atoll OCEAN
123

A B C D
 SOUTH & EAST ASIA 115

E F G H

God
áv
a 117
ts
ri

Andhra a B a y MYANMAR
h
Pradesh n G Visákhapatnam (BURMA) 1
er o f
a s t Rájahmundry
E
Vijayawáda B e n g a l M
ou th of the
s
Irra w addy
Ongole
The Indian cobra is often displayed
Nellore by snake charmers. The cobras
appear to respond to the music North Andaman
Chennai played by the charmer, but, like 119 2
(Madras) all snakes, they are deaf and
Middle Andaman Andaman Is.
Kánchípuram only follow the movements of
Port Blair (part of India)
the charmer.
South Andaman
Pondicherry
Little Andaman
Palk Strait One of the world’s largest tea Andaman
Jaffna producers, Sri Lanka has over Sea
722 sq miles (1870 sq km)
Mannar of land under tea cultivation, yielding Nicobar Is. 3
about 300,000 tons (tonnes) a year, (part of India)
Trincomalee and accounting for almost 10
Batticaloa percent of global production.
Kandy Great Indira
Point
COLOMBO Nicobar
SRI JAYEWARDENAPURA KOTTE
Galle SRI LANKA
Matara INDONESIA
At 7:58 am on December 26, 2004, an earthquake Sumatra
120 4
just off the coast of Sumatra measuring 9.1 on the
Richter scale triggered a massive and devastating
Tsunami that advanced across the Indian Ocean,
killing over 230,000 people and leaving millions
homeless in eleven countries.

SRI LANKA’S TWO CAPITALS

Colombo - administrative capital
Equator
Sri Jayewardenapura Kotte - legislative capital 5

123

E F G H
 116 SOUTH & EAST ASIA

North India & Pakistan

A B C D

(claimed by India)
104
u Kush Ka
Hind
The Karakoram Highway K2
ra 28,251ft
1 (A "line of control" ko
was finally completed in ra
1986 after 24,000 workers
was set between In d us m (8611m)
India and Pakistan
had toiled for almost 20 in 1972) Mardán

R
years. The road climbs to Pesháwar

an
ge
15,397 ft (4693 m) ISLÁMÁBÁD
at the Khunjerab Pass. Ráwalpindi
Jamu &
Jhelum Gujrát Kashmir
AFGHANISTAN P u n j a b h e ná b Gujránwála
C
g Sargodha Amritsar

e
a n Lahore
R
kar
2 102 Jalandhar
a K á
T ob Faisalábád Ludhiána
Quetta Okára Chandígarh
Dera Gházi
Khán Multán
Chágai H i l l s
Baháwalpur Meerut
P A K I S T A N Rahímyár Khán NEW DELHI
Delhi

IRA N Shikárpur us
e In d Bíkáner
g
n Lárkána
T h a r De
3
n Ra Sukkur s e r t Jaipur Ágra
l Makrá
C e nt ra Ajmer
Nawábsháh
Jodhpur Gwalior
Rajásthán
Hyderábád Kota
Karáchi
s
I ndu

Tropic of C
ancer
Mo e I

I N D
th

Rann
ut

0 km 200 nd hs o of Kachchh
us f
4 103 G ul Gánhídhám Ahmadábád Bhopál
0 miles 200 f of K
achc h h G ujarát Indore
A r a b i a n Jámnagar Rájkot Vadodara M a d h y a
a
Porbandar N armad
Nágpur
S e a Bhávnagar
Súrat Mahárashtra
On January 26, 2001, a massive G ulf Damán
of
earthquake devastated the Gujarat Khambhát Nánded
Náshik
region of India, costing some 25,000 lives.
D e c
5 Kalyán
Mumbai
(Bombay) Pune Nizámábád
Ceasefire Line
114
Solápur

A B C D
 SOUTH & EAST ASIA 117

E F G H

XINJIANGUYGUR 108
ZIZHIQU The northern ranges of the Himalayas contain the highest
mountains in the world, with average heights of more than 1
Aksai Chin
(adminstered by China, 23,000 ft (7000 m) and many peaks higher
claimed by India) than 26,000 ft (8000m).

C H I N A QINGHAI
Demchok/Dêmqog Cherrapunji, 4872 ft (1484 m) above sea level, has an average
(administered by China,
claimed by India) annual rainfall of 450 inches (1143 cm), although most of this
falls during the monsoon – the winter is a virtual drought.
The highest-ever seasonal rainfall was 904 inches (2298 cm).
XIZANG ZIZHIQU 108 2
(Tibet)
The Kingdom of Bhutan is
H the only country in the world Arunachal Pradesh
i to measure the happiness (claimed by China)
m of its citizens.
a l s
N Mount Everest a y a
Bareilly
E 29,029ft (8848m)
THIMPHU
Uttar P KATHMANDU
Pradesh A Gangtok BHUTAN 3

Lucknow
L Birátnagar
Guwáháti
Dispur Kohíma
Saidpur ma p u t r a
Kánpur Váránasi Patna ah
Br

Yam
un Ganges Jamálpur
a Imphál
Allahábád Bihár BANGLADESH
Sylhet
cer
Gaya Rájsháhi Tropic of Can
I A Dhanbád W e s t DHAKA
Bengal Comilla 118 4
Jabalpur Ránchi
Kolkata Khulna Chittagong
(Calcutta)
Pradesh e
s

ng MYANMAR
he Ga
Raipur Mouth s o f t (BURMA)
M
ah
ána dí B a y
n Orissa Cuttack The heaviest hailstones

c a
s on record, weighing about
at o f 2.25 lbs (1 kg), are
Gh reported to have killed 92 5
Godá n B e n g a l people in the Gopalganj
er

ve
r area of Bangladesh on
st

115
i

Ea

Warangal Visákhapatnam April 14, 1986.

E F G H
 A B C D E
118
108 111

1 Around 60 percent of Myanmar’s cultivated land 1

is given over to growing rice, producing almost
20 million tons (tonnes) each year.

C H I N A

ange
nR
mo
Ku
SOUTH & EAST ASIA

INDIA Every year around 300–500 million poeple

inn
are infected with malaria from the bite of

dw
2 135 female Anopheles Mosquitos, of which 111 2

in
between 1 and 3 million die, making this

Ch
Bhamo the deadliest animal in the world.
Katha

dy
Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Cancer

Irrawad
M Y A N M A R
R
Bl
ed

Mandalay
ac

Monywa Phôngsali Lang Sòn

k
R
iv

Ri
er

Pakokku Shan Plateau ve

g
r
Ou

3 n 3
Hông Gai

e ko
Chauk Taunggyi HANÓI
M Hai Phong
Sittwe Xam Nua
( B U R M A ) Mek o n g
Nam Ãinh
ee n Louangphabang
lw
Mainland Southeast Asia

Gulf

Sa
NAY PYI TAW L
Ramree Pek of
Island Toungoo Xaignabouri
Pyay Chiang Mai Tongking

Sit
A Vinh

tou
Bay of VIENTIANE
Hinthada

ng
Sirikit
Ma

Bago
e

Bengal Res. V
O

4 Insein 4
Na

Thaton Udon Thani Thakhèk

m

Pathein I
Yangon (Rangoon) Pa-an
Pi
n Khon Kaen Khanthabouli E Huê
g

M
S
T

I r r o u t h s o f t h e Pyapon Mawlamyine Ãa Nâng

awa
ddy THAILAND
 Nakhon Sawan Ubon Attapu
Nakhon
Ratchathani

N
Srinagarind Ratchasima
Res. Ayutthaya Muang Không ôn
K g

e
Dawei

nl
BANGKOK Phumî S t œe
Quy Nhòn
Sâmraông Tô

ng
5 Bâtdâmbang 5
Ratchaburi

A M
Bangkok has some of Stœng Treng

Sê n
M e k ong
Chon Buri Tônlé Sap
the worst traffic jams
Myeik Pattaya Nha Trang
in the world. In July CA MB O D IA
1992, after a monsoon Ko Chang Kâmpóng Ãa Lat
storm, it took 11 Chhnâng Kâmpóng Cham
hours for one Mergui
Gulf
of PHNOM PENH Svay Riêng
jam to clear. Archipelago
Thailand Kâmpôt
M Hô Chi Minh
g

Isthmus of Kra Chumphon Kâmpóng Saôm eko

ng
on
ek

Ko Phangan Rach Gia Cân Thò

6 M 6
Andaman Ko Samui e
th
of
Sea Surat Thani Nakhon Si u ths
Thammarat Mo

Ko Phuket Following years of conflict, it is

Nicobar Islands
(part of India) Phuket
Trang estimated that as many as 6 million
Songkhla landmines remain buried in
Hat Yai Pattani the soils of Cambodia.
Yala

7 115 122 7
The world's smallest mammal is the
bumblebee bat of Thailand, weighing South
M
less than 0.09 oz (2.5 g).
A Malay China Sea

St
L

ra
Peninsula
it
A

o
IN fM
D
Y

I N D I A N O al
N ac
ca
S
O C E A N E I A
8 S 0 km 200 8
IA
SOUTH & EAST ASIA

Sumatra
0 miles 200
121 121
119

A B C D E
 120 SOUTH & EAST ASIA

Maritime Southeast Asia

A B C D

119 Gulf of
L A
M YA N M A R Tongking

O
(BURMA) Paracel Islands

S
1

V
(disputed by China,

IE
0 km 400 Taiwan, and Vietnam)
THAILAND

T
0 miles 400

N
South China

AM
MALAYSIA'S TWO CAPITALS Sea
Kuala Lumpur - Capital CAMBODIA
Spratly Islands
Putrajaya - Administrative capital (disputed by China,
Malaysia, Philippines,
Andaman Taiwan, and Vietnam)
2 122 Gulf
Sea of
The Rafflesia plant has the largest single flower
Isth

Nicobar Islands Thailand

in the world. The bloom, 3 ft (90 cm) in
mu

(to India)
so

diameter, attracts insects by imitating Balabac

fK

ra the foul smell of rotting flesh.

St
t o George
rai
Kota Bharu
f M Town Kota Kinabalu
Bandaaceh al a c
Kuala Terengganu
ca BANDAR SERI
Taiping Ipoh BEGAWAN Sab
Medan Kuantan BRUNEI
3 Klang KUALA LUMPUR
Pematangsiantar
Pulau Simeulue Danau
Toba PUTRAJAYA M A L A Y SSibuI A r a w a nk Ka
ya
n

Sibolga Johor Bahru S a unga

n
Kuching P e g uM u l l e r
Pe

Equator Pulau Nias

M
S u ma tera SINGAPORE ha
gu

a
ua s ka
( S u m a t r a ) Padang Pekanbaru Pontianak Kap Borneo m
nu

B ata K
S el

Pulau Siberut n g H ari al Samarinda

ng

Bangka im
at

a n Balikpapan
Ke enta

Jambi ar
an

K
M

im tan
pu w

ua Palembang a t a
la

4 122
Ba

ai n Banjarmasin
I Belitung N D
ri

Pulau
I N D I A N Bengkulu Jav
sa

n a S e a Pulau
Tegal Laut
Bandar Lampung JAKARTA Pekalongan M akassar
O C E A N Sela
t Sun d a Semarang
Bogor Kudus Surabaya
Sukabumi Mataram
In August 1883, a devastating volcanic Bandung Jember
eruption destroyed most of the island of Denpasar
Krakatau and triggered a tsunami that
Jawa Cilacap Malang BaliPulau
5 (Java) Magelang Kediri Lombok
claimed around 35,000 lives. Yogyakarta
Madiun
123 Surakarta

A B C D
 SOUTH & EAST ASIA 121

E F G H

L u z o n Str a it
B abuy 112
an Channel P h i l i p p i n e
Tuguergarao
Ilagan Northern 1
Baguio Luzon S e a Mariana
Dagupan Islands
The Philippines take their name from Philip II (to US)
Angeles Cabanatuan of Spain, who was king when the islands were
MANILA Lucena colonized during the 16th century.
Batangas Naga
Legazpi City PHILIPPINES
Guam (to US)
Mindoro SMindoro
tr Sibuyan
Sea Calbayog
ait
ge an

Roxas City P A C I F I C
ssa law

Tacloban
Pa Pa

Iloilo Cadiz Yap 126 2

Peurto
Bacolod Cebu
Princesa City S e a Butuan
Palawan B oh ol
Cagayan de Oro
O C E A N
Strait Sulu Sea Iligan Mindanao Babeldaob
Davao MICRONESIA
go

Zamboanga PALAU
ela

Da

va
ip oG
r ch General u lf
ah uA Santos Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago,
Sul Kepulauan
San lauan

Talaud with over 17,500 islands stretching 3

Tawau
3100 miles (5000 km) between the Indian
gir

Celebes Sea
u
Kep

Pulau Morotai and Pacific oceans.

a

Manado Equator
Se

Pulau
Halmahera
a

Gorontalo
cc

u Pulau
Gulf of ol Halmahera Biak
M M Sorong
Tomini al
Kepulauan u Sea
ku Jazirah
Palu
Su

Banggai Doberai ga Jayapura

n

Sulawesi Sea (
r a m Wahai M
iM
(Celebes) Kepulauan Ce o am
bera
Sula
Ambon l Peg u nu n ga n M mo 126 4
a
u

O it N Kendari E Pulau S Seram I A oke

P A P UA
cc

Pulau
Papua
as

ra Parepare Pulau Buru NEW

St
)

Buton Kepulauan (Irian Jaya) G U I N E A

a Kepulauan
Makassar Banda Se Kai
Aru Ne w Gu i nea
r a r We tar Kepulauan Dig u
l
Flores Sea g a o Tanimbar
e n g auan Al S tr ait Pulau Yamdena
N u s a T Kepu l
Flores DILI Kepulauan Leti
at Sumba Sea A r a f u r a res Strait
Sel Savu
EAST TIMOR
S e Tor 5
Timor a
Pulau
Sumba Kupang
Ti m or Sea 130 A U S T R A L I A

E F G H
 A B C D E
122
137 137

Ye
ni

O
se
y

b'
1 1
Lake

l
ga Baikal
OCEANS

Vo
Lake A S I A
Aral Balkhash
Sea
Black Sea Cau
ca With no part of the Maldives over 7ft 7in (2.3 m) above
s u Caspian
s Sea sea level, they are under great threat from global
warming. There are over 2000 islands, yet the
2 63 total land area is only 115 sq miles (298 sq km). 2
r

Ti g
Eu ve
Ri

ri s
ph
ra Iranian H Yello w
te i 134
s Plateau m
Brahm tze
a ng

Pe
Kuwait s Ya

rsi
du l a y a p u t r as
a

In

an
y

Gu
lf Karachi G a nges
dd

G ul
Tropic of Cancer Dubai f of Oman Ind Tropic of Cancer
The Indian Ocean

u
wa

e g
sF
Mina' Kolkata Hong Kong

id
an
Irra

Re
A r a bi an Qabus (Calcutta) Ganges (Xianggang)
Fan

d S
Peni n su l a Mumbai

e
on y R
3 Arabian Bay of 3

a
(Bombay)
Me

r e Z rra
Sea Bengal

c t u Mu
kon

Aden

a
g

en Arabian

Fr
of Ad
Gulf
An

South China

en
B asin
d

Horn of Gulf of
Sri Lanka

Ow
am

Et hiopi an Africa Ca Sea

a

Thailand
n

Hig hl ands rls

be
Se

rg MALDIVES Colombo
a

AFRICA R

id
M
e

ge
adive Plateau

Ceylon Singapore
Su

rench

Equator
Ke ntaw
ma

n
al Plain Equator Borneo
pu a
an
lau i

si i
tra

4 4
s-Lacc

So Ba Cocos
E a s t I n d i e s
go

Mombasa M Basin
Chagos T
J

SEYCHELLES
as
c
M i d - I n d i an av Jav
a Se
a
Cha

a
ar
Aldabra British Indian Ocean
R i d g e

en
M i d -

Group
Tr Java
e

Territory (to UK) en

I nvestigator

ch
 Lake COMOROS Mascarene Christmas Island
Nyasa B as i n North
Mayotte Basin Cocos Islands (to Australia)

Ridge
Australian
(to France) Osborn (to Australia)

Plateau
Basin
ne Plateau

I n d i
re

Davi
ca Exmouth

e
scar
as in

y e a s t
5 M Pla MAURITIUS Wh art on Plateau 5

nel
a n

m
aga
Réunion e

Rid
Basin dg
(to France) Ri

ge

Chan bique
Mad

Moza
Farafangana an

R i
INDIAN m Tropic of Capricorn

ia
Natal

nd
Madagascar
SIA

d g
tI
Perth

N i n e t
Basin ge

s
Basin Madagascar

e
Ea
id
ALA

Plateau Basin
R Br
oken Rid
ge
Fremantle
STR

Di
i an am
Naturaliste
AU

an
d OCEAN tin
a F Plateau
In ract
ure Zon
6 Amsterdam Island e 6
t Crozet Every cubic mile (4.3 cu km) of
es Île St-Paul
w Basin seawater holds over 150 million
th S o u t h e
a s tons (tonnes) of minerals.
ou French Southern & t
I n
S Antarctic Territories d i
Crozet (to France) Ke a n
Islands rg
u
R i d
g e
e

le
n
Heard & Mcdonald Islands

Pl
(to Australia)

at
n

ea
7 49 dia 134 7

u
In
ic- n
ant sin P l a i Banzare South Indian Basin
Atl Ba y
e r b Seamounts Limit of winter pack ice
E n d The largest animal ever seen alive was a 110 ft (34 m),
Limit of summer pack ice
170-ton (tonne) female blue whale.
Antarctic Circle Antarctic Circle

0 km 1500
8 ANTARCTICA 8
0 miles 1500
OCEANS

136 136
123

A B C D E
 124 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Australasia & Oceania

A B C D

107 Northern Wake Island

International Dateline
Mariana (to US)
Islands
(to US)
1 MARSHALL
P h i l i p p i n e Saipan M i ISLANDS
Guam c Rat
S e a (to US) r ak
o Ch
ai
n al

n
R
Philippines Yap MICRONESIA e ik
Cha
C a r o l Chuuk Pohnpei in
i n

s
Sulu Babeldaob e Islands Kosrae
I s

T u l bert
Sea l a

(Gi
n d

ng
PALAU s a

a
2 107
M e l a n Nauru Is r u
Banaba lan
Celebes e NAURU ds)
Borneo
Sea Bisma rck Archip ela
s KIR IB A TI
Bismarck Sea
go i
tor Sol a
Equa Mount Wilhelm om TUVALU
14,793ft (4509m)
New Britain on SOLOMON
I s ISLANDS
Solomon la
Celebes New Guinea Sea
B a n d a Santa Cruz

nd
S e a PAPUA NEW Guadalcanal Islands

s
Arafura S t r a i t GUINEA
Timor Sea rres
Flores To VANUATU
Coral
G

3 Espiritu Santo Vanua Levu

re

Gulf Sea
Timor Malekula Viti
at

Arnhem of Cape Coral Sea Efate

Sea Levu
Land Carpentaria York Islands New Caledonia
B

Ashmore &
a

Cartier Islands Peninsula (to Australia) (to France)

FIJI
rr

(to Australia)
G New
ie

re Caledonia
r

a
R

AUSTRALIA t
IN D IAN
ee

D
i
f
s e ll

Great
nn
v

O C EAN Sandy cdo e

id

Simpson
M a a ng
e

Desert Norfolk Island

in
ng

R Desert
123 Uluru
Ra

4 (to Australia)
g Ra ge

Gibson (Ayers Rock)

ey

Lord Howe
g
Gr

D e s e r t L. Eyre North
lin

Island
n North Cape
icor
ar

(to Australia)
n

Great
D

apr V i c t o r i a L. Torrens North

fC
co Desert Island
opi a in Mu Mount Kosciuszko
Tr Pl rra y 7310ft (2228m) NEW
b o r l i a n Bi ght ZEALAND
r tra
us
la

Kangaroo Tasman South Island

ul

S tr a it
tA

Island
N

Bass Sea Aoraki (Mt Cook)

ea
Gr

12,283ft (3744m)
5 Cape Leeuwin Tasmania
Antipodes
Auckland Islands Islands
136 (to New Zealand)

A B C D
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 125

E F G H

Hawai
ian 107
(to U Islan
S) ds
Johnston Atoll
(to US)
1

Kingman Reef
P A C I F I C O C E A N
(to US)

a
Palmyra Atoll
(to US) Teraina
Baker & Howland

e
Tabuaeran

telin
Islands
(to US) Kiritimati
i
International Da 134 2
L

Jarvis Island
i
n

(to US)
KI R I B A T I
e

Malden Island Equato

I s

P h oe nix Islan ds r
Starbuck Island
s
l a
KI

Tokelau
R
n d

Norther
n Co Penrhyn
IBA

(to NZ) Millennium

Wallis & ok
Isla Island
s

Futuna
TI

Manihiki nd Marquesas Islands

(to France) SAMOA s Flint Island
e

Cook Islands
American (to NZ)
TONGA Samoa Tua 3
mo
Vava‘u (to US) So tu
Group c i Isl
l a n d s et an
Niue kI s y Tahiti
o
n

C o I
ds

(to NZ) n sl
h e r a
Tongatapu u t
S o Rarotonga
n

Group
ds

Îles
Au F r e n c h P o l y n e s i a
y

str (to France)

Kermadec Islands al
(to New Zealand) Pitcairn
es

Islands
Marotiri (to UK)
l Pitcairn Island
134 4
Tro
pic
of C
o apr
ico
rn
P
0 km 1000

0 miles 1000
Chatham Islands
(to New Zealand)
5

136

E F G H
 126 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

The Southwest Pacific

A B C D

ch
134
Guam

en
(US unincorporated MARSHALL

Tr
territory) HAGÅTÑA
1 ISLANDS
M i s

Ra
a
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Found only in the rainforest of New Guinea, VANUATU
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Tropic of Capricorn 131

A B C D
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 127

E F G H

135

P A C I F I C O C E A N 1

In 1995, the International Date Line was repositioned around Kiribati

territory, bringing Millennium Island 14 hours ahead of UTC, making it
International Dateline

the first landfall for sunrise at the dawn of the new millennium.

Kingman Reef
(US unincorporated Palmyra Atoll
territory) (US incorporated territory)
Teraina 135 2
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(US unincorporated Jarvis I. L

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I
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K I R I B A T I Phoenix Islands
KIRIBATI a
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Samoa is home to the world’s smallest known d
s 3
spider, the Patu marplesi, which spans a mere
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(NZ dependent territory)
American Vostok I.
Millennium I.
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Wallis
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& Futuna SAMOA

l y n territory) Cook Is. 135

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NUKU‘ALOFA AVARUA 0 km 500

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135 Tropic of Capricorn

E F G H
 A B C D E
128
120 121

I N D O N E S I A
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7 123 Around 18 percent of Australia is covered in 131 7
for 297 miles (478 km), the longest
desert, the biggest being The Great Victoria section of straight track in the world.
Desert, which at 163,900 sq miles (424,400 sq km)
is over 10 times the size of Belgium.

Residents of Coober Pedy have built their homes

, 1 below ground to escape temperatures that can
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AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

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A B C D E
 A B C D E
130
121 126

Arafu PAPUA NEW GUINEA

1 ra Sea 1
IN DO N E S I A The venom of the box jellyfish (also known
as the sea wasp or marine stinger) can
kill a person in between 30 seconds
and four minutes.
Strait
Torres
Cape York Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is the
world’s largest area of coral islands

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Wessel Islands and reefs, running for about 1,240

r
miles (2,000 km) along the coast
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Ar n h e m Cape of Queensland.
2 126 2
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AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

a
128
Pine Creek Groote Eylandt Peninsula Charlotte
Bay Koalas feed only on nutrient-poor

t
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A U S T R A L I A Rockhampton
Biloela
Uluru (Ayers Rock)
2845ft (867m) Simpson Windorah Tambo Bundaberg Fraser Island
 M usgrave Ranges Desert Charleville Maryborough
ge Miles
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5 Coober Lake G Toowoomba Surfer's Paradise 5

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ia
Horsham Bendigo 7310ft (2228m)
l CAPITAL TERRITORY
ra Cooma
V I C T OR I A st ps
Mount Gambier Ballarat Au Al
129 MELBOURNE
Geelong T a s m a n
Portland Traralgon
7 Huge truck rigs known as Warrnambool 134 7
Road Trains, which can reach South East Point
King Island B a s
up to 175 ft (53.5 m) in length, s Strait S e a
Ba Flinders Island
carry freight across the vast nk
distances of the Australian interior. Marrawah s
Burnie S t r
They have as many as four a
it

trailers, weighing more than Devonport Launceston

150 tons (tonnes) in total. The platypus lives in an aquatic
TASMANIA environment, suckles its young
like a mammal, lays eggs, and
0 km 400
HOBART has webbed feet and a bill
8 8
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

resembling that of a duck.

0 miles 400

136 136
131

A B C D E
 A B C D E
132
127 127

The lizardlike tuatara is found on some of the islands

1 and rocky stacks off New Zealand. It is the sole 1
T a s m a n remaining representative of the reptilian order
Three Kings Sphenodontia, which first evolved before the
Islands
dinosaurs. It has a third “eye” on the top of
North Cape its head, which is sensitive to light.
S e a Great Exhibition
Te Kao Bay
Kaitaia
Ninety Mile Beach is in fact only about
55 miles (88 km) long. Nevertheless, this still Paihia
makes it one of the longest sandy Kaikohe
2 131 Whangarei 135 2
beaches in the world.
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Ruawai
New Zealand

Great Barrier
N or t h I s lan d Warkworth Island
Hauraki
Gulf
Takapuna
Around 130 CE, something in the order of 33 billion tons Whitianga
(tonnes) of pumice was ejected in a massive volcanic Auckland Manurewa
eruption that left a 20,000 sq mile (51,800 sq km) debris Waiuku Ba y o f
Paeroa
field and created an enormous caldera that Plen ty East Cape
subsequently became Lake Taupo. Tauranga
3 Hamilton Lake Whakatane
3
Ruatoria
Cambridge Rotorua
Rotorua a
es ra

Te Kuiti m
ku g
North Taranaki R a u R an
More than 46 million sheep thrive in New Zealand’s Bight Taupo Gisborne
mild climate, outnumbering the human Lake
New Plymouth Taumarunui Taupo Wairoa
population by twelve to one.
Stratford Hawke
Napier Bay
NEW ZEALAND Taihape
South Taranaki Hawera i Hastings
ke
4 Bight g iti 4
Wanganui n Waipawa
Ra

Cape Farewell Palmerston North Woodville

Tasman Levin Cape Turnagain
Bay Paraparaumu Masterton
 Motueka Picton Lower Hutt
Karamea Bight
Richmond nge WELLINGTON
Seddonville a

Cook
nd R u Blenheim
Westport mo ira Cape Palliser

a
ch

Str

W
Though still the highest peak in Ri

ait
5 New Zealand, at 12,316 ft Reefton ce 5
en
ar
(3754 m), a massive rock Greymouth Cl
Kaikoura
fall in 1991 reduced the
Hokitika Hurunui
height of Aoraki (Mount
Cook) by 33 ft (10 m). Otira Pegasus
s
l pRak Rangiora Bay New Zealand has always been a leader
A ai
a in progressive social legislation. In
Fox Glacier n Christchurch
e rAoraki (Mt Cook) s 1893, it was the first country to grant
12,283 (3744m) lain
M Haast th yP Banks women the right to vote.
Mayfield rbur

ilf
u te Ashburton Peninsula

o
o an

rd
C
6 S Fairlie Canterbury 6

So
Lake

un
Wanaka Timaru Bight S ou t h I s lan d

d
W
ai
Milford Lake Wanaka ta
ki Studholme
Sound Wakatipu The royal albatross colony on Otago Peninsula is the
only mainland nesting site for these birds in the world.

nd
Lake Te Queenstown Oamaru

la
Anau Alexandra Soaring on wings up to 9’6’’ (3 m) across, breeding

rd
pairs mate for life and have been known to live

eri
Te Anau Lumsden for over 60 years.

Cluth

Fio
Tai
a
Otago Peninsula

Wai
Mosgiel
Dunedin

au
Gore P A C I F I C
7 131 Balclutha 135 7
Riverton Invercargill
Fovea
u

x
O C E A N
Halfmoon Bay St
ra
it The Kakapo is a nocturnal flightless parrot that lives in burrows.
Stewart When in danger, its main form of defense is to remain perfectly
South West
Island
Cape still, which made it an easy target for predators such as the
dogs, cats, rats, and ferrets that were introduced in the 19th
century. Consequently, it is in danger of extinction; in 2009
there were only 125 birds left in the wild.
0 km 100
8 8
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

0 miles 100

136 136
133

A B C D E
 134 OCEANS

The Pacific Ocean

A B C D

137 ai t
Arctic Circle
Str
i ng
B er
Bering
1
Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench is 35,838 ft Aleutian S e a
Sea of ds
(10,923 m), or almost 7 miles (11 km), below the
Basin slan
Okhotsk Aleutian I
surface of the Pacific. At this depth water pressures ds T r e nch
n
an
Isl r e n
ch Aleutia
is around 16,000 lbs/sq inch (1,127 kg/cm sq). c
ile cifi

gh
u r T ou
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2 Ch Tr Northern
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(to US)
ku

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MARSHALL
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(to US)
ar

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ong

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ili a

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Sea s Ba s i n Baker &(to US)
Celebes Ca rol in e Isl
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Equator Sea Basin a (to US) Jarvis I.
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3 M NAURU
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tr E a s t I n d i e s e K I RIBA TI
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a Java Sea Banda New l a Tokelau (to NZ)

Jakarta Java Sea A Guinea n TUVALU
raf SOLOMON e
Timor ur
aS ISLANDS s Wallis (to & Futuna
France)
SAMOA
Timor ea C oral S ea i American
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Coral Sea (to US)

Gr ar Islands VANUATU
INDIAN ea rier (to Australia) Cook
FIJI TONGA Islands
tD

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(to NZ)
ivi

ef

Tropic of Capricorn (to France) Niue

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Kermadec Islands (to NZ)

OCEAN A U S T R A L A S I A Norfolk (to NZ)
g Ran

123 Island o
L o r R i se

4
Great Mu (to Australia) P
dH

Sydney
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u s t r a l i a n B i gh t rray o
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Tasman
North Island
0 km 2000 South Australian Sea New
Basin Tasmania Hobart Zealand Chatham Islands
0 miles 2000
South Island (to NZ)
Campbell
Internat

Mauna Loa on the Big Island of Hawaii rises 33,132 ft

(10,098 m) from the ocean floor to its peak 13,677 ft Plateau
(4169 m) above the surface of the Pacific Ocean, and
contains around 9,700 cubic miles (39,731 cu km) of rock.
io

Pac
nal Datel

5 ific- ic
Antarct
Antarctic Circle
136 ANTARCTICA
ine

A B C D
 OCEANS 135

E F G H

137 Arctic Circle

R
Anchorage o
c Hudson
k Labrador 1
y Bay
M Sea
Gulf of
Alaska
o
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NORTH
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Pacific giant kelp can grow up to 18 inches (45 cm)

n

Basin
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Fracture Zone a day, and may eventually reach up to 200 ft (60 m),
San Francisco or 34 times the height of the average man.
one
ct ure Z ATLANTIC 48
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one Gulf of
racture Z
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F I C O C E A N Tre Americ
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Palmyra re Zon Clipperton Island Panama City The Pacific Equatorial
ractu Guatemala
Atoll (to US) ton F (to France)
Counter Current flows
Clipper Basin
Kiritimati eastward toward South
a

(Christmas Island) t u r e Zone America, carrying up

rac
agos F Galapagos Islands 3
Galap Gallego Rise to 40 million tons
i

(to Ecuador)
Per

KIRIBATI (tonnes) of warm water

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(to Chile)
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l Easter Fracture Zone Tropic of Capricorn
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A u Îles Gambier Pitcairn Islands Isla San Félix

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s (to Chile) (to Chile)
as

Islas Juan Fernández 49 4

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Passage
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P a c ific Basin Bellings 5
Peter I Island
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Antarctic Circle
Am undsen Limit of summer
p
136

E F G H
 136 POLAR REGIONS

Antarctica
A B C D

48 Limit
of wi
ATLANTIC OCEAN nter
pac
k

ice
1 South Georgia
(to UK)
South Atlantic-Indian Basin INDIAN
Sandwich
T HERN OCEA
Scotia Islands
(to UK) SOU N OCEAN
Antarctic Circle En
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Weddell Plain rb
South Orkney
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ai
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2 48 it of summer pack ic Land d r 122
Islands

pa
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Ground visibility in the

ce
A Antarctic during the summer
nt Weddell Sea Coats months can be as much
ar Land Enderby
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c Land
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La

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ANTARCTICA
nd

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Ellsworth South
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Limit o

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4 134 135
r
me

PACIFIC Victoria Terre

Ross
su m

Am u n ds e n Land Adélie
Sea
of

P l ai n
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George V L
The largest iceberg of recent times Land
broke off from the Ross Ice Shelf The world's windiest place is reputed
in the spring of 2000. It was about to be Commonwealth Bay, George V
186 miles (300 km) from end to Land, where wind speeds of 200 mph
end and 25 miles (40 km) wide. (320 km/h) have been recorded.
5
Paci fic-An tarctic Ridge NP 
134
PLOHV 

A B C D
 POLAR REGIONS 137
Arctic
E F G H

Provideniya
95 A

Ber
A
Arctic C
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SK )

ing
A SA R U S
A L of U S I A I 1

St
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16 en 2
nde
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u nd Me Ostrova
Am Canada
Basin The Arctic Ocean is the world's
smallest ocean, with a total area of
Victoria 5,440,000 sq miles (15,1000,000 sq km),
Island
and is almost permanently covered
by pack ice.
CANADA Makarov
Queen Basin Severnaya
Zemlya 3
Elizabeth A R C T I C
Islands North
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sin

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world’s largest jellyfish, 7 ft (to Norway)

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f
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180 ft (55 m) in length. dg
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mark Strait 62
LA

Den E U R O P E
N
D

E F G H
138

The
world
factfiles
139
 A B C D E
140

A S I A Franz Josef Land

1 (to Russia) 1

ARCTIC Svalbard
(to Norway)
North
Pole

OCEAN
Jan Mayen
Queen Elizabeth (to Norway)
2 Yuk o n
Islands 2
ALASKA
NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Ar
Greenland

ct
ic
(Denmark)

Ci
rc Baffin
le
Bay

nzie
Ba

R
ff
in

Great Bear

M acke

o
Lake
Isl

Great Slave Lake

c
NUUK
and

3 3

k
Lake Athabasca

y
North & Central America

PACIFIC C Reindeer Hudson

La
b

A Lake Bay ra

M
do
OCEAN N r
A

o
D A n
Sna Lake Winnipeg tia
en ns

u
ke ur tai
4 Lake
La oun 4
e

n
Superior Gulf of
nc
re

St.Lawrence
w

St Pierre &
a

t
Great Lake Huron Miquelon
.L
St

OTTAWA (France)
a
UNITED STATES Lakes
 o Lake Lake Ontario

Mi

i
Michigan

rad
ss
Lake Erie

ns
ou
ri ATLANTIC

ai

Colo
io

nt
Oh

ou
WASHINGTON, D.C.
O F A M E RAI C A

s
M
rka OCEAN

n
5 ns 5

i
a a

s
hi

pp
Tr c
opi a la Bermuda

issi
co pp
fC
anc A (UK)
er

M iss
Sargasso Sea

Rio

Sierra M
ad
Gra
Virgin Islands (US)

nd

re O
e
British Virgin

cc
Turks & Caicos

i
Islands (UK) Islands (UK)
Gulf of Mexico
NASSAU DOMINICAN Anguilla (UK)

M Ed e n t a l
X
HAVANA BAHAMAS REPUBLIC
ST KITTS & NEVIS
Puerto

I
MEXICO CITY C U
6 BA Rico (US) ANTIGUA & 6
Cayman SANTO BARBUDA

C
Islands (UK) HAITI DOMINGO Guadeloupe
O PORT-AU-PRINCE
BELMOPAN (France)
JAMAICA KINGSTON Montserrat (UK) DOMINICA
GUATEMALA BELIZE
Martinique (France) ST LUCIA
GUATEMALA CITY HONDURAS BARBADOS
Clipperton Island ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES
(French Polynesia) SAN SALVADOR TEGUCIGALPA
Aruba (Neth.) GRENADA
EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA TRINIDAD
Curaçao Bonaire
MANAGUA (Neth.) (Neth.) & TOBAGO
COSTA RICA
SAN JOSÉ PANAMA CITY
Equ
ator es
PANAMA
d

7 7
n
A

S O U T H or
Equat
POLITICAL FACTFILE
A M E R I C A
TOTAL AREA: COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
8,116,571 sq miles POPULATION DENSITY:
(21,021,940 sq km) Barbados 1807 people per sq mile
(698 people per sq km)
TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES: 0 1000 km
23 LARGEST COUNTRY: 0 1000 miles
Canada 3,855,171 sq miles
TOTAL POPULATION: (9,984,670 sq km)
8 541.3 million
8
NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

SMALLEST COUNTRY:
LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION: St. Kitts & Nevis 101 sq miles
Mexico City, Mexico 22.9 million (261 sq km)
141

A B C D E
 A B C D E
142

1 Caribbean Sea
ATLANTIC 1

OCEAN
CARACAS

Is
th a

gd
P a m u s of
nama a
VENEZU E L A

uc
SOUTH AMERICA

ale n a
co GEORGETOWN

Ca
Orino
Meta PARAMARIBO
G

S UR
BOGOTÁ CAYENNE

G UY
u

IN A
avi
are ia French
2

AN
2

M
Gu Guiana

E
na

A
COL O MB IA H i
g h l a n d s (France)

Equator QUITO Equator

Caqu Rio Negro
South America

et á
o n
ECUADOR N
P u tu
mayo A m a z o n A maz
ap
o

M arañón
B a s i n
Xin

a
gu

Ju ru á ir
de

A
a

P
3 B M R A Z I L 3
us o Fr a n c

E
Pur Sã

n
is
co

ins

R
os Represa de

d
U Di Sobradinho
ia

e
M a dre d

e
Tocant

gua

LIMA
ra

Ben
A

s
Lake
Titicaca BRASÍLIA
LA PAZ

BOLIVIA
4 4
SUCRE

Tropic of Capricorn PARAGUAY Tropic of Capricorn

 ASUNCIÓN a
Isla San Isla San Félix
Paran

E
Ambrosio (Chile)

A
(Chile) ay
gu

ru
U

L
Paran

N
5 5

e s
I
Islas Juan Fernandez Lagoa dos Patos

I
(Chile) URUGUAY
SANTIAGO

H
BUENOS AIRES MONTEVIDEO

A n d
C
PACIFIC

E
Co l o r ad
o
Río Neg
ro ATLANTIC
OCEAN

G
6 Isla de Chiloé OCEAN 6

A R
Falkland Islands

Patagonia
(UK)
Strait of
Magellan

Tierra del Fuego

7 South Georgia 7
Cape Horn (UK)

POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA: COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
6,731,428 sq miles POPULATION DENSITY:
(17,434,410 sq km) Ecuador 129 people per sq mile
(50 people per sq km)
TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES:
12 LARGEST COUNTRY: 0 500 km
Brazil 3,286,470 sq miles 0 500 miles
TOTAL POPULATION: (8,511,965 sq km)
8 393 million 8
SMALLEST COUNTRY:
SOUTH AMERICA

LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION: Suriname 63,039 sq miles

São Paulo, Brazil 20.9 million (163,270 sq km)
143

A B C D E
 A B C D E
144

E U R O P E
1 1
A T L AN TI C
AFRICA

Black Sea
OCEAN
Africa

M e
Ceuta ALGIERS d i
(Spain) Melilla t e
(Spain) TUNIS r r
Madeira RABAT s a n A S I A
in TUNISIA
(Portugal) ta e a
2 MOROCC O o u n TRIPOLI n S e a Sy r i a n 2
M Deser t
s
Islas Canarias la
At CAIRO
(Spain)
Pe

Lib ya n
rs

Ni le
i

A L G E R I A De s e rt
an

LAÂYOUNE
L I B Y A
Gu

WESTERN E G Y P T
lf

SAHARA
(disputed)
e d

Tropic of Cancer S a h a r a Tropic of Cancer

Arabian
S e

MAURITANIA Tibesti
a

3 3
NOUAKCHOTT Peninsula
M A L I
S e n e gal
N I G E R
r KHARTOUM ERITREA
DAKAR Nige C H A D
SENEGAL ASMARA
NIAMEY S U D A N
GAMBIA BAMAKO
BANJUL INA NDJAMENA
BISSAU RK O OUAGADOUGOU DJIBOUTI
Blu

S DJIBOUTI

B
GUINEA- GUINEA NIGERIA ADDIS

FA U
eN

BISSAU CONAKRY ABABA

i

SOMALILAND
l

CÔTE e
ON

FREETOWN D'IVOIRE ABUJA (not internationally

BENIN
Nige
SOUTH

TOGO
(IVORY COAST)
r recognized)

GHANA
RO

SIERRA LEONE PORTO-NOVO ETHIOPIA

CENTRAL AFRICAN SUDAN
Wh

MONROVIA YAMOUSSOUKRO
ME

4 LOMÉ REPUBLIC She 4

LIBERIA ACCRA BANGUI JUBA bel
i SOMALIA
CA
ite N

MALABO Uele Lake

ile

EQUATORIAL GUINEA YAOUNDÉ Turkana MOGADISHU

Co ngo

UGANDA KENYA
GABON Lake
Equator SÃO TOMÉ LIBREVILLE KAMPALA Equator
Victoria
GO
 N
RWANDA KIGALI NAIROBI
SÃO TOMÉ &

O
PRÍNCIPE C BRAZZAVILLE BURUNDI
BUJUMBURA
Cabinda KINSHASA DEM. REP. TANZA NIA
(part of Angola) CONGO Lake
DODOMA
Tanganyika
5 Ascension I. 5
(St Helena) LUANDA
Lake Nyasa COMOROS
ANGOLA MALAWI MORONI
LILONGWE Mayotte

E
Z A M B I A (France)

U
St Helena LUSAKA

IQ
(UK) Zambezi

B
HARARE ANTANANARIVO

M
A T LA N T I C NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE

ZA
6 O C E A N BOTSWANA MADAGASCAR 6

MO
WINDHOEK
Kalahari
Tropic of Capricorn Desert Tropic of Capricorn
GABORONE PRETORIA/TSHWANE
MAPUTO
MBABANE SWAZILAND
Or ang e Ri ver
LESOTHO
BLOEMFONTEIN MASERU
SOUTH I N D I A N
CAPE TOWN
AFR IC A
7 Cape of Good Hope O C E A N 7

POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA: COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
11,437,865 sq miles POPULATION DENSITY:
(29,624,100 sq km) Mauritius 1811 people per sq mile
(699 people per sq km)
TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES:
54 LARGEST COUNTRY:
Algeria 919,590 sq miles
TOTAL POPULATION: (2,381,740 sq km) 0 1000 km
8 1030.8 million 8
SMALLEST COUNTRY: 0 1000 miles
AFRICA

LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION: Seychelles 176 sq miles

Cairo, Egypt 15.4 million (455 sq km)
145

A B C D E
 146 EUROPE

Europe
A B C D

POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA: REYKJAVÍK
1
3,739,678 sq miles ICELAND Ar
c ti
(9,685,756 sq km ) cC
ircl
e
TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES:
46
Norwegian
TOTAL POPULATION:
Faeroe Islands
718.3 million Sea
(Denmark)

Y
LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION:

A
Moscow, European Russia 16 million

W
Shetland Islands
2 R
COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST Outer O
POPULATION DENSITY: Hebrides N
Monaco 40,719 people per sq mile Orkney Islands
British

E
(15,661 people per sq km) OSLO
Isles North

W
LARGEST COUNTRY:
European Russia 1,527,341 sq miles Sea

S
(3,955,818 sq km) IRELAND
DENMARK
DUBLIN UNITED
SMALLEST COUNTRY: COPENHAGEN
Vatican City, Italy 0.17 sq miles KINGDOM
(0.44 sq km) AMSTERDAM
3 El
LONDON NETH. be
THE BERLIN
Channel Is. BELGIUM HAGUE
(UK) BRUSSELS GE RMA N Y
LUXEMBOURG
PARIS PRAGUE
LUXEMBOURG
L oir e e CZECH REPUBLIC
in

Bay of Biscay FRANCE

Rh

LIECH. BRATISLAVA
BERN VIENNA
SWITZERLAND AUSTRIA
Ga

4 ATLANTIC r SLOVENIA
on

LJUBLJANA
PORTUGAL
ne

ZAGREB
Eb

OCEAN MONACO CROATIA

ro

Tag MADRID SARAJEVO

us ANDORRA SAN MARINO
LISBON BOSNIA
I T

Madeira
(Portugal)
SPAIN Corsica & HERZ.
G ua d a l q u i v i r VATICAN CITY
A

s ROME
nd Y
L

sla
Gibraltar B alearic I
(UK) Sardinia
Ceuta M e d i t
Canary Islands (Spain) Melilla e
5 (Spain) (Spain) r
r Sicily
a
n e
A F R I C A VALLETTA a n
MALTA
A B C D
 EUROPE 147

E F G H

U r a
1

l
O b'

M o u
I rt ysh
N

N D

n t a
E
D

or
th e
L A

rn D

i n
vin
a

s
I N

Lake Onega 2
R U S S I A N
F

HELSINKI
Lake Ladoga
STOCKHOLM F E D E R A T I O N
TALLINN
ea

ESTONIA
c S

LATVIA
lti

RIGA MOSCOW l
Ba

ra
U
LITHUANIA
lga

VILNIUS
Vo

KALININGRAD MINSK
3
(Russ.Fed.)
BELARUS Aral Sea
WARSAW
Don
POLAND KIEV
UKRAINE
per

SLOVAKIA
BUDAPEST MOLDOVA
ie

Dn
C

HUNGARY CHIfiINÂU
as

4
ROMANIA
pi

Caucasus
A
SERBIA
an

BELGRADE BUCHAREST
S

e
ea

MONTENEGRO nub Black Sea

Da
I

PODGORICA
PRISHTINË BULGARIA
SOFIA
KOS.
(disp.) SKOPJE
S
MACED. TURKEY
TIRANA
ALBANIA A
G R EECE 0 1000 km
5
0 1000 miles
ATHENS

S e a Crete
Cyprus

E F G H
 148 ASIA

Asia
A B C D

A R C T I C O C E A N
Franz Josef
Land
Severnaya
1 Zemlya

Laptev Sea
Kara Sea

Le
na

R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
b

O
E U R O P E

Ye n
2 Irty

i
sey
sh
Black
Sea ASTANA Lake Baikal
ANKARA
GEORGIA KAZAKHSTAN
TURKEY TBILISI
ULAN BATOR
Tr

CYPRUS ARMENIA
op

of AZERBAIJAN MONGOLIA
ic

Ca NICOSIA YEREVAN UZBEKISTAN

BAKU
nc BEIRUT SYRIA BISHKEK
er LEBANON TURKMENISTAN
DAMASCUS AflGABAT KYRGYZSTAN
JERUSALEM AMMAN TEHRÁN TASHKENT
ISRAEL JORDAN
3 BAGHDAD DUSHANBE TAJIKISTAN
IRAQ I RA N
KUWAIT
KABUL C H I N A
AFGHANISTAN ISLAMABAD
KUWAIT
MANAMA

ze
BAHRAIN
Red

gt
RIYADH QATAR PAKISTAN NEW n
DOHA DELHI NEPAL THIMPHU Ya
s

SAUDI
I ndu

ABU DHABI
BHUTAN
Sea

U.A.E. KATHMANDU
A R A B IA MUSCAT Ga
n g e s BANGLADESH
A F R I C A SANA OM AN
DHAKA VIETNAM
I N D I A MYANMAR HANOI
Y E MEN (BURMA) LAOS
4 Arabian
NAY PYI TAW VIENTIANE
Socotra
Equ (Yemen) Sea Bay of THAILAND
ato Bengal BANGKOK
r CAMBODIA
Laccadive Andaman &
Islands Nicobar Islands PHNOM
(India) (India) PENH

COLOMBO
MALE’
SRI M ALA
MALDIVES LANKA KUALA LUMPUR
PUTRAJAYA
SINGAPORE
5
I N
I N D I A N O C E A N JAKARTA

A B C D
 ASIA 149

E F G H

POLITICAL FACTFILE
TOTAL AREA:
1
17,006,354 sq miles
(44,046,472 sq km)

TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES:

49

TOTAL POPULATION:
4193.9 million
Sea of
Okhotsk LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION:
Tokyo, Japan 34.3 million
Kurile Islands 2
COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
POPULATION DENSITY:
Singapore 20,339 people per sq mile
(7869 people per sq km)

LARGEST COUNTRY:
Asiatic Russia 5,065,394 sq miles
NORTH
er

JA PA N (13,119,382 sq km)
nc

KOREA
Ca

PYONGYANG TOKYO of SMALLEST COUNTRY:

ic
SEOUL op Maldives 116 sq miles
BEIJING Tr
SOUTH (300 sq km)
KOREA 3

Ryukyu Islands

TAIPEI

TAIWAN P ACIF IC
O CEAN
4
MANILA

r
P H I L I P P I N ES ato
Equ 0 1000 km
0 1000 miles

BRUNEI BANDAR
SERI BEGAWAN
Y S I A
AUS T R AL AS I A
5
D O N E S I A & O C E ANI A
DILI
EAST TIMOR

E F G H
 150 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Australasia & Oceania

A B C D

Wake Island
Northern (to US)
1 Mariana
Islands
(US)
Philippine M
i MARSHALL
HAGÅTÑA c
Sea Guam r
(US) o ISLANDS
n
PALIKIR e MAJURO
Caro
line
NGERULMUD Islan
ds s
Babeldaob
M I CRO NE S I A

i
2 BAIRIKI

a
PALAU NAURU
M e l a n NAURU
e KIRIBATI
PAPUA NEW s
i
tor GUINEA TUVALU
Equa a
A S I A SOLOMON
FONGAFALE

PORT MORESBY ISLANDS

HONIARA
3
VANUATU
Coral Sea PORT VILA
Islands SUVA
Ashmore & (Australia) New Caledonia
Cartier Islands (France)
G

(Australia) FIJI
re

a
t NOUMÉA
D
INDIAN
iv
id

4 OCEAN
in

AUSTRALIA
g R

Norfolk Island
(Australia)
g

ange
lin

Lake Eyre North

Lord Howe
ar
D

Lake Torrens Island

(Australia)
ico rn NEW
apr
fC ZEALAND
op ic o M urray
CANBERRA
Tr
WELLINGTON
5 Tasman
Sea
Tasmania

A B C D
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 151

E F G H

POLITICAL FACTFILE
Johnston Atoll
(US) TOTAL AREA: COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST
International Dateline

3,244,632 sq miles (8,403,608 sq km) POPULATION DENSITY:

1
Nauru 1151 people per sq mile
TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES: (444 people per sq km)
14
LARGEST COUNTRY:
TOTAL POPULATION: Australia 2,967,893 sq miles
34.9 million (7,686,850 sq km)

LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION: SMALLEST COUNTRY:

Sydney, Australia 4.7 million Nauru 8.1 sq miles (21 sq km)

Baker & Howland

Islands Jarvis Island 2
(US)
a
(US)
P A C I F I C
KIRIBATI
Equa
i

Phoenix Islands
KIRIBATI O C E A N tor

Tokelau
(NZ)
s

Wallis & Marquesas Islands

Futuna American Cook Islands
(Fr.) SAMOA Samoa (NZ)
3
MATÁ’UTU (US)
ÁPIA PAGO PAGO
e

TONGA So
cie PAPEETE
ty
Niue Isl
an
n

(NZ) ds
NUKU‘ AVARUA
ALOFA French Polynesia
Île (France)
y

sA
u str
al Pitcairn
Kermadec Islands es 4
Islands
(New Zealand)
l

(UK)
International Dateline

o Tro
p ic
of C
P apr
icor
n

0 1000 km
0 1000 miles 5
Chatham Islands
(New Zealand)

E F G H
152
Key to factfile maps
FOREWORD
This factfile is intended as a guide to a world that is continually changing as
political fashions and personalities come and go. Nevertheless, all the
material in these factfiles has been researched from the most up-to-date
and authoritative sources to give an incisive portrait of the geographical,
social, and economic characteristics that make each country unique.

KEY TO MAP SYMBOLS

ELEVATION DRAINAGE FEATURES
River
4000m/13,124ft
Seasonal river
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft Canal

1000m/3281ft Lake
500m/1640ft Seasonal lake
200m/656ft
0 SYMBOLS
Below sea level Capital city

BORDERS Major town

Full international International airport

Mountain
Disputed de facto
The asterisk in the Factfile denotes the country's
Territorial claim official language(s)

Date of formation denotes the date of political

Cease-fire line origin or independence; the second date (if any)
identifies when its current borders were established

State/Province The area figure denotes total land area

 ASIA 153
Afghanistan
About 75% of this landlocked Asian country is
inaccessible. The Islamist Taliban, ousted in 2001, continue
to fight a guerrilla war against Afghan and NATO-led forces.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Predominantly mountainous. Mainly agricultural, severely
Highest range is the Hindu Kush. disrupted by war. Illicit opium trade is big
Mountains are bordered by fertile plains. cash earner. Natural gas pipeline planned
Desert plateau in the south. from the Caspian Sea to Pakistan.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: The UN estimates that it

Harsh continental. Hot, dry could take 100 years to remove the
summers. Cold winters with heavy 10 million landmines laid since 1979
snow, especially in the Hindu Kush.
TAJIKISTAN
PEOPLE & SOCIETY UZBEK. CHINA
TURKMENISTAN
Mujahideen factions fought first Mazár-e Sharíf
Faízábád
sh
Kunduz Ku
against Soviet invaders (from 1979), and Maímanah Baghlán d u
in
then against each other (after 1989).

H
Cháríkár
Taliban insurgents won control in 1996 Herát KABUL
Jalálábád
and imposed a strict Islamist regime: Ghazní
Khyber Pass

women were denied all rights and ethnic PAKISTAN

tensions were exacerbated. In 2001, a Gereshk Kandahár
US-led intervention justified as a “war
IRAN
on terrorism” helped install an elected
3000m/9843ft
anti-Taliban regime. NATO troops led 2000m/6562ft
the anti-insurgency campaign, but aimed 0 100 km 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
ultimately to hand over and withdraw. 0 100 miles 200m/656ft

FACTFILE DENSITY: 116 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Islamic Republic LANGUAGES: Pashtu*, Tajik, Dari*, other
of Afghanistan RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 80%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1919 Shi’a Muslim 19%, other 1%
CAPITAL: Kabul ETHNIC MIX: Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Hazara
POPULATION: 29.1 million 19%, Uzbek and Turkmen 15%, other 3%
TOTAL AREA: 250,000 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(647,500 sq. km) CURRENCY: Afghani = 100 puls
154 EUROPE

Albania
Lying at the southeastern end of the Adriatic Sea,
Albania was the last east European country to liberalize its
economy. The regional strife of the 1990s has left a difficult legacy.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Narrow coastal plain. Interior is Oil and natural gas reserves
mostly hills and mountains. Forest and have potential to offset rudimentary
scrub cover over 40% of the land. infrastructure and lack of foreign
investment. Organized crime problem.
CLIMATE
2000m/6562ft
Mediterranean coastal climate, 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
with warm summers and cool winters. MONTENEGRO 200m/656ft
KOSOVO Sea Level
Mountains receive heavy rains or Lake Scutari (disputed)
snows in winter. Shkodër
Kukës

PEOPLE & SOCIETY Adriatic

The pace of economic reform Sea MACEDONIA
remains a major issue. EU membership, Durrës TIRANA
applied for in 2009, is a distant Elbasan Lake
Ohrid
prospect. Mosques and churches Lushnjë
Lake
Fier Berat Prespa
have reopened in what was once the
Vlorë Korçë
world’s only officially atheist state.
The Greek minority in the south
suffers much discrimination. Delvinë
Ionian GREECE
Sea
INSIGHT: The Albanians’ name
for their country, Shqipërisë, 0 50 km
means “Land of the Eagles” 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Albanian*, Greek

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Albania
DATE OF FORMATION: 1912
CAPITAL: Tirana
POPULATION: 3.2 million
TOTAL AREA: 11,100 sq. miles
(28,748 sq. km)
DENSITY: 302 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 70%,
Albanian Orthodox 20%,
Roman Catholic 10%
ETHNIC MIX: Albanian 98%, Greek 1%,
other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Lek = 100 qindarka (qintars)
 AFRICA 155
Algeria
On the Mediterranean coast, and independent from
France since 1962, Algeria is now Africa's largest country. Its
regime used the army to keep Islamists from power in 1992.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
85% of the country lies within Oil and natural gas exports.
the Sahara Desert. Fertile coastal Political turmoil has led to exodus of
region with plains and hills rises skilled foreign labor. Limited agriculture.
to meet the Atlas Mountains.
INSIGHT: The world’s highest
CLIMATE dunes are located in the
Coastal areas are warm and deserts of east central Algeria
temperate, with most rainfall during Mediterranean Sea
the mild winters. The south is very ALGIERS Béjaïa Annaba
hot, with negligible rainfall. Oran Constantine
Sétif Batna
Tlemcen Tiaret
t s . Biskra TUNISIA
At l a s M
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MOROCCO
Ghardaïa
Algerians are predominantly Arab, Béchar
under 35 years of age, and urban. Berbers
consider the mountainous Kabylia region
I-n-Salah Tas LIBYA
in the northeast to be their homeland. sil
i-n
-A
They have been granted greater ethnic MAUR. jje
r
rights in recent years. The Sahara sustains A h a g g a r
Tamanrasset
just 500,000 people, mainly oil workers MALI
S a h a r a
or Tuareg nomads herding goats and NI GER

camels. A national reconciliation process 2000m/6562ft

1000m/3281ft
has followed the suppression of the 500m/1640ft 0 200 km
200m/656ft
Islamist challenge to the regime. Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 38 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: People’s Democratic
Republic of Algeria
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962
CAPITAL: Algiers
POPULATION: 35.4 million
TOTAL AREA: 919,590 sq. miles
(2,381,740 sq. km)
LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Tamazight, French
RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 99%,
Christian and Jewish 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Arab 75%, Berber 24%,
European and Jewish 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Algerian dinar = 100 centimes
156 EUROPE

Andorra
A tiny landlocked principality, Andorra lies high in the
eastern Pyrenees between France and Spain. It held its first
full elections in 1993. Tourism is the main source of income.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
High mountains, with six deep, Tourism and duty-free sales
glaciated valleys that drain into the dominate the economy. Banking secrecy
Valira River as it flows into Spain. laws and low consumer taxes promote
investment and commerce. France and
CLIMATE Spain effectively decide economic policy.
Cool, wet springs followed by dry, The country is dependent on imported
warm summers. Mountain snows linger food and raw materials.
until March. 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft

PEOPLE & SOCIETY F R A N C E

Immigration is strictly monitored P y r e
and restricted by quota to French n e e s
and Spanish nationals seeking Arinsal Soldeu
employment in Andorra. Low taxes Canillo
Ordino Port
attract wealthy expatriates. A Encamp d'Envalira
referendum in 1993 ended 715 years Escaldes
of semifeudal status, but Andorran
a

ANDORRA LA VELLA
V a l ir

society remains conservative.

Sant Julià de Lòria

INSIGHT: Andorra’s coprincipality

S P A I N
status dates from the 13th century.
The “princes” are the president of France 0 5 km
and the bishop of Urgel in Spain. 0 5 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish, Catalan*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Principality of Andorra
DATE OF FORMATION: 1278
CAPITAL: Andorra la Vella
POPULATION: 84,825
TOTAL AREA: 181 sq. miles
(468 sq. km)
DENSITY: 471 people per sq. mile
French, Portuguese
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 94%,
other 6%
ETHNIC MIX: Spanish 46%, Andorran 28%,
other 18%, French 8%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 AFRICA 157
Angola
Located in southwest Africa, Angola suffered a civil war
following independence from Portugal in 1975, until a
2002 peace deal. Hundreds of thousands of people died.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Most of the land is hilly and grass- Potentially one of Africa’s richest
covered. Desert in the south. Mountains countries, but long civil war hampered
in the center and north. economic development. Oil and
diamonds are exported.
CLIMATE
Varies from temperate to tropical. CONGO

Rainfall decreases north to south. Coast CABINDA ng

o
(part of Angola)

Co
is cooler and dry. DEM. REP.CONGO
M’Banza
Congo Uíge
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
LUANDA Lucapa
Civil war pitched the ruling Malanje Saurimo
Kimbundu-dominated MPLA against ATLANTIC Cu
a
UNITA, representing the Ovimbundu. OCEAN ezi

nz
Luena mb
Za

a
Multiparty elections in 1991–1992, after Lobito
Huambo
Benguela Planalto
the MPLA had abandoned Marxism, failed do Bié
to stall the war for long. Power-sharing Lubango Menongue
ZAMBIA
from 2002 ended when the MPLA won Namibe
the 2008 election. In 2006, separatists in
Cunene
the Cabinda exclave agreed a peace deal.
NAMIBIA
BOTSWANA
INSIGHT: Angola has the greatest 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
number of amputees (caused by 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 200 km
landmines) in the world Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Angola
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975
CAPITAL: Luanda
POPULATION: 19 million
TOTAL AREA: 481,351 sq. miles
(1,246,700 sq. km)
DENSITY: 39 people per sq. mile
Umbundu, Kimbundu, Kikongo
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 68%,
Protestant 20%, indigenous beliefs 12%
ETHNIC MIX: Ovimbundu 37%, other 25%,
Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Readjusted kwanza = 100 lwei
158 ANTARCTICA

Antarctica
The circumpolar continent of Antarctica is almost entirely covered by
ice, some up to 1.2 miles (2 km) thick. It also contains 90% of the Earth’s
freshwater reserves.
GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The bulk of Antarctica’s ice is No indigenous population.
contained in the Greater Antarctic Ice Scientists and logistical staff work at
Sheet – a huge dome that rises steeply the 40 permanent, and as many as
from the coast and flattens to a plateau 100 temporary, research stations. A
in the interior. few Chilean settler families live on
King George Island. Tourism is mostly
CLIMATE by cruise ship to the Antarctic Peninsula.
Powerful winds create a storm belt Annual tourist numbers have reached
around the continent, which brings cloud, nearly 40,000.
fog, and blizzards. Winter temperatures 0 1000 km
can fall to –112°F (–80°C). 0 1000 miles

South Anta
Orkney Is. rcti
cC
i rcl SOUTHERN
Territorial Claims: South e
Shetland Is. OCEAN
Chilean claim d
au
King M
Argentinian claim George I. Weddell n nd
L e

Sea a
ue

Brazilian zone of interest Ende r by

Q

Antarctic
Peninsula Land
British claim
Norwegian undefined limit R o nne Ice
She lf East
South A n t a r c t i c a
Ellsworth Pole
Australian Land Tr
claim an
sa
nd

We s t nt
A nt ar c t ic a
La
ar

A munds e n
French claim
ct

Ross Ice
s

Se a
ke
ic

New Zealand claim Shelf il

M

W
V La
ic nd

ts.
to
ri

Ross SOUTHERN
The Antarctic Treaty of 1959
a

Sea OCEAN
South
holds all territorial claims in SOUTHERN
Balleny Is. Magnetic
OCEAN Pole Ice Cap
abeyance in the interest of Permanent Ice
international cooperation

FACTFILE INSIGHT: If the ice sheets of

DATE OF FORMATION: 1961 Antarctica were to melt, the
TOTAL AREA: 5,405,000 sq. miles world’s oceans would rise by as much
(14,000,000 sq. km) as 200–210 ft (60–65 m)
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 159
Antigua & Barbuda
A former colony of Spain, France, and the UK, Antigua
and Barbuda lies at the outer edge of the Leeward Islands group
in the Caribbean, and includes the uninhabited islet of Redonda.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly low-lying limestone and Tourism is the main source
coral islands with some higher volcanic of revenue and the biggest provider
areas. Antigua’s coast is indented with of jobs. Financial services and Internet
bays and harbors. gambling are expanding. High debt.
ATLANTIC
CLIMATE OCEAN
Tropical, moderated by trade winds 0 5 km
and sea breezes. Humidity and rainfall are 0 5 miles

Th
low for the region.

eH
Codrington

ig
Codrington

hla
200m/656ft Lagoon
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Barbuda

nds
Sea Level
Population almost entirely of Palmetto
African origin, with small communities of Isla Point
nd
s
Europeans and South Asians. Women’s 30
mi
Spanish
V.C. Bird l es Point
status has risen as a result of greater Intl. Airport Long I. (50
access to education. Wealth disparities ST. JOHN’S Guiana I.
km
)a
are small. The Bird family dominated pa
rt
politics from 1960, but lost power to the Antigua
United Progressive Party (UPP) from 2004. Bolans Freetown Green I.

ge pe
sa ou
Falmouth as del
INSIGHT: In 1865, Redonda was
a

u
“claimed” by an eccentric Englishman G P
as a kingdom for his son Caribbean Sea

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, English patois

OFFICIAL NAME: Antigua and Barbuda
DATE OF FORMATION: 1981
CAPITAL: St. John’s
POPULATION: 87,884
TOTAL AREA: 170 sq. miles
(442 sq. km)
DENSITY: 517 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Anglican 45%,
other Protestant 42%, Roman Catholic 10%,
other 2%, Rastafarian 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Black African 95%,
other 5%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: E. Caribbean $ = 100 cents
160 SOUTH AMERICA

Argentina
Argentina occupies most of southern South America.
After 30 years of intermittent military rule, democracy returned
in 1983. Economic crash in 2001 led to largest-ever debt default.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Andes form a natural border Agricultural exports restored growth
with Chile in the west. East are the from 2003. Quickly bounced back from
heavily wooded plains (Gran Chaco) and drought and global downturn in 2008.
treeless but fertile Pampas plains. Bleak
BOLIV IA PARAGUAY
and arid Patagonia lies in the south.
c

o
Salta C ha
CLIMATE an Posadas
San Miguel de Gr Corrientes
The Andes are semiarid in the north Tucumán

Sa
l a do BRAZIL
and snowy in the south. Pampas have a CHILE Santa Fe Paraná URUGUAY

A
mild climate with summer rains. San Juan Córdoba Rosario
BUENOS AIRES
Mendoza

s
pa
n
La Plata

Pam
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Santa Rosa
Mar del Plata
People are largely of European d Bahía Blanca
Neuquén N e g Bahía Blanca
descent; over one-third are of Italian r o
e

Viedma
origin. Indigenous peoples are now a tiny AT L AN T IC
Patagonia
s

minority, living mainly in Andean regions Golfo

O C E AN
or in the Gran Chaco. The middle classes San Jorge

were worst hit by the economic Falkland Islands

(to UK)
Bahía
meltdown of 2001–2002. Grande
Río Gallegos
Strait of Tierra 4000m/13124ft
del
INSIGHT: The Tango originated Magellan Fuego
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
in the poorer quarters of Buenos 0 400 km 1000m/3281ft
200m/656ft
Aires at the end of the 19th century 0 400 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Italian, Amerindian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Argentina
DATE OF FORMATION: 1816
CAPITAL: Buenos Aires
POPULATION: 40.7 million
TOTAL AREA: 1,068,296 sq. miles
(2,766,890 sq. km)
DENSITY: 39 people per sq. mile
languages
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 70%, other 18%,
Protestant 9%, Muslim 2%, Jewish 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Indo-European 97%, Mestizo
(European–Amerindian) 2%, Amerindian 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Argentine peso = 100 centavos
 ASIA 161
Armenia
The smallest of the former USSR’s republics, Armenia
lies landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains. After
1988, a confrontation with Azerbaijan dominated national life.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Rugged and mountainous, with Overseas remittances and
expanses of semidesert and a large lake agriculture each account for a sixth
in the east: Sevana Lich. of GDP. Main products are wine,
tobacco, potatoes, and fruit. Well-
CLIMATE developed machine-building and
Continental climate, with little manufacturing – includes textiles
rainfall in the lowlands. The winters are and bottling of mineral water.
often bitterly cold.
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY GEORGIA 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Christianity is the dominant Alaverdi
religion, but minority groups are Vanadzor
well integrated. War with Azerbaijan

Les
Gyumri Sevan AZERB A I J A N
over the enclave of Nagorno Karabakh

se
TURKEY Hrazdan
forced 350,000 Armenians living in

r C
Ashtarak Sevana
Vagharshapat Lich
Azerbaijan to return home, many to

a
YEREVAN

uc
Armavir
live in poverty. There are close and ra Ararat
A

a
s

su
important ties to the seven-million-

s
strong Armenian diaspora.
AZERBAIJAN Kapan
A r as
INSIGHT: In the 4th century, Armenia
became the first country to adopt 0 50 km
IRAN
Christianity as its state religion 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Armenian*, Azeri, Russian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Armenia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991
CAPITAL: Yerevan
POPULATION: 3.1 million
TOTAL AREA: 11,506 sq. miles
(29,800 sq. km)
DENSITY: 269 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Armenian Apostolic Church
(Orthodox) 88%, Armenian Catholic Church
6%, other 6%
ETHNIC MIX: Armenian 98%, Yezidi 1%,
other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Dram = 100 luma
162 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
Australia
An island continent in its own right, Australia is the
world’s sixth-largest country. European settlement began over
200 years ago. Most Australians now live in cities along the coast.
GEOGRAPHY
Located between the Indian
and Pacific oceans, Australia has a
variety of landscapes, including tropical
rainforests, the arid plateaus, ridges,
and vast deserts of the “red center,”
the lowlands and river systems draining
into Lake Eyre, rolling tracts of pastoral
land, and magnificent beaches around
much of the coastline. In the far
east are the mountains of the
Great Dividing Range. Famous natural
features include Uluru (Ayers Rock) and
the Great Barrier Reef.
CLIMATE
The west and south are semi-arid
with hot summers. The arid interior
can reach 120°F (50°C) in the central
desert areas. The north is hot
throughout the year, and humid
during the summer monsoon. East,
southeast, and southwest coastal
areas are temperate.
FACTFILE
OFFICIAL NAME: Commonwealth of
Australia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1901
CAPITAL: Canberra
POPULATION: 21.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 2,967,893 sq. miles
(7,686,850 sq. km)
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The first settlers arrived in
Australia at least 100,000 years ago.
Today, the Aborigines make up around
2% of the population. European
colonization began in 1788, and was
dominated by British and Irish
immigrants, some of whom were
convicts. White-only immigration drives
brought many Europeans to Australia,
but since the 1960s multi-culturalism
has been encouraged and most new
settlers are Asian; Cantonese has
overtaken Italian as the second most
widely spoken language. Wealth
disparities are small, but Aborigines,
the exception in an otherwise
integrated society, are marginalized:
their average life expectancy is around
11 years less than other Australians.
The Labor government in power from
2007 overturned right-wing policies on
illegal immigration and signed up
to limiting greenhouse gas emissions.
DENSITY: 7 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: English*, Cantonese, other
RELIGIONS: Various Protestant 38%,
other 36%, Roman Catholic 26%
ETHNIC MIX: European 90%, Asian 7%,
Aboriginal 2%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Australian dollar = 100 cents
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 163

THE ECONOMY Upward trend in Asian visitor arrivals

Efficient mining and agriculture: has strengthened tourism. The effects
particular success in viticulture. Large of droughts, floods, and cyclones have
resource base: coal, iron ore, bauxite, dented economic growth in recent years.
and most other minerals. Protectionism
abandoned to open up Australian markets. INSIGHT: Sydney has the
Concentration on trade with Asia: China’s world’s largest suburban area,
rapidly expanding demand for minerals a conurbation so vast that the city
means it has now surpassed Japan as is twice as large as Beijing and
Australia’s major trading partner. six times the size of Rome
A raf u ra Se a
Bama
B
Bamag
amag
ga Cape
C ape
pee York
Y

Gre
Timor P A C I F I C
Daarrrwi
rw wi
w
win
in
Sea
eaa

at
A rrn
rnhe
rnh
nhhee m Gu l f
O C E A N
off

Ba
Land
L and
annd
n d C ar
a r p e n t arr i a

rr
ie
Kim
mb b er
erley
I N D I A N

r
P la
lateau Cairn
Cairn
airn
ns C o r a l

R
ee
O C E A N S e a

Gr
N O R T H E R N

f
T E R R I T O R Y Towns
Tow
Town
To
Towns
owns
wn
wn
nssvvi
ville
vill
vil
iill
illlll

ea
t
Po
Port
Po
ort
or
r HHedla
Hed
He
ed
edla
edl
edla
d
dl
lla
and
nd Great Sandy Moun
Mount
Mo
Mo
ou
oun
unt
nt Isaa Ma
Maack
accka
ckaay

D
D e s e r t Lakee
iv
Lak
La
Lake
L ake Macdonnell
Macka
cka
kaa y
id
Ham Diis
Dis
Disap
D
Disa
issap
isa
isap
ap
a p poi
poin
point
oiint
i nt
ntment
m Alice
Alic
Alilicccee Spri
pring
pri ngs
g
R a negr s l e y Gibson
Ranges
in
Rockh
R
Ro
o
ockh
ock
oc
ckh
kh
ha
hampto
am
m n
e QUEEN SLAND
Desert Ulur
Ulu
Uluru
U lluru
lurrru
u g Bund
Bun
Bu
Bu
und
nda
daaberg
b
((Aye
(Ay
(Ayer
Ayer
Ay s Roc Rock
c k)
k) R
W E S T E R N (86
((867
(8
(867m
86677m
867m7m) S iim
mpson a
n g Fra
F rraa ssee r I.
Carn
Carna
Car
C rna
narvo
na rvo
rvon
von
on Lake
Lak
L aakee Carne
Carn
arne
ne gie
gi D es
eeser
s rt eGyympie
G
Meek
Meeka
Meeeka
ee
eeka
ek
kkatth
tharr
harr
ha a Bri
Br
B rris
isb
sbane
Great Toowo
oowo
ow
owo
ow
wo oomomba
omb
o m
A U S T R A L I A Lak
La
ake
aak
k Eyre
yre
ree Goo l d Coast
G
Victoria Ipswi
IIp
pswi
psw
psswi
wicch
wi h
SOUTH Su
S urfers
nge
es
Desert ng n g Pa
P a
arara
radise
rli
Ra
Ra

Geral
raldt
dto
dt
dton
to
on
n AUSTR ALIA Da Graf
Graft
G
Gra rraf
ra
raft
aaft
afft
fto on
n
ers

r Plain
ng

Kalgo
lgoorlie
iee o
b C oof f
ffs
f
fs
Fl ind

NEW SOUTH
di

r
lla Port
P
Po
o Au Aug
Augus
ugus
ugu
ug
gus
gu
g usta a Ha
H aarrbo
rb ur
vi

Per
Pe
Perth
ert
errth
th
h Nu Brrok
Brok
Broke
roke
ro
o
okken H Hilililll
Di

New
Ne
N eew
wca
wc
w ccaastle
st
Dar ng

Fremaanntl
nt
ttle
lee Why
Whya
W hyal
hya
hya
yal
alllaa Port
Por
Po
Portt P
o Pirie
irie
rieie WALES
at
Ra

re

Rockingh
ham
ha Eliza
Eli
Eliza
izza
iz
izaaabeth
bet
beth
b
be eeth
etth
th Syd
S ydne
ydn
yyd
dne
neey
G

Wagga
Wagg
W gga
ga
g a
lin e

Bun
nb
nbbuuryry Port Li
Lin
inc
nco
nc
coolnn
Esp
EEspe
Esper
spe
s er
sper
eran
ance
anc
nce Adela
Ade
A
Ad dee id
d ide M Wagga
Wagg
Wa
W ag
a
agg
agga
gg
gga
gga
ga Wol
Wo
W ollo
oll
o loongong
g

Cape Leeu
u w in
in ur
ra A Albu
Al bu
bu
bururry CA
CA AN NBERRA
NB
Alban
Allba
lban
ban
any
an Kang
Kan
ang
nga
garoo
ga rroo I . Bendig o y
go AU
AUSTR
UST
U
USSTTRA
STRA
SSTRRALIA
LIAN
IAN
CA
CA
APIT
AP
PITITA
TAAL TE
TTERRITORY
G r e a t A u s t r a l i a n VICTORIA
A ustralian
Au us Alps
B i g h t Mel
Melb
Me
Melbo
M elbo
lbo
bououurn
ur
urne
rrne
rn
ne
ne
Geelo
Gee
Geel
Ge
G eel
ee
e
eelo
ello
eloong
ng
T a s m a n
Bas
Bass
B ass
as
sss S
Stttrai
Strai
Str
Stra
tra
rrai
ai
ait S e a
Bur
Bu
Bu
urni
urn
rn
rni
niie
n
nie
1000m/3281ft TAS
ASSM
S MA
MANNIA
IA
IA Lau
LLa
au
aunc
nces
eston
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft 0 400 km Ho
Hob
Ho
ob
b
ba
bar
aarrt
Sea Level
Below Sea Level 0 400 miles Sout
Sou
S oouth
ouuth
th
h E ast Cape
164 EUROPE

Austria
Bordering eight countries in the heart of Europe,
Austria was created in 1918 after the collapse of the Habsburg
Empire. Neutral after World War II, it joined the EU in 1995.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly mountainous. Alps and Large manufacturing base, despite
foothills cover the west and south. lack of energy resources. The skilled labor
Lowlands in the east are part of the force is key to high-tech exports.
Danube River basin. Eurozone membership since 2002 has
boosted investment.
CLIMATE
Temperate continental climate. INSIGHT: Many of the world’s great
The western Alpine regions have composers were Austrian, including
colder winters and more rainfall. Mozart, Haydn, Schubert, and Strauss

PEOPLE & SOCIETY 3000m/9843ft

2000m/6562ft
Though Austrians speak German, 1000m/3281ft
CZECH REP.
500m/1640ft
they like to stress their distinctive 200m/656ft
Sea Level
identity in relation to Germany. Vienna Linz e VIENNA SLVKA.

b
Da n u
is a major cultural center. Minorities Wels
Steyr Sankt Pölten
are few; there are some ethnic Croats, GERMANY
Salzburg
Wiener
Slovenes, and Hungarians, plus Bad Ischl Neustadt
Dornbirn
Leoben
refugees from conflict in former LIECH. Innsbruck s
HUNG.
p Graz
Yugoslavia. Though strongly Roman A l Wolfsberg
SWITZ. ITALY
Catholic, Austrian society is less Villach
Klagenfurt
conservative than some southern SLOVENIA
German Länder. Class divisions 0 50 km
remain strong. 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: German*, Croatian, Slovenian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Austria
DATE OF FORMATION: 1918
CAPITAL: Vienna
POPULATION: 8.4 million
TOTAL AREA: 32,378 sq. miles
(83,858 sq. km)
DENSITY: 263 people per sq. mile
Hungarian (Magyar)
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 78%,
nonreligious 9%, other 8%, Protestant 5%
ETHNIC MIX: Austrian 93%, Croat, Slovene,
and Hungarian 6%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 ASIA 165
Azerbaijan
Situated on the western coast of the Caspian Sea, it
was the first Soviet republic to declare independence in 1991.
Territorial disputes with Armenia have dominated politics since.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Caucasus Mountains in west, Oil and natural gas exports drive
including Naxçivan exclave south of economic growth. Pipeline to Ceyhan,
Armenia. Flat, low-lying terrain on the Turkey, has opened up European market.
coast of the Caspian Sea. Severe pollution in Baku.
INSIGHT: The fire-worshipping
CLIMATE
Zoroastrian faith originated in
Low rainfall. Continental, with Azerbaijan in the 6th century BCE
bitter winters, inland. Subtropical in
coastal regions. RUSS. FED.
GEORGIA C Caspian
a Quba
u Sea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY fiäki c a
Ku
ra
s u
Azeris, a Muslim people with s
Gäncä Mingäàevir Sumqayıt
ethnic links to Turks, form a large
Le

Ku
BAKU
majority. Thousands of Armenians,
ss

ARMENIA ra
er

Nagorno-
Russians, and Jews have left since Karabakh
Ca

Xankändi Äli-Bayramlı
uc

independence. Influx of half a million

as

s as
Ar
u

Azeri refugees fleeing war with Armenia Naxàıvan

over the disputed enclave of Nagorno Länkärän

IRAN
Karabakh. Armenians there operate with
4000m/13124ft
de facto independence. The status of 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
women deteriorated after the fall of 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
communism but they are slowly 200m/656ft 0 100 km
Sea Level
regaining their position. Below Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Azeri*, Russian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Azerbaijan
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991
CAPITAL: Baku
POPULATION: 8.9 million
TOTAL AREA: 33,436 sq. miles
(86,600 sq. km)
DENSITY: 266 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Shi’a Muslim 68%, Sunni Muslim
26%, Russian Orthodox 3%, Armenian
Apostolic Church (Orthodox) 2%, other 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Azeri 91%, other 3%,
Lazs 2%, Russian 2%, Armenian 2%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: New manat = 100 gopik
166 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Bahamas
Located off the Florida coast in the western
Atlantic, the Bahamas comprises an archipelago of some 700
islands and 2400 cays, only around 30 of which are inhabited.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Long, mainly flat coral Major tourist destination, especially
formations with a few low hills. for US visitors. Financial services: banking
Some islands have pine forests, and insurance.
lagoons, and mangrove swamps.
INSIGHT: The country’s extensive
CLIMATE merchant fleet consists mainly of
Subtropical. Hot summers and “flag-of-convenience” vessels
mild winters. Heavy rainfall, especially a
registered by foreign owners
id
or Grand
in summer. Hurricanes can strike in Fl
Bahama I.
f
so
July–December.
ait
Freeport 200m/656ft
St r

Sea Level
Great Abaco
Berry Is.
PEOPLE & SOCIETY New Eleuthera I.
Over 60% of the population live Nicholls Providence A T L A N T I C
Town NASSAU O C E A N
on New Providence. Tourism employs Andros I. Andros Ex
Cat I.
over 40% of the labor force. There are Town um
San Salvador
aS
marked wealth disparities, from urban Exuma
ou

Cays d Rum Cay

n

professionals in the banking sector to

Long I.
traditional fishermen on outlying islands
Crooked I.
and illegal Haitian and Cuban immigrants. Mayaguana
Acklins I.
More women are now entering the
professions. Government priorities ge
Passa
Cai cos
are tackling narcotics trafficking and 0 100 km Great
Inagua
combating money laundering. 0 100 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 78 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Commonwealth LANGUAGES: English*, English Creole,
of the Bahamas French Creole
DATE OF FORMATION: 1973 RELIGIONS: Baptist 32%, other 29%,
CAPITAL: Nassau Anglican 20%, Roman Catholic 19%
POPULATION: 300,000 ETHNIC MIX: Black African 85%, other 15%
TOTAL AREA: 5382 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(13,940 sq. km) CURRENCY: Bahamian dollar = 100 cents
 ASIA 167
Bahrain
Bahrain is an archipelago of 49 islands between the
Qatar peninsula and the Saudi Arabian mainland. Only three of the
islands are inhabited. It was the first Gulf emirate to export oil.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
All islands are low-lying. The Main exports are refined petroleum
largest, Bahrain Island, is mainly sandy and aluminum products. As oil reserves
plains and salt marshes. run out, natural gas is of increasing
importance. Major Middle East offshore
CLIMATE banking center, hit by global banking
Summers are hot and humid. crisis in 2008–2009.
Winters are mild. Low rainfall. Persian Jazírat al
Muíarraq
Gulf Al Busaytín
Al Muíarraq
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MANAMA
To mainland Jidd Íaf§
The key social division is between (Saudi Arabia)
Madínat ‘Ísá
the Shi’a majority and Sunni minority. Sitrah
Sunnis hold the best jobs in bureaucracy Ar Rifá‘ al Ar Rifá‘ ash
Umm an Gharbí Sharqí
and business while Shi’as tend to do Na‘sán Gulf
Gulf of
menial work. Bahrain is socially liberal. of Bahrain
200m/656ft
Ba hra in Sea Level
The al-Khalifa family has ruled since Bahrain

1783, but transformed Bahrain into a

constitutional monarchy in 2002. Protests
calling for greater democracy rocked the
country duing the 2011 "Arab Spring".
Hawar
Islands
INSIGHT: The 16 Hawar Islands were
awarded to Bahrain in 2001 after a 0 10 km
lengthy dispute with Qatar 0 10 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Bahrain
DATE OF FORMATION: 1971
CAPITAL: Manama
POPULATION: 800,000
TOTAL AREA: 239 sq. miles
(620 sq. km)
DENSITY: 2930 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Shi’a) 99%,
other 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%,
other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%
GOVERNMENT: Mixed monarchical-
parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Bahraini dinar = 1000 fils
168 ASIA

Bangladesh
Bangladesh lies at the north end of the Bay of Bengal
and frequently suffers devastating flood, cyclones,
and famine. It seceded from Pakistan in 1971.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly flat alluvial plains and Agriculture is vulnerable to
deltas of the Brahmaputra and Ganges unpredictable climate. Bangladesh
rivers. Southeast coasts are fringed accounts for 90% of world jute fiber
with mangrove forests. exports. Poor infrastructure deters
investment. Growing textile industry.
CLIMATE 500m/1640ft
Hot and humid. During the 200m/656ft
Sea Level
monsoon, water levels can rise 20 ft (6 m) Rangpur ra

t
apu
Saidpur
above sea level. INDIA

Br a h m
Dinajpur

Jamalpur Sylhet
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Mymensingh
After a period of military rule, Rajshahi Shirajganj Ghat
Bangladesh returned to democracy in Ga
Brahmanbaria
Pabna ng
1991; political instability has continued, es
(P
DHAKA
ad
Ha

however, and corruption is a major INDIA ma Comilla

)
rin

problem. Half of the population live in Jessore

gh

t Barisal
á

Khulna
poverty, but living standards are Mouths Chittagong
of the Ganges
improving. Women are prominent in
politics, but their rights are neglected. B a y

MA R
A
)
o f

(B ANM
B e n g a l

UR
Y
INSIGHT: Torrential monsoon M
rains flood two-thirds of the 0 100 km
country every year 0 100 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 3180 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: People’s Republic
of Bangladesh
DATE OF FORMATION: 1971
CAPITAL: Dhaka
POPULATION: 164 million
TOTAL AREA: 55,598 sq. miles
(144,000 sq. km)
LANGUAGES: Bengali*, Urdu, Chakma,
Marma, Garo, Khasi, Santhali, Tripuri, Mro
RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 88%,
Hindu 11%, other 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Bengali 98%, other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Taka = 100 poisha
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 169
Barbados
Barbados is the most easterly of the Caribbean islands.
Once solely inhabited by the native Arawak, Barbados
was first colonized by British settlers in the 1620s.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Encircled by coral reefs. Fertile and Well-developed tourism sector
predominantly flat, with a few gentle hills based on climate and accessibility.
to the north. Financial services, offshore banking,
and information processing are key
CLIMATE industries. Sugar production has
Moderate tropical climate. Sunnier dwindled. High cost of living.
and drier than its more mountainous
neighbors. 0 5 km
0 5 miles
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Independent from the UK since Speightstown
1966. Some latent tension between the ATLANTIC
economically dominant white community OCEAN
and the majority black population, but Holetown
Bathsheba
violence is rare. Increasing social mobility
has enabled black Barbadians to enter
the professions. Despite political stability,
Marchfield
and good welfare and education services,
pockets of abject poverty remain. BRIDGETOWN
Hastings Grantley Adams
Oistins
Intl. Airport
INSIGHT: Barbados retains a strong ATLANTIC
British influence and is referred to by its OCEAN
200m/656ft
neighbors as “Little England” Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bajan (Barbadian English), English*

OFFICIAL NAME: Barbados RELIGIONS: Anglican 40%, other 24%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1966 nonreligious 17%, Pentecostal 8%,
CAPITAL: Bridgetown Methodist 7%, Roman Catholic 4%
POPULATION: 300,000 ETHNIC MIX: Black African 92%, White 3%,
TOTAL AREA: 166 sq. miles other 3%, mixed race 2%
(430 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 1807 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Barbados dollar = 100 cents
170 EUROPE

Belarus
Literally “White Russia,” Belarus lies landlocked in
eastern Europe. It reluctantly became independent when the
USSR broke up in 1991. It has few resources other than agriculture.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly plains and low hills. The Low unemployment. Industry
Dnieper and Dvina rivers drain the outmoded and mainly state-owned.
eastern lowlands. Vast Pripet Marshes Depends on Russia for energy and raw
in the southwest. materials: tensions over natural gas prices.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: The number of cancer

Extreme continental climate. and leukemia cases soared after
Winters are long, sub-freezing, but the 1986 Chernobyl disaster
mainly dry; summers are hot. LA TV IA

200m/656ft
We
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea Level st e
rn D
Vitsyebsk
vina
Only 2% of people are non-Slav, RUSS.
FED.
so ethnic tension is minimal. Russian LITHUANIA Orsha
culture dominates. Belarus was the Barysaw
slowest ex-Soviet state to implement Lida MINSK
POLAND

Mahilyow
political reform; President Lukashenka Hrodna
Slutsk Babruysk
has been labeled as Europe’s last Baranavichy

Dn
dictator. Enthusiasm for a merger with Homyel’

i ep
Brest Pinsk Rechytsa

er
Russia has waned. Wealth is held by a Pripet
Marshes Mazyr
small ex-Communist elite. Fallout from UKRAI NE
the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster in U K RA IN E

Ukraine still seriously affects health and 0 100 km

the environment. 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Belarussian*, Russian*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Belarus
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991
CAPITAL: Minsk
POPULATION: 9.6 million
TOTAL AREA: 80,154 sq. miles
(207,600 sq. km)
DENSITY: 120 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 80%,
Roman Catholic 14%, other 4%,
Protestant 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Belarussian 81%, Russian 11%,
Polish 4%, Ukrainian 2%, other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Belarussian rouble = 100 kopeks
 EUROPE 171
Belgium
Belgium lies in northwestern Europe. Its history has been
marked by tensions between the majority Dutch-speaking
(Flemish) and minority French-speaking (Walloon) communities.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Low-lying coastal plain covers two-
thirds of the country. Land becomes hilly
and forested in the southeast (Ardennes).
CLIMATE
Maritime climate with Gulf Stream
influences. Mild temperatures, with heavy
cloud cover and rain. More rainfall and
weather fluctuations at the coast.
Variety of industrial exports,
including steel, glassware, cut
diamonds, and textiles. Very high
levels of public debt. Bureaucracy
larger than European average
INSIGHT: Belgium holds the world
record for the country with the longest
period without a government

PEOPLE & SOCIETY

North Sea N ETHERLANDS
Since 1970, Flemish regions have Oostende Antwerpen
become more prosperous than those Brugge
Gent Mechelen

se
of the minority Walloons, overturning

Me u
Kortrijk Aalst Leuven
traditional roles and increasing friction. BRUSSELS
Tournai Liège
Belgium moved to a federal system from La Louvière GER.
1980 in order to contain tensions, but Mons Namur
Charleroi
recent fractious politics have raised FRANCE

doubts over the union's survival. Unable

es
500m/1640ft n
en
to form a government after elections in 200m/656ft Ard LUX.
Sea Level
June 2010, there has been a a caretaker
government running the country ever 0 40 km
since. Brussels hosts key EU institutions. 0 40 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Dutch*, French*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Belgium
DATE OF FORMATION: 1830
CAPITAL: Brussels
POPULATION: 10.7 million
TOTAL AREA: 11,780 sq. miles
(30,510 sq. km)
DENSITY: 844 people per sq. mile
German*
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 88%,
other 10%, Muslim 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Fleming 58%, Walloon 33%,
other 6%, Italian 2%, Moroccan 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
172 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Belize
Belize lies on the eastern shore of the Yucatan
Peninsula. Formerly called British Honduras, Belize was the last
Central American country to gain its independence, in 1981.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Almost half the land area is Tourism, agriculture, and offshore
forested. Low mountains in southeast. banking. Oil extraction began in 2005.
Flat swampy coastal plains. Sugar, textiles, lobsters, and shrimp are
exported. Serious hurricane damage is a
CLIMATE recurring problem.
Tropical. Very hot and humid, with
0 50 km
May–December rainy season. Corozal
0 50 miles Louisville
do
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MEXICO

n
Orange Walk

Ho
English-speaking black Creoles

r
ive
Maskall
are outnumbered by Spanish speakers,

wR
Crooked Tree

Ne
including native mestizos (European– Belize City

ze
li
Amerindian) and immigrants from B
e

Reef
BELMOPAN
neighboring states. The Creoles have
traditionally dominated society, but San Ignacio
Dangriga

.
ts
high levels of emigration to the US GUATEMALA

er
M
have weakened their influence. The

rri
a

y
Ba
Afro-Carib garifuna have their own M
a
Monkey River
language. Corruption, and trafficking of San Antonio Town
people and narcotics, are major problems. Punta Gorda
Caribbean
S arstoo n Sea
1000m/3281ft
INSIGHT: Belize’s barrier reef is 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
the second-largest in the world Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English Creole, Spanish,

OFFICIAL NAME: Belize English*, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib)
DATE OF FORMATION: 1981 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 62%,
CAPITAL: Belmopan other 20%, Anglican 12%, Methodist 6%
POPULATION: 300,000 ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 49%, Creole 25%,
TOTAL AREA: 8867 sq. miles Maya 11%, other 9%, Garifuna 6%
(22,966 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 34 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Belizean dollar = 100 cents
 AFRICA 173
Benin
Benin stretches north from the west African coast.
In 1990, Benin became one of the pioneers of African
democratization, ending 17 years of one-party Marxist-Leninist rule.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Sandy coastal region. Numerous Strong agricultural sector: cash
lagoons lie just behind the shoreline. crops include cotton, oil palm, and
Forested plateaus inland. Mountains in cashew nuts. Large-scale smuggling is
the northwest. a serious problem. France is the main
aid donor.
CLIMATE
Hot and humid in the south. INSIGHT:
NIGER
Two rainy seasons. Hot, dusty Voodoo is N
ig
harmattan winds blow during the thought to have er
BURKINA
originated in FASO Malanville
December–February dry season.
Benin, and was
Kandi
taken to Haiti
PEOPLE & SOCIETY by slaves Natitingou
There are 42 different ethnic Ndali
groups. The southern Fon have tended Djougou
to dominate politics. Other major Parakou

groups are the Adja and Yoruba. TOGO

NIGERIA
The northern Fulani follow a nomadic Savè
lifestyle. North–south tension is
mainly due to the south being more 500m/1640ft Ou é me
developed. French culture, centered 200m/656ft
Sea Level
on Cotonou, is highly prized. Substantial Lokossa
PORTO-NOVO
differences in wealth reflect a strongly 0 100 km Ouidah Cotonou
hierarchical society. 0 100 miles A TLA NTIC O CEAN

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Fon, Bariba, Yoruba,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Benin
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Porto-Novo
POPULATION: 9.2 million
TOTAL AREA: 43,483 sq. miles
(112,620 sq. km)
DENSITY: 215 people per sq. mile
Adja, Houeda, Somba, French*
RELIGIONS: Indigenous beliefs and
Voodoo 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20%
ETHNIC MIX: Fon 41%, other 21%,
Adja 16%, Yoruba 12%, Bariba 10%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
174 ASIA

Bhutan
Perched in the eastern Himalayas between India and
China lies the landlocked Kingdom of Bhutan. It is largely closed to
the outside world to protect its culture; TV was banned until 1999.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Low, tropical southern strip rising Reliant on India for trade. Most
through fertile central valleys to high people farm their own plots of land and
Himalayas in the north. Around 70% of herd cattle and yaks. Steep land unsuited
the land is forested. for cultivation. Development of cash
crops for Asian markets.
CLIMATE
South is tropical, north is alpine, INSIGHT: In 2004 Bhutan became
cold, and harsh. Central valleys warmer the first country in the world to ban
in east than west. smoking and the sale of tobacco

PEOPLE & SOCIETY CHINA

The king was absolute monarch
until 1998, and the first democratic H i m a l a y a s
elections were held a decade later. Most THIMPHU
people are devoutly Buddhist and Paro
Wangdi
Phodrang Tashigang
International Shemgang
originate from Tibet. The Hindu Nepalese Chhukha
settled in the south. Bhutan has 20 Phuntsholing Samdrup
languages. In 1988, Dzongkha (a Tibetan INDIA
Jonkhar

dialect native to just 16% of the people)

was made the official language. The 4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
Nepalese community regard this as 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
“cultural imperialism,” causing 500m/1640ft 0 50 km
200m/656ft
considerable ethnic tensions. Sea Level 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Dzongkha*, Nepali, Assamese

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Bhutan
DATE OF FORMATION: 1656
CAPITAL: Thimphu
POPULATION: 700,000
TOTAL AREA: 18,147 sq. miles
(47,000 sq. km)
DENSITY: 39 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Mahayana Buddhist 75%,
Hindu 25%
ETHNIC MIX: Drukpa 50%, Nepalese 35%,
other 15%
GOVERNMENT: Mixed monarchical–
parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Ngultrum = 100 chetrum
 SOUTH AMERICA 175
Bolivia
Landlocked high in central South America, Bolivia is
one of the region’s poorest countries. La Paz is the world’s
highest capital city: 13,385 feet (3631 m) above sea level.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A high windswept plateau, the Gold, silver, zinc, tin, oil, natural gas:
altiplano, lies between two Andean all vulnerable to world price fluctuations.
mountain ranges. Semiarid grasslands Social issues and nationalization of
to the east; dense tropical forests natural gas sector deter investors. Major
to the north. coca producer. Lack of manufacturing.
Rich eastern provinces want autonomy.
CLIMATE
Altiplano has extreme tropical 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
climate, with night-frost in winter. Guayaramerín
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
North and east are hot and humid. Riberalta 200m/656ft
Sea Level

PERU Gu

i
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Ben
ap o
ré
Wealthy Spanish-descended families Lake
Trinidad
have traditionally controlled the economy. Titicaca
A

BRAZIL
The indigenous majority faces widespread LA PAZ
Montero
n

discrimination. Amerindian Evo Morales, Cochabamba

president from 2005, is cutting poverty, Oruro Santa Cruz
SUCRE Puerto
d

redistributing land, and pushing for inter- Alti ac

o Suárez
national recognition of legal coca use. p l a Potosí Ch
no
an
e

CHILE
Gr

Tupiza PARAGUAY
Tarija
INSIGHT: Between 1825 and 1982
s

Bolivia averaged more than one armed A RG EN TIN A 0 200 km

coup a year 0 200 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 24 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Plurinational State of Bolivia LANGUAGES: Aymara*, Quechua*, Spanish*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1825 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 93%, other 7%
CAPITALS: La Paz (administrative); ETHNIC MIX: Quechua 37%, Aymara 32%,
Sucre (judicial) Mestizo (mixed European–Amerindian) 13%,
POPULATION: 10 million European 10%, other 8%
TOTAL AREA: 424,162 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(1,098,580 sq. km) CURRENCY: Boliviano = 100 centavos
176 EUROPE

Bosnia & Herzegovina

Perched in the highlands of southeast Europe, Bosnia
and Herzegovina was the focus of the bitter ethnic conflict that
accompanied the early 1990s dissolution of the Yugoslav state.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Hills and mountains, with narrow Potential to recover status as a
river valleys. Lowlands in the north. thriving market economy with a strong
Mainly deciduous forest covers about manufacturing base, but still struggles
half of the total area. with resettling refugees and the legacy
of war. Little foreign investment.
CLIMATE
Continental. Hot summers Sa
va CROATIA
and cold, often snowy winters. Prijedor Modriâa
Bihaá REPUBLICA SRPSKA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY D Banja Luka Doboj
SERBIA
i Tuzla
Despite sharing the same origin n

na
Zvornik

os
and spoken language, Bosnians have a Travnik B Zenica D
r rin
ic Srebrenica a
been divided by history between A Bugojno
Orthodox Serbs, Roman Catholic Croats, lp
FEDERACIJA
SARAJEVO
s
and Muslim Bosniaks. Ethnic cleansing CROATIA BOSNA I
HERCEGOVINA
was practiced by all sides in the civil war,
displacing about 60% of the population. Mostar
Hopes for EU integration will require 2000m/6562ft MONTENEGRO
1000m/3281ft
further ethnic reconciliation. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level

INSIGHT: The murder of Archduke

Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo in 0 50 km
1914 triggered the First World War 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bosnian*, Serbian*, Croatian*

OFFICIAL NAME: Bosnia and Herzegovina
DATE OF FORMATION: 1992
CAPITAL: Sarajevo
POPULATION: 3.8 million
TOTAL AREA: 19,741 sq. miles
(51,129 sq. km)
DENSITY: 192 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 40%,
Orthodox Christian 31%, Roman Catholic
15%, other 10%, Protestant 4%
ETHNIC MIX: Bosniak 48%, Serb 34%,
Croat 16%, other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Marka = 100 pfeninga
 AFRICA 177
Botswana
Landlocked in the heart of southern Africa, Botswana
boasts the world’s largest inland river delta. Diamonds provide
potential wealth, but the country is crippled by HIV/AIDS.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Lies on vast plateau, high Overreliance on diamonds:
above sea level. Hills in the east. vulnerable to world price fluctuations.
Kalahari Desert in center and Beef is exported to Europe. Tourism
southwest. Swamps and salt pans aimed at wealthy wildlife enthusiasts.
elsewhere and in Okavango Basin. AIDS is devastating the population.

CLIMATE 1000m/3281ft
ZAMBIA 500m/1640ft
Dry and prone to drought. nd o
wa Kasane
Summer wet season, April–October. K

Winters are warm, with cold nights. Ok a v a n go

ZIMBABWE
NAMIBIA Delt a
Maun
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Makgadikgadi
The nomadic San bushmen, Francistown
the first inhabitants, are marginalized. Ghanzi
Selebi Phikwe
One in four adults are living with Serowe
HIV/AIDS: only Swaziland is worse Kalahari Mahalapye po
po
affected. Life expectancy is around Desert

Li m
56 years. Diamond revenue has widened GABORONE Mochudi
wealth inequalities. Kanye
SOU TH
Lobatse
A FRICA

INSIGHT: Water, Botswana’s most

precious resource, is honored in the 0 200 km
name of the currency – pula 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Setswana, English*, Shona,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Botswana
DATE OF FORMATION: 1966
CAPITAL: Gaborone
POPULATION: 2 million
TOTAL AREA: 231,803 sq. miles
(600,370 sq. km)
DENSITY: 9 people per sq. mile
San, Khoikhoi, isiNdebele
RELIGIONS: Christian 70%, nonreligious 20%,
traditional beliefs 6%, other 4%
ETHNIC MIX: Tswana 79%, Kalanga 11%,
other 10%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Pula = 100 thebe
178 SOUTH AMERICA
Brazil
Covering almost half of South America, Brazil is the site
of the world’s largest and ecologically most important rainforest.
The country has immense natural and economic resources.
GEOGRAPHY
Rainforest grows around the
massive Amazon River and its delta,
covering almost half of Brazil’s total
land area. Apart from the basin of the
River Plate to the south, the rest of the
country consists of highlands. The
mountainous east is part-forested
and part-desert. The coastal plain
in the southeast has swampy areas.
The Atlantic coastline is 1240 miles
(2000 km) long.
CLIMATE
Brazil’s share of the Amazon
Basin has a model tropical equatorial
climate, with high temperatures and
rainfall all year round. The Brazilian
plateau has far greater seasonal
variation. The dry northeast suffers
frequent droughts, though coastal
regions are occasionally flooded by
bouts of torrential rain. The south has
hot summers and cool winters.
FACTFILE
OFFICIAL NAME: Federative Rep. of Brazil
DATE OF FORMATION: 1822
CAPITAL: Brasília
POPULATION: 195 million
TOTAL AREA: 3,286,470 sq. miles
(8,511,965 sq. km)
DENSITY: 60 people per sq. mile
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Diverse population includes
Amerindians, black people of
Equator
orr
African descent, European
immigrants, and those of COLOMBIA
mixed race. Amerindians suffer
prejudice from most other
groups. Shanty towns in the
cities attract poor migrants from
the northeast. Urban crime,
violent land disputes, and
unchecked development in
Amazonia tarnish Brazil’s image as
PERU
a modern nation. Catholicism and
the family unit remain strong.
THE ECONOMY
Dominant regional economy.
Huge potential for growth based on
abundant natural resources. A leading
exporter of coffee, sugar, soybeans,
and orange juice. Social tension
threatens stability. Infrastructure
needs investment.
LANGUAGES: Portuguese*, German, Japanese,
Italian, Spanish, Polish, Amerindian languages
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 74%, Protestant
15%, atheist 7%, other 4%
ETHNIC MIX: White 54%, mixed race 38%,
Black 6%, other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Real = 100 centavos
 SOUTH AMERICA 179

INSIGHT: Since 1900, a third of

Brazil’s indigenous Amerindian groups
have become extinct due to disease,
VENEZUELA French h starvation, or the forceful taking of land
Guian
ian
anna
(Fra
(Fran
ran
anncce
ce)
ee)) by miners, loggers, and settlers
SURIN
SURI
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UR
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BOLIVIA ato to Feir

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gu

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Brazilian
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BRA
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SÍÍL
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Highlands Vitó
Vit
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Paul
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Rio de Jananei
ane
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os
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ritiba
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vilill
vill
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FFllorianópolis
ARG E N T IN
NA
Cax
Caxi
C
Caaaxi
axxixiaass do Sul
ATLANT IC 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Po
Por
Poort
orrto A Allegre
eg 200m/656ft
Lago
Lag
Lagoa
L
Laagoa
ag
aago
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ggooa
oa ddoos
dos
o s Pa
P atos
Patos
a OCEA N Sea Level

Pelo
Pelo
Pel
Pe
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lota
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aass
URUGU
UAAY
Y Rio
R iio
o Gr
Gr de
Gran
Gra
Mirim
Mir
Miri
Mi
M iir
iri
irim
r im L
La
Lagoon
Lag 0 500 km
0 500 miles
180 ASIA

Brunei
Lying on the northern coast of the island of Borneo,
Brunei is surrounded and divided in two by the Malaysian
state of Sarawak. It has been independent since 1984.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly dense lowland rainforest Oil and natural gas production
and mangrove swamps, with some has brought one of the world’s highest
mountains in the southeast. standards of living. Massive overseas
investments. Major consumer of high-
CLIMATE tech hi-fi, video equipment, and Western
Tropical. Six-month rainy season designer clothes.
with very high humidity.
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft So uth C hina Sea
200m/656ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea Level Pekan Muara
Malays benefit from positive
Kampong BANDAR SERI
discrimination. Many in the Chinese Bunut BEGAWAN
community are stateless. Since a failed Tutong

rebellion in 1962, Brunei has been ruled Pekan Seria

Bangar

by decree of the sultan. In 1990, “Malay Kampong Kampong

Kuala Belait Bukit Sawat Batang Duri
Muslim Monarchy” was introduced,
promoting Islamic values as state Kampong
Tanajor
ideology. Women, less restricted than in Kampong
Sukang
some Muslim states, usually wear Kampong
Teraja
MALAYSIA

headscarves but not the veil.

B o r n e o

INSIGHT: The sultan spent 0 20 km

US$350 million building the world’s 0 20 miles

largest palace at Bandar Seri Begawan

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Malay*, English,

OFFICIAL NAME: Sultanate of Brunei
DATE OF FORMATION: 1984
CAPITAL: Bandar Seri Begawan
POPULATION: 400,000
TOTAL AREA: 2228 sq. miles
(5770 sq. km)
DENSITY: 197 people per sq. mile
Chinese
RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 66%,
Buddhist 14%, Christian 10%, other 10%
ETHNIC MIX: Malay 67%, Chinese 16%,
other 11%, indigenous 6%
GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
CURRENCY: Brunei dollar = 100 cents
 EUROPE 181
Bulgaria
Located in southeastern Europe, Bulgaria was under
communist rule from 1947 to 1989. Significant political and
economic reform since then enabled it to join the EU in 2007.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountains run east–west across Good agricultural production,
center and along southern border. including grapes, for well-developed wine
Danube plain in north, Thracian plain in industry, and tobacco. Expertise in
southeast. Black Sea to the east. software development. Industry and
infrastructure are outdated.
CLIMATE
Hot summers, cooler at the coast. INSIGHT: Archaeologists have found
Snowy winters, especially in mountains. evidence of wine-making in Bulgaria
East winds bring seasonal extremes. dating back over 5000 years

PEOPLE & SOCIETY ROMANIA

The communists tried forcibly to D
an u be Ruse
Dobrich
suppress cultural identities; once free
Pleven
movement was allowed in 1989, there SERBIA
Vratsa
Veliko Tûrnovo
Shumen Varna
Ba
was a large exodus of Bulgarian Turks. lka
n Mountians
SOFIA Sliven
Privatizations in the 1990s left many Turks Pernik Kazanlûk
Burgas
Stara Yambol Black
landless, prompting further emigration. Pazardzhik Plovdiv Zagora Sea
Roma suffer discrimination at all levels of MAC. Khaskovo
society. Women have equal rights in TURKEY

theory, but society remains patriarchal.

GREECE
EU accession included caveats demanding 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
further action against organized crime, 0 50 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
human trafficking, and corruption. 0 50 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bulgarian*, Turkish,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Bulgaria
DATE OF FORMATION: 1908
CAPITAL: Sofia
POPULATION: 7.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 42,822 sq. miles
(110,910 sq. km)
DENSITY: 176 people per sq. mile
Romani
RELIGIONS: Bulgarian Orthodox 83%,
Muslim 12%, other 4%, Roman Catholic 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Bulgarian 84%, Turkish 9%,
Roma 5%, other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Lev = 100 stotinki
182 AFRICA

Burkina Faso
The west African state of Burkina Faso was known as
Upper Volta until 1984. It became a multiparty state in 1991,
though former military ruler Blaise Compaoré remains in power.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Sahara covers the north of Cotton is the major cash crop,
the country. The south is largely but the encroaching Sahara Desert is
savanna. The three main rivers are restricting agriculture. Beneficiary of
the Black, White, and Red Voltas. foreign debt cancellation plans.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Droughts and poor

Tropical. Dry, cool weather soils mean that many Burkinabés
November–February. Erratic rain seek work southward in Ghana and
March–April, mostly in southeast. Côte d’Ivoire

500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 200m/656ft
MALI
Sea Level
No single ethnic group is
dominant, but the Mossi, from Ouahigouya
NIGER

around Ouagadougou, have

Kaya
always played an important part
in government. The people from Koudougou OUAGADOUGOU
Fada-Ngourma
Wh

the west are much more ethnically l ta Re

ite

Vo d Tenkodogo
mixed. Extreme poverty has led to a ack Bobo-Dioulasso Vo
Vo

Bl lta a
lt

Léo
strong sense of egalitarianism. Most BENI N
Banfora TOGO
B la ck

women are still denied access to GHANA

education, though their absence

Vo l t a

from public life belies their real CÔTE

D 'IV OIRE
0 100 km
power and social influence. (IV ORY COA ST) 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Mossi, Fulani, French*, Tuareg,

OFFICIAL NAME: Burkina Faso
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Ouagadougou
POPULATION: 16.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 105,869 sq. miles
(274,200 sq. km)
DENSITY: 154 people per sq. mile
Dyula, Songhai
RELIGIONS: Muslim 55%, Christian 25%
traditional beliefs 20%
ETHNIC MIX: Mossi 48%, other 21%,
Peul 10%, Lobi 7%, Bobo 7%, Mandé 7%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
 AFRICA 183
Burundi
Small, densely populated and landlocked, Burundi lies
just south of the equator, on the Nile–Congo watershed in central
Africa. Its people have the world’s lowest per capita income.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Hilly with high plateaus in center Overwhelmingly agricultural
and savanna in the east. Great Rift Valley economy, mostly subsistence. Small
on western side. quantities of gold and tungsten.
Potential of oil in Lake Tanganyika.
CLIMATE Ongoing political fragility.
Temperate, with high humidity.
Heavy and frequent rainfall, mostly
October–May. Highlands have frost. RWA N D A Kirundo

Muyinga
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Kayanza
Ngozi

Burundi has been riven by ethnic Bubanza Cankuzo

conflict between majority Hutu and the BUJUMBURA
Karuzi
Tutsi, who controlled the army – with Ruyigi
Gitega
repeated large-scale massacres: hundreds
DEM.REP.
of thousands of people died between CONGO TANZANI A

1993 and 2004. The constitution now Bururi Rutana

guarantees an ethnic balance in the Lake
Tanganyika Makamba
government and army. Twa pygmies
Nyanza-Lac
were not involved in the conflict.

INSIGHT: Burundi’s fertility rate

is one of the highest in Africa. On 0 50 km 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
average, women have six children 0 50 miles 500m/1640ft

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kirundi*, French*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Burundi
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962
CAPITAL: Bujumbura
POPULATION: 8.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 10,745 sq. miles
(27,830 sq. km)
DENSITY: 858 people per sq. mile
Kiswahili
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 62%,
traditional beliefs 23%, Muslim 10%,
Protestant 5%
ETHNIC MIX: Hutu 85%, Tutsi 14%, Twa 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Burundi franc = 100 centimes
184 ASIA

Cambodia
Located on the Indochinese peninsula in southeast Asia,
Cambodia has emerged from genocide, civil war, and invasion
from Vietnam. Tourism has rebounded, and is a key income earner.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly low-lying basin. Tônlé Sap Economy is heavily aid-reliant, still
(Great Lake) drains into the Mekong River. recovering from civil war. Rubber and
Forested mountains and plateau east of timber are exported. Self-sufficient in
the Mekong. rice. Garment industry is growing. Land
disputes and corruption issues.
CLIMATE
Tropical. High temperatures INSIGHT: Cambodia has many
throughout the year. Heavy rainfall during impressive temples (including Angkor
May–October monsoon. Wat), which date from when the country
was the center of the Khmer Empire
PEOPLE & SOCIETY TH A ILA N D LA OS
Devastated by US bombing, then Phumî
Virôchey
Sâmraông
by the Khmer Rouge regime, whose Sisôphôn
Chôâm
Khsant Phumî
extreme Marxist program killed over a Bâtdâmbâng
Kâmpóng Trâbék
Tônlé Sap
million between 1975 and 1979, Cambodia Kâmpóng Mekong
Poûthîsât
then endured further civil conflict and Chhnâng Krâchéh
Vietnamese occupation. The effects are Krông Kaôh Kâmpóng Cham
Kông PHNOM PENH
still felt, reflected in the high rates of Prey Vêng
G ulf
orphans, widows, and land-mine victims. of Kâmpóng Saôm
Tha ila nd VIETNAM
A fragile stability has lasted since
elections in 1993. King Norodom 1000m/3281ft
Sihanouk, a key figure in politics, 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 100 km
abdicated in 2004. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Khmer*, French, Chinese,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Cambodia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1953
CAPITAL: Phnom Penh
POPULATION: 15.1 million
TOTAL AREA: 69,900 sq. miles
(181,040 sq. km)
DENSITY: 222 people per sq. mile
Vietnamese, Cham
RELIGIONS: Buddhist 93%, Muslim 6%,
Christian 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%,
other 4%, Chinese 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Riel = 100 sen
 AFRICA 185
Cameroon
Situated in the corner of the Gulf of Guinea, Cameroon
was effectively a one-party state for 30 years. Multiparty
elections, since 1992, regularly return that same party to power.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Over half the land is forested: Oil reserves. Very diversified
equatorial rainforest in north, evergreen agricultural economy – timber, cocoa,
forest and wooded savanna in south. bananas, coffee. Fuel smuggling from
Mountains in the west. Nigeria undermines refinery profits.
Corruption. Port for Chad and CAR.
CLIMATE
South is equatorial, with plentiful 2000m/6562ft
CHAD
1000m/3281ft
rainfall, declining inland. Far north is beset 500m/1640ft Lake
200m/656ft Chad
by drought. Sea Level

Maroua
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 0 100 km
NIGERIA

Around 230 ethnic groups; no single 0 100 miles Garoua

group is dominant. The Bamileke is the
largest, though it has never held political
Ngaoundéré
power. North–south tensions are
Meiganga
diminished by the ethnic diversity. There Bamenda Kumbo
is more rivalry between majority French- Bafoussam CENTRAL
AFRICAN
and minority English-speakers. Kumba Nkongsamba REPUBLIC
YAOUNDÉ
Douala
Edéa Mbalmayo
INSIGHT: Cameroon’s name Ebolowa
ATLANTIC
derives from the Portuguese word OCEAN
EQ.
camarões, after the shrimp fished by the GUINEA
GABON C ONGO
early European explorers

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bamileke, Fang, Fulani,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Cameroon French*, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 35%, traditional
CAPITAL: Yaoundé beliefs 25%, Muslim 22%, Protestant 18%
POPULATION: 20 million ETHNIC MIX: Cameroon highlanders 31%, other
TOTAL AREA: 183,567 sq. miles 29%, equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%
(475,400 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 111 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
186 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA
Canada
Canada extends from the Arctic to its US border
along the 49th parallel. Unified under British rule from 1763, its
development and expansion attracted large-scale immigration.
GEOGRAPHY
The world’s second-largest
country, stretching north to Cape
Colombia on Ellesmere Island, south
to Lake Erie, and across five time
zones from the Pacific seaboard to
Newfoundland. Arctic tundra and
islands in the far north give way
southward to forests, interspersed
with lakes and rivers, and then the vast
Canadian Shield, which covers over half
the area of Canada. Rocky Mountains
in west, beyond which are the Coast
Mountains, islands, and fjords. Fertile
lowlands in the east.
CLIMATE
Ranges from polar and subpolar in
the north, to continental in the south.
Winters in the interior are colder
and longer than on the coast, with
temperatures well below freezing and
deep snow; summers are hotter. Pacific
coast has the mildest winters.
FACTFILE
OFFICIAL NAME: Canada
DATE OF FORMATION: 1867
CAPITAL: Ottawa
POPULATION: 33.9 million
TOTAL AREA: 3,855,171 sq. miles
(9,984,670 sq. km)
DENSITY: 10 people per sq. mile
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Two-thirds of the population live
in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence lowlands,
fostering some shared cultural values with
the neighboring US. Important differences,
however, include wider welfare provision
and Commonwealth membership. The
French-speaking Québécois wish to
preserve their culture and language from
further Anglicization, and demand to be
recognized as a “distinct society.” The
government welcomes ethnic diversity
among immigrants, promoting a policy
that encourages each group to maintain
its own culture. Other sizable immigrant
groups include Chinese, Italians, Germans.
Ukrainians, and Portuguese. Land claims
made by the indigenous peoples are being
redressed. Nunavut, an Inuit-governed
territory that covers nearly a quarter of
Canada’s land area, was created from a
portion of the Northwest Territories in
1999. Women are well represented at most
levels of business and government.
LANGUAGES: English*, French*, Chinese, other
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 44%, Protestant
29%, other and nonreligious 27%
ETHNIC ORIGIN: British, French, and other
European 87%, Asian 9%, Amerindian, Métis,
and Inuit 4%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Canadian dollar = 100 cents
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 187

THE ECONOMY creation in 1994 of the NAFTA free trade

Wide-ranging resources, providing area, but reliance on the US market makes
exports, cheap energy, and raw materials the Canadian economy vulnerable to
for manufacturing, underpin a high US slowdowns. Unemployment rose
standard of living, with smaller wealth during the 2009 recession, but the
disparities than in the US. Prices for economy rebounded quickly.
primary exports fluctuate, but the high
oil price has encouraged development INSIGHT: The Magnetic North Pole,
of Alberta’s vast oil fields. Manufactured where the dipping needle of a
exports have flourished under growing compass stands still, migrates across
global competition, especially since the northern Canada

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n’s
u n

At

Islan
annd Q UÉ B E C Gul
G
Gulf
Gu
u
ulllff
ulf
ALB
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ALBE
A LBE
LLB
B
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BER
ER
RTTA
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TA SSASK
SA
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A SSK
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TCH
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CH
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EWAN
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A N Jame
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RINCE
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oo EDWAR
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s

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NE
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an
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R UNSW
UN
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N WIICK
IC
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C K
Thun
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hu
hun
h un
u nder
nder
dee Ba
d Bay
B a La
LLava
Lav
aava
av
vvaal Haaliifax
Hal
Ha
Hali fax
Lake
akeke
ke Mont
Mon
Mo
M on
o
ont
ntrréal
nt ré
ééal
éa
al
al NO
N O
OVA
OVV
VA SCOTIA
Lake
Lak
La akkkee
aake Huron
Huro
Hur
Hu
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uron
u
urron
rro
oon
n
Super
erriio
ior
or
or OTTA
OTT
OT
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T
TT
TA
TAW
AWWA
A
TToro
To
orrro
oro
o on nttto
nto o Osha
Osh
Os
O ssh
haw
waa
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Lak
La
L ake Ontarioo
ak ATLANTIC
Lakee Hammiillt
m lto
tto
on
o n OCEAN
Michigan
n Nia ra Falls
Niaga
Nia
3000m/9843ft Lake
Lak
L
Laaake
ak
k Erie
2000m/6562ft Wiin
Wind
Win
W in sor
sor
so
or
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft 0 400 km
200m/656ft
Sea Level 0 400 miles
188 AFRICA

Cape Verde
Off the west coast of Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean,
lies the group of islands that make up Cape Verde, a
Portuguese colony until it gained independence in 1975.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Ten main islands and eight smaller Most people are subsistence farmers.
islets, all of volcanic origin. Mostly Clothing is the main export. No natural
mountainous, with steep cliffs and resources. Mid-Atlantic location ensures
rocky headlands. work maintaining ships and planes.

CLIMATE 0 50 km 2000m/6562ft
Warm, and very dry. Subject to 0 50 miles 1000m/3281ft
droughts that can sometimes last for 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
years at a time. Sea Level
Santo
Antão
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Mindelo
Santa Luzia Sal
São Vicente
Most people are of mixed
Portuguese–African origin (Mestiço); São Nicolau
the rest are descendants of African slaves Sal Rei
Boa Vista

or more recent immigrants. Creolization Ilhas de Barlavento

of the culture negates ethnic tensions. A T L A N T I C

Almost half of the population live on
Santiago. Around 700,000 Cape Verdeans O C E A N

live abroad, mostly in the US. Ilhas de Sotavento Maio

Tarrafil

INSIGHT: Poor soils and lack of Brava

São Filipe PRAIA
Santiago
surface water mean that Cape Fogo (São Tiago)
Verde is dependent on food aid

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese Creole, Portuguese*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Cape Verde
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975
CAPITAL: Praia
POPULATION: 500,000
TOTAL AREA: 1557 sq. miles
(4033 sq. km)
DENSITY: 321 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 97%, other 2%,
Protestant (Church of the Nazarene) 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Mestiço 71%, African 28%,
European 1%
GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential-
parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Escudo = 100 centavos
 AFRICA 189
Central African Republic
The Central African Republic (CAR) is a landlocked
country lying between the basins of the Chad and Congo Rivers.
Politics has suffered frequent interruption by military coups.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Comprises a low plateau, Dominated by subsistence farming.
covered by scrub or savanna. North Exports include diamonds, cotton,
is arid. Equatorial rainforests in the timber, and coffee. Aid needed to
south. The Ubangi River forms the support refugees. Instability and
border with the Democratic Republic poor infrastructure hinder progress.
of the Congo.
INSIGHT: “Emperor” Bokassa’s
CLIMATE eccentric rule from 1965 to 1979 was
The south is equatorial; the followed by military dictatorship until
north is hot and dry. Rain occurs all democracy was restored in 1993
year round, with heaviest falls
1000m/3281ft
between July and October. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Birao
Sea Level SUDAN
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Ouanda
The Baya and Banda are the CHAD
Ndélé
Djallé
largest ethnic groups, but the lingua SO UTH
SUDAN
Batangafo Kaga Bandoro
franca is Sango, a trading creole spoken Bozoum
Bambari
by the minorities in the south who Bouar Sibut
Carnot Bangassou
have traditionally provided most BANGUI
CAM

Berbérati Mobaye
U b a n gi
political leaders. Less than 2% of the
ER

D EM . REP. CON G O
population live in the north. Recent
O

CONGO
O
N

rebellions by northern groups have 0 200 km

displaced thousands of people. 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Sango, Banda, Gbaya,

OFFICIAL NAME: Central African Republic
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Bangui
POPULATION: 4.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 240,534 sq. miles
(622,984 sq. km)
DENSITY: 19 people per sq. mile
French*
RELIGIONS: Traditional beliefs 35%, Roman
Catholic 25%, Protestant 25%, Muslim 15%
ETHNIC MIX: Baya 33%, Banda 27%,
other 17%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
190 AFRICA

Chad
Landlocked in north-central Africa, Chad has had a
turbulent history since independence from France in 1960.
Intermittent periods of civil war followed a military coup in 1975.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly plateaus sloping west-ward to The discovery of oil, and the
Lake Chad. Northern third is Sahara. Tibesti opening of a pipeline to the coast via
Mountains in north rise to 10,826 ft (3300 m). Cameroon, are transforming Chad’s
economy, though the new wealth is
CLIMATE unlikely to reach most people.
Three distinct zones: desert in
north, semiarid region in center, 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
and tropics in south. 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft LIBYA
200m/656ft
Tibe s t i
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea Level

Half the population live in the

S a h a r a
southern fifth of Chad. The northern NIGER
third has only 100,000 people, mainly
Muslim Toubou nomads. Democracy was
restored in 1996 by ex-coup leader Idriss
Bol Abéché
Déby. Instability has continued, first with Lake Chad SUDAN
tension between Muslims and southern NIGERIA Mongo
Christians and, more recently, with NDJAMENA
Bongor
rebellions in the east. Fianga CENTRAL
Bénoy Sarh AFRICAN
CAMEROON
Moundou Doba REPUBLIC
INSIGHT: Lake Chad is slowly
drying up – it is now estimated to 0 200 km
be just 3% of the size it was in 1970 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: French*, Sara, Arabic*, Maba

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Chad
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Ndjamena
POPULATION: 11.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 495,752 sq. miles
(1,284,000 sq. km)
DENSITY: 24 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Muslim 51%, Christian 35%,
traditional beliefs 7%, animist 7%
ETHNIC MIX: Other 30%, Sara 28%,
Mayo-Kebbi 12%, Arab 12%,
Ouaddai 9%, Kanem-Bornou 9%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
 SOUTH AMERICA 191
Chile
Chile extends in a ribbon down the west coast of South
America. It returned to elected civilian rule in 1989 after a
referendum forced out military dictator General Pinochet.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Fertile valleys in the center World’s biggest copper producer.
between the coast and the Andes. Growth in foreign investment due to
Atacama Desert in north. Deep-sea political stability. Exports PERU
channels, lakes, and fjords in south. include wine, fishmeal, BOLIVIA
Arica
fruits, and salmon.
Iquique

e rt
CLIMATE Serious earthquake

A n ca m a Des
Arid in the north. Hot, dry damage in 2010. Antofagasta

s
de
summers and mild winters in the center. PACIFIC
INSIGHT:

a
Higher Andean peaks have glaciers and OCEAN

At
year-round snow. Very wet and stormy Chile’s Atacama
in the south. Desert is the driest
Viña del Mar
place on Earth, Valparaíso SANTIAGO
making it the Rancagua
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Talcahuano Talca
perfect location
Most people are mestizo (mixed for hi-tech space Concepción Chillán
Spanish–Amerindian descent), and are Temuco
observatories Valdivia
highly urbanized. Almost a third of Puerto Montt

s
the population lives in Santiago, many

Ande
4000m/13124ft Isla de Chiloé
in large slums. There are three main 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
indigenous groups, including the 1000m/3281ft
ARGENTINA
Sea Level
Rapa Nui of Easter Island. General
Pinochet’s dictatorship was brutally
Punta Arenas
repressive, but the business and 0 300 km
Strait of Magellan
middle classes prospered. 0 300 miles
Cape Horn

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Amerindian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Chile
DATE OF FORMATION: 1818
CAPITAL: Santiago
POPULATION: 17.1 million
TOTAL AREA: 292,258 sq. miles
(756,950 sq. km)
DENSITY: 59 people per sq. mile
languages
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 89%, other
and nonreligious 11%
ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo and European 90%,
other Amerindian 9%, Mapuche 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Chilean peso = 100 centavos
192 ASIA
China
Covering a vast area of eastern Asia, China is bordered
by 14 countries. A one-party Communist state since 1949, it has
recently become a dominant force in global manufacturing.
GEOGRAPHY
A land of huge physical diversity,
China has a long Pacific coastline to
the east. Two-thirds of the country is
uplands. The southwestern mountains
include Tibet, the world’s highest
plateau; in the northwest, the Tien
Shan Mountains separate the arid
Tarim and Dzungarian basins. The
rolling hills and plains of the low-lying east
are home to two-thirds of the population.
CLIMATE
China is divided into two main
climatic regions. The north and west
are semiarid or arid, with extreme
temperature variations. The south and
east are warmer and more humid, with
year-round rainfall. Winter temperatures
vary with latitude, but are warmest on the
subtropical southeast coast. Summer
temperatures are more uniform, rising
above 70°F (21°C).
FACTFILE
OFFICIAL NAME: People’s Republic of China
DATE OF FORMATION: 960
CAPITAL: Beijing
POPULATION: 1.35 billion
TOTAL AREA: 3,705,386 sq. miles
(9,596,960 sq. km)
DENSITY: 376 people per sq. mile
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Most people are Han Chinese. The
rest of the population belong to one of
55 minority nationalities, or recognized
ethnic groups. Many of these groups have
a disproportionate political significance
as they live in strategic border areas. A
policy of resettling Han Chinese in remote
regions is deeply resented and has led
to uprisings in Xinjiang and Tibet. The
government has relaxed the one-child
family policy, particularly for minorities,
after some small groups were brought
close to extinction. Chinese society is
patriarchal in practice, and generations
tend to live together. However, economic
change is breaking down the social
controls of the Mao Zedong era.
Divorce and unemployment are rising. A
resurgence of religious belief has occurred
in recent years. Materialism has replaced
the puritanism of the past; there are now
more cell phones in China than in the US.
LANGUAGES: Mandarin*, other
RELIGIONS: Nonreligious 59%, traditional
beliefs 20%, other 13%, Buddhist 6%,
Muslim 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Han 92%, other 4%, Hui 1%,
Miao 1%, Manchu 1%, Zhuang 1%
GOVERNMENT: One-party state
CURRENCY: Yuan = 10 jiao = 100 fen
 ASIA 193

THE ECONOMY and consumer goods could drive global

China has shifted from a centrally recovery. China is now the world’s largest
planned to a market-oriented economy; exporter and second-largest economy.
liberalization has gone furthest in the The Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011–2015)
south where the emerging business seeks to limit population growth and
class is based. Exports led annual GDP improve social infrastructure.
growth of over 10% in 2003–2007. Faced
with a global downturn from 2008, INSIGHT: China has the world’s
Chinese stimulus packages boosted oldest continuous civilization. Its
domestic spending. The buying power recorded history began 4000 years ago,
of China’s huge market for raw materials with the Shang dynasty

Amur
RUSSIAN
FEDER
FE
FED
FEDE
FEDE
ED
EDE
DE ATION
Heeih
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he
Manzzho
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ou
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u

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qihar
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Alta
Alt
A
Al
llta
ltttaay Ha
Harb
arrb
aarb
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in Jixi
K AZAK HSTA
STA
TA
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ANN Jix
ixi
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ix

u ri a n
Kara
Ka
Kar
Kara
aarrra
amma
may
ay
ay Chan
Cha
C ha
han an ngch
gch
gc
gchu
ch
chu
huun
un
Yiin
Yini
Yin
Y iini
niing
n ng MONGOLIA Xiiililiinh
Xil
X
Xili nh
nho
hot
ho
ot
ot

nch
Jili
Jil
JJiiili
ilin
in
h a Ür
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KY R
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STAN
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TAN
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AN Tien S n G o b i Sh
SShen
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h en nyyang
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n gN

Ma
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Ham
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m
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A Fuxi
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FFu
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u n Fus
FFush
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us
u sshhunun O NOR
NOORTH
ORR
Korl
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o OLI An
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KOREA
K O
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EA
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Ka
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hi Tak
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ma
makan
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op Nurur N E R M ONG JJin
Jinz
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TAJIKISTA AN
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BE
B EIJJIN
EI JIIIN
NG Tan
TTa
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ang
aanng
n gsh
sha
shan
sha
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D and
aan nd
n dongg
He

AFGHANISTAN N Shamo
S hamo
h amo
am
a mo
m o Yum
Yume
Y
Yuume
um
u m
me e n Dal
Da
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a lii an
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at to
t o ng
n g Boo Hai
B
un S
ng

PAKISTANANN Alt a Sh
Sh
Shij
hijijjia
hi iiazh
iaz
azh
aazzh
zhuang
uan
ua
u an
angngg TTia
Tian
ian
anjjin
an jiiinn
Golm
Go
G
Gololllm
olm
o muudd Q Qing
Qi
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Qingh
in
ingh
ing
ngh
ng
ngghhai
ai Hu
Hu Hu Ziib
ZZib
Zibo
ib
ibo
boo
Aksai Chin
in
n- Kunlun Shan Xin
Xi
X
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ini
ningng Jina
in
naan
administered by
y China,, Qing
Qin
Qi
Q ing
ingd dao
Plateau of Tibet LLanz
Lan
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anz
aannzzho
n ho
hou
ouu Luo
Luoy
uo o
oy y an
a
angng
n g Zhen
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Zhhen
he
he g
gzho
gz
gzh zho
z
zh
ho
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claimed by Indiaa Yel l o w
B
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a
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o j i Xi’
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X
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i
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u hoou u Sea
Demchok/Dêmqog-q gg-- X NG ZIZHIQU
XIZA U Huai
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an
an
Na
Nan
N
Nany
aan
any nyyaang
n anng
n g Naanj
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Na
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n
njjing
jin
in
ing
ng g
H

administered by
y China,
a,, i (TIBET)
T)
T) Gu
Guan
Gua
G ua
uan
u an
a n gyu
gyua
g
gyyua
u a n SSh hanghai gh
Salwe
ze

claimed by Indiia m en Wu
Wuha
Wu uhan
t
ng

a Che
Ch
Chen
C hen
he
h een
engd
ng gd
gdu
du
du
Ya

Sha
SShas
Sh has
ha
h aassh
hii
Meko

Ha
Han
H an
an ng gzhou
gzhozhou
zho ou
l a LLh Lha
Lhas
ha
has
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as
Cho
Chon
Ch
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ho
h on n gqi
gqin
g
gqqin
q n g
NEPA
EP
PAL
PAL
PA
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Zigo
Zi
ig
iigo
go
gon ng g Pooy
Poya
Poyan
Poy
P ooya
oyan
yaan
yyanang Hu Hu
ng

East
BHUTA
BHU
B HU
HUTA
HUT
H UT
UTA
U TA
T AN Cha
Chan
Ch
C ha
han
h aan ngsha
gsha
sh
ha
ha Nanc
Nan
Nanc
anc
anchnchang han
han
haan
ang
ng g C hi na
Guiy
Gu
G uiy
u iiyang
aan
ng
ng Hen
Heng
H eng
eng
en
ngyya yang
yan
an
aang
ng g FFuuzzhou Sea
u
INDIA
Ku
K
Kun
Kunm
unm
un
unming
nmin
in
ng
g Liu
LLiuz
iu
iiuz
u
uzzh
ho
hou
ou
ou
Wuz
Wuzh
Wu
Wuz
uuzh
z o u SSh
ou Sha
Shan
han
ha
hantou
an to
to
MYANMMA
AR R Naann
Nan
N
Nann
aan
nniin
nn ing
ng
ng Guan
Gua
Gu
G uan
ua
uaan
nggzho
gzh
gz
zho
zhou
(BURMA)) Ma
Mac
Maca
M aaca
acca
cao Ho Hong
Hong
Hon
o K Kongg
VIETN
VIET
VIETN
IET
IE
ETN
TN
TNAM
NAM
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om
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n)
Gu
G
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ulff
ulf (Xianggang)
LAO
LA
LAO
AO
OSS
ooff
Tongkkiinng
ng Ha
H a
aina
ina
i na n Dao So ut h
C h ina
4000m/13124ft Sea
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft 0 400 km
200m/656ft
Sea Level 0 400 miles
194 SOUTH AMERICA

Colombia
Lying in northwest South America, Colombia has
coastlines on both the Caribbean and the Pacific. It is primarily
noted for its coffee, emeralds, gold, and cocaine trafficking.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The densely forested and almost Healthy and diversified export
uninhabited east is separated from the sector – includes coffee and coal.
western coastal plains by the Andes, Considerable growth potential, but
which divide into three ranges narcotics-related violence and corruption
(cordilleras) with intervening valleys. deter foreign investors.

CLIMATE Sea
Caribbean
Santa Marta
Coastal plains are hot and wet. The Barranquilla Valledupar
highlands are much cooler. The equatorial Sincelejo
Cartagena
east has two wet seasons. Montería
Cúcuta
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
Bucaramanga
OCEAN
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Medellín

ta
s
Me

Or
Most Colombians are of mixed Manizales

i n o co
BOGOTÁ
e
Armenia
blood. Blacks and Amerindians have the d Villavicencio
least political representation. Civil Cali N
FIC

Neiva
n

eg r o
conflict over four and a half decades has Popayán
CI

Pasto
A

displaced millions of people, and left

PA

Equator
over 200,000 dead. The fighting is deeply ECUADOR C aq
Pu

tu u et BRAZIL
á
entwined with the narcotics trade.
m

PERU
ay
o

Violent crime is common.

3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Over 50% of the world’s 1000m/3281ft 0 200 km
500m/1640ft
cocaine is produced in Colombia Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE Amerindian languages

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Colombia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1819
CAPITAL: Bogotá
POPULATION: 46.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 439,733 sq. miles (1,138,910 sq. km)
DENSITY: 115 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Wayuu, Páez, other
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 95%, other 5%
ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo (European–Amerindian)
58%, White 20%, European–African 14%,
African 4%, African–Amerindian 3%,
Amerindian 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Colombian peso = 100 centavos
 AFRICA 195
Comoros
Off the east African coast, between Mozambique and
Madagascar, lies the archipelago republic of the Comoros,
comprising three main islands and a number of smaller islets.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Main islands are of volcanic origin One of the world’s poorest
and are heavily forested. The remainder countries. Subsistence-level farming.
are coral atolls. Vanilla and cloves are main cash crops.
Lack of basic infrastructure.
CLIMATE
Hot and humid all year round, INSIGHT: The Comoros is the world’s
especially on the coasts. November to largest producer of ylang-ylang – an
May is hottest and wettest period. extract from tree blossom used in
manufacturing perfumes
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Grande Comore
The Comoros has absorbed a (Njazidja) 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
diversity of people over the years, 200m/656ft
Sea Level
including Africans, Arabs, Polynesians,and Koimbani
Persians. There have also been Portuguese, MORONI
Dutch, French, and Indian immigrants.
Foumbouni
Ethnic discord is rare, but regional tensions Dembéni
INDIAN OCEAN
between islands are marked. The country
is politically unstable and there have been Ouani
Mohéli
frequent coups. A fragile new federal (Mwali) Moutsamudou
system was introduced in 2002, though in Mozambique Fomboni
Channel Moya
2009 the island presidents were reduced Anjouan
(Nzwani)
to governors. A political and business 0 20 km
elite controls most of the wealth. 0 20 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Comoran*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Union of the Comoros French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975 RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 98%,
CAPITAL: Moroni Roman Catholic 1%, other 1%
POPULATION: 700,000 ETHNIC MIX: Comoran 97%,
TOTAL AREA: 838 sq. miles other 3%
(2170 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 813 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Comoros franc = 100 centimes
196 AFRICA

Congo
Astride the equator in west-central Africa, this former
French colony emerged from 20 years of Marxist-Leninist rule in
1990. Democracy was soon overshadowed by years of violence.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly forest- or savanna- Oil provides over 85% of export
covered plateaus, drained by the revenue. Timber is extracted. Foreign
Ubangi and Congo river systems. debt high. Substantial industrial base
Narrow coastal plain is lined with around Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire.
sand dunes and lagoons.
INSIGHT: In 1970, Congo became
CLIMATE the first African country to
Hot, tropical. Temperatures rarely declare itself a communist state
fall below 86°F (30°C). Two wet and two C. A. R.
0 200 km
dry seasons. Rainfall is heaviest south of
0 200 miles
the equator. CAMEROON

Ouésso

n gi
500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 200m/656ft

U ba
San
One of the most tribally Sea Level

gh
a
conscious and heavily urbanized Equator
Owando
countries in Africa, with most people

o
GABON

ng
living in the Brazzaville–Pointe-Noire

Co
region. Main tensions are between Djambala
the Bakongo in the north and the Mossendjo DEM. REP.
CONGO
Mbochi in the south. Relative peace Loudima
Nkayi
was secured in 1999, and “ninja” rebels ATLANTIC
OCEAN
BRAZZAVILLE
Kinkala
in the Pool region, around Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire
ANGOLA
signed a peace deal in 2003. (Cabinda)

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kongo, Teke, Lingala,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Congo
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Brazzaville
POPULATION: 3.8 million
TOTAL AREA: 132,046 sq. miles
(342,000 sq. km)
DENSITY: 29 people per sq. mile
French*
RELIGIONS: Traditional beliefs 50%, Roman
Catholic 35%, Protestant 13%, Muslim 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Bakongo 51%, Teke 17%,
other 16%, Mbochi 11%, Mbédé 5%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
 AFRICA 197
Congo, Dem. Rep. (DRC)
A former Belgian colony in east-central Africa, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is Africa’s second-
largest country and the scene of one of its worst regional wars.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Rainforested basin of Congo River Rich resource base: minerals
occupies 60% of the land area. High (copper, coltan, cobalt, diamonds)
mountain ranges and lakes stretch down dominate export earnings. War and
the eastern border. decades of corruption have caused
economic collapse. Food aid is needed
CLIMATE to ease humanitarian crisis.
Tropical and humid. Distinct wet
and dry seasons south of the equator. CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
SOUTH
U b a n gi SUDAN
The north is mainly wet.
Bumba Isiro Lake
Albert
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Mbandaka Kisangani UGANDA
Equator
There are 12 main ethnic groups

Lu a l
o
Congo Goma

ng
CONGO
and around 190 smaller ones. Civil war Co
Basin RWANDA

ab a
Bukavu
BURUNDI
from 1996 drew neighboring countries ANGOLA
KINSHASA Ilebo
into a bloody conflict. The indigenous (Cabinda) Kananga Kalemie TANZANIA
Kikwit
ATL EAN

Matadi Lake
forest pygmies, victimized in the war, are Mbuji-Mayi Tanganyika
OC
ANT

now a marginalized group. A tentative ANGOLA

Kasai Kamina
IC

peace deal in 2003 has been undermined Likasi

ZAMBIA
by intercommunal violence in the east. Lubumbashi
ZAMBIA

2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: The DRC’s rainforests 1000m/3281ft
comprise 6% of the world’s, and 50% of 500m/1640ft 0 200 km
200m/656ft
Africa’s, remaining woodlands Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 77 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Democratic Republic
of the Congo
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Kinshasa
POPULATION: 67.8 million
TOTAL AREA: 905,563 sq. miles
(2,345,410 sq. km)
LANGUAGES: Kiswahili, Tshiluba, French*
RELIGIONS: Christian 70%, Kimbanguist 10%,
Muslim 10%, traditional beliefs and other 10%
ETHNIC MIX: Other 55%, Mongo, Luba, Kongo,
and Mangbetu-Azande 45%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Congolese franc = 100 centimes
198 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Costa Rica
Costa Rica, Central America’s most stable country, is
rich in pristine scenery and exotic wildlife. Its neutrality in
foreign affairs is long-standing, but it has strong ties with the US.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Coastal plains of swamp and Main exports are bananas, coffee,
savanna rise to a fertile central plateau, pineapples, and beef, but all vulnerable
which leads to a mountain range with to fluctuating world prices. Stability has
active volcanic peaks. attracted multinationals. History of high
inflation. Pioneer of eco-tourism. Plans
CLIMATE to be the world's first carbon neutral
Hot and humid in coastal regions. country (by 2030).
Temperate central uplands. High 0 50 km
annual rainfall. 0 50 miles
NICARAGUA

PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sa

n Juan
Most people are mestizo, of partly Liberia Caribbean
Sea
Spanish–partly Amerindian origin. There Cañas Quesada
is a black, English-speaking minority and San Ramón Heredia
Puntarenas
around 35,000 indigenous Amerindians. SAN JOSÉ Turrialba Limón
Cartago
Plantation owners are the wealthiest
o

C
de
group, while one in six people live in San Isidro Ta rdi
la lle
m ra
poverty. Nonetheless, living standards are PACIFIC

A
an
ca

NAM
OCEAN
high for the region, and education and
healthcare provision is good.

PA
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft Península
1000m/3281ft de Osa
INSIGHT: Costa Rica’s 1949 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
constitution bans a national army Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, English Creole,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Costa Rica
DATE OF FORMATION: 1838
CAPITAL: San José
POPULATION: 4.6 million
TOTAL AREA: 19,730 sq. miles
(51,100 sq. km)
DENSITY: 233 people per sq. mile
Bribri, Cabecar
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 71%, Evangelical
14%, nonreligious 11%, other 4%
ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo and European 94%,
Black 3%, Chinese 1%, Amerindian 1%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: C.R. colón = 100 céntimos
 AFRICA 199
Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
One of the larger nations along the coast of west Africa,
Côte d’Ivoire is the world’s biggest cocoa producer. Since 2002 its
image of stability has been rocked by civil war and electoral chaos.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Sandy coastal strip and rainforested Main crops are cocoa and coffee.
interior, with savanna plateau in north. Oil is now major export. Good
infrastructure. Lack of professional
CLIMATE training. Instability deters investment.
Hot all year. Two wet seasons in
south; north has one, with lower rainfall. M A LI
BU RK INA
FA SO
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Odienné
Over 60 tribes; largest is the Baoulé Korhogo
(an Akan group). Southern Christians G U IN EA
harbor resentment against non-Ivorian
Muslims in the north. Plantations employ Lac de Bouaké
Man Kossou
millions of migrant workers (including
Daloa Abengourou
children), though thousands fled back to Guiglo
GHANA
Burkina during the 2002–2005 civil war. YAMOUSSOUKRO Dimbokro
Gagnoa
Rebels joined a transitional government Divo
LIBERIA Abidjan
in 2007. President Gbagbo delayed Grand-Bassam
elections until 2010 and then refused to San Pédro y Coast
Ivor
step down; civil conflict led to his ouster. G ulf o f G uinea
ATLANTIC OCEAN
INSIGHT: The Basilica of Our Lady of 1000m/3281ft
Peace in Yamoussoukro is the largest 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
church in the world Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Akan, French*, Krou, Voltaïque

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Côte d’Ivoire
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Yamoussoukro
POPULATION: 21.6 million
TOTAL AREA: 124,502 sq. miles
(322,460 sq. km)
DENSITY: 176 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Muslim 38%, Roman Catholic 25%,
traditional beliefs 25% , Protestant 6%, other 6%
ETHNIC MIX: Akan 42%, Voltaïque 18%, Mandé
du Nord 17%, Krou 11%, Mandé du Sud 10%
other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
200 EUROPE

Croatia
Though it was controlled by Hungary from medieval
times and was a part of the Yugoslav state for much of
the 20th century, Croatia has a very strong national identity.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Rocky, mountainous Adriatic The war cost the economy an
coastline is dotted with islands. Interior is estimated $50 billion. Unemployment has
a mixture of wooded mountains and been persistently high. Corruption deters
broad valleys. foreign investment. Tourism is mainly on
the Dalmatian coast.
CLIMATE
0 50 km
The interior has a temperate
0 50 miles
continental climate. Mediterranean Varaªdin
Âakovec
climate along the Adriatic coast. Koprivnica D r HUNGARY
a va

SER ube
SLOVENIA

Da
ZAGREB Virovitica

n
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Karlovac

BIA
S Osijek
Rijeka K upa Sa l a v o n i a
Croats are distinguished from
a

va Vukovar
tr

I s
Bosniaks and Serbs by their Roman Slavonski
Pula Brod
Catholic faith and use of the Latin BOSNIA
alphabet. Many Serbs fled Croatia during &
Zadar D HERZEGOVINA
i
the early 1990s conflict that accompanied
na
D

ri

Yugoslavia’s breakup. Croatia's entry into

c
a

l
A

m Split
lp

the EU, delayed by border disputes with

s

a
Adriatic t
Slovenia, is set to go ahead in 2013. Sea
i
a

Dubrovnik MON.
INSIGHT: Croatia only regained 1000m/3281ft
control of Serb-occupied Eastern 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Slavonia, around Vukovar, in 1998 Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Croatian*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Croatia RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 88%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 other 7%, Orthodox Christian 4%,
CAPITAL: Zagreb Muslim 1%
POPULATION: 4.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Croat 90%, Serb 5%,
TOTAL AREA: 21,831 sq. miles other 5%
(56,542 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 202 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Kuna = 100 lipa
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 201
Cuba
A former Spanish colony, Cuba is the largest island in
the Caribbean. It became the only communist country
in the Americas after Fidel Castro seized power in 1959.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Mostly fertile plains and basins. Sugar industry now superseded
Three mountainous areas. Forests of by tourism and nickel. US trade
pine and mahogany cover one-quarter embargo, since 1961. Shortages drive a
of the country. black market. Parallel use of US dollar
(1993–2004), and then convertible peso,
CLIMATE has boosted investment but created a
Subtropical. Hot all year round, “dollarized” elite.
and very hot in summer. Heaviest rainfall
in the mountains. Hurricanes can strike INSIGHT: Fidel Castro had become
in the fall. the world’s longest-serving non-
hereditary ruler before handing power
to his brother Raúl in 2006
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The Castro regime has reduced its
of
Stra rida
formerly extreme wealth disparities, HAVANA Flo ATLANTIC
given education a high priority, and Marianao Matanzas OCEAN
established an efficient health service. Pinar Santa Clara
Cienfuegos
del Río Ciego de Avila
Political dissent, however, is not Archipiélago de los
Camagüey
tolerated. A dramatic fall in living Canarreos
Bayamo
Holguín
Caribbean Guantánamo
standards since the late 1980s has led Sea Santiago
thousands of Cubans to flee to the US, de Cuba GUANTÁNAMO
BAY
to seek asylum. About 70% of Cubans 1000m/3281ft
(to USA)

are of Spanish descent. There is little 500m/1640ft

200m/656ft
0 100 km
ethnic tension. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Cuba
DATE OF FORMATION: 1902
CAPITAL: Havana
POPULATION: 11.2 million
TOTAL AREA: 42,803 sq. miles
(110,860 sq. km)
DENSITY: 262 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Nonreligious 49%, Roman
Catholic 40%, atheist 6%, other 4%,
Protestant 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Mulatto (mixed race) 51%,
White 37%, Black 11%, Chinese 1%
GOVERNMENT: One-party state
CURRENCY: Cuban peso = 100 centavos
202 EUROPE

Cyprus
Cyprus lies south of Turkey in the eastern
Mediterranean. Since 1974, it has been partitioned between
the Turkish-occupied north and the Greek-Cypriot south.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountains in the center-west give Financial services and tourism.
way to a fertile plain in the east, flanked Eurozone member with best economic
by hills to the northeast. performance and lowest unemployment
in 2009 downturn. North suffers from
CLIMATE lack of investment and lower wages.
Mediterranean. Summers are hot
and dry. Winters are mild, with snow in INSIGHT: The Green Line, which
the mountains. separates north from south, was
opened for the first time in 2003
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Mediterranean Sea Dipkarpaz
The Greek majority practice (Rizokarpason)
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Orthodox Christianity. Since the 16th (only recognized by Turkey)
century, a minority community of Turkish Lapta (Lápithos) Girne (Kerÿneia) Famagusta
Muslims has lived in the north of the Deêirmenlik Bay
Güzelyurt (Mórfou)
island. In 1974 Turkish troops occupied (Kythréa) Gazimaêusa
NICOSIA (Famagusta)
the north and proclaimed the Turkish
Troodos Agia Nápa
Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), Mts. Lárnaka
Páfos Sovereign
but it is recognized only by Turkey. Lemesós Base Area
Over 100,000 mainland Turks have settled Sovereign (Limassol) (to UK)
Base Area Akrotiri
there since. UN-led mediation failed to (to UK) Cease-fire line
reunite the island ahead of EU accession 1000m/3281ft
in 2004, so the north was left out 0 25 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
of membership. 0 25 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Greek*, Turkish*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Cyprus
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Nicosia
POPULATION: 900,000
TOTAL AREA: 3571 sq. miles
(9250 sq. km)
DENSITY: 252 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 78%,
Muslim 18%, other 4%
ETHNIC MIX: Greek 81%, Turkish 11%,
other 8%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential systems
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
(new Turkish lira in TRNC = 100 kurus)
 EUROPE 203
Czech Republic
Once part of Czechoslovakia, a central European
communist state in 1948–1989, the Czech Republic peacefully
dissolved its union with Slovakia in 1993. It joined the EU in 2004.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Landlocked in central Europe.
Bohemia, the western territory, is a
plateau surrounded by mountains.
Moravia, in the east, is characterized by
hills and lowlands.
Traditional heavy industries
(machinery, iron, car-making) have been
successfully privatized. Prague attracts
tourists. Skilled workforce. Will join euro
in 2017 at earliest.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Charles University in Prague

Cool, sometimes cold winters and was founded in the 13th century
warm summer months, which bring most
of the annual rainfall.
GERMANY
Liberec
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Ústí nad Labem
Karlovy
Secular and urban society, with
Elb
Vary POLAND

e
high divorce rates. Czechs make up the Kladno
PRAGUE
Hradec Králové

vast majority of the population, while Plzeõ

ia
Pardubice
m Ostrava
the next largest group are Moravians. Bo
he Olomouc
Havíüov
Âeské
The 300,000 Slovaks left after partition Budêjovice
Moravia
Zlín
are now permitted dual citizenship. Brno

Ethnic tensions are few, but there AUSTRIA SLOVAKIA

is widespread hostility toward the
Roma minority. A new commercial 1000m/3281ft
elite is emerging alongside 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 50 km

postcommunist entrepreneurs. Sea Level 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Czech*, Slovak,

OFFICIAL NAME: Czech Republic
DATE OF FORMATION: 1993
CAPITAL: Prague
POPULATION: 10.4 million
TOTAL AREA: 30,450 sq. miles
(78,866 sq. km)
DENSITY: 342 people per sq. mile
Hungarian (Magyar)
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 39%, atheist
38%, other 18%, Protestant 3%, Hussite 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Czech 90%, other 4%,
Moravian 4%, Slovak 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Czech koruna = 100 haleru
204 EUROPE

Denmark
Denmark occupies the Jutland peninsula and over
400 islands in southern Scandinavia. Greenland and the
Faeroe Islands are self-governing associated territories.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Fertile farmland covers two-thirds Natural gas and oil reserves. Skilled
of the terrain, which is among the workforce key to high-tech industrial
flattest in the world. About 100 islands success. Pork, bacon, dairy products are
are inhabited. exported. Opted not to join the euro,
though its currency is pegged.
CLIMATE
Damp, temperate climate with 200m/656ft
Sea Level Bornholm
mild summers and cold, wet winters. ak
r
Rainfall is moderate. ag
er Rønne
Sk
Aalborg
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Kattegat
Income distribution is the most J y l l a n d
Randers
even in the West: society is egalitarian Viborg
with few tensions, though cultural clashes Silkeborg
Herning Århus Helsingør
have arisen with immigrant minorities. Horsens
COPENHAGEN
Almost all women now work and Vejle Roskilde

a
Esbjerg

Se
Denmark is a world leader in childcare Kolding
Odense

tic
Fyn Sjælland
provision. Marriage is becoming less

Bal
North Svendborg Næstved
common, even for couples with children. Sea Sønderborg
GERMANY Nykøbing
L ollan d
Fa l st er
INSIGHT: Denmark is Europe’s
oldest kingdom – the monarchy 0 50 km
dates back to the 10th century 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Danish*

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Denmark
DATE OF FORMATION: 950
CAPITAL: Copenhagen
POPULATION: 5.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 16,639 sq. miles
(43,094 sq. km)
DENSITY: 336 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 95%,
Roman Catholic 3%, Muslim 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Danish 96%, other (including
Scandinavian and Turkish) 3%, Faeroese
and Inuit 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Danish krone = 100 øre
 AFRICA 205
Djibouti
A city-state with a desert hinterland, Djibouti lies in
northeast Africa on the Red Sea. Once known as the French
Territory of the Afars and Issas, independence came in 1977.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Mainly low-lying desert and Djibouti’s major assets are its ports
semidesert, with a volcanic mountain in a key Red Sea location.
range in the north.
INSIGHT: Chewing the leaves of the
CLIMATE mildly narcotic qat shrub is an age-old
Almost no rain, though the social ritual in Djibouti
monsoon is very humid. The 109°F (45°C) 1000m/3281ft
heat of summer is unbearable. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level ERITREA
Below Sea level Red Sea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Ba
The main ethnic groups are

b el
ETHIOPIA ◊a√√a’to

Mand
the Issas in the south, and the
nomadic Afars in the north. Tensions

eb
between them developed into a Obock
guerrilla war in 1991–1994. Smaller Tadjourah
ura Gulf of
Lac ‘Assal ad jo
tribal groups make up the rest of Gâlâfi de T Aden
lfe
Go DJIBOUTI
the population, and the rural peoples
are mostly nomadic. Wealth is Goubétto Damêrdjôg
Lake Abhe
concentrated in Djibouti city. Mouloud
SOMALILAND
Guélîlé (not internationally
France exerts considerable influence recognized)
in Djibouti, supporting it financially ETHIOPIA
and maintaining a naval base and 0 30 km
a military garrison. 0 30 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Somali, Afar, French*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Djibouti
DATE OF FORMATION: 1977
CAPITAL: Djibouti
POPULATION: 900,000
TOTAL AREA: 8494 sq. miles
(22,000 sq. km)
DENSITY: 101 people per sq. mile
Arabic*
RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 94%,
Christian 6%
ETHNIC MIX: Issa 60%, Afar 35%,
other 5%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Djibouti franc = 100 centimes
206 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Dominica
Dominica is renowned as the Caribbean island that
resisted European colonization until the 18th century.
It achieved independence from the UK in 1978.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountainous and densely forested. Based on bananas, but has lost
Volcanic activity has given the land very preferential access to EU market. Some
fertile soils, hot springs, geysers, and diversification: flowers, coffee, fruit.
black sand beaches. Agriculture vulnerable to hurricanes.
Eco-tourism. Some offshore banking.
CLIMATE
Tropical, cooled by constant trade INSIGHT: Dominica is known as
winds. Heavy annual rainfall. Tropical “Nature Island,” due to its spectacular
depressions and hurricanes are likely flora and fauna
June–November.
assage
ca P 2000m/6562ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ini
om 1000m/3281ft
D 500m/1640ft
The majority of Dominicans Prince
Portsmouth
200m/656ft
are descendants of African slaves Rupert
Bay
Marigot Sea Level
brought over to work on banana Northern Forest
Reserve
plantations. The Carib Territory on
ATLANTIC
the northeast of the island is home Caribbean OCEAN
Mahaut
to the only surviving indigenous Sea

community in the Caribbean. Wealth Canefield

Airport
disparities are not as marked as
ROSEAU
elsewhere in the region, but the
alleviation of poverty has become a Martinique 0 10 km
Passage
major plank of government policy. 0 10 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: French Creole, English*

OFFICIAL NAME: Commonwealth of
Dominica
DATE OF FORMATION: 1978
CAPITAL: Roseau
POPULATION: 72,969
TOTAL AREA: 291 sq. miles (754 sq. km)
DENSITY: 252 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 77%,
Protestant 15%, other 8%
ETHNIC MIX: Black 87%, mixed race 9%,
Carib 3%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: East Caribbean dollar
= 100 cents
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 207
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic occupies the eastern two-
thirds of the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean. Spanish-
speaking, it seeks closer ties to the anglophone West Indies.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Highlands and rainforested Mining (nickel and gold), sugar,
mountains – including the highest peak in and textiles. Tourism, remittances, and
the Caribbean, Pico Duarte – interspersed exports all rely heavily on US market.
with fertile valleys. Extensive coastal Hidden economy based on trans-
plain in the east. shipment of narcotics to the US.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Santo Domingo is the oldest

Hot and humid close to sea level, city in the Americas. It was founded in
cooler at altitude. Heavy rainfall, 1496 by the brother of Christopher Columbus
especially in the northeast.
Puerto Plata ATLANTIC
Monte Cristi
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Mao OCEAN
Santiago
White landowners – especially Pico Duarte
San Francisco
de Macorís
those descended from the original HAITI C10, 417ft (3175m)
ord u La Vega
Spanish settlers – form the wealthy San Juan
iller
a Central
SANTO El Seibo
elite. The mixed-race majority controls Lago DOMINGO
Enriquillo La Romana
commerce and forms the bulk of the San Cristóbal
San Pedro
professional middle classes. White and Barahona
de Macorís
mixed-race women are entering the Caribbean
professions. Great disparities of wealth Sea
2000m/6562ft
exist; the black and Haitian-immigrant 1000m/3281ft
populations occupy the bottom of 0 50 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
the social ladder. 0 50 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, French Creole

OFFICIAL NAME: Dominican Republic
DATE OF FORMATION: 1865
CAPITAL: Santo Domingo
POPULATION: 10.2 million
TOTAL AREA: 18,679 sq. miles
(48,380 sq. km)
DENSITY: 546 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 95%, other
and nonreligious 5%
ETHNIC MIX: Mixed race 73%, European 16%,
Black African 11%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Dominican Republic peso
= 100 centavos
208 ASIA

East Timor
East Timor occupies the once Portuguese-owned
eastern half of the island of Timor. Invaded by Indonesia in 1975,
it became independent in 2002 following a long struggle.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A narrow coastal plain gives way to Widespread poverty. Violence
forested highlands. The mountain in 1999 damaged infrastructure. Riots
backbone rises to 9715 ft (2963 m). in 2006 undermined stability, further
deterring foreign investment. Agreement
CLIMATE with Australia on division of oil revenue
Tropical. Heavy rain in wet season from the Timor Sea.
(December–March), then dry and hot,
particularly in the north. INSIGHT: Once dependent on
sandalwood, the economy is being
PEOPLE & SOCIETY transformed by oil under the Timor Sea
The population is almost entirely
Se
Roman Catholic. The Timorese are a mix lat
R
Pulau Wetar
of Malay and Papuan peoples, and many

om
an
indigenous Papuan tribes survive. There is

g
Pulau Alor ait
ar Str
an urban Chinese minority, and ethnic it Ataúro Wet
Lospalos
Indonesian settlers became numerous
ra

Pulau St Manatuto Tutuala

ai
after annexation in 1975. Pantar O m b DILI
(part of Pante a
Preindependence violence in 1999 Maliana e
East Macassar S
was politically rather than ethnically Timor)
o r
Ti m or Suai T i m
motivated. Women do not have access
2000m/6562ft
to the professions and levels of 1000m/3281ft
domestic violence are notably high. 0 100 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Living standards are low. 0 100 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Tetum* (Portuguese/

OFFICIAL NAME: Democratic Republic
of Timor-Leste
DATE OF FORMATION: 2002
CAPITAL: Dili
POPULATION: 1.2 million
TOTAL AREA: 5756 sq. miles (14,874 sq. km)
DENSITY: 213 people per sq. mile
Austronesian), Bahasa Indonesia, Portuguese*
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 95%, other
(including Muslim and Protestant) 5%
ETHNIC MIX: Malay/Papuan groups c. 85%,
Indonesian c. 13%, Chinese 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: US dollar = 100 cents
 SOUTH AMERICA 209
Ecuador
Once part of the Inca heartland, Ecuador lies on the
western coast of South America. Its territory includes the
fascinating Galápagos Islands, 610 miles (970 km) to the west.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Broad coastal plain, inter-Andean Oil provides over half of export
central highlands, dense jungle in earnings. World’s biggest banana
upper Amazon basin. exporter. Use of US dollar offers stability,
but less control. Defaulted on debt in
CLIMATE 2008, prioritizing social spending.
The climate is hot and moist on
0 100 km
the coast, cool in the Andes, and hot
0 100 miles
equatorial in the Amazon basin. PA C I F I C
OCEAN
COLOMBIA
Esmeraldas Sa
PEOPLE & SOCIETY nM
ig u el
Ibarra
Most people are of Amerindian–

s
Equator
Spanish extraction (mestizo). Black Santo Domingo
QUITO N ap o
communities exist on the coast. The

e
de los Colorados
Manta
strong and largely unified Amerindian Portoviejo
Ambato
movement leads the pressure for social Riobamba
d
reform; one in eight people live in Milagro
Guayaquil
extreme poverty. Recent left-wing
n

policies have given greater rights to Gulf Cuenca

of
women, the poor, and Amerindians. Guayaquil
Machala
A

4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
Loja
INSIGHT: Darwin's study on the PERU 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
Galápagos Islands in 1856 played a 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
major part in his theory of evolution Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Quechua, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Ecuador
DATE OF FORMATION: 1830
CAPITAL: Quito
POPULATION: 13.8 million
TOTAL AREA: 109,483 sq. miles
(283,560 sq. km)
DENSITY: 129 people per sq. mile
Amerindian languages
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 95%; Protestant,
Jewish, and other 5%
ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 77%, White 11%,
Amerindian 7%, Black African 5%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: US dollar = 100 cents
210 AFRICA

Egypt
Occupying the northeast corner of Africa, Egypt is divided
by the highly fertile Nile Valley. Mubarak's military-backed regime was
ousted in a popular uprising in the "Arab Spring" of 2011.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Fertile Nile Valley separates arid Oil and gas. Cotton. Tolls from the
Libyan Desert from smaller semiarid Suez Canal. Successful tourist industry, in
eastern desert. Sinai peninsula has spite of terrorist attacks. High birth-rate
mountains in south. and rural poverty.

CLIMATE Nile Delta

Mediterranean Sea
Summers are very hot, but winters Bur Sá’íd
Al Iskandaríyah ISRAEL
are cooler. Rainfall is negligible, except Al Ismá‘ílíya
CAIRO Suez Canal
on the coast. Munkhafaç Al Jízah As Suways
JORDAN
al Qaœœára Al Minyá Sinai
LIBYA

N il e
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Despite a long tradition of ethnic Asyú√
Hurghada

and religious tolerance, the rise of Islam Sawháj Qiná

Re
d
has sparked clashes between Muslims Al Uq§ur

Se
L i b y a n

a
and Copts (Coptic Christianity is one of D e s e r t Aswán
the Church’s earliest branches). Women Administrative
border
play a full part in education and the Lake Nasser
economy, though this is threatened by
SUDAN Political border
Islamism. Rapidly growing population is
a problem. Poverty is rife around Cairo. 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
INSIGHT: In 450 BCE Herodotus 200m/656ft 0 200 km
Sea Level
visited the already-ancient pyramids Below Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, French, English,

OFFICIAL NAME: Arab Republic of Egypt
DATE OF FORMATION: 1936
CAPITAL: Cairo
POPULATION: 84.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 386,660 sq. miles
(1,001,450 sq. km)
DENSITY: 220 people per sq. mile
Berber
RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 90%,
Coptic Christian and other 10%
ETHNIC MIX: Egyptian 99%, other (Nubian,
Armenian, Greek, Berber) 1%
GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
CURRENCY: Egyptian pound = 100 piastres
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 211
El Salvador
El Salvador is Central America’s smallest and most
densely populated country. Already struggling to recover from a
civil war in the 1980s, it was badly struck by earthquakes in 2001.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
El Salvador is a narrow coastal Coffee, sugar. Garment industry.
belt backed by two mountain ranges. Remittances from overseas. Frequent
There is a central plateau. The country is natural disasters damage infrastructure
located within a seismic zone, and there and homes and deepen country’s reliance
are more than 20 volcanic peaks. on aid. Five-year anti-poverty program
for north from 2007.
CLIMATE
Tropical coastal belt is very hot, INSIGHT: Independent since 1841,
with seasonal rains. Cooler, temperate El Salvador is named after Jesus Christ,
climate in highlands. “the savior” of Christians

PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Population is largely mestizo; GUATEMALA Metapán HONDURAS
Chalatenango
ethnic tensions are few. The 1981–1991 Santa Ana L empa Lem
Embalse
civil war was fought between the

pa
Ahuachapán Cerrón Grande Sensuntepeque
US-backed right-wing government and Sonsonate SAN
left-wing FMLN guerrillas, over gross SALVADOR San Vicente
a San Miguel
Zacatecoluca
mp
economic disparities, which still exist La Unión
Le

despite some reform. During the war, Usulután

75,000 people died, many of whom were PACIFIC OCEAN

2000m/6562ft
unarmed civilians, and human rights 1000m/3281ft
abuses were widespread. The FMLN won 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 25 km
the presidency in 2009. Sea Level 0 25 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of El Salvador
DATE OF FORMATION: 1841
CAPITAL: San Salvador
POPULATION: 6.2 million
TOTAL AREA: 8124 sq. miles
(21,040 sq. km)
DENSITY: 775 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 80%,
Evangelical 18%, other 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo (European–Amerindian)
90%, White 9%, Amerindian 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Salvadorean colón
= 100 centavos; US dollar = 100 cents
212 AFRICA

Equatorial Guinea
Comprising the mainland territory of Río Muni and five
islands on the west coast of central Africa, Equatorial Guinea,
despite its name, lies just north of the equator.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The islands are mountainous and Oil and gas now account for
volcanic. The mainland is lower, with 94% of exports; the government has
mangrove swamps along the coast. promised to reinvest the new funds in
development. Timber, cocoa, coffee.
CLIMATE
The island of Bioko is extremely INSIGHT: In 2003, state radio
wet and humid. The mainland is only declared President Obiang Nguema
to be “like God in Heaven”
marginally drier and cooler.
2000m/6562ft MALABO
1000m/3281ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
Isla
da
Equatorial Guinea is the only 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Bioco

Spanish-speaking country in Africa. Río Bight of Biafra

Muni is sparsely populated and most ATLANTIC CAMEROON

OCEAN
people there are Fang, an ethnic group Micomeseng
also found in Cameroon and northern Gulf
of
Niefang
Gabon. Bioko is populated by Bubi Guinea Bata
Mongomo
and a minority of Creoles known as Mbini Uolo
R í o
Fernandinos. Tensions between the two M u n i
territories have been reignited by the Cabo Etembue
San Cogo Nsoc
discovery of oil off Bioko. Wealth is Juan

concentrated in the ruling clan; oil Isla de

Corisco
GABON
revenue in the last decade has made 0 40 km
little impact on most people. 0 40 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 65 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Equatorial LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Fang, Bubi,
Guinea French*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1968 RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 90%,
CAPITAL: Malabo other 10%
POPULATION: 700,000 ETHNIC MIX: Fang 85%, other 11%, Bubi 4%
TOTAL AREA: 10,830 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(28,051 sq. km) CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
 AFRICA 213
Eritrea
Lying along the southwest shore of the Red Sea, Eritrea
won a long war for independence from Ethiopia in 1993. The two
neighbors fought a bitter border war in 1998–2000.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Mostly consists of rugged
mountains, bush, and the Danakil Desert,
which falls below sea level.
CLIMATE
Warm in the mountains; desert
areas are hot. Droughts from July
onward are common.
Legacy of disruption and
destruction from wars; resettlement of
refugees. Susceptible to drought and
famine: dependent on food aid. Most of
the population live at subsistence level.
Potential for extraction of gold, copper,
and oil. Red Sea location: port at Massawa.
0 100 km

PEOPLE & SOCIETY SUDAN Kerora

0 100 miles

Tigrinya-speakers, mainly Red Sea

Orthodox Christians, are the most
Dahlak
numerous of nine main ethnic groups. Archipelago
A strong sense of nationhood has Ak¶ordat Keren Mîts¶íwa (Massawa)
been forged by war. Women played Barentu ASMARA
a vital role in combat. Over 80% of Teseney Adi Ugri
people are subsistence farmers. ETHIOPIA
Suwa
D Red Sea
Multiparty elections, due under the 1997 an

constitution, are yet to be held. ak µAseb

2000m/6562ft il
1000m/3281ft
INSIGHT: Eritrea was modern Italy's 500m/1640ft DJIBOUTI
first African colony. It's named for the 200m/656ft
Sea Level
ancient Greek for Red Sea: Erythra Thalassa Below Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Tigrinya*, English*, Tigre, Afar,

OFFICIAL NAME: State of Eritrea Arabic*, Saho, Bilen, Kunama, Nara, Hadareb
DATE OF FORMATION: 1993 RELIGIONS: Christian 50%, Muslim 48%,
CAPITAL: Asmara other 2%
POPULATION: 5.2 million ETHNIC MIX: Tigray 50%, Tigre 31%, other 9%,
TOTAL AREA: 46,842 sq. miles Saho 5%, Afar 5%
(121,320 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
DENSITY: 115 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Nakfa = 100 cents
214 EUROPE

Estonia
The smallest and most Western-oriented of the former
Soviet-ruled Baltic states, Estonia is also the most developed,
but its standard of living is well below the EU average.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Estonia’s terrain is flat, boggy, and Timber and oil shale. Good
partly forested, with over 1500 islands. productivity. Strong growth accompanied
Lake Peipus forms much of the eastern EU accession in 2004, but first EU country
border with Russia. to enter recession in 2008. Drastic
spending cuts aided quick revival. Joined
CLIMATE eurozone in 2011. Low debt burden.
Maritime, with some continental
extremes. Harsh winters, with cool INSIGHT: Estonia pioneered online
summers and damp springs. voting in 2007, and voting by cell
phone in 2011
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Estonians are related ethnically Gulf of Finland
Kohtla-
TALLINN Järve Narva
and linguistically to the Finns. Friction Rakvere
Baltic
between ethnic Estonians and the large Sea Tapa
Haapsalu
Russian minority led to a reassertion of Paide Lake
Hiiumaa Peipus RUSS.
Estonian culture and language. Outright FED.
discrimination against the Russian Pärnu Viljandi Tartu
Saaremaa
Võrtsjärv
language was only ended in 2000. Gulf Lake Pskov
of
Estonians are predominantly Lutheran. Riga Valga
Võru
Families are small and divorce rates are LATVIA

high. Market reforms have increased

prosperity; a few people have 200m/656ft
0 50 km
become very rich. Sea Level 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Estonian*, Russian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Estonia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991
CAPITAL: Tallinn
POPULATION: 1.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 17,462 sq. miles
(45,226 sq. km)
DENSITY: 75 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 56%,
Orthodox Christian 25%,
other 19%
ETHNIC MIX: Estonian 69%, Russian 25%,
other 4%, Ukrainian 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 AFRICA 215
Ethiopia
The former empire of Ethiopia once dominated
northeast Africa. A Marxist regime in 1974–1991, now a free-market
democracy, it has suffered economic, civil, and natural crises.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Great Rift Valley divides Overwhelmingly dependent on
mountainous northwest region from agriculture; coffee is main export crop.
desert lowlands in northeast and War-damaged infrastructure and periodic
southeast. Ethiopian Plateau is drained serious droughts and famines undermine
mainly by the Blue Nile. growth. There is a heavy reliance on food
aid. Landlocked since secession of Eritrea.
CLIMATE
Moderate, with summer rains. 0 200 km 4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
Highlands are warm, with night frost and 0 200 miles 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
snowfalls on the mountains. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ERITREA Re Below Sea Level
d
76 Ethiopian nationalities speak Se
a
SUDAN Mek’elé

D Des
286 languages. Oromo (or Gallas) are Gulf of

an
Gonder a
er kil Aden
the largest group. Ethnic representation Bahir Dar
t
DJIBOUTI
Blue Nile Desé
is a major political issue. Orthodox Ethiopian
Christianity has a very ancient history in ADDIS Diré Dawa
ABABA SOMALILAND
Ethiopia. Former emperor Haile Selassie Highlands Hárer (not internationally
Nazrét recognized)
inspired Rastafarianism.
ley ft

Jíma
Ogaden
Val t Ri

SOUTH
SUDAN
a
Gr e

INSIGHT: King Solomon and the Queen

L. Turkana SOMALIA
of Sheba are said to have founded the
Kingdom of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) c. 1000 BCE KENYA

FACTFILE DENSITY: 198 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Democratic LANGUAGES: Amharic*, Tigrinya, other
Republic of Ethiopia RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 40%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1896 Muslim 40%, traditional beliefs 15%, other 5%
CAPITAL: Addis Ababa ETHNIC MIX: Oromo 40%, Amhara 25%,
POPULATION: 85 million other 13%, Sidima 9%, Tigray 7%, Somali 6%
TOTAL AREA: 435,184 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(1,127,127 sq. km) CURRENCY: Birr = 100 cents
216 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Fiji
A volcanic archipelago in the South Pacific, with two
large islands and 880 islets. Tensions between native Fijians
and the Indian minority have sparked a succession of coups.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Main islands are mountainous, Tourism was main sector, though
fringed by coral reefs. Remainder are damaged by instability. Coups have also
limestone and coral formations. caused international isolation. All sectors
struggling: sugar production, gold mining,
CLIMATE textiles, timber, and commercial fishing.
Tropical. High temperatures all year
round. Cyclones are a hazard. 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Sea Level PACIFIC
PEOPLE & SOCIETY OCEAN
The British introduced workers from
Vanua Levu
India in the late 19th century, and by 1946 Yasawa Nabavatu Labasa
Group
their descendants outnumbered the Nabouwalu
indigenous Fijian population. Ethnic-Fijian Bligh Water
Koro
Taveuni
Rakiraki
nationalism is strong. Many Indo-Fijians left Lautoka Ovalau
ge
after the 1987 coup, restoring ethnic Fijians Viti Levu Koro
Pa
ssa
Gau Se a eba
to a majority. In 2000, the first Indian- Sigatoka SUVA Lak
Lau Group
dominated government was ousted. The a ge
Pass Moala
Kadavu
army led another coup in 2006. Women Kadavu
are lobbying for more rights.
PACIFIC OCEAN
INSIGHT: Both Fijians and Indians
practice fire-walking; Indians walk on 0 100 km
hot embers, Fijians on heated stones 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Fijian, English*, Hindi, Urdu,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Fiji Islands Tamil, Telugu
DATE OF FORMATION: 1970 RELIGIONS: Hindu 38%, Methodist 37%,
CAPITAL: Suva Roman Catholic 9%, Muslim 8%, other 8%
POPULATION: 900,000 ETHNIC MIX: Melanesian (Fijian) 51%, Indian
TOTAL AREA: 7054 sq. miles 44%, other 5%
(18,270 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
DENSITY: 128 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Fiji dollar = 100 cents
 EUROPE 217
Finland
Finland’s language and national identity have been
influenced by both its Scandinavian and Russian neighbors.
Once aligned with the USSR, Finland is now a member of the EU.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
South and center are flat, with low Strong engineering and electronics
hills and many lakes. Uplands and low sectors: home of Nokia. Wood, pulp, and
mountains in the north. 60% of the paper production.
land area is forested.
INSIGHT: Finland has Europe’s largest
CLIMATE inland waterway system
Long, harsh winters with frequent
snowfalls. Short, warmer summers. 500m/1640ft
NORWAY
Inarijärvi
Rainfall is low, and decreases northward. 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Lapland
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SWEDEN RUSS.
One in four of the population FED.
Arctic Circle
lives in the Greater Helsinki region. Rovaniemi
Swedish-speakers live mainly in the 0 100 km
Oulu
Åland Islands in the southwest. The 0 100 miles
Sámi (Lapps) lead a seminomadic
existence inside the Arctic Circle. G ulf
of Vaasa Kuopio
Women make up 48% of the labor Bo thnia Joensuu
Jyväskylä
force, continuing a long tradition Haukivesi
Pori Tampere
of equality between the sexes. Saimaa
Lahti
Families tend to be close-knit, Åland
Turku
Kotka
though marriage is becoming Espoo HELSINKI
less common. Baltic Sea

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Finnish*, Swedish*, Sámi

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Finland
DATE OF FORMATION: 1917
CAPITAL: Helsinki
POPULATION: 5.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 130,127 sq. miles
(337,030 sq. km)
DENSITY: 45 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 83%,
other 15%, Orthodox Christian 1%,
Roman Catholic 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Finnish 93%, other (including
Sámi) 7%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
218 EUROPE

France
Stretching across western Europe, from the English
Channel (la Manche) to the Mediterranean Sea, France was Europe’s
first modern republic, and is still a leading industrial power.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Broad plain covers northern half of Chemicals, electronics, heavy
the country. High mountain ranges in the engineering, cars, and aircraft typify a
east and southwest, with a mountainous strong and diversified export sector.
plateau in the center. World leader in cosmetics, perfumes, and
quality wines. Modernized agriculture.
CLIMATE
Calais
Three main climates: temperate Lille
E ng l i s h Ch a nne l
and damp northwest; continental east; Amiens
BELGIUM
Channel Is. Le Havre LUX.
and Mediterranean south. (to UK) Rouen Reims GERMANY
Caen Strasbourg
Brest Versailles PARIS
Le Mans Nancy
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Rennes Orléans Mulhouse R hi
ne
L o i re Dijon
Strong French national identity Nantes
Tours
Besançon SWITZ.
coexists with pronounced regional Bay Clermont-
L. Geneva
Mâcon
differences, including local languages. of Limoges Ferrand Lyon
B i s c a y Cognac Massif Grenoble
Immigration laws have been tightened St.-Étienne

Rhône
s ITALY
Central lp
since the 1970s, but ethnic minorities Bordeaux A
Avignon Aix-en-
growing up in city suburbs feel Montpellier Provence MONACO
Biarritz Toulouse Nice
P y r Cannes
increasingly alienated. New rules aim to e n e e
s
Marseille
Toulon
Corse
bring more women into politics. SPAIN
ANDORRA
Perpignan
(Corsica)
Me dite r r anea n
3000m/9843ft Sea
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: France is the most 1000m/3281ft
popular tourist destination in the 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
world, with over 70 million visitors a year Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE Breton, Catalan, Basque

OFFICIAL NAME: French Republic
DATE OF FORMATION: 987
CAPITAL: Paris
POPULATION: 62.6 million
TOTAL AREA: 211,208 sq. miles (547,030 sq. km)
DENSITY: 295 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: French*, Provençal, German,
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 88%, Muslim
8%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Buddhist 1%
ETHNIC MIX: French 90%, North African 6%,
German (Alsace) 2%, Breton 1%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential–
parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 AFRICA 219
Gabon
Gabon is a former French colony straddling the equator
on Africa’s west coast. Independent since 1960, it returned to
multiparty politics in 1990, after 22 years of one-party rule.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Low plateaus and mountains lie Oil accounts for 81% of exports,
beyond the coastal strip. Two-thirds of but reserves are dwindling: not much
the land is covered by rainforest. post-oil planning. High debt problem.
Tropical hardwoods and manganese.
CLIMATE
Hot and tropical, with little INSIGHT: Libreville was founded
distinction between seasons. Cold as a settlement for freed French
Benguela current cools the coast. slaves in 1849
CAMEROON
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
EQUATORIAL Oyem CONGO
Some 40 different languages are GUINEA
spoken. The Fang, who live mainly in
Makokou
the north, are the largest ethnic group, LIBREVILLE
but have yet to gain control of the Equator
Port-
government. Oil wealth has led to the Gentil é Lambaréné
O g o ou
growth of an affluent middle class, but Koulamoutou Moanda
one in three people still live in poverty. Mouila Franceville
Menial jobs are done by immigrant
workers. Education follows the French Tchibanga
CONGO
system. With 85% of people living in ATLANTIC
OCEAN
towns, Gabon is one of Africa’s most
urbanized countries. The government is 0 100 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
encouraging population growth. 0 100 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE Nzebi, Mpongwe

OFFICIAL NAME: Gabonese Republic
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Libreville
POPULATION: 1.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 103,346 sq. miles (267,667 sq. km)
DENSITY: 15 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: Fang, French*, Punu, Sira,
RELIGIONS: Christian (mainly Roman Catholic)
55%, traditional beliefs 40%, other 4%,
Muslim 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Fang 26%, Shira-punu 24%, other
24%, foreign residents 15%, Nzabi-duma 11%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
220 AFRICA

Gambia
Gambia is a riverbank state on the west coast of Africa,
almost entirely surrounded by Senegal. It was renowned for its
stability until its government was overthrown in a coup in 1994.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Located on the narrow strip of land Around 75% of the labor force is
bordering the Gambia River. Long, sandy involved in agriculture. Groundnuts are
beaches are backed by mangrove swamps the principal crop. Fish stocks are
along the river. Savanna and tropical declining. Eco-tourism is promoted,
forests higher up. though most visitors come for the
beaches. Banjul is one of west Africa’s
CLIMATE finest deepwater ports: significant
Subtropical, with wet, humid re-export trade. Smuggling problems.
months July–October, and warm, dry
season November–May. INSIGHT: Overfishing in the waters
off Gambia and Senegal, mainly by
PEOPLE & SOCIETY foreign vessels, is a growing problem
Little tension between various
ethnic groups. The largest group, the
Mandinka, has traditionally held power. SENEGAL
Islam is a strong social influence,
though there is no official state Bakau
BANJUL Farafenni Georgetown
religion. A small expatriate community Serekunda Gam b i a
Brikama Basse
ATL EAN

from the UK lives on the coast. Gunjur SENEGAL Santa Su

OC
AN

Seasonal migrants come from

TIC

neighboring states to harvest

groundnuts each year. Women 0 50 km
200m/656ft
are very active as traders. 0 50 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Mandinka, Fulani, Wolof, Jola,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Gambia Soninke, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1965 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 90%, Christian 8%,
CAPITAL: Banjul traditional beliefs 2%
POPULATION: 1.8 million ETHNIC MIX: Mandinka 42%, Fulani 18%,
TOTAL AREA: 4363 sq. miles Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%, other 5%
(11,300 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 466 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Dalasi = 100 butut
 ASIA 221
Georgia
Located on the eastern shore of the Black Sea,
Georgia has been torn by civil war and ethnic disputes since
achieving independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Kura Valley lies between Caucasus Transit revenues from pipelines
Mountains in the north and Lesser taking oil to the West. Long-established
Caucasus range in south. Lowlands and booming wine industry. Political
along the Black Sea coast. instability. Fast pace of reforms in late
2000s, at cost of high unemployment.
CLIMATE
Subtropical along the coast, INSIGHT: Western Georgia was the
changing to continental extremes at high land of the legendary Golden Fleece of
altitudes. Rainfall is moderate. Greek mythology

PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Paternalistic society, with strong
family, cultural, and literary traditions. C RUSSIAN FEDERATION
a
Georgia was converted to Christianity in u
Sokhumi c
a
326 CE. Armenians in the south are the Zugdidi s
u
poorest group. Civil conflicts in the early Black
Poti
K’ut’aisi
Tskhinvali s
Sea Samt’redia
1990s against Abkhaz and Osset ra Gori Telavi
Batumi Ku
separatists displaced 300,000 people. Akhaltsikhe TBILISI
Lesse Rustavi
Abkhazia and South Ossetia now TURKEY
r C a u cas
us
effectively operate as separate states, ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN
3000m/9843ft
backed up by Russian forces since the 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
2008 war. Russia opposes Georgian hopes 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
of joining the EU and NATO. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE Armenian, Mingrelian, Ossetian, Abkhazian

OFFICIAL NAME: Georgia RELIGIONS: Georgian Orthodox 74%, Muslim
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 10%, Russian Orthodox 10%, Armenian
CAPITAL: Tbilisi Apostolic Church (Orthodox) 4%, other 2%
POPULATION: 4.2 million ETHNIC MIX: Georgian 84%, Armenian 6%,
TOTAL AREA: 26,911 sq. miles (69,700 sq. km) Azeri 6%, Russian 2%, Ossetian 1%, other 1%
DENSITY: 156 people per sq. mile GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
LANGUAGES: Georgian*, Russian, Azeri, CURRENCY: Lari = 100 tetri
222 EUROPE

Germany
Europe’s strongest industrial power and its most
populous nation, Germany was divided after military defeat in 1945
into a free-market west and a communist east, but reunified in 1990.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Central European coastal plains in Major exporter of electronics,
the north, rising to rolling hills of central heavy engineering, chemicals, and cars.
region and Alps in far south. Worst recession for 60 years in 2008–
2009. Aging population.
CLIMATE
Damp, temperate in northern and DENMARK
Baltic Sea
central regions. Continental extremes in Kiel
Rostock
mountainous south. North Sea
Hamburg Lübeck
POLAND
Bremen Elb
e
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

O
NETHER- BERLIN

de
Hannover
Regionalism is strong. The north

r
LANDS
is mainly Protestant, while the south is Dortmund
Magdeburg
Duisburg Leipzig
staunchly Roman Catholic. Social and Essen Kassel
Dresden
Düsseldorf Köln Erfurt
economic differences still exist between Bonn Chemnitz
Rh

BELGIUM Frankfurt
east and west. Turks are the largest single
ine

am Main
CZECH
LUX. Mannheim
ethnic minority; many came as guest Nürnberg REPUBLIC
Dan
workers in the 1950s–1970s. Immigration Stuttgart ub
FRANCE e
ne

rules now favor skilled workers.

Rh i

München
Feminism is strong.
n Alps
SWITZ. B a v a r i a AUSTRIA
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Germany’s rivers and 1000m/3281ft
canals carry as much freight as 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
its busy highways Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 608 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Republic LANGUAGES: German*, Turkish
of Germany RELIGIONS: Protestant 34%, Roman
DATE OF FORMATION: 1871 Catholic 33%, other 30%, Muslim 3%
CAPITAL: Berlin ETHNIC MIX: German 92%, other 3%,
POPULATION: 82.1 million other European 3%, Turkish 2%
TOTAL AREA: 137,846 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(357,021 sq. km) CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 AFRICA 223
Ghana
The heartland of the ancient Ashanti kingdom, Ghana in
west Africa was once known as the Gold Coast. It has experienced
intermittent periods of military rule since independence in 1957.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Mostly low-lying. The west is
covered by rainforest. One of the
world’s largest artificial lakes – Lake
Volta – was created by damming the
White Volta River.
CLIMATE
Tropical. There are two wet seasons
in the south, but the north is drier, and
has just one.
World’s second-largest cocoa
producer. Oil discovered in 2007: on
stream from 2010. Hardwood trees such
as maple and sapele. Gold mining.
INSIGHT: Ghana was the first colony
in west Africa to gain independence
BURKINA
FASO 0 100 km
Bolgatanga
0 100 miles

a
olt
Wa

White V
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Black V
Tamale
Around 75 cultural-linguistic CÔTE
D’IVOIRE
groups. The largest is the Akan, who
ol

(IVORY
ta

include the Ashanti and Fanti peoples. COAST)

Southern peoples are richer and more Sunyani
Lake
Volta
urban than those of the north. There TOGO
Kumasi
are few tribal tensions. Family ties are Volt
Koforidua
strong. Women play a major role in
a

Asamankese
market trading. The 2000 election saw Nsawam Tema
Cape Coast ACCRA
Ghana’s first peaceful handover of Sekondi- o a st
ld C
power. Poverty levels have been Takoradi G o Gulf of Guinea 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
significantly reduced. ATLANTIC OCEAN Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Twi, Fanti, Ewe, Ga, Adangbe,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Ghana
DATE OF FORMATION: 1957
CAPITAL: Accra
POPULATION: 24.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 92,100 sq. miles
(238,540 sq. km)
DENSITY: 274 people per sq. mile
Gurma, Dagomba (Dagbani), English*
RELIGIONS: Christian 69%, Muslim 16%,
traditional beliefs 9%, other 6%
ETHNIC MIX: Akan 49%, Mole-Dagbani 17%,
Ewe 13%, other 13%, Ga and Ga-Adangbe 8%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Cedi = 100 pesewas
224 EUROPE

Greece
The Balkan state of Greece is bounded on three sides
by the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Ionian seas. It has a strong
seafaring tradition, with some of the world’s richest shipowners.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountainous peninsula and over Public debt and budget deficit very
2000 islands. Large plain along the high: EU bailouts to avoid bankruptcy.
mainland’s Aegean coast. World’s largest shipping fleet. One of
Europe’s top tourist destinations. Fruit,
CLIMATE vegetables, olives. Large black economy.
Mainly Mediterranean, with dry,
BULGARIA
hot summers. Alpine climate in MACEDONIA Dráma
northern mountain areas. Sérres
Xánthi TURKEY
ALBANIA Thessaloníki Alexandroúpoli
Kateríni Thracian
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea
Ioánnina Límnos
Postwar industrial development Lárisa
Kérkyra Kérkyra Vólos Vóreies Lésvos
Pi
altered the dominance of agriculture and (Corfu) n Sporádes
Aegean
do
Lamía
seafaring. Rural exodus to cities has been Kefalloniá s Chíos
Sea
Pátra Peiraías ATHENS
stemmed but a third of the population Kórinthos Sámos
Zákynthos Pel o Isthmós
lives in Athens. Age-old culture and Greek Ionian
pó Korinthou
Náxos
Orthodox Church balance social mobility.
nn

Sea
iso

Kalámata Kos
Civil marriage and divorce only legalized
s

in 1982. There has been much recent civil Sea of Crete Ródos

unrest against severe austerity measures. Mediterranean Chaniá

Irákleio
Kárpathos
Sea
Kríti (Crete)
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: The modern Olympics, 1000m/3281ft
first held in Athens in 1896, evolved 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
from Olympia’s ancient Greek games Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Greek*, Turkish,

OFFICIAL NAME: Hellenic Republic
DATE OF FORMATION: 1829
CAPITAL: Athens
POPULATION: 11.2 million
TOTAL AREA: 50,942 sq. miles
(131,940 sq. km)
DENSITY: 222 people per sq. mile
Macedonian, Albanian
RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 98%,
Muslim 1%, other 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Greek 98%,
other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 225
Grenada
The southernmost of the Windward Islands, Grenada
made world headlines in 1983 when the US and Caribbean
allies mounted an invasion to sever links with Castro’s Cuba.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Volcanic in origin, with densely Severe damage from Hurricane Ivan
forested central mountains. Its territory in 2004 to crops and 90% of buildings;
also includes the islands of Carriacou and reconstruction taking years. Nutmeg,
Petite Martinique. cocoa, bananas, and mace. Smuggling
is a serious problem.
CLIMATE
Petite Martinique
Tropical, tempered by trade winds. 0 8 km

Hurricanes are a hazard in the July– 0 8 miles

Hillsborough
November wet season. Carriacou

PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Grenadians are mainly of African Diamond I.
origin; their traditions remain strong, Ronde I.
Caribbean
especially on Carriacou. Inter-ethnic Sea
marriage has reduced tensions between ATLANTIC
OCEAN
the groups. Extended families, often Victoria
headed by women, are the norm. Wealth
disparities are not marked, but levels of Grand Grenville
Roy Grena da
poverty are growing.
Point ST. GEORGE’S
Salines
Airport
INSIGHT: Known as “the spice island
of the Caribbean,” it is the world’s 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
second-largest nutmeg producer Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, English Creole

OFFICIAL NAME: Grenada
DATE OF FORMATION: 1974
CAPITAL: St. George’s
POPULATION: 108,419
TOTAL AREA: 131 sq. miles
(340 sq. km)
DENSITY: 828 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 68%,
Anglican 17%, other 15%
ETHNIC MIX: Black African 82%, Mulatto
(mixed race) 13%, East Indian 3%, other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: East Caribbean dollar =
100 cents
226 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Guatemala
The largest and most populous nation on the Central
American isthmus, Guatemala returned to civilian rule
in 1986 after 32 years of violent and repressive military rule.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Narrow Pacific coastal plain. Central Coffee, sugar, and bananas are top
highlands with volcanoes. Short coast on exports. Tourism. Damage from natural
the Caribbean Sea. Tropical rainforests in disasters. Marked wealth inequalities
the north. inhibit domestic market.
3000m/9843ft
CLIMATE 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
Tropical: hot and humid in coastal 500m/1640ft
regions and north. More temperate in 200m/656ft
Sea Level
central highlands. Us
Lago
Petén Itzá
um
ac
in BELIZE
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MEXICO

ta
Amerindians, concentrated in the Cari bbean
Sea
highlands, form a majority. Power, wealth,
Puerto Barrios
and land are controlled by ladinos Cobán Lago de
Si
(Westernized Amerindians and mestizos). er
Izabal
r a Totonicapán ua
Catholicism is predominant, mixed with Mad M otag HONDURAS
Zacapa
re
Amerindian beliefs. Literacy levels are Chimaltenango Jalapa
Mazatenango GUATEMALA CITY
low. Half of the population lives on less Antigua Guatemala
Escuintla Jutiapa
than $2 a day. Violent crime is a problem.
EL SALVADOR
San José
PACIFIC
OCEAN
INSIGHT: Guatemala, which means
“land of trees,” was the center of the 0 100 km
ancient Mayan civilization 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Quiché, Mam, Cakchiquel,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Guatemala
DATE OF FORMATION: 1838
CAPITAL: Guatemala City
POPULATION: 14.4 million
TOTAL AREA: 42,042 sq. miles
(108,890 sq. km)
DENSITY: 344 people per sq. mile
Kekchí, Spanish*
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 65%,
Protestant 33%, other and nonreligious 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Amerindian 60%, Mestizo
(European–Amerindian) 30%, other 10%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Quetzal = 100 centavos
 AFRICA 227
Guinea
Located on the west coast of Africa, Guinea was the
first French colony in Africa to gain independence, in 1958.
The country was under military rule from 1984 to 1995.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Coastal plains and mangrove Substantial gold, diamond, and
swamps in west rise to forested or especially bauxite reserves. Cash crops:
savanna highlands in the south. bananas, coffee, pineapples, palm oil.
Semidesert in the north. Poor infrastructure. Instability.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: The colors of Guinea’s flag

Tropical, with a wet season April– represent the three words of the
October. Conakry is especially rainy. country’s motto: work (red), justice (yellow),
Hot, dry harmattan wind blows from and solidarity (green)
Sahara during dry season.
SENEGAL
MALI
GUINEA-
PEOPLE & SOCIETY BISSAU a
Peul and Malinké make up F o u t Siguiri
Labé

g er
Ni
most of the population, but rivalries Boké D j a
l l o n
N ig
er
between them have allowed coastal Kindia Kankan
CÔTE
peoples such as the Soussou to CONAKRY D’IVOIRE
dominate politics. Daily life revolves ATLANTIC SIERRA Kissidougou
(IVORY
COAST)
around the extended family. Women OCEAN LEONE
acquired influence under Marxist party Nzérékoré
rule between 1958 and 1984, but the
LIBERIA
Muslim revival since then has reversed 1000m/3281ft
the trend. Private enterprise has 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 100 km
created a business class. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Pulaar, Malinké, Soussou,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Guinea
DATE OF FORMATION: 1958
CAPITAL: Conakry
POPULATION: 10.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 94,925 sq. miles
(245,857 sq. km)
DENSITY: 109 people per sq. mile
French*
RELIGIONS: Muslim 85%, Christian 8%
traditional beliefs 7%
ETHNIC MIX: Peul 40%, Malinké 30%,
Soussou 20%, other 10%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Guinea franc = 100 centimes
228 AFRICA

Guinea-Bissau
Known as Portuguese Guinea while a colony,
Guinea-Bissau lies on Africa’s west coast. Since 1994, its
nascent democracy has been plagued by coups and rebellions.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Low-lying, apart from savanna Mostly subsistence farming. Lack of
highlands in northeast. Rainforests and sufficiency in rice staple. Main cash crop
swamps are found along coastal areas. is cashew nuts. Major cocaine transit
route from South America to Europe.
CLIMATE Offshore oil as yet untapped. Fisheries
Tropical, with wet season May- and timber potential.
November and dry season December-
April. Hot, dry harmattan desert wind INSIGHT: In 1974, Guinea-Bissau
blows during dry season. became the first Portuguese
colony to gain independence
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SENEGAL
The largest ethnic group is the
Balante, who live in the south. Though São Farim
Gamamudo Pitche
Domingos
only around 1% of the population, the Mansôa
Canchungo Bafatá
mixed race Portuguese–African mestiços
BISSAU
dominate the top ranks of government Arquipélago
dos Bijagós
and bureaucracy. Most people live and Quebo
work on small family farms, grouped in Catió GUINEA
self-contained villages. The bulk of the
urban population live in Bissau, where ATLANTIC
they face economic hardship. Narcotics OCEAN
traffickers are taking advantage of the 0 50 km
200m/656ft
ongoing instability. 0 50 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese Creole, Balante,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Guinea-Bissau
DATE OF FORMATION: 1974
CAPITAL: Bissau
POPULATION: 1.6 million
TOTAL AREA: 13,946 sq. miles
(36,120 sq. km)
DENSITY: 147 people per sq. mile
Fulani, Malinké, Portuguese*
RELIGIONS: Traditional beliefs 50%,
Muslim 40%, Christian 10%
ETHNIC MIX: Balante 30%, Fulani 20%, other
16%, Mandyako 14%, Mandinka 13%, Papel 7%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
 SOUTH AMERICA 229
Guyana
On the northeast coast of South America, Guyana is
the continent's only English-speaking country. Independent
since 1966, it has close ties with the anglophone Caribbean.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly artificial coast, reclaimed Diverse exports: gold, sugar, fish,
by dikes and dams from swamps and bauxite, rice, timber, diamonds. Debt
tidal marshes. Forests cover 85% of relief granted. Narcotics transit zone.
the interior, rising to savanna uplands
and mountains. INSIGHT: Guyana means “land of
many waters,” reflecting its dense
network of rivers
CLIMATE
Tropical. Coast cooled by sea ATLANTIC
breezes. Lowlands are hot, wet, and OCEAN
VENEZUELA
humid. Highlands are a little cooler. Spring
Garden GEORGETOWN
Bartica New
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
G
Amsterdam

u
Guyana is a complex multiracial Linden
i a
Corriverton
society. Tension exists between the n ty n e
a

u r an
Afro-Guyanese, descended from slaves, BRAZIL H i
SURINAME

Co
and the Indo-Guyanese, descendants of
g h

Ess
laborers brought over after slavery was (claimed
e q uibo
l a n

by Suriname)
abolished. Politics is highly polarized (claimed by
Venezuela)
around this split and has often spilled
d s

over into violence on the streets.

Amerindian subsistence farmers are the 1000m/3281ft
poorest people in society and have 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 100 km
little representation. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English Creole, Hindi, Tamil,

OFFICIAL NAME: Cooperative Republic Amerindian languages, English*
of Guyana RELIGIONS: Christian 57%, Hindu 28%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1966 Muslim 10%, other 5%
CAPITAL: Georgetown ETHNIC MIX: East Indian 43%, Black African
POPULATION: 800,000 30%, mixed race 17%, Amerindian 9%, other 1%
TOTAL AREA: 83,000 sq. miles (214,970 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 11 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Guyanese dollar = 100 cents
230 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Haiti
Formerly a French colony, Haiti shares the Caribbean
island of Hispaniola with the Dominican Republic. At
independence in 1804, it became the world’s first black republic.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Predominantly mountainous, with Fragile economy completely
forests and fertile plains. shattered by 2010 earthquake. Ongoing
problems of instability, hurricane damage,
CLIMATE high unemployment, narcotics trafficking.
Tropical, with rain throughout the
year. Humid in coastal areas, much cooler INSIGHT: A slave rebellion headed
in the mountains. by Toussaint Louverture in 1791 led to
Haiti’s independence
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ATLANTIC
Île de la Tortue
Most Haitians are of African OCEAN
descent. A few have European roots, 1000m/3281ft
Port-de-Paix Cap-Haïtien
M a s Limbé
primarily French. The rigid class structure 500m/1640ft s i f
d u
Fort-
200m/656ft Gonaïves Liberté
maintains vast disparities of wealth. Sea Level N o
r d
Desdunes

DOMINICAN REP.
Golfe de la
The majority of the population live in Gonâve Hinche
St-Marc
extreme poverty; Haiti is one of the Petite-
Rivière-
poorest countries in the Americas. Île de la Gonâve de-l'Artibonite
A combination of political oppression Jérémie
PORT-AU-PRINCE
and a collapsing economy led thousands Massif de Pétionville
la Hotte
to seek asylum in the US or the Cayes Jacmel
Dominican Republic. Though most are
Christians, many Haitians practice Caribbean Sea

Voodoo, which was recognized as an 0 50 km

official religion in 2003. 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: French Creole*, French*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Haiti
DATE OF FORMATION: 1804
CAPITAL: Port-au-Prince
POPULATION: 10.2 million
TOTAL AREA: 10,714 sq. miles
(27,750 sq. km)
DENSITY: 959 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 55%, Protestant
28%, other (including Voodoo) 16%,
nonreligious 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Black African 95%, Mulatto
(mixed race) and European 5%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Gourde = 100 centimes
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 231
Honduras
Straddling the Central American isthmus, Honduras
returned to democratic rule in 1984, after a period of military
government. Hurricane Mitch devastated the country in 1998.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Narrow plains along both coasts, Garments, coffee, bananas, and
with a mountainous interior, cut by river shellfish are exported. Remittances
valleys. Tropical forests, swamps, and account for a fifth of GDP. Debt relief
lagoons in the east. from 2005. Mineral potential. High
underemployment and corruption.
CLIMATE
Tropical coastal lowlands are hot INSIGHT: The Honduran currency is
and humid, with May–October rains. named after a Lenca Indian chief who
Interior is cooler and drier. was the main leader of resistance to the
Spanish conquest in the 16th century
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 0 100 km
The majority of the population is 0 100 miles
mestizo (mixed European–Amerindian). C a r ib b ean
Se a
An English-speaking garífuna (black) Tela
community and Miskito Amerindians GUATEMALA La Ceiba Laguna de
San Pedro Sula Caratasca
struggle to preserve their rights to land El Progreso
Santa Rosa Juticalpa
along the remote Caribbean coast. de Copán Comayagua
Coco
Women’s status remains low. Wealth TEGUCIGALPA Danlí
inequalities are large and poverty is at EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
the root of social tension. About 65% PACIFIC Choluteca
of the population live in poverty. The 2000m/6562ft
OCEAN 1000m/3281ft
army ousted the president in 2009. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Violent crime is a major issue. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Garífuna (Carib),

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Honduras
DATE OF FORMATION: 1838
CAPITAL: Tegucigalpa
POPULATION: 7.6 million
TOTAL AREA: 43,278 sq. miles
(112,090 sq. km)
DENSITY: 176 people per sq. mile
English Creole
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 97%,
Protestant 3%
ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 90%, Black African 5%,
Amerindian 4%, White 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Lempira = 100 centavos
232 EUROPE

Hungary
Landlocked in central Europe, Hungary was one of the
twin centers of the once-great Habsburg Empire. It lost two-thirds
of its historical territory for supporting Germany in World War I.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Landlocked. Fertile plains in east Strong industrial base. Hard-hit in
and northwest; west and north are hilly. 2007–2009 by global downturn. Currency
The Danube River cuts through the plummeted, $25 billion bailout from IMF
country and the capital. to avoid meltdown. Tough spending cuts
needed to keep on path to join euro.
CLIMATE
Continental, with wet springs, late INSIGHT: The Hungarian language
but very hot summers, and cold, cloudy is Asian in origin and is most closely
winters. The transition between seasons related to Finnish
tends to be sudden.
UK
RA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SLOVAKIA
Miskolc IN
E
Hungary’s population shrank in Nyíregyháza
Györ D a n ub e
the 1990s. Mostly ethnic Hungarian AUST. Debrecen
Tatabánya BUDAPEST
(Magyar), there are small minorities Szombathely
Szolnok
of Germans, Jews, and neighboring Székesfehérvár
Kecskemét
SL

Danube

Balaton
Békéscsaba
OV

peoples. Roma face particular Nagykanizsa

EN

ROMANIA
discrimination. The government is
IA

Szeged
Pécs
greatly concerned about the fate of SERBIA
CROATIA
ethnic Hungarians in Romania, Serbia,
and Slovakia. Hungary joined the EU
in 2004. Working hours are longer 0 50 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
than in western Europe. 0 50 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Hungarian (Magyar)*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Hungary
DATE OF FORMATION: 1918
CAPITAL: Budapest
POPULATION: 10 million
TOTAL AREA: 35,919 sq. miles
(93,030 sq. km)
DENSITY: 280 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 52%,
Calvinist 16%, other 15%, nonreligious 14%,
Lutheran 3%
ETHNIC MIX: Magyar 90%, Roma 4%,
German 3%, Serb 2%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Forint = 100 fillér
 EUROPE 233
Iceland
Europe’s westernmost country, Iceland’s strategic ocean
location straddles the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Its spectacular
landscape is largely uninhabited, aside from coastal towns.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Grassy coastal lowlands, with fjords Once reliant on fish. Aluminum
in the north. Central plateau of cold lava smelting. Tourism. Banks overexposed
desert, geothermal springs, and glaciers. in 2007–2009 global downturn. Nation
Around 200 volcanoes, with numerous bankrupt, króna depreciated 90%.
geysers and solfataras.
INSIGHT: The word geyser is
CLIMATE taken from Geysir (the “gusher”)
Its location in the middle of the in southwest Iceland
Gulf Stream moderates the climate. Strait 0 50 km
ark
Mild winters and brief, cool summers. nm Ar
De cti
cC
0 50 miles
irc
le
Norwegian
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea

Icelanders share a strong national

identity, with few foreign residents. Akureyri
Húsavík
Akranes
Their language has changed little in Keflavík
REYKJAVÍK
700 years, in part due to the country’s Hafnarfjördhur Kópavogur
isolation. There is high social mobility, Selfoss Egilsstadhir

free health care, and low-cost heating Vestmannaeyjar Vatnajökull

(geothermal and hydropower).
Iceland’s recent banking collapse
1000m/3281ft
and near financial ruin has swung 500m/1640ft
ATLANTIC OCEAN
the long-running debate over EU 200m/656ft
Sea Level
membership in favor of joining. Ice Cap

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Icelandic*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Iceland
DATE OF FORMATION: 1944
CAPITAL: Reykjavík
POPULATION: 300,000
TOTAL AREA: 39,768 sq. miles
(103,000 sq. km)
DENSITY: 8 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 84%,
nonreligious 3%, Roman Catholic 3%,
other (mostly Christian) 10%
ETHNIC MIX: Icelandic 94%, other 5%,
Danish 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Icelandic króna = 100 aurar
234 ASIA
India
India is the world’s second most populous country and
largest democracy. Despite some success in reducing the
birth rate, its population will probably overtake China’s by 2030.
GEOGRAPHY
Separated from northern Asia by
the Himalaya mountain range, India
forms a subcontinent. As well as the
Himalayas, there are two other main
geographical regions, the Indo-Gangetic
plain, which lies between the foothills
of the Himalayas and the Vindhya
Mountains, and the central-southern
Deccan plateau. The Ghats are smaller
mountain ranges located on the east
and west coasts.
CLIMATE
Varies greatly according to latitude,
altitude, and season. Most of India has
three seasons: hot, wet, and cool.
Summer temperatures in the north
can reach 104°F (40°C). Monsoon rains
normally break in June, petering out in
September to October. In the cool
season, the weather is mainly dry.
The climate in the warmer south is less
variable than in the north.
FACTFILE
OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of India
DATE OF FORMATION: 1947
CAPITAL: New Delhi
POPULATION: 1.21 billion
TOTAL AREA: 1,269,338 sq. miles
(3,287,590 sq. km)
DENSITY: 1058 people per sq. mile
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
India’s planners, overseeing an
economic revolution, see its growing
population rather than environmental
constraints as the main brake on
development. Nationwide awareness
campaigns promote birth control
but cultural and religious pressures
encourage large families. Rural
deprivation spurs urban migration,
to live in sprawling slums. Over 70%
of people survive on less than $2 a
day. The majority of Indians are Hindu.
Various attempts to reform the Hindu
caste system, which determines
social standing and even marriage,
have met with violent opposition.
Severe tensions exist between Hindus
and the Muslim minority, especially
in Kashmir and Gujarat. Smaller ethnic
groups exist in the northeast, and
many struggle for greater autonomy.
Over two million people are living
with HIV/AIDS.
LANGUAGES: Hindi*, English*, Urdu, Bengali,
Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, Bihari, Gujarati, Kanarese
RELIGIONS: Hindu 81%, Muslim 13%,
Christian 2%, Sikh 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%,
Mongoloid and other 3%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Indian rupee = 100 paise
 ASIA 235

THE ECONOMY textiles exported. High-tech industries,

One of Asia’s fastest-growing outsourcing center. Success of
economies. Protectionism has given way “Bollywood” films. Cheap labor.
to free-market economics. Tea, gems, Huge market, held back by poverty.

5000m/16405ft
4000m/13124ft INSIGHT: India’s national
3000m/9843ft animal, the tiger, was depicted
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft as early as 4000 years ago by the
500m/1640ft A ‘line off control’ Mohenjo-Daro civilization
200m/656ft was agreed
g between
Sea Level India and Pakistan n
in 119972
in 972
72
Aksai
Aks
Ak
A k Chin -
SSrrín
naga
nag
naag
aaga
gaar n
g ad
administered byy China,
mu & d u s
I

Jam
Jamm
JJaamm
am
a m
mm claimed by India
Kash
Kas
K
Ka ash
as
a sh
shm miiirr
mir Demchok/Dêmqog q g-
H administered byy China,
ad
Amrrit
ritsar
sar
sa
ar
Jala
Jal
Ja
alla
alaan
ndha
nd
ndh
dh
d
dha
ha
har c
cl
claim ed by India
i Much of Arunáchal Pradesh sh
h
Ludh
LLu
Lud
ud
u dh
d hiián
h naa Chan
Ch
Cha
C han
ha
h ndíg
aan gar
garh
gaaarh
arrh
rh is claimed by Chhin
hina
in
ina
naa
m CHINA
t s
s er Mee
Meer
M eer
eeeeerrut
rut
ut a a
e l a y
D Deeelh
Delh
D
Delellhi Ba tra
PAKISTA
ST
TA
TAAN
N ar Bare
B aare
arre
eill
iililly
lllly
llyly NEP
NEPA
N EPA
AL BH
B
BHU
BHUT
HU
HUT
H U
UTTA
ANN ma pu MY
M YAN
YA
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ANNMAR
Th N
NEW DELH
DEL
DELH
EL
ELHI Shil
SSh
hiiilligu
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h iig
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g
gur
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h
Ág
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LLuck
Lu
u knonow
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ow Assam ((B
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BUR
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atn
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m
mpph
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ng
Várán
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Rann
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K ollkkaat
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tta
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Gulf
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ur Ránch
Bhópál
Bh nchi
chi
hii ora
ra (C
ra (C
Caaallcu
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cutt
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tt
of Ka
of Kachc
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hh Ahma
Indo
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n
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Ja
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Kachc
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Jams
am
am
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msshed
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dp
d purr Mout
Mouth
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uth
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of the G
Gaan
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gees
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Jámn
mn
nag
naagar
ar N ar m
Rájkot
jjkkko
ott Vad
Vad
Vado
ad
ado
dooda
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d
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ara
aarra
ra
Nág
gpur
pur
pu
p ur Ma Cut
Cu
C ut
uttta
utt
tttack
ack
ck
h a ná
Súra
raatt
rat di
Gu
G
Gulf
u
ulf
of
of
Khamb
mbbhát K alyán
Kaly
aly Nán
nde
nd
nded
ded
d
deed
Bay
Mummbaaii
mb God s V
Viiissákkhap
Vis kha
hap
h
haap
a atnam
(Bomba
baay
b ay) Pun nee D e c c a n
PPune
Pu
une
un
u n áv t of
deerábád
We

Hyde
yde
ar

Bengal
i
h

Arabian oláp
SSol
So pu
pur
ur
ur
G
ste

K ris
Sea hna
rn
rn

Pan
PPa
ana
annaaji
ajjii Hubl
H
Hub
ub
ubl
blli
b And
Anda
A nda
d ma
man
man
an Isla
Isslaand
Isl n
nds
te
Gh

Noor
ortthh
Eas

Mid
Mid
Miiddle
idd
Ch
C h
heeen
nnai Andam
manan
An
A ndam
nd
da anan
at

(Ma
Mad
adras) I N D I A N
Soou
out
uth
th
Ban
Bang
B ang
aan
ng
n g
gaaalor
alo
al
lo
loorre
s

Andaman
Andam
A an PPo
orrtt Bla
ort
or airr
Lakshhadwee
dwee
weepp
wee Myso
Mys
My
M yso
yysso
sore
re Sale
Sal
Sa
aale
le
leemm
O C E A N Lit
Lit
itt
tttle
ttl
(Laccaad
addiv
dive
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Is )
Is
Is. Anda
Andam
And
An
A ndam
nda
nd
n dam
dda
amaan
n
Coim
oim
oi
iim
mb
bato
att rre
aato e
Mad
Ma
M adu
aad
d
duura
rai
aaii Nicoobaar
ar IIsla
ssland
nds
n ddss
K hi/C
Kochi/i/Co
/Co
Coch
ch
hin
hiin
n
Grrea
Gr e
eat
Indira Po
Poi
oin
Poi ntt Nic
icobar
0 200 km
0 200 miles
236 ASIA

Indonesia
Formerly called the Dutch East Indies, Indonesia is the
world’s largest archipelago, with 18,108 islands scattered across
3000 miles (5000 km). It is the world’s fourth most populous nation.

GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Indonesia is highly mountainous,
with numerous tropical swamps. The
land is covered with dense rainforest,
especially on New Guinea, where it
remains largely unexplored. There are
more than 200 volcanoes, many of
which are still active. Earthquakes,
The basic Melanesian–Malay ethnic
division disguises a diverse society. Bahasa
Indonesia, the national language, coexists
with at least 250 other spoken languages
or dialects. Attempts by the Javanese

St
it

ra
eruptions, and tsunamis are hazards. Baand
Bannd
n daaac
aace
aaceh
of
M
The islands of Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumatra, Lan
Lang
LLa
aang
ng
gssaa
gs al
ac
ca Kepu
Kepul
epulaaua
au
uan
an
n
and Borneo were once joined together Ace
Aceh
Ac
A cce
ceh
eeh
h Natun
Natun
atuna
Meda
Med
Me
M eda
eed
d
daan
dan
by dry land, which has since been
Pema
Pem
PPe
eem
m
maatang
taang
tan
taan
ngsi
ngsian
ssia
iia
aan
nta
tar
ar
submerged by rising sea levels. Coastal
lowland development distinguishes Pulau
ulau
au N
Nias
Nia
iass
ias Pak
PPaka
Pa
akka
aaka
kan
nbar
nba
nbba
b
bar
aarru Sing
Sin gkkaw
awa
wan
ng
ng
Pont
PPon
onttian
on iana
naak
some of the large islands. PPaaadang
ng Su
S u m aatt r a
Kep

Pe
ula

Jam
JJa
am
ammb
bi
bi Bangk
Bang
Ban
B
Baangk
ngkk a
gu
ua

CLIMATE
nu
Ket
Keta
eta
apa
pan
aang
n

Pang
PPa
angkalp
aan kalpinan
in
ina
in
inan
nan
naang
an
M

ng

The climate is predominantly

en

an
w
ta

ai Paale
Pale
Pal
Paallemb
mban
m ban
b an
ang
Ba

tropical monsoon. Variations relate mainly Beeng

Ben
Beng
ng lu isa
gkulu
kul
ku
ullu
u
ulu
Pulau
r

n Belitung
to differences in latitude and altitude; Bannd
dar
ar Lamp
mpu
m
mppu
p ung
ng
JAKA
AKA
AK
AKA
K RTA
hilly areas are cooler overall. Rain falls
I ND I AN
throughout the year, often in Bogo
Bog
Bo
B og
o
ogo
go
g or SSeSema
Sem
ema
eem
marang
ma aang
ng
ng
O C E AN Band
Ban
B and
an
ndun
nd ung
u ng
n g JJav
Jaaavv a
thunderstorms, but there is a relatively Yogy
Yog
Yogy
gyakar
akar
aka
karta
ka ta
dry season from June to September. Sura
Surakart
urakart
karta
ta

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Javanese, Sundanese,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Indonesia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1949
CAPITAL: Jakarta
POPULATION: 232 million
TOTAL AREA: 741,096 sq. miles
(1,919,440 sq. km)
DENSITY: 335 people per sq. mile
Madurese, Bahasa Indonesia*, Dutch
RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 86%, Christian 9%,
Hindu 2%, other 2%, Buddhist 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Javanese 41%, other 32%,
Sundanese 15%, coastal Malays 12%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Rupiah = 100 sen
 ASIA 237

political elite to suppress local cultures THE ECONOMY

have been vigorously opposed, especially Varied resources, especially natural
by the Aceh of northern Sumatra, and gas. Cheap and plentiful labor pool.
the Papuans. Religious and interethnic Sizable state-owned sector, and state
hostility is a problem, with clashes control of prices of basic goods. Large
between Christians and Muslims in many foreign debt rescheduled. Bureaucracy
areas, and discrimination against ethnic and corruption damage business
Chinese leading to mob attacks on their confidence. Regional conflicts and
businesses. Gender equality is enshrined terrorist attacks deter tourists and
in law; women are active in public life. investors. Piracy is rife. The 2004
tsunami, which killed over 130,000
people, devastated northern Sumatra.

BR
BRU
RUN
RUUN
NE
EII
P A C I F I C
MA
MALA
MAL
ALA
ALLLA
AYSIA
A Ce le bes O C E A N
ull an
M nung

Sea
er
gu

Leok
Leo
Leok
eokk Manaado
Mana do
Haalm
Halm
lm
maa hera
m h
Pe

Ternaat
Tern aate
te
te
Gor
Goro
Go
G orro
oro
o ront
on
ntta
nta
tal
alo
lo E qquato
Equ
Equato
uato r
Borneo Sam
Sama
SSa
aam
m
marrind
ind
ind
da
Molucca Soro
orro
oro
o onngg
Palu
alu
lu
lu Sea Mano
M ano
an
nookw
kkwar
kwa
war
w
waar
ari
Bali
Bal
Ba
B alliikpap
ali
al kpap
kp
kpa
pa aan
pa n Po
Pos
PPoso
o
osso
oso
so Ma
lu k
u
Sam
Sa
SSamp
am
aamp
mp
m pit
Su
Sul
S ull awe
u awe
aw
we si
si C e r a m S e a (Mo Mani
niiw
n wo
wori
wor
ori
or
ori
Ko
K otabaru
o u Wafl
W
Waaafl
ffliaa lu Jay
JJaya
Ja
ayya
aaya
ap
pur
pura
puur
ura
u rra
a
cc
as
Fakf
FFak
Fa
akk ak
aakfak
Ken
Ke
K en
ndari
nd )

PAP
PA
Ba armasin
Banj n M
Mar
Mart
art
arrrtta
tap pura Pegunun gan Ma

AP
APU
Ambo
A
Ambonb n Pula
Puula
ul
u l u
Paaarrepar
PPar p re
re

PUA NEW
PU
Sera
Ser
era
er
ram oke
Makassar Amam
Am
mam
m amapar
par
pa
aarre
Pap
Pa
Papu
P ap
apu
puua

NEW GU
Ja v a S e a Banda Sea (IIr
(Ir
Iriaiian
aan
n Jaya
Jay
ay
aaya
ya)
ar
Su
Sur
SSura
ura
u
urra
rrabaya
ab
baya
aayaa Da m P Pulau
ulau Keep
K
Kep
epul
puulauan
auan
n Nee w
N
uan
Prob
Probobolin
ob o ggo g K epula Yamde
Yam
amde
amm nuu Aru
Aru
ru GUINE
Gui
Gu
G uii n e a
u
ba an

Jeemb
Jeemm
mb ber
er Flor
Fl
F ores
e
IN
Rab
Raba
aab
b
au

NE
NEA
l
r

Den
De
D
Denp
en
eenp
npaasar
np assa
asa
saarr
sar pu
EA
EA

Mala
Mala
a ng
al ng Ke ani m
Bali
B
Bal
ali
aal
llii Ende
d h
EAS
EAST
EA
E A
AST
ST
T TIM
TIMOR T Ara f ura
raa
Pula
Pul
P
Puulau
lau
lau Kupa
K upa
upaang
ng S ea
Sum
Sumb
S umba
mba
ba T imoo r
Timo
Tim

4000m/13124ft
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft INSIGHT: Indonesia has a very
500m/1640ft youthful population: almost 30%
Sea Level
of its people are under 15 years of age

0 500 km
0 500 miles
238 ASIA

Iran
Since the 1979 Islamic fundamentalist revolution led
by Ayatollah Khomeini, the Middle Eastern country of Iran
has been the world’s largest theocracy.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
High desert plateau with large salt A leading oil producer: 80% of
pans in the east. West and north are exports. Government restricts contact
mountainous. Coastal land bordering with the West, blocking acquisition of
Caspian Sea is rainy and forested. vital technology. High unemployment
and inflation. Sizable black market.
CLIMATE
Desert climate. Hot summers, and INSIGHT: More than a hundred
bitterly cold winters. Area around the offenses carry the death penalty
Caspian Sea is more temperate. AZERBAIJAN
TURKEY Tabríz Ardabíl TURKMENISTAN
Caspian
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Orúmíyeh Sea
Mashhad
Many ethnic groups, including Za
gro
TEHRÁN
Persians, Azaris (ethnically related Qom I r anian
sM

Kermánsháh Arák
to Azeris), and Kurds. Militant Shi’a E§fahán P lat e au AFGHANISTAN
ou

nt
IRAQ ai
Islamism has dominated since the Ahváz
ns
Khorramshahr Kermán
1979 revolution. The mullahs’ belief
KUWAIT Ábádán PAKISTAN
that adherence to religious values is Shiráz Záhedán

more important than economic Persian

Bandar-e ‘Abbás
Gulf
welfare has resulted in declining
living standards. Female emancipation 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
has been reversed. Student-backed 1000m/3281ft
demonstrations favoring greater 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 200 km
liberalism have been suppressed. Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Farsi*, Azeri, Luri, Gilaki, Arabic,

OFFICIAL NAME: Islamic Republic of Iran
DATE OF FORMATION: 1502
CAPITAL: Tehran
POPULATION: 75.1 million
TOTAL AREA: 636,293 sq. miles
(1,648,000 sq. km)
DENSITY: 119 people per sq. mile
Mazanderani, Kurdish, Turkmen, Baluchi
RELIGIONS: Shi’a Muslim 89%,
Sunni Muslim 9%, other 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Persian 51%, Azari 24%,
other 10%, Lur and Bakhtiari 8%, Kurd 7%
GOVERNMENT: Islamic theocracy
CURRENCY: Iranian rial = 100 dinars
 ASIA 239
Iraq
Oil-rich Iraq is situated in the central Middle East. The
last 50 years have been dominated by dictatorship, war, and civil
strife. A US-led Coalition ousted Saddam Hussein in April 2003.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly desert. The Tigris and Economy and infrastructure have
Euphrates rivers water fertile regions and been destroyed. Given stability and aid
create the southern marshland. for reconstruction, hopes of recovery
Mountains along northeast border. rest on massive oil reserves.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: As Mesopotamia, Iraq

Southern deserts have hot, dry was the site where the Sumerians
summers and mild winters. North has dry established the world’s first civilization
summers, but winters can be harsh in the
0 100 km TURKEY
mountains. Rainfall is low. 0 100 miles
Al Maw§il Arbíl
PEOPLE & SOCIETY As Sulaymáníyah
Carved out of remnants of the SYRIA

Tigr
Kirkúk
Euphra IRAN
Ottoman Empire, Iraq is home to Arab

is
Buíayrat ath Tharthár

tes
Muslims (mainly Shi’a, some Sunni), Ar Ramádí Ba‘qúbah
Syrian BAGHDAD
northern Kurds (who were persecuted JORDAN Desert Karbalá’
under Saddam’s regime), and smaller Al ‘Amárah
An Najaf Euph
minorities. After Saddam’s removal,

Tig
r ate
s

ris
sectarian violence overshadowed efforts SAUDI An Ná§iríyah
ARABIA Al Ba§rah
to build democracy. Improved security 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft KUWAIT
allowed the final US forces to withdraw 1000m/3281ft
by the end of 2011. After years of war 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
and sanctions, poverty is widespread. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Kurdish*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Iraq
DATE OF FORMATION: 1932
CAPITAL: Baghdad
POPULATION: 31.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 168,753 sq. miles
(437,072 sq. km)
DENSITY: 187 people per sq. mile
Turkic languages, Armenian, Assyrian
RELIGIONS: Shi’a Muslim 60%, Sunni
Muslim 35%, other (including Christian) 5%
ETHNIC MIX: Arab 80%, Kurdish 15%,
Turkmen 3%, other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: New Iraqi dinar = 1000 fils
240 EUROPE

Ireland
In the Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of Britain,
the Irish Republic governs about 85% of the island of Ireland,
with the remainder (Northern Ireland) being part of the UK.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Low mountain ranges along an Efficient agriculture, electronics,
irregular coastline surround an inland and food-processing industries. Rapid
plain punctuated by lakes, undulating growth until 2008: housing bubble burst,
hills, and peat bogs. banks faltered. Large EU bailouts to avoid
bankruptcy. Struggling with budget deficit.
CLIMATE
The Gulf Stream accounts for the 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
mild and wet climate. Snow is rare, 200m/656ft
Sea Level
except in the mountains. UNITED
Donegal KINGDOM
Do ne ga l (Northern Ireland)
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Ba y

Though homogeneous in ethnicity Sligo

Dundalk
and Roman Catholic by religion, society Westport
I ri sh
Mullingar S ea
has undergone a major generational Athlone
Galway DUBLIN
change, liberalizing birth control, n Dún Laoghaire
o
Shannon nn Lough
divorce, abortion, and general attitudes. ATLANTIC Airport Wicklow
Sha
Derg
Mts.
Traditionally an emigrant nation, there is OCEAN Limerick Kilkenny
now net immigration. The Good Friday Tralee Tipperary Wexford
Clonmel Waterford
peace agreement over Northern Ireland Killarney
was reached in 1998. Cork C e ltic
Se a

INSIGHT: About 40% of Irish 0 50 km

people can speak Irish Gaelic 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Irish Gaelic*

OFFICIAL NAME: Ireland
DATE OF FORMATION: 1922
CAPITAL: Dublin
POPULATION: 4.6 million
TOTAL AREA: 27,135 sq. miles
(70,280 sq. km)
DENSITY: 173 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 87%,
other and nonreligious 10%,
Anglican 3%
ETHNIC MIX: Irish 99%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary
system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 ASIA 241
Israel
Created as a new state in 1948, Israel lies on the eastern
shore of the Mediterranean. Palestinian resistance to
Israeli occupation has led to years of fierce violence.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Coastal plain. Desert in the south. High-tech industries, modern
In the east lie the Great Rift Valley and infrastructure, and educated workforce,
the Dead Sea – the lowest point on the but hampered by conflict and boycotts.
Earth’s land surface.
INSIGHT: All Jews worldwide have
CLIMATE the right to Israeli citizenship
Summers are hot and dry. Wet
season, March–November, is mild. LEBANON SYRIA
Golan
Heights
Hefa Tverya
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Natzrat Lake
Tiberias
Large numbers of Jews settled Mediterranean
Netanya Jordan
Sea
in Palestine before Israel was founded Tel Aviv-Yafo
WEST BANK
in 1948. After World War II, there was Holon Petah Tikva
Ashdod Jericho
a massive increase in immigration. Bethlehem JERUSALEM
Gaza Hebron
Sephardi Jews from the Middle East GAZA STRIP Dead Sea
(under Palestinian
and Mediterranean are now in the administration) Be’er Sheva
majority, but Ashkenazi Jews from
HaNe ge v
central Europe still dominate business 0 50 km
and politics. Palestinians in Gaza and EGYPT
0 50 miles
Jericho gained limited autonomy in 1994
1000m/3281ft
but Israeli–Palestinian talks on a two- 500m/1640ft JORDAN
state solution, backed by most of the 200m/656ft
Sea Level Elat
world, have repeatedly foundered. Below Sea Level Gulf of Aqaba

FACTFILE DENSITY: 930 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: State of Israel
DATE OF FORMATION: 1948
CAPITAL: Jerusalem (not internationally
recognized)
POPULATION: 7.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 8019 sq. miles
(20,770 sq. km)
LANGUAGES: Hebrew*, Arabic*, Yiddish,
German, Russian, Polish, Romanian, Persian
RELIGIONS: Jewish 76%, Muslim (mainly Sunni)
16%, other 4%, Christian 2%, Druze 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Jewish 76%, Arab 20%, other 4%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Shekel = 100 agorot
242 EUROPE

Italy
The Italian peninsula was home to the Roman Empire,
one of the greatest ancient civilizations. The south
has two famous volcanoes, Vesuvius and Etna.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Appennines form the back- World leader in industrial and
bone of a rugged peninsula, extending product design, fashion, textiles. Strong
from the Alps into the Mediterranean tourism and agriculture sectors. Large
Sea. Alluvial plain in the north. public sector debt: austerity packages
adopted in attempt to 3000m/9843ft
CLIMATE balance budget by 2013. 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
Mediterranean in the south. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Seasonal extremes in the mountains and SWITZERLAND Sea Level
AUSTRIA
on the northern alluvial plain. ps
Al Bolzano
SLOVENIA
Milano Verona Trieste
Torino Po Venezia
PEOPLE & SOCIETY FRANCE Parma Golfo di
Genova Venezia
Ethnically homogeneous, but with Bologna Rimini
Pisa Firenze SAN MARINO
a gulf between the prosperous, industrial Ancona
Adriatic

A
p Perugia
north and the poorer, agricultural south. p
e
Sea
ROME n n
Strong regional identities persist, VATICAN CITY
in
o
Bari
especially on Sicily and Sardinia. Napoli
Sassari Taranto Lecce
Family ties remain strong, though the Sardegna
Salerno
influence of the Roman Catholic (Sardinia)
Tyrrhenian
Ionian
Cagliari Cosenza S e a
Church has lessened. Sea
Messina
Me dite r r an e an Palermo
INSIGHT: Italy was a collection of Sea
Sicilia Siracusa
dukedoms, monarchies, and city- 0 100 km (Sicily)
states before unification in the 1860s 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Italian*, German, French,

OFFICIAL NAME: Italian Republic
DATE OF FORMATION: 1861
CAPITAL: Rome
POPULATION: 60.1 million
TOTAL AREA: 116,305 sq. miles
(301,230 sq. km)
DENSITY: 529 people per sq. mile
Rhaeto-Romanic, Sardinian
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 85%,
other and nonreligious 13%, Muslim 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Italian 94%, other 4%,
Sardinian 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 243
Jamaica
First colonized by the Spanish and then by the
English, the Caribbean island of Jamaica achieved independence
in 1962. It remains an influential force in Caribbean politics.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly mountainous, with lush Major bauxite producer, though
tropical vegetation. Inaccessible sector vulnerable to changes in world
limestone area in the northwest. Low, prices. Tourism and light industry. Sugar,
irregular coastal plains are broken by hills bananas, coffee, and rum are exported.
and plateaus. Debt burden dominates budget.
High underemployment.
CLIMATE
Tropical. Hot and humid at sea INSIGHT: Jamaica’s Rastafarians
level, with temperate mountain areas. revere the late emperor of Ethiopia,
Hurricanes are likely June–November. Haile Selassie, as their spiritual leader, and
see Africa as their spiritual home
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Social tensions result from vast Caribbean
Sea
disparities in wealth, rather than race. Montego Bay St. Ann's Bay
Economic and political life is dominated Savanna
The Cockpit Ocho Rios
Country Port Antonio
by a few wealthy, long-established -la-Mar Ewarton
families. Many women hold senior Mandeville Spanish Town KINGSTON
positions in public life. Armed crime, May Pen Old
Harbour Portmore
much of it narcotics-related, is a
Caribbean
problem. Large areas of Kingston, Sea
2000m/6562ft
which have their own patois, are ruled 1000m/3281ft
by violent gangs. Jamaican music styles 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 40 km
are influential worldwide. Sea Level 0 40 miles

FACTFILE RELIGIONS: Other and nonreligious 45%,

OFFICIAL NAME: Jamaica
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962
CAPITAL: Kingston
POPULATION: 2.7 million
TOTAL AREA: 4243 sq. miles (10,990 sq. km)
DENSITY: 646 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: English Creole, English*
other Protestant 20%, Church of God 18%,
Baptist 10%, Anglican 7%
ETHNIC MIX: Black African 91%, Mulatto
(mixed race) 7%, European and Chinese 1%,
East Indian 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Jamaican dollar = 100 cents
244 ASIA
Japan
Japan is located off the east Asian coast and comprises
four principal islands and over 3000 smaller ones. A powerful
economy, it has an emperor as ceremonial head of state.
GEOGRAPHY
The terrain is predominantly
mountainous, with fertile coastal
plains; over two-thirds is woodland.
There is no single continuous
mountain range; the mountains divide
into many small land blocks separated
by lowlands and dissected by numerous
river valleys. The islands lie on the
Pacific “Ring of Fire,” and earthquakes
and volcanic eruptions are frequent. The
Pacific coast is vunerable to tsunamis.
There are numerous hot springs.
CLIMATE
Generally temperate–oceanic.
Spring is warm and sunny, while
summer is hot and humid, with high
rainfall. In western Hokkaido and
northwest Honshu, winters are very
cold, with heavy snowfall. Freak storms
and damaging floods in recent years
have raised concern over global
climate changes.
FACTFILE
OFFICIAL NAME: Japan
DATE OF FORMATION: 1590
CAPITAL: Tokyo
POPULATION: 127 million
TOTAL AREA: 145,882 sq. miles
(377,835 sq. km)
DENSITY: 874 people per sq. mile
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
One of the most racially
homogeneous societies in the world.
A sense of order and social structure
was founded on a strongly ingrained
respect for elders and social superiors.
In business, this underpinned the now
much-diluted “lifetime employer”
concept, where company allegiance
determined social life as well as career.
There is little tradition of generational
rebellion, but the youth market is
powerful and current fashions focus on
teenagers. The education system is highly
pressurized. Nongraduates have difficulty
reaching management-level jobs, so
competition for university places is
intense. Long-term jobs for women are
now the norm. One of the world’s best
healthcare systems and increased
longevity have led to an aging population,
with one in five people already over
65. The cost of living is high, especially
in Tokyo.
LANGUAGES: Japanese*, Korean,
Chinese
RELIGIONS: Shinto and Buddhist 76%,
Buddhist 16%, other (including Christian) 8%
ETHNIC MIX: Japanese 99%, other (mainly
Korean) 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Yen = 100 sen
 ASIA 245

THE ECONOMY INSIGHT: The Japanese are

World’s third-largest economy. among the world’s most avid
Market leader in high-tech electronic newspaper readers, with daily sales
goods and cars. Global spread of business around 67 million copies
– especially to EU, US. Once-revolutionary
management and production methods.
Talent for developing ideas from abroad.
Laa Peerouse
rouse S
Stra
Straait
Str Kurile Islands
Long-term research and development. A
Admin istered by the Russ. Fed.,
claimed by
y Japa
Japan
n
Trade surplus causes international tension.
Kuri
Ku
Kur
Kuri
riile
le Is.
Protectionism in domestic economy. Hokkaidó
Reform of financial sector obstructed by Kiit
Kit
Kita
K itam
ita mii
Assah
Asah
Asaah
hika
ikka
kaw
aaw
wa
traditional economic power brokers. Major Otta
O
Otar
taarru
tar ru Obih
Ob
Obih
b
biiih
hiro
iirro
ro Kush
Kus
K
Kuush
ush
shiro
ro
o
aid donor. Largest coal importer. Retreat Sap
Sapp
Sap
Sa ap
app
pppooro
or
rro
o
from nuclear power after massive damage Mur
Mu
urro
orran
raan
an TTom
To
om
o makkom
ma ko
om
oma
omma
ai
caused by 2011 earthquake and tsunami. Hak
Ha
H ako
kko
oda
dat
d aat
ate
tte
e

Aomo
Aoomo
mori ri PACIFIC
Ibusuki Hac
Ha
H ach
ac
chinohe
Sakishima- Hir
irosa
saak
aki
kkii
Kyúshú
shotó
Nansei
OCEAN
-shotó Naze Sea of Mo
Mor
Mo
ori
orrriio
riookka
ka
Akkit
A kitta
Amami-guntó Japan
Naha 0 100 km ( E a s t S e a ) Sak
akka
kata
ta Hoo n shú
H
PACIFIC OCEAN IIsh
Ishi
Is
sshi
sh
hiino
h noma
nom
n om
oma
omaki
ma ki
0 100 miles
Sad
Sad
Sa
ado
addoo
Niiiiig
N
Niig iig
gata
aatta
ta Sen
Se
SSend
en
end
nd
n daaii 2000m/6562ft
Fuk
FFu
ukkush
uku
u shim
shim
h
hima 1000m/3281ft
Aizu
Aiz
Ai
Aiizzu-W Wak
W akkaam
amat
ama
mat
m
ma aattssu u 500m/1640ft
Naga
N
Nag ag
agagaao
oka
ok ka
ka K ó riya
riy
ri
r iya
a m a
Sea Level
Oki
O
Ok ki
TToy
To
Toya
o
oyama
oya ma IIwa
Iwak
Iw
wa
wak
w ak
akiki
Kana azawa
zaaw
zaw waa
w Nag
Naga
Na
N aaga
aggaan
g no o Hitta
Hita
Hit achi
ch
Dózzen en
en FFuku kui
ku Oyam
Oya
O yyam
yaaam
ma
Tak
Ta
TTaka
akkaasak
aka
ak saki
ssa
akkii
ak
Mat
Ma
Mats
M ats
atssu
uee TTott
ott
tt
tto orrrii
ori Giifu
Gifu
G
Gif
if
iffu
u
TO
TOK
T OKY
OK YO O
Tsush
shhim
im
ima
maa Kawa
Kaw
Ka
K aawa
aw waasa
w saak
sak
aki
kkii Chib
Chi
Ch
C h
hib
iibba TOKYO
Kyó
Ky
Kyót
K yó
yyót
ó
óto Nag
Nago
Na
N ag
ago
ag
go oyyaa Odaw
Od
O
Oda daw
daaw
da waraara
rra
a 0 150 km
Hir
Hi
Hiro
H iirrro
iro o
osh
shim
ssh
him
himma O Ok
Okay
Okakay
kkaaayyam
yama
aamma
ma
Toyo
To
Toy
oyyo
oy
oyo ottaa
Kób bee Ósa Sh
Sh
Shiz
hiiizzu
hiz uoka
uo ok
o
okaka
Izu-

ssaka
akka
aaka
ka 0 150 miles
taakkyyúsh
Kita
Kita shú Yam
Y
Ya
Yama
am
aama
m
maagguch
gu
guc
uch
u
uc chi
ch Hama
Ham aama
am
mam mat
ma
mats
ats
aat tsu
FFuku
Fuk
uk
uku
uku
kuokoka
o kkaa Kócchchi
hii
h
shotó

Saaga
SSaga
Sag
ag
ag
gaa Óit ttaa Shi
ita Shhi
Shik
S hhik
iikk ooku
ikokuokkku
u Tok
TToku
oku
ok
o kku
usshim
sh
shihim
him
ima
Naag
Naga
Nag
aaga
gaassaki
g ki
ki Philippine
Ya
Yats
Yat
Yats
at
ats
tsuushi
ush
us
sshi
sh
hiirro
h o Naaka
Nak
Na
Naka
kamura
kamura
mu Hachijó-jjim
jima
ma Sea
Koshi
oshikij
kiji
kkij
ijim
iji
jim
im
maa--
ma-
PACIFIC
reet
ettttó
tó
Izu-shotó
ó OCEAN
Miya
Miy
Miya
yyaazaki
z
za P A C I F I C
Kag
ago
go
ossh
shim
him
im
ma
ma Sumisu-ji
-ji
jim
im
ma
K yyú
Kyú
Ky ú shú
Ibu
Ibus
bu
bus
busu
ussuki
ukki
u k O C E A N Ogasawara-shotó

Kazan-rettó
0 200 km
0 200 miles
246 ASIA

Jordan
The Kingdom of Jordan lies east of Israel, and
borders the Palestinian West Bank. Its relations with its Arab
neighbors are troubled by its relatively close ties to the US.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly desert plateaus, with Lack of water. Exports garments,
occasional salt pans. Lowest parts lie potash, fertilizers, and phosphates.
along the eastern shores of the Dead Sea Tourism hit by regional instability.
and the Jordan River.
INSIGHT: The Nabataean ruins of
the ancient city of Petra attract
CLIMATE thousands of tourists every year
Hot, dry summers. Cool, wet
winters. Areas below sea level very hot
SYRIA
in summer, and warm in winter. Syrian IRAQ
Irbid Ar Ramthá
Desert

J o rdan
Al Mafraq
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Az Zarqá’
Jordan is predominantly Muslim Wádí as Sír AMMAN
with a strong national identity, but its Dead Ma’dabá
Sea
people have Bedouin roots. There is a Al Karak
SAUDI
ISRAEL
Christian minority, while Palestinians who ARABIA
have emigrated from Israeli-occupied Wádí Músa‘
territory make up over a third of the (Petra)
population. Jordan ceded its claim to the EGYPT
West Bank to the aspiring Palestinian Gulf Al ‘Aqabah
of
state in 1988. The monarchy’s power base Aqaba
1000m/3281ft
lies among the rural tribes, which also 500m/1640ft
provide the backbone of the military. 0 50 km 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Political reforms were proposed in 2011. 0 50 miles Below Sea Level

FACTFILE DENSITY: 189 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Hashemite Kingdom LANGUAGES: Arabic*
of Jordan RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 6%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1946 other 2%
CAPITAL: Amman ETHNIC MIX: Arab 98%, Circassian 1%,
POPULATION: 6.5 million Armenian 1%
TOTAL AREA: 35,637 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
(92,300 sq. km) CURRENCY: Jordanian dinar = 1000 fils
 ASIA 247
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan was the last of the former Soviet
republics to declare independence. Foreign investment in
the oil and natural gas sector is strengthening its regional power.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Mainly steppe. Volga Delta and
Caspian Sea in the west. Central plateau.
Inhospitable Altai Mountains in the east.
Semidesert in the south.
CLIMATE
Dry continental. Temperature
variations between desert south and
northern steppes are large. Winters are
mildest near the Caspian Sea.
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Vast mineral resources: natural gas,
oil, bismuth, uranium, and cadmium. Oil
pipelines to China and Black Sea. Many
Western investors. Wheat exported. Sale
of farmland legal only since 2003.
INSIGHT: The Soviet-built Baykonyr
space center is still an important launch
site for international missions
RUSS. FED. RUSS. FED.
Kostanay Ir
t
Rudnyy

ys
Ural’sk

h
ASTANA
Kazakhstan’s ethnic diversity Kirghiz Steppe Karaganda
Ust’-
Kamenogorsk
arose mainly from forced settlements Zhezkazgan Ozero
Caspian Balkhash
there during Soviet times. Since Sea
Baykonyr Taldykorgan
Aktau S yr Kyzylorda
independence, the proportion of ethnic Da
ry Almaty CHINA
Aral Taraz
Russians has dropped. Many emigrated,
a

Sea
UZBEK. Shymkent
while ethnic Kazakhs arrived from TURKMEN. KYRGYZSTAN
neighboring states. Very few Kazakhs
3000m/9843ft
maintain a traditional nomadic lifestyle, 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
but Islam and loyalty to clans remain 500m/1640ft
strong. There are significant disparities 200m/656ft
Sea Level
0 400 km
of wealth. Below Sea level 0 400 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kazakh*, Russian, Ukrainian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Kazakhstan
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991
CAPITAL: Astana
POPULATION: 15.8 million
TOTAL AREA: 1,049,150 sq. miles
(2,717,300 sq. km)
DENSITY: 15 people per sq. mile
German, Uzbek, Tatar, Uighur
RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 47%,
Orthodox Christian 44%, other 9%
ETHNIC MIX: Kazakh 57%, Russian 27%,
other 8%, Ukrainian 3%, Uzbek 3%, German 2%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Tenge = 100 tiyn
248 AFRICA

Kenya
Kenya straddles the equator on Africa’s east coast. After
nearly 40 years in power, the KANU party was soundly
defeated in elections in 2002. Corruption is a serious issue.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A central plateau is divided by the Tourism: image damaged by 2008
Great Rift Valley. North of the equator is post-election violence. Flowers, tea, and
mainly semidesert. To the east lies a coffee. Diversified manufacturing sector.
fertile coastal belt. Needs food aid, especially to cope with
2011 famine. Sizable informal economy.
CLIMATE
SOUTH Elemi
The coast and the Great Rift Valley SUDAN Triangle
ETHIOPIA
are hot and humid. The plateau interior is Lake

Gre
temperate. The northeastern desert is Turkana

at R
Chalbi
hot and dry. Rain usually falls April–May Desert

ift Va
Marsabit
and October–November. UGANDA

lle
Eldoret SOMALIA

y
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Kisumu Meru
Nakuru Equator
70 ethnic groups share about 40 Lake Nyeri
Kericho
languages. Strong clan and family links in Victoria
NAIROBI Thika
rural areas are being weakened by urban Machakos
TANZANIA
migration. Poverty, severe drought, and
Ungama
years of high population growth Malindi Bay
exacerbate ethnic tensions. 5000m/16405ft
4000m/13124ft Mombasa INDIAN
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft OCEAN
INSIGHT: Kenya has more than 1000m/3281ft
50 game reserves, national parks, 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
and marine reservations Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE Luo, Kalenjin, Kamba

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Kenya
DATE OF FORMATION: 1963
CAPITAL: Nairobi
POPULATION: 40.9 million
TOTAL AREA: 224,961 sq. miles (582,650 sq. km)
DENSITY: 187 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: Kiswahili*, English*, Kikuyu,
RELIGIONS: Christian 80%, Muslim 10%
traditional beliefs 9%, other 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Other 28%, Kikuyu 22%,
Luhya 14%, Luo 14%, Kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11%
GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential–
parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Kenya shilling = 100 cents
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 249
Kiribati
Situated in the mid-Pacific, the islands adopted the
name Kiribati (pronounced “Keer-ee-bus,” a corruption of their
former name “Gilberts”) upon independence from Britain in 1979.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Kiribati consists of three groups of
tiny, very low-lying coral atolls scattered
across 1,930,000 sq. miles (5 million sq.
km) of ocean. Most of the 33 atolls have
central lagoons.
CLIMATE
Central islands have a maritime
equatorial climate. Those to north and
south are tropical, with constant high
temperatures. There is little rainfall.
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Officially I-Kiribati, many local
Since exhaustion of Banaba’s
phosphate deposits in 1980, copra (dried
coconut) and fish have become the main
exports. Foreign aid and remittances are
vital to compensate for Kiribati’s isolation
and lack of resources.
INSIGHT: In 1981, the UK paid A$10
million to Banabans for the destruction
of their island by mining
All land under
200m/656ft
PACIFIC
OCEAN
L
Tungaru

in
Tarawa Kiritimati
people still refer to themselves as

e
Equator

Isl
Gilbertese. Almost all are Micronesian, Banaba Phoenix

and
apart from the inhabitants of the Islands

s
island of Banaba, who employed Millennium
Island
anthropologists to establish their racial Tarawa
distinction. Most people are poor
subsistence farmers and many travel Bonriki
abroad to work. The islands are Betio 0 600 km
BAIRIKI
effectively ruled by traditional chiefs. 0 600 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Kiribati

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Kiribati
DATE OF FORMATION: 1979
CAPITAL: Bairiki (Tarawa Atoll)
POPULATION: 100,743
TOTAL AREA: 277 sq. miles
(717 sq. km)
DENSITY: 368 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 55%,
Kiribati Protestant Church 36%,
other 9%
ETHNIC MIX: Micronesian 99%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Elections involving informal
groupings
CURRENCY: Australian dollar = 100 cents
250 ASIA

North Korea
Separated from the democratic South by the world’s
most heavily defended border, the Stalinist North Korean
state has been isolated from the outside world since 1948.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly mountainous, with fertile Minerals are only resource. Vital
plains in the southwest. aid streams lost with global collapse of
communism after 1989. Decades of
CLIMATE economic mismanagement have led to
Continental. Warm summers and chronic food shortages. Lack of fuel.
cold winters, especially in the north, Disproportionate defense budget.
where snow is common.
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
RUSS.
FED.
200m/656ft
Life is heavily regulated. Cult of Sea Level
personality is more powerful than the Ch’ôngjin
state-controlled religions, which include C H I N A

Korea’s own Chondogyo. Women are

Kanggye
expected to work and to run the home.
Hûich’ôn Kimch’aek
Children are looked after in state-run Sinûiju Iwôn
Hamhûng
crèches. The Korean Worker’s Party is the
Hûngnam
sole party. Its elite have a privileged Sea of Japan
Korea Wônsan
lifestyle. Globally condemned for its Ba y (East Sea)
PYONGYANG
nuclear weapons development, its grip Namp’o
on power perpetuates its pariah status.
Haeju SOUTH
Kaesông KOREA
INSIGHT: Only the political elite are Y e llo w 0 50 km
Se a
allowed phones and private cars 0 50 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 516 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea
DATE OF FORMATION: 1948
CAPITAL: Pyongyang
POPULATION: 24 million
TOTAL AREA: 46,540 sq. miles
(120,540 sq. km)
LANGUAGES: Korean*
RELIGIONS: Government-controlled
religions include Chondogyo, Buddhism,
and Christianity
ETHNIC MIX: Korean 100%
GOVERNMENT: One-party state
CURRENCY: North Korean won = 100 chon
 ASIA 251
South Korea
South Korea occupies the southern half of the Korean
peninsula. Under US sponsorship, it was separated from the
communist North in 1948 and is now a capitalist economy.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Over 80% is mountainous and two- World’s biggest shipbuilder.
thirds is forested. The flattest and most High-tech goods and cars: rising demand
populous parts lie along the west coast from China. Strong regional competition.
and in the extreme south. Aging population.

CLIMATE 0 50 km
There are four distinct seasons. 0 50 miles NORTH Sea of Japan
Winters are dry, and bitterly cold. KOREA (East Sea)
Summers are hot and humid.
Gangneung
SEOUL Donghae
Incheon Seongnam
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Suwon
Inhabited for the last 2000 years
by a single ethnic group. The nuclear Yellow Daejeon
family is replacing traditional extended Sea
households. Since the 1953 armistice, the Gunsan Daegu
Ulsan
Koreas have remained technically at war.
Masan

t
Reunification is the ultimate goal, but in Gwangju Busan

rai
St
2009 the South became less conciliatory Mokpo Yeosu re
a
Ko
and the North retaliated by ending its
offer of cooperation.
Jeju Strait
1000m/3281ft
Jeju 500m/1640ft
INSIGHT: Half of all Koreans are Jeju-do 200m/656ft
named Kim, Lee, Park, or Choi Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Korean*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Korea
DATE OF FORMATION: 1948
CAPITAL: Seoul
POPULATION: 48.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 38,023 sq. miles
(98,480 sq. km)
DENSITY: 1272 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Mahayana Buddhist 47%,
Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 11%,
Confucianist 3%, other 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Korean 100%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: South Korean won =
100 chon
252 EUROPE

Kosovo
Once part of the former Yugoslav state, Kosovo seceded
from Serbia in 2008. International recognition, mainly from
Western countries, is strongly opposed by Serbia and Russia.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Landlocked and mountainous, with One of the two poorest countries
two plains in the east and west. in Europe. Aid and remittances cover a
large trade deficit. Organized crime:
CLIMATE smuggling of fuel, cigarettes, and cement.
Continental, with warm, sunny Uncertain status deters foreign investors.
summers and cold, snowy winters. High unemployment. Use of euro has
kept inflation low. Lignite deposits.
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Inefficient agriculture.
The balance of Albanians to Serbs
in Kosovo has changed dramatically over SERBIA
centuries, both groups suffering
interethnic violence at various times.
Attacks against Albanians in the late MONT. Mitrovicë
ora
ra G
ok
1990s caused a million to flee. After M Pejë Vushtrri
Kamenicë
NATO stepped in, many Serbs left: Deçan PRISHTINË
Klinë
Albanians now form a 92% majority. Most Gjilan
Gjakovë
Albanians are Muslim. Serbs dominate Ferizaj
Prizren
three northern provinces, which have ALBANIA
threatened to secede.
MACEDONIA
INSIGHT: The UN administered
1000m/3281ft
Kosovo in 1999–2008 after NATO 500m/1640ft
0 50 km
intervention to stop Serb ethnic cleansing 200m/656ft 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Albanian*, Serbian*, Bosniak,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Kosovo
DATE OF FORMATION: 2008
CAPITAL: Prishtinë
POPULATION: 1.83 million
TOTAL AREA: 4212 sq. miles
(10,908 sq. km)
DENSITY: 433 people per sq. mile
Gorani, Roma, Turkish
RELIGIONS: Muslim 92%, Roman
Catholic 4%, Orthodox Christian 4%
ETHNIC MIX: Albanian 92%, Serb 4%,
Bosniak and Gorani 2%, Turkish 1%, Roma 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 ASIA 253
Kuwait
Kuwait lies at the northwest tip of the Gulf, dwarfed
by its neighbors Iraq, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. It was a British
protectorate until 1961, when full independence was granted.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Terrain is low-lying desert. The Oil and natural gas dominate
lowest land is in the north. Cultivation is the economy. Skilled workforce, raw
only possible along the coast. materials, and food are imported. High
standard of living. Financial services:
CLIMATE stock market lost 40% of value in 2008.
Summers are very hot and dry. INSIGHT: During the 1991 Gulf War,
Winters are cooler, with some rain and Iraq deliberately set fire to 800 of
occasional frost at night. Kuwait’s 950 oil wells
0 25 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 0 25 miles
Oil-rich monarchy, ruled by I R A Q
the al-Sabah family. It is a conservative
Sunni Muslim society, but women are Jazírat
Búbíyán
relatively free. Nonetheless, a 1999
decree giving women the vote was Jál al-Liyáí Al Baírah
Shiqqat al Qalíb Persian
blocked for six years in parliament Gulf
KUWAIT CITY
by Islamic traditionalists. Immigrant Al Jahrá’ As Salímíyah
workers, from other Arab states, India, As Salímí Qalíb ash Shuyúkh
Al Fuíayííl
and Pakistan, now outnumber native Al Aímadí A§ flubayííyah
citizens. US-led forces rescued Kuwait
As

SAUDI ARABIA
hS

after the 1990 Iraqi invasion, and later

h
uq

ay
used it as a launchpad for the 2003 200m/656ft q Al Wafrá’
invasion to oust Saddam Hussein. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, English

OFFICIAL NAME: State of Kuwait
DATE OF FORMATION: 1961
CAPITAL: Kuwait City
POPULATION: 3.1 million
TOTAL AREA: 6880 sq. miles
(17,820 sq. km)
DENSITY: 451 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 45%,
Shi’a Muslim 40%, Christian, Hindu,
and other 15%
ETHNIC MIX: Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%,
South Asian 9%, other 7%, Iranian 4%
GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
CURRENCY: Kuwaiti dinar = 1000 fils
254 ASIA

Kyrgyzstan
A small and mountainous landlocked state in central
Asia, Kyrgyzstan is one of the least urbanized ex-Soviet republics,
and was slow to develop its own sense of cultural identity.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The mountainous spurs of the Mainly still under state control;
Tien Shan range contain glaciers, alpine corruption issues. Agriculture employs
meadows, forests, and narrow valleys. half of the labor force. Cotton, wool,
Semidesert in the west. meat, and tobacco exports. Mercury,
gold, and antimony are mined. Great
CLIMATE potential for hydroelectric power.
Varies from permanent snow and
cold deserts at high altitudes, to hot INSIGHT: Kyrgyz folklore is based
deserts in low regions. around the 1000-year-old poem, Manas,
which takes a week to recite
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Ethnic Kyrgyz have only been in KAZAKHSTAN
the majority since the late 1980s – due Tokmak
BISHKEK Ozero Karakol
to a high birth rate and the emigration Kara- Issyk- Issyk-Kul’
Talas an
of ethnic Russians. Wary of losing skills Balta Kul’
n S
h
Tie
vital to the economy, the government Naryn
Dzhalal-Abad
has attempted to deter Russians from UZBEKISTAN
leaving; concessions include making Osh
C H I N A
Russian an official language. There Sulyukta
are some tensions between Kyrgyz
TAJIKISTAN 4000m/13124ft
and Uzbeks, and a trend toward 3000m/9843ft
greater Islamization, particularly in 0 100 km 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
the poorer south. 0 100 miles 500m/1640ft

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kyrgyz*, Russian*, Uzbek,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kyrgyz Republic
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991
CAPITAL: Bishkek
POPULATION: 5.6 million
TOTAL AREA: 76,641 sq. miles
(198,500 sq. km)
DENSITY: 73 people per sq. mile
Tatar, Ukrainian
RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 70%,
Orthodox Christian 30%
ETHNIC MIX: Kyrgyz 69%, Uzbek 14%,
Russian 9%, other 6%, Dungan 1%, Uighur 1%
GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
CURRENCY: Som = 100 tyiyn
 ASIA 255
Laos
A French colony prior to 1953, Laos lies landlocked in
southeast Asia. Heavily bombed during the Vietnam War, it fell
in 1975 to communist insurgents, whose regime remains in power.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Largely forested mountains, One of world’s least developed
broadening in the north to a plateau. nations. Poor infrastructure. Gold, copper,
Lowlands along the Mekong Valley. electricity, timber, garments, and coffee
are exported. Levels of foreign
CLIMATE investment are rising.
Monsoon rains September–May.
The rest of the year is hot and dry. CHINA
0 100 km
0 100 miles
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Phôngsali
There are over 60 ethnic groups. MYANMAR VIETNAM
(BURMA)
Lowland Laotians (Lao Loum) live along Houayxay Xam Nua
the Mekong River and are rice farmers. M ekon g Louangphabang
Xaignabouli
Upland and highland Laotians (Lao Xiangkhoang
Theung and Lao Soung) traditionally THAILAND Ban Naxon Pakxan
employ environmentally damaging VIENTIANE

M
ek
on
slash-and-burn farming, and grow

g
Thakhèk
illegal cash crops (notably opium). THAILAND
Khanthabouli
Government efforts to reform these
Muang Salavan
practices are resisted. Khôngxédôn
Pakxé
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Three small Laotian 1000m/3281ft
kingdoms were unified under 500m/1640ft CAMBODIA
200m/656ft
French control in 1899 Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Lao*, Mon-Khmer, Yao,

OFFICIAL NAME: Lao People’s Democratic Vietnamese, Chinese, French
Republic RELIGIONS: Buddhist 65%, other (including
DATE OF FORMATION: 1953 animist) 34%, Christian 1%
CAPITAL: Vientiane ETHNIC MIX: Lao Loum 66%,
POPULATION: 6.4 million Lao Theung 30%, Lao Soung 2%, other 2%
TOTAL AREA: 91,428 sq. miles (236,800 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: One-party state
DENSITY: 72 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New kip = 100 at
256 EUROPE

Latvia
Latvia lies on the east coast of the Baltic Sea. Like
its Baltic neighbors, it regained independence from
Moscow in 1991, and joined the EU and NATO in 2004.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A flat coastal plain which is deeply Services now account for 69% of
indented by the Gulf of Riga. Poor GDP. EU’s fastest-growing economy in
drainage creates many bogs and swamps 2004–2006. Global credit crunch brought
in the forested interior. Latvia to verge of bankruptcy in 2008:
banks were bailed out, stringent austerity
CLIMATE measures imposed. Worst recession in EU
Temperate, with warm summers ensued, but lats remains pegged to euro.
and cold winters. There is steady rainfall
throughout the year. INSIGHT: Ethnic Latvians are
outnumbered by Russians in Riga
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Latvians make up just over half ESTONIA
Baltic
of the population and are mostly Sea

Lutheran. They have been officially Gulf

Valmiera
RUSS.
of FED.
favored by the state since 1991 over Ventspils
Riga Césis
the largely Orthodox Christian Júrmala
RIGA
We
Russian minority. Latvian was declared Saldus Dv s t e r n
in Jékabpils
Dobele Jelgava a
the only official language in 2000 and Liepája
has been used exclusively in schools Daugavpils
since 2004. This discrimination has LITHUANIA
BELARUS
strained relations with neighboring
Russia. Women enjoy full equality. 200m/656ft
0 50 km
The divorce rate is high. Sea Level 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Latvian*, Russian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Latvia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991
CAPITAL: Riga
POPULATION: 2.2 million
TOTAL AREA: 24,938 sq. miles
(64,589 sq. km)
DENSITY: 88 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Other 43%, Lutheran 24%,
Roman Catholic 18%, Orthodox Christian 15%
ETHNIC MIX: Latvian 59%, Russian 28%,
Belarussian 4%, other 4%, Ukrainian 3%,
Polish 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Lats = 100 santimi
 ASIA 257
Lebanon
Once a vibrant cultural hotspot, Lebanon suffered badly
from years of civil war and occupation until a 1989 peace deal.
Reconstruction was reversed by Israeli bombardment in 2006.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

Behind a narrow Mediterranean Much infrastructure destroyed.
coastal plain, two parallel mountain Instability undermines Beirut’s role as
ranges run the length of the country, regional financial center. Wine and fruit
separated by the fertile Beqaa Valley. production. High public debt.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: The Cedar of Lebanon has

Winters are mild and summers are been the nation’s symbol for more
than 2000 years
hot, with high coastal humidity. Snow
falls on high ground in winter.
Mediterranean
Sea SYRIA
Tripoli
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Zgharta

n
Politics has long been dominated by 0 20 km

a
divisions between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims

b
0 20 miles n
no
ba

i
and the traditional ruling Maronite Le

ti-
Joûnié
Christians. Power-sharing ended 14 years Baalbek

An
l
BEIRUT Zahlé
of civil war in 1989. Syria acted as power Baabda
b
e
a
broker until made to withdraw in 2005. qa
Be
e

El SYRIA
J

Israel attacked in 2006 in a botched bid Saïda

to crush Iran-backed Hezbollah militants.
Recent short-lived governments added Nabatîyé
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
to instability. Huge gulf exists between Soûr Golan 1000m/3281ft
Heights
the poor and a small, rich elite. Lebanon 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
ISRAEL
hosts over 400,000 Palestinian refugees. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, French,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Lebanon
DATE OF FORMATION: 1941
CAPITAL: Beirut
POPULATION: 4.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 4015 sq. miles
(10,400 sq. km)
DENSITY: 1089 people per sq. mile
Armenian, Assyrian
RELIGIONS: Muslim 60%, Christian 39%,
other 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Arab 95%, Armenian 4%,
other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Lebanese pound = 100 piastres
258 AFRICA

Lesotho
The landlocked Kingdom of Lesotho is entirely
surrounded by – and economically dependent on – South Africa,
which even sent in troops to restore calm after rioting in 1998.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A high mountainous plateau, cut by Dependent on South Africa. Water
valleys and ravines. The Maluti Range runs and energy exported from new Highlands
through the center. The Drakensberg Water Scheme. Subsistence farming.
Range lies to the east. Garment exports struggle to compete.
HIV/AIDS is depleting workforce.
CLIMATE
Temperate. Summers are hot with l ed o n
Ca
torrential rain storms. Snow is frequent in
the mountains in winter. SOUTH Hlotse

AFRICA Teyateyaneng

i
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Mokhotlong

t
MASERU
The overwhelming majority of

u
l

g
a

ber
people are Sotho, though there are M
Morija Mantsonyane
some South Asians, Europeans, and

ns
ke
Chinese. A strong sense of national Mafeteng

a
r
identity has tended to minimize D
ge Ri v er
ethnic tensions. Many men work Mohales O
ran
as migrant laborers in South Africa, Hoek
SOUTH
leaving women to run households. AFRICA

INSIGHT: Lesotho has one of the

highest literacy rates in Africa – but one 3000m/9843ft 0 50 km
2000m/6562ft
of the highest rates of HIV/AIDS too 1000m/3281ft 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Sesotho*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Lesotho isiZulu
DATE OF FORMATION: 1966 RELIGIONS: Christian 90%,
CAPITAL: Maseru traditional beliefs 10%
POPULATION: 2.1 million ETHNIC MIX: Sotho 99%, European
TOTAL AREA: 11,720 sq. miles and Asian 1%
(30,355 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 179 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Loti = 100 lisente
 AFRICA 259
Liberia
Liberia, on Africa’s Atlantic coast, was founded as a
republic of freed slaves. A brutal coup in 1980 and years
of civil war have left gang violence and looting widespread.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A coastline of beaches and War caused economic collapse.
mangrove swamps rises to forested Rubber is key export. Bans now lifted on
plateaus and highlands inland. timber and diamond exports. Revenue
from merchant shipping licenses. Debt
CLIMATE burden. Income well below prewar levels.
High temperatures. There is only Vast iron ore reserves.
one wet season, from May to October, 1000m/3281ft
except in the extreme southeast. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
SIERRA Sea Level
LEONE Voinjama
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The key social distinction used to GUINEA

be between Americo-Liberians –
descendants of freed slaves – and the Tubmanburg CÔTE
D'IVOIRE
indigenous tribal peoples. However, Robertsport Gbanga (IVORY
COAST)
political assimilation and intermarriage MONROVIA
have eased tensions. Intertribal tension is Harbel Zwedru
now a much more serious problem, Buchanan
ATLANTIC
fueling the civil war which ravaged the OCEAN
country from 1990 to 2003. Greenville

INSIGHT: Liberia is named after

Harper
the people liberated from slavery 0 50 km
who arrived from the US in the 1800s 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kpelle, Vai, Bassa, Kru, Grebo,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Liberia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1847
CAPITAL: Monrovia
POPULATION: 4.1 million
TOTAL AREA: 43,000 sq. miles
(111,370 sq. km)
DENSITY: 110 people per sq. mile
Kissi, Gola, Loma, English*
RELIGIONS: Christian 40%, traditional
beliefs 40%, Muslim 20%
ETHNIC MIX: Indigenous tribes (12 groups)
49%, Kpellé 20%, Bassa 16%, Gio 8%, Krou 7%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Liberian dollar = 100 cents
260 AFRICA

Libya
Situated on north Africa’s Mediterranean coast, Libya
was declared a revolutionary state in 1969 by Colonel Gaddafi.
Civil war to oust his regime began during the 2011 "Arab Spring."
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Apart from the coastal strip and a Oil is key export. Dates, olives,
mountain range in the south, Libya is and fruit grow in oases, but most
desert or semidesert. food is imported. Corruption and
mismanagement. Recent instability.
CLIMATE
Hot and arid. The coastal area has a INSIGHT: 90% of Libya is still desert,
temperate climate, with mild, wet winters despite grand irrigation projects
and hot, dry summers. Mediterranean
Az Záwiyah TRIPOLI Sea
TUNISIA Al Bayçá’
Mi§rátah
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ∏ubruq
Gharyán Khalíj Surt
Once a nation of nomads and Banghází
Surt
Ghadámis
ALGERIA

livestock herders, it is almost 80%

urban. Revolution wiped out private

EGYPT
enterprise and the middle classes. Jews Sabhá
L i b y a n
and European settlers were banished, and Ghát I d h á n D e s e r t
M u r z u q
Islam and African unity were promoted. Al Kufrah
S a h a r a
Years of political marginalization and
NIGER
sanctions ended after Libya offered
compensation for terrorist bombings and CHAD
ended its Weapons of Mass Destruction 2000m/6562ft SUDAN
1000m/3281ft
(WMD) program. Rebels quickly seized the 500m/1640ft
east in early 2011, but took months to reach 200m/656ft
Sea Level
0 200 km
Tripoli in spite of international assistance. Below Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 10 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Libyan Republic (post LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Tuareg
Gaddafi regime) RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 97%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1951 other 3%
CAPITAL: Tripoli ETHNIC MIX: Arab and Berber 97%,
POPULATION: 6.5 million other 3%
TOTAL AREA: 679,358 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
(1,759,540 sq. km) CURRENCY: Libyan dinar = 1000 dirhams
 EUROPE 261
Liechtenstein
Perched in the Alps between Switzerland and Austria,
the state of Liechtenstein became an independent principality of
the Holy Roman Empire in 1719. It has close links with Switzerland.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The upper Rhine Valley covers the Banking secrecy (now modified)
western third of the country. The and low taxes help attract foreign
mountains and narrow valleys of the investment. Anti-money-laundering rules
eastern Alps make up the remainder. are recent. Diversified exports include
precision instruments, dental products,
CLIMATE and chemicals.
Warm, dry summers. Winters are
cold, with heavy snow in the mountains

ine
from December to March. 2000m/6562ft Ruggell

Rh
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Mauren
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea Level Bendern
Planken
The principality’s role as a financial
center accounts for its many foreign Schaan
AUSTRIA
residents (a third of the population).
Half of the workforce are cross-border VADUZ
commuters. Living standards are high, SWITZERLAND

Sa
with few social tensions. Linked by a Triesenberg

mi
nat
customs union since 1924, Switzerland Triesen s

al
handles Liechtenstein’s foreign affairs p

l
and defense issues. Balzers
A

INSIGHT: Women in Liechtenstein 0 4 km

obtained the vote only in 1984 0 4 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: German*, Alemannish dialect,

OFFICIAL NAME: Principality of
Liechtenstein
DATE OF FORMATION: 1719
CAPITAL: Vaduz
POPULATION: 35,236
TOTAL AREA: 62 sq. miles (160 sq. km)
DENSITY: 568 people per sq. mile
Italian
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 79%, other 13%,
Protestant 8%
ETHNIC MIX: Liechtensteiner 66%, other 12%,
Swiss 10%, Austrian 6%, German 3%, Italian 3%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Swiss franc = 100 rappen/centimes
262 EUROPE

Lithuania
Lying on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, Lithuania is
the largest of the Baltic states. The first Soviet republic to declare
independence from Moscow in 1991, it joined the EU in 2004.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly flat with moors, bogs, and High-tech and heavy industries:
an intensively farmed central lowland. engineering, shipbuilding, food processing.
Numerous lakes and forested sandy Bounced back from deep recession in
ridges in the east. 2009. Litas pegged to euro. Inflation and
debt levels delaying euro’s adoption.
CLIMATE
Coastal location moderates INSIGHT: The “amber coast” of
continental extremes. Cold winters, cool Lithuania produces most of the
summers, and steady rainfall. world’s amber – fossilized resin

PEOPLE & SOCIETY LATVIA

Homogeneous population, with Viek#niai

Lithuanians forming a large majority. Tel#iai
‹iauliai
Only 3500 Jews, known as Litvaks, Plungë Panevëªys
Baltic Klaipëda
remain in Lithuania. Strong Roman Sea Skaudvilë
Catholic tradition and historic links Ukmergë
with Poland. There are better relations N e man Kaunas
RUSSIAN
among ethnic groups than in other FEDERATION VILNIUS BELARUS
Baltic states and interethnic marriages Alytus

are fairly common. However, ethnic POLAND Druskininkai

Russians and Poles see a threat from
“Lithuanianization.” A large income 200m/656ft
0 50 km
gap has grown since independence. Sea Level 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Lithuanian*, Russian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Lithuania
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991
CAPITAL: Vilnius
POPULATION: 3.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 25,174 sq. miles
(65,200 sq. km)
DENSITY: 131 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 79%, other 15%,
Russian Orthodox 4%, Protestant 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Lithuanian 85%,
Polish 6%, Russian 5%, other 3%,
Belarussian 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Litas = 100 centu
 EUROPE 263
Luxembourg
Part of the plateau of the Ardennes in western Europe,
Luxembourg is one of Europe’s richest states. A tax haven
and banking center, it is also home to key EU institutions.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Dense Ardennes forests in the Traditional industries such as
north, with a low, open plateau to the steelmaking have given way to the
south. Undulating terrain throughout. banking and service sectors. Low
taxes and banking secrecy laws
CLIMATE attract foreign investors.
The climate is moist, with warm
summers and mild winters. Snow is 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
common only in the Ardennes. Sea Level

Clervaux

s
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

e
Ethnic tensions are rare, despite

n
GERMANY

n
a large proportion of foreigners (over a

e
d
third of residents). Integration has been A
r
Ettelbrück

straightforward; most are fellow western Echternach

Europeans and Catholics, mainly from Mersch
lle
Italy and Portugal. Low unemployment

se
Mo
BELGIUM
and high salaries promote stability.
LUXEMBOURG
Divorce rates are rising and marriage Pétange
is becoming less common. Differdange
Esch-sur -Alzette Dudelange
INSIGHT: Luxembourg’s capital is FRANCE
home to around 2000 investment 0 10 km
funds and over 150 banks 0 10 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Luxembourgish*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Grand Duchy of
Luxembourg
DATE OF FORMATION: 1867
CAPITAL: Luxembourg-Ville
POPULATION: 500,000
TOTAL AREA: 998 sq. miles (2586 sq. km)
DENSITY: 501 people per sq. mile
German*, French*
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant,
Orthodox Christian, and Jewish 3%
ETHNIC MIX: Luxembourger 62%,
foreign residents 38%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
264 EUROPE

Macedonia
Landlocked Macedonia was hit hard by the sanctions
placed on its northern trading partners in the mid-1990s,
and by violent conflict with ethnic Albanians in 2001.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly mountainous or hilly, with Steel, minerals, clothing, shoes, and
deep river basins in the center. Plains in tobacco exported. Slow transition to
the northeast and southwest. market economy. Organized crime and
large gray economy. Investment boosted
CLIMATE by EU candidate status.
Continental climate with wet
springs and dry autumns. Heavy snowfalls INSIGHT: Ohrid is the deepest lake in
in northern mountains. Europe at 964 ft (294 m)
0 50 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
0 50 miles
Slav Macedonians are mostly SERBIA
BULGARIA
Orthodox Christians, with some Muslims. KOSOVO
(disputed) Kumanovo
Officially, Muslim Albanians account for
25% of the population, but they claim Tetovo SKOPJE
Koâani
to number a third. In 2001 Albanian
Veles
militants fought a bitter war against Gostivar ‹tip
ALBANIA

the government. A peace deal Kiâevo Strumica

promised greater equality. A major Prilep
Va
r

da
stumbling block to EU and NATO
r
accession is Greece’s objection to the Lake Ohrid Bitola
Ohrid
name Macedonia, in order to prevent Lake 1000m/3281ft
Prespa
any possibility of claims to historic 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
GREECE
“Macedonian” lands in north Greece. Sea Level

FACTFILE Turkish, Romani, Serbian

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Macedonia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991
CAPITAL: Skopje
POPULATION: 2 million
TOTAL AREA: 9781 sq. miles (25,333 sq. km)
DENSITY: 201 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: Macedonian*, Albanian*,
RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 65%,
Muslim 29%, Roman Catholic 4%, other 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Macedonian 64%, Albanian 25%,
Turkish 4%, Roma 3%, Serb 2%, other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Mixed
presidential–parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Macedonian denar = 100 deni
 AFRICA 265
Madagascar
Lying off east Africa in the Indian Ocean, the former
French colony of Madagascar is the world’s fourth-largest island.
Power struggles erupted onto the streets in 2002 and 2009.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

More than two-thirds of the Most people are farmers. Cash
country forms a savanna-covered plateau, crops are vanilla, coffee, and cloves.
which drops in the east through Garments and shrimp also exported.
rainforests to the coast. Political crises deter investors.
0 200 km
CLIMATE
0 200 miles
Tropical and often hit by cyclones. Antsiraùana
Monsoons affect the east coast. The 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft Sambava
southwest is much drier. 500m/1640ft Analalava
200m/656ft
Sea Level Mahajanga
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Marovoay
People are Malay-Indonesian
in origin, intermixed with later migrants Toamasina
from the African mainland. The main
ANTANANARIVO
ethnic division is between the Merina
Antsirabe
of the central plateau and the poorer Morondava Ambositra
côtier (coastal) peoples. The Merina Fianarantsoa
were the country’s historic rulers, and M o z a mb iq ue INDIAN
C ha nne l OCEAN
remain the social elite.
Toliara Farafangana

INSIGHT: 80% of Madagascar’s

plants and many of its animal Amboasary
species are found nowhere else

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Malagasy*, French*, English*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Madagascar
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Antananarivo
POPULATION: 20.1 million
TOTAL AREA: 226,656 sq. miles
(587,040 sq. km)
DENSITY: 90 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Traditional beliefs 52%,
Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) 41%,
Muslim 7%
ETHNIC MIX: Other Malay 46%, Merina 26%,
Betsimisaraka 15%, Betsileo 12%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
CURRENCY: Ariary = 5 iraimbilanja
266 AFRICA

Malawi
A former colony of the UK, Malawi lies landlocked in
southeast Africa, following the Great Rift Valley. Its name means
“the land where the sun is reflected in the water like fire.”
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Lake Nyasa takes up one-fifth of Mainly subsistence farming.
the landscape. Highlands lie west of the Tobacco accounts for half of export
lake. Much of the land is covered by earnings. Tea and sugar are grown.
forests and savanna. Drought and corruption are problems.

CLIMATE 0 100 km

Mainly subtropical. The south is hot Karonga

0 100 miles

and humid. Highlands are cooler.

TANZANIA

PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Mzuzu
Most Malawians share a common Euthini

Great Rif
Bantu origin. Unlike neighboring states, Chisumulti Likoma
ZAMBIA
ethnicity has not been exploited for (to Malawi)

political ends. Multiparty elections in Lake MOZAMBIQUE

Nyasa
1994 ended the 30-year dictatorship of Salima
LILONGWE t
Dr. Banda; a Muslim won the presidency,
Va

signaling that Banda's attempts to enforce Dedza

Mangochi
ll

e
y
Protestant dominance had failed. Around MOZAMBIQUE
half of the population lives in poverty. Zomba
Blantyre
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Lake Nyasa is 353 miles 1000m/3281ft
(568 km) in length and contains at least 500m/1640ft Nsanje
200m/656ft
500 species of fish Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Chewa, Lomwe, Yao,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Malawi
DATE OF FORMATION: 1964
CAPITAL: Lilongwe
POPULATION: 15.7 million
TOTAL AREA: 45,745 sq. miles
(118,480 sq. km)
DENSITY: 432 people per sq. mile
Ngoni, English*
RELIGIONS: Protestant 55%,
Muslim 20%, Roman Catholic 20%,
traditional beliefs 5%
ETHNIC MIX: Bantu 99%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Malawi kwacha = 100 tambala
 ASIA 267
Malaysia
Malaysia stretches 1240 miles (2000 km) across
southeast Asia from the Malay peninsula to Sabah in eastern
Borneo. Federated in 1963, it included Singapore for two years.
GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The Malay Peninsula has central The key distinction is between
mountains, an eastern coastal belt, and Malays (Bumiputras, literally “sons of the
fertile western plains. Swampy coastal soil”) and the Chinese, who traditionally
plains rise to mountains on Borneo. controlled most economic activity. Since
the 1970s, Malays have been favored for
CLIMATE education and jobs, in order to address
Warm equatorial. Rainfall always this imbalance.
heavy, but with distinct rainy seasons.
THE ECONOMY
INSIGHT: Malaysia is southeast Asia’s Successful industrial base includes
major tourist destination, with over 22 electronics, manufacturing, and heavy
million visitors a year industry. Tourism is a major earner.
Leading producer of palm oil, tin, and
tropical hardwoods.
THAILAND Sulu
Kangar Kudat
Kota Bharu Sea
George Town South China Kota Kinabalu Sandakan
Kuala Terengganu
Taiping Malay Sea
BRUNEI Keningau
Peninsula Sabah
Miri
KUALA LUMPUR
Kepulauan Bintulu
Klang PUTRAJAYA Natuna
Mersing B o r n e o
Natuna Sibu
2000m/6562ft Sarawak INDONESIA
1000m/3281ft SINGAPORE Sea Kuching Sri Aman
500m/1640ft I NDO NES IA 0 100 km
200m/656ft
Sea Level INDONESIA 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bahasa Malaysia*, Malay,

OFFICIAL NAME: Federation of Malaysia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1963
CAPITALS: Kuala Lumpur; Putrajaya
(administrative)
POPULATION: 27.9 million
TOTAL AREA: 127,316 sq. miles (329,750 sq. km)
DENSITY: 220 people per sq. mile
Chinese, Tamil, English
RELIGIONS: Muslim 61%, Buddhist 19%,
Christian 9%, Hindu 6%, other 5%
ETHNIC MIX: Malay 53%, Chinese 26%,
indigenous tribes 12%, Indian 8%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Ringgit = 100 sen
268 ASIA

Maldives
Set in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Sri Lanka, the
Maldives is an archipelago of 1191 small coral islands, or atolls. 200
are inhabited. The word atoll comes from the Dhivehi word “atolu.”
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Consists of low-lying islands and The fluctuating tourist industry
coral atolls. The larger ones are covered is the economic mainstay.
in lush, tropical vegetation. Fish, especially tuna, are
Ihavandippolhu
the main export. Atoll
CLIMATE Construction boom
Tropical. Rain falls throughout the to repair 2004 tsunami
year, but is heaviest June–November, damage.
Faadhippolhu
during the monsoon. Violent storms Atoll
occasionally hit the northern islands. INSIGHT:
Horsburgh
The islands, Atoll Male’
Atoll
PEOPLE & SOCIETY which all lie below
4 ft (1.2 m), are MALE’
Maldivians, who are all Sunni Ari
Atoll
Muslim, are descended from Sinhalese, threatened by Felidhu
Atoll
Dravidian, Arab, and black ancestors. rising sea levels,
brought about by Mulakatholhu
About 25% of the population live on Atoll
global warming Kolhumadulu
Male’. Tourism has grown on separate and climatic Atoll
resort islands away from residents. changes Hadhdhunmathi
Atoll
Politics has been controlled by a small nnel
One and Half Degree Ch a
group of influential families. However, I N D I A N
North Huvadhu
Atoll
a young elite pushed for reform: Sea Level
O C E A N South
Huvadhu
parties were legalized in 2005, and Equator Atoll
the presidential election in 2008 0 100 km
Addu Atoll
brought in a new regime. 0 100 miles Gan

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Dhivehi* (Maldivian), Sinhala,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Maldives
DATE OF FORMATION: 1965
CAPITAL: Male’
POPULATION: 300,000
TOTAL AREA: 116 sq. miles
(300 sq. km)
DENSITY: 2586 people per sq. mile
Tamil, Arabic
RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 100%
ETHNIC MIX: All Maldivians are of
Arab–Sinhalese–Malay descent
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Rufiyaa
= 100 laari
 AFRICA 269
Mali
A former French colony, Mali is landlocked in the heart
of west Africa. The 1991 coup ended the 23-year dictatorship of
Moussa Traoré and ushered in multiparty elections from 1992.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The northern half lies in the Sahara. Widespread poverty. Less than 2%
The inland delta of the Niger River flows of land can be cultivated. Vulnerable to
through grassy savanna in the south. drought. Gold, high-quality cotton, and
livestock account for 90% of exports.
CLIMATE Tourism potential, but recent Al-Qaeda in
In the south, intensely hot, dry the Maghreb kidnappings are a deterrent.
weather precedes the westerly rains.
The north is almost rainless.
ALGERIA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MAURITANIA S a h a r a
Most people live in the southern
Adrar des
savanna region and are farmers, herders, Ifôghas
or river fishermen. The Bambara tribe are
culturally and politically dominant. A few Niger
Tombouctou Gao
nomadic Fulani and Tuareg herders travel S en
eg
SEN

al Mopti NIGER
the northern plains. There is tension Kayes
EG

Ségou
between the peoples of the south and
AL

BAMAKO Koulikoro
Tuareg in the north. Women have little BURKINA
Sikasso FASO
status; improving rights is controversial. GUINEA
CÔTE
D'IVOIRE
INSIGHT: Tombouctou (Timbuktu) (IVORY COAST)
was the center of the 14th-century 0 200 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Malinké trading empire 0 200 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bambara, Fulani, Senufo,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Mali
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Bamako
POPULATION: 13.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 478,764 sq. miles
(1,240,000 sq. km)
DENSITY: 28 people per sq. mile
Soninke, French*
RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 90%,
traditional beliefs 6%, Christian 4%
ETHNIC MIX: Bambara 52%, other 18%,
Fulani 11%, Saracolé 7%, Soninka 7%, Tuareg 5%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
270 EUROPE

Malta
The densely populated Maltese archipelago lies between
Africa and Europe. Controlled throughout its history by successive
colonial powers, it gained independence from the UK in 1964.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The main island of Malta has Tourism provides 25% of GDP.
low hills and a ragged coastline with Joined eurozone in 2008. Developing
numerous harbors, bays, sandy beaches, offshore banking, high-tech industry.
and rocky coves. The island of Gozo is Semiconductors exported. Most
more densely vegetated. goods have to be imported.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: The Maltese language

Mediterranean climate. There has Phoenician origins but
are many hours of sunshine all year features Arabic etymology
round, with very little rainfall. and intonation

PEOPLE & SOCIETY 0 5 km

Over the centuries, the Maltese Gozo 0 5 miles

have been subject to Arab, Sicilian,

Victoria Comino
Spanish, French, and British influences. Mediterranean
Today, the population is socially Sea
Buèibba
conservative and devoutly Roman Mellieha St Julian's Sliema
Msida
Catholic – Malta only legalized divorce Mosta VALLETTA
Malta Qormi Hamrun
in 2011, the last European country except Luqa Marsaxlokk
Rabat
the Vatican to do so. Unemployment Biræebbuèa
is high, particularly for women. Illegal Mediterranean
migration from Africa has increased Sea
200m/656ft
since Malta joined the EU in 2004. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Maltese*, English*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Malta
DATE OF FORMATION: 1964
CAPITAL: Valletta
POPULATION: 400,000
TOTAL AREA: 122 sq. miles
(316 sq. km)
DENSITY: 3226 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 98%, other
and nonreligious 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Maltese 96%,
other 4%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary
system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 271
Marshall Islands
Under US rule as part of the UN Trust Territory of
the Pacific Islands until independence in 1986, the Marshall
Islands comprises a group of 34 widely scattered atolls.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Narrow coral rings with sandy Almost totally dependent on US
beaches enclosing lagoons. Those in aid and the rent paid by the US for its
the south have thicker vegetation. missile base on Kwajalein Atoll. High
Kwajalein is the world’s largest atoll. unemployment. Revenue from licenses to
fish in Marshallese waters for tuna. Copra
CLIMATE and coconut oil are the only significant
Tropical oceanic, cooled year agricultural exports.
round by northeast trade winds.
All land under
100m/328ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Bokaak

Majuro, the capital city and

P A C I F I C O C E A N
commercial center, is home to almost
half the population. Tensions are high Enewetak
Rongelap
due to poor living conditions. Life on Bikini Ratak
Chain
the outlying islands is still traditional, Likiep Wotje
based around subsistence agriculture Ujelang
Maloelap
Kwajalein
and fishing. Society is matrilineal, with
land and titles handed down through Ralik Chain Jabat MAJURO
the mother’s clan. Jaluit
Majuro

Narikrik
INSIGHT: In 1954, Bikini Atoll was the Ebon
site for the testing of the largest US 0 200 km
H-bomb – the 18–22 megaton Bravo 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Marshallese*, English*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Marshall
Islands
DATE OF FORMATION: 1986
CAPITAL: Majuro
POPULATION: 67,182
TOTAL AREA: 70 sq. miles (181 sq. km)
DENSITY: 960 people per sq. mile
Japanese, German
RELIGIONS: Protestant 90%, Roman
Catholic 8%, other 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Micronesian 90%,
other 10%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: US dollar = 100 cents
272 AFRICA

Mauritania
Two-thirds of Mauritania’s territory is desert – the only
productive land is that drained by the Senegal River. The
country has taken a strongly Arab direction since 1964.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Sahara, barren except for Agriculture and herding. Iron,
some scattered oases, covers the north. copper, and gold mining. World’s largest
Savanna lands lie to the south. gypsum deposits. Offshore oil from 2006.
Rich fishing grounds.
CLIMATE
The climate is generally hot and 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
dry, aggravated by the dusty harmattan Sea Level ALGERIA
wind. Summer rain in the south, virtually
none in the north.
WESTERN
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SAHARA Zouérat
The Maures control political and S a h a r a
economic life. Family solidarity among Nouâdhibou MALI
nomadic peoples is particularly strong. Aωr
Ethnic tension centers on the
ATLANTIC Tidjikja
oppression of the black minority. Tens OCEAN
of thousands of blacks are estimated NOUAKCHOTT
Rosso Néma
to be in illegal slavery. Coups have Sen
ega
Kaédi Kiffa
interrupted civilian rule in recent years. l

SENEGAL MALI
INSIGHT: Slavery officially
became illegal in Mauritania in 0 200 km
1980, but de facto slavery still persists 0 200 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 9 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Islamic Republic LANGUAGES: Hassaniyah Arabic*, Wolof,
of Mauritania French
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 100%
CAPITAL: Nouakchott ETHNIC MIX: Maure 81%, Wolof 7%,
POPULATION: 3.4 million Tukolor 5%, other 4%, Soninka 3%
TOTAL AREA: 397,953 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
(1,030,700 sq. km) CURRENCY: Ouguiya = 5 khoums
 AFRICA 273
Mauritius
The islands that make up Mauritius lie in the Indian Ocean
east of Madagascar. They have enjoyed considerable economic
success following recent industrial diversification and expansion.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The volcanic main island of Clothing manufacture, tourism, and
Mauritius is ringed by coral reefs, and sugar. Loss of preferential trade terms for
rises from the coast to a fertile central sugar and textiles. Offshore financial
plateau. The outer islands – Rodriguez, center. New outsourcing and ICT
the Agalega Islands, and the Cargados industries. Most food is imported.
Carajos Shoals – lie some 300 miles
(500 km) to the north. INSIGHT: The islands form part of the
Mascarene Archipelago – once a land
CLIMATE bridge between Asia and Africa
Warm and humid. Tropical storms
500m/1640ft
are frequent December–March, the 200m/656ft
Ile Plate
Rodrigues
hottest and wettest months. Sea Level
Port Mathurin

PEOPLE & SOCIETY Triolet

Grand Baie
Most people are descendants of
Pamplemousses
laborers brought over from India in the
19th century. A small minority of French PORT LOUIS
INDIAN
descent form the wealthiest group. OCEAN
Creoles (descendants of African slaves) Curepipe
complain of discrimination. Literacy is
Mahébourg
high. Health care is free. Criminal offenses
are usually traffic-related; little crime 0 10 km
Bel Ombre Souillac
on outer islands. 0 10 miles

FACTFILE Tamil, Chinese, English*, French

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Mauritius
DATE OF FORMATION: 1968
CAPITAL: Port Louis
POPULATION: 1.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 718 sq. miles (1860 sq. km)
DENSITY: 1811 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: French Creole, Hindi, Urdu,
RELIGIONS: Hindu 48%, Roman Catholic 24%,
Muslim 17%, Protestant 9%, other 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Indo-Mauritian 68%,
Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,
Franco-Mauritian 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Mauritian rupee = 100 cents
274 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Mexico
Mexico stretches from the US border southward into the
ancient Aztec and Mayan heartlands. Independence from Spain
came in 1836. One in five Mexicans lives in the sprawling capital.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Coastal plains along the Pacific and One of world's largest oil producers.
Atlantic seaboards rise to a high arid Corn, fruit, vegetables, sugar are cash crops.
central plateau. To the east and west are NAFTA has boosted exports, but exposes
the Sierra Madre mountain ranges. farmers to subsidized US competition.
Limestone lowlands form the projecting Wealth disparity. Bounced back from 2008–
Yucatan peninsula. 2009 global downturn and swine flu crisis.
INSIGHT: More people cross the
CLIMATE
US–Mexican border each year –
The plateau and high mountains are illegally or legally – than any other
warm for much of the year. Pacific coast border in the world
is tropical: storms occur mostly March–
December. Northwest is dry. UNITED STATES OF
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
Tijuana AMERICA 1000m/3281ft
Ciudad Juárez 500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Ba

200m/656ft
Chihuahua

Ri
Most Mexicans are mestizos of
ja

Sea Level

oG
S ierccide
Ca

ra
Spanish–Amerindian descent. Rural
S i e r r i e nt
lifo

nd
ra nt

e
rnia

M al

ra al

Amerindians are largely segregated from Monterrey

ad

Ma
re

Hispanic society and most live in poverty, Gulf of

dre

San Luis Potosí Mexico Mérida

though the state promotes their culture. León
Guadalajara MEXICO CITY Yucatan
The Zapatista movement backs PACIFIC Peninsula
Puebla
OCEAN Sierra Mad BEL.
indigenous rights. Few women in male- Acapulco d e l S ur
re

dominated politics and business. 0 500 km GUAT.

Narcotics-related violent crime is rising. 0 500 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Nahuatl, Mayan,

OFFICIAL NAME: United Mexican States
DATE OF FORMATION: 1836
CAPITAL: Mexico City
POPULATION: 111 million
TOTAL AREA: 761,602 sq. miles
(1,972,550 sq. km
DENSITY: 150 people per sq. mile
Zapotec, Mixtec, Otomi, Totonac, Tzotzil
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 77%, other 14%,
Protestant 6%, nonreligious 3%
ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 60%, Amerindian 30%,
European 9%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Mexican peso = 100 centavos
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 275
Micronesia
The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), situated in
the western Pacific, comprise 607 islands and atolls grouped
into four main island states: Pohnpei, Kosrae, Chuuk, and Yap.
GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Mixture of high volcanic islands Micronesians are physically,
with forested interiors, and low-lying culturally, and linguistically diverse.
coral atolls. Some of the islands have Melanesians live on Yap, Polynesians
coastal mangrove swamps. in Pohnpei. The supply of electricity
and running water is limited. Society
CLIMATE is based on matrilineal clans.
Tropical, with high humidity. There
is very heavy rainfall outside the January– THE ECONOMY
March dry season. Dependent on US aid. Fishing
licenses are a key source of foreign
INSIGHT: Chuuk’s lagoon contains the revenue. Tourism, fishing, betel nuts,
sunken wrecks of over 100 Japanese copra are economic mainstays. Trust
ships and 270 planes from World War II fund created to reduce aid reliance.
Philippine
Sea 200m/656ft
Yap Namonuito Hall Is. Sea Level
Murilo
Lamotrek Pohnpei Is.
Sorol Chuuk Is.
Ngulu Olimarao Oroluk
Weno PALIKIR
Woleai Nama
Pulusuk Pohnpei
Carol
ine I slands Mortlock
Satawan Islands Kosrae

P A C I F I C O C E A N Nukuoro 0 200 km
0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Trukese, Pohnpeian, Kosraean,

OFFICIAL NAME: Federated States of Yapese, English*
Micronesia RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 50%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1986 Protestant 47%, other 3%
CAPITAL: Palikir (Pohnpei Island) ETHNIC MIX: Chuukese 49%, Pohnpeian 24%,
POPULATION: 106,836 other 14%, Kosraean 6%, Yapese 5%, Asian 2%
TOTAL AREA: 271 sq. miles (702 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Nonparty system
DENSITY: 394 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: US dollar = 100 cents
276 EUROPE

Moldova
The most densely populated of the former Soviet
republics, Moldova has strong ethnic, linguistic, and cultural
links with Romania, but relations with Russia remain paramount.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Steppes and hilly plains are drained One of the two poorest countries
by the Dniester and Prut rivers. in Europe. Mainly agricultural: produces
wine, tobacco, fruit. Food processing and
CLIMATE textiles. Depends on Russia for raw
Warm summers and relatively mild materials, fuel, exports. Instability.
winters. Moderate rainfall is evenly spread
throughout the year. Dn
ie s te UKRAINE

r
Edineπ Soroca
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Rî∞cani
A shared heritage with Romania Flore∞ti
Bâlπi Rîbniπa
defines national identity, though in

D nie
Pr
Dubâsari

ut
1994 Moldovans voted against possible

ste
Reservoir

r
Orhei
reunification with Romania. Most of TRANSNISTRIA
the population is engaged in intensive (disputed)
CHIfiINÂU
Tiraspol
agriculture. Transnistria is a breakaway ROMANIA Tighina
(Bendery)
state along the east bank of the Dniester,
home to a largely ethnic Slav population. Comrat
The Gagauz, in the south, have
accepted autonomy. Cahul

INSIGHT: Vast underground wine

vaults contain entire “streets” of 0 50 km
200m/656ft
bottles built into rock quarries 0 50 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Moldovan*, Ukrainian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Moldova
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991
CAPITAL: Chisinau
POPULATION: 3.6 million
TOTAL AREA: 13,067 sq. miles
(33,843 sq. km)
DENSITY: 277 people per sq. mile
Russian
RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 93%,
other 6%, Baptist 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Moldovan 84%, Ukrainian 7%,
Gagauz 5%, Russian 2%, Bulgarian 1%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Moldovan leu = 100 bani
 EUROPE 277
Monaco
Monaco is a tiny principality on the Côte d’Azur. Its
destiny changed radically when the casino was opened in 1863.
Today, it promotes its image as an upmarket, glamorous destination.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A rocky promontory overlooking Tourism, gambling, financial
a narrow coastal strip that has been services. Banking secrecy laws and
enlarged through land reclamation. tax-haven conditions attract foreign
investment. Close links and customs
CLIMATE union with France (but not in EU).
Mediterranean. Summers are hot No resources: depends on imports.
and dry; days with 12 hours of sunshine
are not uncommon. Winters are INSIGHT: High-profile social and
mild and sunny. sporting events attract large crowds
each spring, including the Rose Ball, Tennis
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Open, and Grand Prix
Less than 20% of residents are
Monégasques. Almost half are French, the
Lycée l'Annonciade
rest Italian, American, British, Belgian, and F R A N C E
others. Nationals enjoy considerable Musée Nation
Larvotto Monte-Carlo
privileges, including housing subsidies Hospitalier
La Condamine Sporting
Grand Prix Casino Club d'Eté
to protect them from Monaco’s high Grace
Circuit
Centre de Congrès
Monte-Carlo
property prices, and the right of first Palais du Prince Port de Monaco
Ministère d'Etat Côte d'Azur
refusal before a job can be offered to Stade Louis II Cathédrale
Fontvieille Musée Océanographique
a foreigner. Women have equal status,
Mediterranean Sea
but only acquired the vote in 1962.
Prince Albert married South African 0 1000 m
swimmer Charlene Wittstock in 2011. 0 1500 yds

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: French*, Italian, Monégasque, English

OFFICIAL NAME: Principality of Monaco RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 89%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1861 Protestant 6%, other 5%
CAPITAL: Monaco-Ville ETHNIC MIX: French 47%, other 21%,
POPULATION: 30,539 Italian 16%, Monégasque 16%
TOTAL AREA: 0.75 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed monarchical–
(1.95 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 40,719 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
278 ASIA

Mongolia
Landlocked between Russia and China, Mongolia is
a huge, isolated, and sparsely populated nation. Over
two-thirds of the country is part of the Gobi Desert.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A mountainous steppe plateau in Rich deposits of oil, coal, copper,
the north, with lakes in the north and uranium, and other minerals remain
west. The desert region of the Gobi largely untapped. Cashmere exports.
dominates the south. Democracy, from 1990, brought a shift
toward a market economy, but also rising
CLIMATE poverty. State involvement in mining is
Continental. Mild summers and an issue. Agriculture uses 40% of
long, dry, very cold winters, with heavy workforce, mainly as herders.
snowfall. Temperatures can drop as low
as –22°F (–30°C). INSIGHT: Horseracing, wrestling,
and archery are the national sports
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Mongolia was unified by RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Ölgiy
Genghis Khan in 1206 and was later Mörön Sühbaatar
A

Hovd
absorbed into Manchu China. A Darhan
lt

i Erdenet
a

M Altay rule
n
majority of ethnic Mongolians live ou Ke Choybalsan
nt ULAN BATOR
within China in Inner Mongolia. ai
ns
Saynshand
Tibetan Buddhism dominates. G o b i
The traditional, nomadic way of Dalandzadgad
CHINA
life has been eroded as urban
migration continues, spurred by 3000m/9843ft
ferocious winters, known as zud, which 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
0 400 km
can devastate the rural economy. 500m/1640ft 0 400 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Khalkha Mongolian*, Kazakh

OFFICIAL NAME: Mongolia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1924
CAPITAL: Ulan Bator
POPULATION: 2.7 million
TOTAL AREA: 604,247 sq. miles
(1,565,000 sq. km)
DENSITY: 4 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Tibetan Buddhist 50%,
nonreligious 40%, Shamanist and
Christian 6%, Muslim 4%
ETHNIC MIX: Khalkh 95%, Kazakh 4%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential–
parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Tugrik (tögrög) = 100 möngö
 EUROPE 279
Montenegro
Perched on the Adriatic coast, this tiny republic
became a separate state in 2006, after 88 years of federation
with its neighbors in various forms of the state of Yugoslavia.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A narrow coastal strip on the Tourism (along Adriatic) drives
Adriatic. Fertile lowland plains around growth. Bauxite reserves, aluminum
Lake Scutari. Mountainous interior with industry. Economy dominated by black
deep canyons. market; cigarette smuggling is rife. Return
of foreign aid and investment. Approved
CLIMATE in 2010 as candidate for EU membership.
The lowlands have hot, dry Uses euro, though not part of eurozone.
summers and mild winters. Heavy snow
in winter in the mountains. BOSNIA &
HERZEGOVINA Pljevlja
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SERBIA
Most Montenegrins are Orthodox Bijelo Polje
Pivsko
Christians. They speak a language closely Jezero Pi va S Ta
ra

in
related to Serbian, using the same D ina Berane H a j l a Roªaje

ja
ric A

vin

im
Cyrillic script. Muslim Albanians, who Nik#iá lps L KOSOVO

a
(disputed)
make up 80% of the population of the
southern Ulcinj region, supported CRO. Herceg-Novi
Cetinje PODGORICA
independence and are now asking Tivat
ALBANIA
for autonomy. Budva
Lake
Adriatic Scutari
Sea
Bar 2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: Dark forests once cloaked 1000m/3281ft
Montenegro’s mountains; its name 0 20 km Ulcinj 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
means ”Black Mountain” 0 20 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Montenegrin*, Serbian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Montenegro
DATE OF FORMATION: 2006
CAPITAL: Podgorica
POPULATION: 600,000
TOTAL AREA: 5332 sq. miles
(13,812 sq. km)
DENSITY: 113 people per sq. mile
Albanian, Bosniak, Croatian
RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 74%,
Muslim 18%, Roman Catholic 4%, other 4%
ETHNIC MIX: Montenegrin 43%, Serb 32%,
other 12%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
280 AFRICA

Morocco
Morocco is a former French colony in northwest Africa.
Since 1975, it has occupied the territory of Western Sahara, the future
of which is yet to be determined by UN-supervised referendum.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Fertile coastal plain is interrupted in Major exporter of phosphates.
the east by the Rif Mountains. Atlas Investment in tourism and agriculture.
Mountain ranges to the south. Beyond Fishing. Relations with EU strained over
lies the outer fringe of the Sahara. illegal immigrants and cannabis trade.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Karueein University in Fès,

Ranges from temperate and warm founded in 859 CE, is the world’s
in the north, to semiarid in the south. oldest existing educational institution
Cooler in the mountains.
Me di t erra n ea n
S ea
Tanger Ceuta
PEOPLE & SOCIETY AT LA N T IC (to Spain) Melilla
Tétouan (to Spain)
The Berber minority descend from O C E AN
Kénitra Oujda
RABAT
north Africa's original inhabitants, and live Mohammedia Salé
Fès
mainly in mountain villages. The Arab Casablanca
Khouribga s
majority inhabits the lowlands. Morocco Safi in
ta
is unusual among Arab states in granting Marrakech
o un
M
Essaouira lasAt
Jews religious freedom and civil rights. ALGERIA
Agadir Ouarzazate
The king is spiritual leader and head of tl as
-A
state. During the 2011 "Arab Spring" A nti

protesters called for more democracy. 3000m/9843ft

2000m/6562ft
Islamists have gained influence in politics. 1000m/3281ft
Islamist militancy and the emergence WESTERN SAHARA 0 100 km 500m/1640ft
(Occupied by 200m/656ft
of terrorist cells are of concern. Morocco) 0 100 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE French, Spanish

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Morocco
DATE OF FORMATION: 1956
CAPITAL: Rabat
POPULATION: 32.4 million
TOTAL AREA: 172,316 sq. miles (446,300 sq. km)
DENSITY: 188 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Tamazight (Berber),
RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 99%,
other (mostly Christian) 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Arab 70%, Berber 29%,
European 1%
GOVERNMENT: Mixed monarchical–
parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Mor. dirham = 100 centimes
 AFRICA 281
Mozambique
Mozambique lies on the southeast African coast. It was
torn apart by a savage and devastating civil war between the
Marxist government and a rebel faction between 1977 and 1992.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Largely a savanna-covered plateau. Extremely dependent on aid.
The coast is fringed by coral reefs and Mineral potential. Cashew nuts, shrimp,
lagoons. The Zambezi River bisects cotton exported. Debt relief.
the country. 0 200 km
0 200 miles TANZANIA a
CLIMATE um
Rov
Tropical. Temperatures are hottest Lake Nyasa Pemba
on the coast. Extremes of rainfall: MALAWI Lichinga Lúrio
drought and flood. ZAMBIA Nacala
Lake Lumbo
Cahora Bassa
Nampula
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Tete
Tensions exist between north

Za
Quelimane

m
and south, rather than between ethnic

be
ZIMBABWE

zi
groups. Life is centered on the extended Beira Mozambique Channel

family. Polygamy is fairly common. The

INDIAN
country is struggling with the legacy of OCEAN
a war that killed around a million people, Funhalouro
Li
mp

and the effects of frequent floods and Inhambane

opo

droughts. Half the population lives in SOUTH Xai-Xai

abject poverty. AFRICA
MAPUTO 2000m/6562ft
SWAZILAND
1000m/3281ft
INSIGHT: Maputo’s busy port serves SOUTH 500m/1640ft
AFRICA 200m/656ft
Zimbabwe and South Africa Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Makua, Xitsonga, Sena, Lomwe,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Mozambique
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975
CAPITAL: Maputo
POPULATION: 23.4 million
TOTAL AREA: 309,494 sq. miles
(801,590 sq. km)
DENSITY: 77 people per sq. mile
Portuguese*
RELIGIONS: Traditional beliefs 56%,
Christian 30%, Muslim 14%
ETHNIC MIX: Makua Lomwe 47%, Tsonga 23%,
Malawi 12%, Shona 11%, Yao 4%, other 3%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: New metical = 100 centavos
282 ASIA

Myanmar (Burma)
Forming the eastern shores of the Bay of Bengal and
the Andaman Sea in southeast Asia, Myanmar suffers
from isolation, political repression, and ethnic conflict.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The fertile Irrawaddy basin lies at Corrupt, mismanaged, subject to
the center. Mountains to the west, Shan sanctions – but gas, teak, and gems are
plateau to the east. Tropical rainforest exported. One of world's largest illegal
covers much of the land. opium producers. Goods
sold on black market
CLIMATE carry high prices.
Tropical. Hot summers, with high
humidity, and warm winters. INDIA Myitkyina

y
CHINA

add
0 200 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Irraw
0 200 miles
The military, in power from 1962, Monywa Mandalay
paid little regard to human rights, and Pakokku

g
Sagaing

on
ek
Sittwe Shan
didn't tolerate opposition. The National

M
Taunggyi Plateau LAOS

League for Democracy won elections in NAY PYI TAW Taungoo

Thandwe Pyay
1990, but was kept from power. Elections Bay
Hinthada THAILAND
of Bago
in 2010, nominally restoring civilian rule, Bengal Pathein
Insein
Thaton
were dominated by the new military- Rangoon Mawlamyine
Mouths of the Kyaikkami
backed party. Ethnic minorities are Irrawaddy
fighting for independence. Dawei
Andaman
4000m/13124ft
2000m/6562ft
Sea Myeik
INSIGHT: Myanmar is one of the 1000m/3281ft Mergui
500m/1640ft Archipelago Isthmus
world’s biggest teak exporters, 200m/656ft of
though reserves are diminishing rapidly Sea Level Kra

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Burmese (Myanmar)*, Shan,

OFFICIAL NAME: Union of Myanmar
DATE OF FORMATION: 1948
CAPITAL: Nay Pyi Taw
POPULATION: 50.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 261,969 sq. miles
(678,500 sq. km)
DENSITY: 199 people per sq. mile
Karen, Rakhine, Chin, Yangbye, Kachin, Mon
RELIGIONS: Buddhist 89%, Christian 4%,
Muslim 4%, other 2%, Animist 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Burman (Bamah) 68%, other
12%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Kyat = 100 pyas
 AFRICA 283
Namibia
Located in southwestern Africa, Namibia gained
independence from South Africa in 1990, after 24 years of
armed struggle. It regained the territory of Walvis Bay in 1994.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Namib Desert stretches along Varied mineral resources, notably
the coastal strip. Inland, a ridge of uranium and diamonds. Rich offshore
mountains rises to 8000 ft (2500 m). fishing grounds. High unemployment.
The Kalahari Desert lies in the east. HIV/AIDS epidemic. One of Africa’s most
skewed distributions of wealth.
CLIMATE
Almost rainless. The coast is usually ANGOLA
ZAMBIA
shrouded in thick fog, unless the hot, dry Zambezi
Rundu
berg wind is blowing. Tsumeb

N
Grootfontein

a
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Otjiwarongo
The Ovambo, the main ethnic m
Swakopmund i b
group, live mainly in the more populous WINDHOEK
Walvis Bay Rehoboth BOTSWANA
north. Some 100,000 whites, many of
D e s e

German descent, are centered around AT L AN T I C

Kalahari
Desert
Windhoek and still control the economy. O C E AN
The minority San and Khoi bushmen are Keetmanshoop
r t

Lüderitz
among the oldest human communities
e r
Or

in the world. The ban on homosexuality a n e Riv

g
is contentious. SOUTH
2000m/6562ft AFRICA
1000m/3281ft
INSIGHT: The Namib is the Earth’s 500m/1640ft 0 200 km
200m/656ft
oldest, and one of its driest, deserts Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Ovambo, Kavango, English*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Namibia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1990
CAPITAL: Windhoek
POPULATION: 2.2 million
TOTAL AREA: 318,694 sq. miles
(825,418 sq. km)
DENSITY: 7 people per sq. mile
Bergdama, German, Afrikaans
RELIGIONS: Christian 90%, traditional
beliefs 10%
ETHNIC MIX: Ovambo 50%, other tribes 22%,
Kavango 9%, Damara 7%, Herero 7%, other 5%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Namibian dollar = 100 cents
284 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Nauru
Nauru lies in the Pacific, northeast of Australia.
Phosphate deposits gave its inhabitants huge temporary wealth,
but economic mismanagement has left them facing ruin.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A single low-lying coral atoll, with a Phosphate revenues all but dried
fertile coastal belt. Coral cliffs encircle an up. Sale of fishing rights sole resource.
elevated interior plateau. State trust fund invested badly overseas.
Offshore banking facilities closed after
CLIMATE international pressure.
Equatorial, moderated by sea
breezes. Occasional long droughts. INSIGHT: Phosphate mining has
left 80% of the island uninhabitable
P A C I F I C
PEOPLE & SOCIETY O C E A N
Native Nauruans are of mixed
Micronesian and Polynesian origin.
Most live in simple, traditional houses
and spend their money on luxury Nauru General
cars and consumer goods. Welfare Hospital
Phosphate Company Phosphate
and education are free. A diet of Hospital Company
Site Office
imported processed foods has caused
Phosphate
widespread obesity and diabetes. Company
Buada
Lagoon
Works Broadcasting
Mining was left to imported laborers, Nauru
Civic Centre
Transmitter Anibare
Bay
Post Office
mainly from Kiribati, who lived in Meneng Hotel
Air Terminal
enclaves of male-only barracks and Nauru State House
Secondary Police Station
had few rights. Many young Nauruans School 200m/656ft
leave to seek a better life in Australia 0 1 km Sea Level
or New Zealand. 0 1 mile Phosphate mines

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Nauruan*, Kiribati, Chinese,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Nauru Tuvaluan, English
DATE OF FORMATION: 1968 RELIGIONS: Nauruan Congregational
CAPITAL: None Church 60%, Roman Catholic 35%, other 5%
POPULATION: 9322 ETHNIC MIX: Nauruan 93%, Chinese 5%,
TOTAL AREA: 8.1 sq. miles other Pacific islanders 1%, European 1%
(21 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Nonparty system
DENSITY: 1151 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Australian dollar = 100 cents
 ASIA 285
Nepal
Nepal, lying between India and China on the southern
shoulder of the Himalayas, is one of the world’s poorest countries.
Its agricultural economy is heavily dependent on the monsoon.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly mountainous. The area Agriculture employs 74% of people.
includes some of the highest mountains Crops include rice and wheat. Tourism
in the world, including Mount Everest. and investment affected by instability
Flat, fertile river plains form the south. and Maoist insurgency. Reliant on aid.
Hydropower potential.
CLIMATE
Warm monsoon season from July INSIGHT: Southern Nepal was
to October. The rest of the year is dry, the birthplace of Buddha (Prince
sunny, and mild. Winter temperatures in Siddhartha Gautama) in 563 BCE
the Himalayas average 14°F (–10°C).

PEOPLE & SOCIETY H

Dadeldhurá i
Tensions are few between Jumlá
m C H I NA
a
the diverse ethnic groups. Buddhist l a Mt. Everest
Salyán Baglung y a 29,029ft (8848m)
women, including Sherpas, face fewer s (Sagarmatha)
Pokhará
social restrictions than Hindus. KATHMANDU Bhaktapur
Trafficking of women and child labor are Lalitpur
Ilám
problems. Human rights violations rose I NDI A Janakpur
Birátnagar
during the 1999–2006 Maoist insurgency.
4000m/13124ft
The peace deal led to the abolition of 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
the monarchy and Maoist victory in 1000m/3281ft
elections, but fractious coalitions mean 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 100 km
instability continues. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Nepali*, Maithili, Bhojpuri

OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Democratic
Republic of Nepal
DATE OF FORMATION: 1769
CAPITAL: Kathmandu
POPULATION: 29.9 million
TOTAL AREA: 54,363 sq. miles (140,800 sq. km)
DENSITY: 566 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Hindu 81%, Buddhist 11%,
Muslim 4%, other (including Christian) 4%
ETHNIC MIX: Other 52%, Chhetri 16%,
Hill Brahman 13%, Tharu 7%, Magar 7%,
Tamang 5%
GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
CURRENCY: Nepalese rupee = 100 paisa
286 EUROPE

Netherlands
Astride the delta of five major rivers in northwest
Europe, the Netherlands built its historic wealth on maritime
trade. Rotterdam is Europe’s largest port.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly flat, with 27% of the land Major trading hub. High-profile
below sea level and protected by dunes, multinationals. Diverse industrial base:
dikes, and canals. There are a few low chemicals, machinery, electronics, and
hills in the south and east. metals. Costly social welfare system.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: In 2002, the Netherlands

Mild, rainy winters and cool became the first country in the world
to legalize euthanasia
summers. Gales from the North Sea n
n d e
are common in fall and winter. e i l a
e n
Sea Level d ee
z

d
Below Sea Level n Groningen
de

a
W
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

ad
Leeuwarden

W
The Dutch have a long history N o r t h

Ijs
sel
of welcoming immigrants from former S e a

m
er

e
colonies and refugees seeking asylum. Haarlem
AMSTERDAM
However, lack of integration is now ’S-GRAVENHAGE Leiden Apeldoorn Enschede
raising fears about the failing asylum (THE HAGUE) Utrecht
Ne Arnhem
Delft der R
system, immigrant crime, and militant Rotterdam
ij n
Nijmegen
Islam. Population is mostly urban and M aa
s
GERMANY
Tilburg
the density is high. The state does not Breda
s
Eindhoven
aa
try to impose a particular morality on
M

its citizens. Laws concerning sexuality, BELGIUM

narcotics-taking, and euthanasia are 0 40 km Maastricht
among the world’s most liberal. 0 40 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 1275 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of the
Netherlands
DATE OF FORMATION: 1648
CAPITALS: Amsterdam and The Hague
POPULATION: 16.7 million
TOTAL AREA: 16,033 sq. miles
(41,526 sq. km)
LANGUAGES: Dutch*, Frisian
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 36%, other 34%,
Protestant 27%, Muslim 3%
ETHNIC MIX: Dutch 82%, other 12%,
Turkish 2%, Surinamese 2%, Moroccan 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 287
New Zealand
Lying in the South Pacific, 990 miles (1600 km)
southeast of Australia, New Zealand comprises North and South
Islands, separated by the Cook Strait, and many smaller islands.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
North Island, noted for hot Tourism is the biggest foreign-
springs and geysers, has the bulk of exchange earner. Modern agricultural
the population. South Island is mostly sector; world’s top exporter of dairy
mountainous, with eastern lowlands. products. Hi-tech manufacturing.
Open economy. Strong trade links.
CLIMATE
Generally temperate and damp.
2000m/6562ft North Island
The far north is almost subtropical, 1000m/3281ft
whereas southern winters are cold. 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Auckland
Sea Level
Tauranga
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Hamilton
Rotorua
Maoris were the first settlers, New Plymouth
1200 years ago. Today’s majority Hastings
Palmerston
European population is descended Tasman North
mainly from British migrants who settled Sea Blenheim
WELLINGTON
after 1840. Maoris’ living and education Greymouth
s Cook Strait
standards are generally lower than South Island A
lp
Christchurch
n
average. The government is continuing h er
ut Timaru
to negotiate the settlement of Maori So
Queenstown P A C I F I C
land claims. O C E A N
Dunedin
Invercargill
INSIGHT: New Zealand was the first Stewart Island 0 200 km
country to give women the vote (1893) 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, Maori*

OFFICIAL NAME: New Zealand
DATE OF FORMATION: 1947
CAPITAL: Wellington
POPULATION: 4.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 103,737 sq. miles
(268,680 sq. km)
DENSITY: 41 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Anglican 24%, other 22%,
Presbyterian 18%, nonreligious 16%,
Roman Catholic 15%, Methodist 5%
ETHNIC MIX: European 75%, Maori 15%,
other 7%, Samoan 3%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: New Zealand dollar = 100 cents
288 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Nicaragua
Nicaragua lies at the heart of Central America. The
Sandinista revolution of 1978 led to 11 years of civil war between
the left-wing Sandinistas and the right-wing US-backed Contras.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Extensive forested plains in the Textiles, coffee, meat, tobacco are
east. Central mountain region with many main exports: affected by world price
active volcanoes. The Pacific coastlands fluctuations. Remittances from abroad.
are dominated by lakes. Substantial debt relief has cut debt to
around 60% of GDP. Corruption.
CLIMATE
Tropical. The lowlands are hot all 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
year round. The mountains are cooler. 200m/656ft
Prone to occasional hurricanes. Sea Level
Co co

HONDURAS
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

t
as
Most people are mestizo (mixed

o Co
Ocotal
Spanish–Amerindian), and there is a large
Caribbean
white elite. Caribbean regions are home Estelí Matagalpa

Mosquit
Sea
to communities of Miskito Amerindians Chinandega Matiguas
and blacks, who gained autonomy in 1987. León MANAGUA
The revolution improved the status of Juigalpa
Granada Bluefields
San Rafael del Sur
women, but these gains have been Lago de
undone by rampant poverty. Rivas Nicaragua
(Lake Nicaragua)
Sa
COSTA RICA n J u a n
INSIGHT: Lake Nicaragua is the
only freshwater lake in the world 0 100 km
to contain marine animals 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, English Creole,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Nicaragua
DATE OF FORMATION: 1838
CAPITAL: Managua
POPULATION: 5.8 million
TOTAL AREA: 49,998 sq. miles
(129,494 sq. km)
DENSITY: 127 people per sq. mile)
Miskito
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 80%, Protestant
Evangelical 17%, other 3%
ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 69%, White 17%,
Black 9%, Amerindian 5%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Córdoba oro = 100 centavos
 AFRICA 289
Niger
Niger lies in west Africa, upstream from Nigeria on the
Niger River. One of the world’s poorest states, it was ruled by one-
party or military regimes until multipartyism was allowed in 1992.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The north and northeast regions Vast uranium deposits. Frequent
are part of the Sahara. The Aïr Mountains droughts and food shortages. Banditry.
in the center rise high above the desert. Expansion of Sahara. Oil potential.
Savanna lies to the south.
INSIGHT: The name Niger comes from
CLIMATE the Tuareg word n’eghirren, which
High temperatures persist for most means “flowing water”
of the year at around 95°F (35°C). The
north is virtually rainless. 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft LIBYA
200m/656ft
Sea Level
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ALGERIA
Tuareg nomads in the north feel S a h a r a

excluded from politics and the benefits é

ér
of development of their area’s uranium Massif én

T
de l'Aïr
resources. An early 1990s rebellion MALI Agadez
Ni

reignited briefly in 2007–2009. In the

ge
r

south, egalitarianism and a sense of Tahoua S a h e l CHAD

BUR SO

community help to combat economic NIAMEY Birnin Konni Lake

FA
KIN

Zinder Diffa Chad

difficulties. Almost the entire urban Dosso Maradi
A

Dogondoutchi
population lives in slum conditions. BENIN
Two-thirds of the population is under NIGERIA
25. Women have limited rights and 0 200 km
restricted access to education. 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Hausa, Djerma, Fulani, Tuareg,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Niger
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Niamey
POPULATION: 15.9 million
TOTAL AREA: 489,188 sq. miles
(1,267,000 sq. km)
DENSITY: 33 people per sq. mile
Teda, French*
RELIGIONS: Muslim 99%, other (including
Christian) 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Hausa 53%, Djerma and Songhai
21%, Tuareg 11%, Fulani 7%, Kanuri 6%, other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
290 AFRICA

Nigeria
West Africa’s biggest nation, Nigeria is a federation of
36 states and the capital, Abuja. Dominated by military
governments since 1966, democracy returned in 1999.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Coastal area of beaches, swamps, Overdependent on oil, principal
and lagoons gives way to rainforest, and export since 1970s. Mismanagement and
then to savanna on the high plateaus. corruption. Foreign debt reduced.
Semidesert to the north.
INSIGHT: Nigeria is Africa’s most
CLIMATE populous state – one in every seven
The south is hot, rainy and humid Africans is Nigerian
for most of the year. The arid north has
one very humid wet season. The Jos CHAD
N I G E R
Plateau and highlands are cooler. Sokoto
Lake Chad
Katsina
Kano
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Ni ge
Maiduguri
Some 250 ethnic groups: tensions BENIN Kaduna
r

threaten national unity, with sporadic Jos

ABUJA Plateau ue
en
intercommunal violence. The northern

B
Ilorin
states have introduced sharia (Islamic Ogbomosho
Makurdi
Ibadan
Niger

law) for their majority Muslim Lagos Enugu

populations. Women have more Bight of Benin Benin CAMEROON
City Uyo
economic independence in the south. ATLANTIC Port Harcourt
In the Niger Delta, where 70% of people OCEAN
live on less than a dollar a day, militants 1000m/3281ft
are fighting for a share of the benefits 0 200 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
of the region’s oil wealth. 0 200 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Hausa, English*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Republic of Nigeria
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Abuja
POPULATION: 158 million
TOTAL AREA: 356,667 sq. miles
(923,768 sq. km)
DENSITY: 450 people per sq. mile
Yoruba, Ibo
RELIGIONS: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%,
traditional beliefs 10%
ETHNIC MIX: Other 29%, Hausa 21%,
Yoruba 21%, Ibo 18%, Fulani 11%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Naira = 100 kobo
 EUROPE 291
Norway
The Kingdom of Norway traces the rugged western coast
of Scandinavia. Settlements are largely restricted to southern and
coastal areas. Vast oil and natural gas revenues bring prosperity.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The western coast is indented with Western Europe’s top oil and natural
numerous fjords and features tens of gas producer: trust fund saves for post-oil
thousands of islands. Mountains and future. Metal, chemical, and
plateaus cover most of the country. engineering industries.
Generous aid donor.
Hammerfest
CLIMATE High cost of living. RUSS.
Mild coastal climate. Inland, the FED.
Tromsø FINLAND
weather is more extreme, with warmer 2000m/6562ft
summers and cold, snowy winters. 1000m/3281ft Narvik
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Sea Level Bodø
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Arctic Circle
Fairly homogeneous, but has
welcomed refugees from Iraq, Somalia, Norwegian SWEDEN
Bosnia, Sri Lanka, and elsewhere. Strong Sea
family tradition despite high divorce rate.
Trondheim
Fair-minded consensus promotes female
Ålesund
equality, boosted by the generous
childcare provision. Wealth is more Lillehammer
evenly distributed than in most countries. Bergen Hønefoss
Voted against joining the EU in 1994. No r th OSLO
Se a Moss
Stavanger
INSIGHT: Near Narvik, mainland Kristiansand
rak
0 200 km
S k a ger
Norway is only 4 miles (7 km) wide 0 200 miles

FACTFILE language" and Nynorsk "new Norsk"), Sámi

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Norway
DATE OF FORMATION: 1905
CAPITAL: Oslo
POPULATION: 4.9 million
TOTAL AREA: 125,181 sq. miles (324,220 sq. km)
DENSITY: 41 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: Norwegian* (Bokmål "book
RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 88%,
other and nonreligious 8%, Muslim 2%,
Pentecostal 1%, Roman Catholic 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Norwegian 93%, other 6%,
Sámi 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Norwegian krone = 100 øre
292 ASIA

Oman
Oman occupies a strategic position on the Arabian
Peninsula, at the entrance to the Persian Gulf. It is the
least developed Gulf state, despite modest oil exports.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly gravelly desert, with Oil and natural gas account for
mountains in the north and south. almost all export revenue. Commercially
Some narrow fertile coastal strips. extractable reserves are limited. Other
exports include fish, animals, and dates.
CLIMATE Foreigners work in all sectors.
Blistering heat in the west.
Strait of Hormuz
Summer temperatures often climb 2000m/6562ft
Al Kha§ab
above 113°F (45°C). Southern uplands 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft Musandam
Gulf
of
receive rains June–September. 200m/656ft Peninsula
Oman
Sea Level
UAE fluíár
PEOPLE & SOCIETY MUSCAT
Al Qábil Ar Rustáq
Urban drift has seen most Bahlah flamad flúr
Omanis move to northern towns. The
majority are Ibadi Muslims who follow
SAUDI Arabian
an appointed leader, the imam. Ibadism is ARABIA Sea
not opposed to freedom for women, and
a few women hold positions of authority. Duqm

Baluchi from Pakistan are the largest A r R u b ' a l K h á l í INDIAN

OCEAN
group of foreign workers.
flawqirah
YEMEN
INSIGHT: Until the late 1980s, flalálah
Oman was closed to all but 0 100 km
business or official visitors 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Baluchi, Farsi, Hindi, Punjabi

OFFICIAL NAME: Sultanate of Oman
DATE OF FORMATION: 1951
CAPITAL: Muscat
POPULATION: 2.9 million
TOTAL AREA: 82,031 sq. miles
(212,460 sq. km)
DENSITY: 35 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Ibadi Muslim 75%, other Muslim
and Hindu 25%
ETHNIC MIX: Arab 88%, Baluchi 4%,
Persian 3%, Indian and Pakistani 3%,
African 2%
GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
CURRENCY: Omani rial = 1000 baisa
 ASIA 293
Pakistan
Once a part of British India, Pakistan was created in 1947
in response to demands for an independent Muslim state. In
1971, Bangladesh (former East Pakistan) became a separate state.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Indus floodplain across east and Major cotton and rice producer,
south. Hindu Kush mountains in north. but unpredictable weather conditions
Semidesert plateau, mountains in west. often affect crop. Textiles. Instability.
Corruption. Aid to fight terrorism and
CLIMATE for earthquake reconstruction.
Temperatures can soar to 122°F
(50°C) in south and west, and fall to 5000m/16405ft CHINA
4000m/13124ft
–4°F (–20°C) in the Hindu Kush. 3000m/9843ft us h
2000m/6562ft u K
nd
1000m/3281ft Hi Indus
Karakoram
Range
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
ISLÁMÁBÁD
200m/656ft
Punjabis dominate government Sea Level Khyber Pass
Pesháwar
and the army. Tensions with minority Ráwalpindi Siálkot
groups, exacerbated by the vast gap AFGHANISTAN
Sargodha
Gujránwála
between rich and poor. Strong family Faisalábád Lahore
Punjab
ties permeate politics and business. Quetta Multán

Indu s
Relations with India are tense over Baháwalpur
Kashmir and terrorism. Islamist taliban
Sukkur
insurgency in tribal areas on Afghan IRAN Baluchistán
Thar
INDIA

border: fighting has displaced millions. Sindh Desert

Hyderábád
Karáchi
s
du

INSIGHT: In 1988, Pakistan elected

In

Arabian Sea
Benazir Bhutto as the first female 0 200 km
prime minister in the Muslim world 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtu, Urdu*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Islamic Republic of Pakistan Baluchi, Brahui
DATE OF FORMATION: 1947 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 77%,
CAPITAL: Islamabad Shi’a Muslim 20%, Hindu 2%, Christian 1%
POPULATION: 185 million ETHNIC MIX: Punjabi 56%, Pathan (Pashtun) 15%,
TOTAL AREA: 310,401 sq. miles Sindhi 14%, Mohajir 7%, Baluchi 4%, other 4%
(803,940 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 621 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Pakistani rupee = 100 paisa
294 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Palau
The 300-island Palau archipelago (known locally as
Belau) lies in the western Pacific Ocean. It achieved independence
in 1994, and is gradually reducing its aid dependence.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Terrain varies from thickly forested Tourism and fishing licenses are
mountains to limestone and coral reefs. main earners. Coconuts, bananas, and
Babeldaob, the largest island, is volcanic, taro. New 15-year US aid plan to 2024.
with many rivers and waterfalls.
INSIGHT: Palau’s reefs contain 1500
CLIMATE species of fish and 700 types of coral
Hot and wet. Little variation in daily
and seasonal temperatures. February– Ngaruangl
April is the dry season.
Kayangel
Islands
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Native Palauans are a mix of 200m/656ft
the original Southeast Asian migrants Sea Level
Ollei
and Pacific settlers. A modern influx
from Asia has led to tension. 70% of P A C I F I C Ngardmau
the population lives on the island-city O C E A N NGERULMUD
of Koror, prompting the construction Koror Babeldaob
Airai
of a new capital on Babeldaob. Oreor
Urukthapel
Native culture is preserved on
Eil Malk
outer islands despite strong influence
from the US and Japan. Modekngei Peleliu

is a blend of Christianity and Angaur 0 30 km

local beliefs. 0 30 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Palauan*, English*, Japanese,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Palau Angaur, Tobi, Sonsorolese
DATE OF FORMATION: 1994 RELIGIONS: Christian 66%, Modekngei 34%
CAPITAL: Ngerulmud ETHNIC MIX: Palauan 74%, Filipino 16%,
POPULATION: 20,956 other 6%, Chinese and
TOTAL AREA: 177 sq. miles other Asian 4%
(458 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Nonparty system
DENSITY: 107 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: US dollar = 100 cents
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 295
Panama
A Spanish colony until 1821, Panama is the southernmost
country in Central America. The colossal Panama Canal (which was
under US control until 2000) links the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Lowlands along both coasts, with Colón Free Trade Zone: world’s
savanna-covered plains and rolling hills. second-largest. Income from the canal
Mountainous interior. Swamps and (expansion project underway) and
rainforests in the east. merchant ships sailing under flag of
Panama. Banana and shrimp exports.
CLIMATE
Hot and humid, with heavy rainfall INSIGHT: The Panama Canal shortens
in the May–December wet season. the sea route between the east coast of
Cooler at high altitudes. the US and Japan by 3000 miles (4800 km)

PEOPLE & SOCIETY Caribbean Sea

A multiethnic society, Colón
Cristóbal San Miguelito
Panama Canal
dominated by people of mixed COSTA PANAMA CITY
Spanish–Amerindian origin RICA La Concepción C o r d i l l e r a Balboa
l
(mestizo). Amerindians live in David Cen t r a
Santiago
Archipielago La Palma
remote areas. The Panama Canal Golfo de
Chitré de las Perlas
Chiriquí
and former US military bases (the Isla de Las Tablas Golfo de
Panamá COLOMBIA
last of which closed in 1999) have given Coiba
PACIFIC
society a cosmopolitan outlook, but OCEAN
Catholicism and the extended family
2000m/6562ft
remain strong. Crime is high; money- 1000m/3281ft
laundering, narcotics trafficking, and 0 100 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
corruption are rife. 0 100 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE Amerindian languages, Chibchan languages

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Panama
DATE OF FORMATION: 1903
CAPITAL: Panama City
POPULATION: 3.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 30,193 sq. miles (78,200 sq. km)
DENSITY: 119 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: English Creole, Spanish*,
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 84%,
Protestant 15%, other 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 70%, Black 14%,
White 10%, Amerindian 6%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Balboa = 100 centésimos; US
dollar is also legal tender
296 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Papua New Guinea

A former Australian colony, Papua New Guinea (PNG)
occupies the eastern section of the island of New Guinea
and several other island groups. Much of the country is isolated.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountainous and forested Minerals: significant quantities of
mainland, with broad, swampy river gold, copper, oil, and natural gas. High
valleys. 40 active volcanoes in the north. government spending almost led to
Around 600 outer islands. national bankruptcy in 2002.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: PNG is home to the only

Hot and humid in lowlands, cooling known poisonous birds; contact with
toward highlands, where snow can fall on the feathers of some species of pitohui
highest peaks. produces skin blisters
Bism
arck P A C I F I C O C E A N
PEOPLE & SOCIETY New Guinea
Lorengau
Arch
Aitape Admiralty Is. ipel
Around 800 language groups ago
INDONESIA

Wewak New Ireland

and even more tribes. The main social Bismarck
Sea
Rabaul

distinction is between lowlanders, who Madang New Britain

Mount
Kandrian
have frequent contact with the outside Hagen
Bougainville I. Kieta
Lae
world, and the very isolated, but
O

Solomon
Fl

w
en

Popondetta S e a
y

increasingly threatened, highlanders.

St

PORT nl Kiriwina Is.

a

ey
Great tensions exist between highland MORESBY Ra
ng
e Louisiade
tribes, and vendettas can often last Archipelago
several generations. The island of 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft Coral Sea
Bougainville has been granted autonomy 1000m/3281ft
and promised an eventual referendum 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 200 km
on independence. Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 39 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Independent State of
Papua New Guinea
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975
CAPITAL: Port Moresby
POPULATION: 6.9 million
TOTAL AREA: 178,703 sq. miles
(462,840 sq. km)
LANGUAGES: Pidgin English, Papuan, English*,
Motu, c.800 native languages
RELIGIONS: Protestant 60%,
Roman Catholic 37%, other 3%
ETHNIC MIX: Melanesian or mixed race 100%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Kina = 100 toea
 SOUTH AMERICA 297
Paraguay
Landlocked in central South America, and once a
Spanish colony, Paraguay’s postindependence history has
included periods of military rule. Free elections held since 1993.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Paraguay River divides the hilly Agriculture: soybeans are the main
and forested east from a flat alluvial export. Electricity exported from massive
plain, with marsh and semidesert scrub hydroelectric dams, including Itaipú
land in the west. (world’s second-largest, jointly run
with Brazil). Large informal economy.
CLIMATE Corruption and smuggling.
Subtropical. The Gran Chaco is
0 100 km
generally hotter and drier. All areas BOLIVIA
0 100 miles
experience floods and droughts.

Pa
ragu
n
a BRAZIL

ay
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

o
r

c
G a
The population is mainly mestizo C
h
(mixed Spanish and native Guaraní origin).
Most people are bilingual, though in rural Pedro Juan Caballero

areas Guaraní is more widely used. Cattle Concepción

ranchers populate the Chaco, along ARGENTINA Represa
with communities of the German-origin de Itaipú

Mennonite Church. The army is ASUNCIÓN Coronel Oviedo

Lambaré
politically active. Villarrica Ciudad
del Este
Pilar
Paran
INSIGHT: The War of the Triple 1000m/3281ft á
Encarnación
Alliance (1864–1870) killed almost 90% 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
of Paraguay’s male population Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Guaraní*, Spanish*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Paraguay
DATE OF FORMATION: 1811
CAPITAL: Asunción
POPULATION: 6.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 157,046 sq. miles
(406,750 sq. km)
DENSITY: 42 people per sq. mile
German
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 90%,
Protestant (including Mennonite) 10%
ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo 91%, other 7%,
Amerindian 2%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Guaraní = 100 céntimos
298 SOUTH AMERICA

Peru
Once the heart of the Inca Empire, before the Spanish
conquest in the 16th century, Peru lies on the Pacific
coast of South America, just south of the equator.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Coastal plain rises to Andes Abundant mineral resources:
Mountains. Uplands, dissected by fertile notably copper and gold. Rich Pacific
valleys, lie east of the Andes. Tropical fish stocks. Illegal cocaine producer.
forest in extreme east.
INSIGHT: Lake Titicaca is the world’s
CLIMATE highest navigable lake
Coast is mainly arid. Middle slopes Equator
of the Andes are temperate; higher peaks COLOMBIA

Pu
are snow-covered. East is hot, humid,

tu
m
ECUADOR ay
o
and very wet. Iquitos
Amazo
n
Marañón

PEOPLE & SOCIETY Piura

Ucay a
Chiclayo
Though most people are A
BRAZIL

li
Amerindians or mixed-race mestizos, Trujillo Pucallpa
society is dominated by a small group Chimbote
n

Huánuco
of Spanish descendants. Amerindians, LIMA Huancayo
d

and the small black community, suffer Callao e

Cusco
discrimination in towns, but access to PACIFIC Ayacuchos
OCEAN Ica
information and political power are Juliaca
Lake
Titicaca
growing; the first Amerindian president Arequipa
was elected in 2001–2006. Clashes with BOLIVIA
4000m/13124ft Tacna
left-wing militants killed almost 70,000 2000m/6562ft
500m/1640ft
0 200 km CHILE
people between 1980 and 2000. Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Quechua*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Peru
DATE OF FORMATION: 1824
CAPITAL: Lima
POPULATION: 29.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 496,223 sq. miles
(1,285,200 sq. km)
DENSITY: 60 people per sq. mile
Aymara
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 81%, other 19%
ETHNIC MIX: Amerindian 45%, Mestizo
(European–Amerindian) 37%, White 15%,
other 3%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: New sol = 100 céntimos
 ASIA 299
Philippines
Lying in the western Pacific Ocean, the Philippines is
the world’s second-largest archipelago, with 7107 islands, of
which 4600 are named but only around 1000 inhabited.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Larger islands are forested and Coconuts, bananas, pineapples
mountainous. Over 20 active volcanoes. exported. Growing outsourcing center.
Frequent earthquakes. Remittances from abroad. Corruption
and poor infrastructure limit growth.
CLIMATE
Tropical. Warm and humid all year 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
round. Typhoons occur in the rainy 500m/1640ft Babuyan Is.
season: June–October. 200m/656ft P A C I F I C
Sea Level
O C E A N
Luzon Philippine
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sea
Over 100 ethnic groups, most of Cabanatuan
Angeles
which are of Malay origin. The Catholic MANILA
Batangas Legazpi City
Church is a dominant cultural force; it South Mindoro
opposes family-planning, despite high Calbayog
China Samar
Panay
population growth. The Chinese minority Sea
Bacolod City
Iloilo
has been established for 400 years. Palawan Puerto Cebu
Butuan
Women play a prominent part in society. Princesa Negros
it
ra Sulu Iligan
High literacy levels. Islamist separatists and St
b ac Sea Davao
B a la
communist insurgents undermine stability. Zamboanga General
Sulu Mindanao Santos
Archipelago
INSIGHT: Mass “People Power” Celebes Sea
demonstrations have brought down 0 200 km
two presidents, in 1986 and 2001 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Filipino*, English*, Tagalog,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Philippines
DATE OF FORMATION: 1946
CAPITAL: Manila
POPULATION: 93.6 million
TOTAL AREA: 115,830 sq. miles
(300,000 sq. km)
DENSITY: 813 people per sq. mile
Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, many others
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 81%, Protestant
9%, Muslim 5%, other (including Buddhist) 5%
ETHNIC MIX: Other 34%, Tagalog 28%, Cebuano
13%, Ilocano 9%, Hiligaynon 8%, Bisaya 8%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Philippine peso = 100 centavos
300 EUROPE

Poland
Located in the heart of Europe, Poland has undergone
massive social, economic, and political change since the
collapse of communism in 1989. It joined the EU in 2004.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Lowlands, part of the North Heavy industries dominate; services
European Plain, cover most of the growing. Foreign investment reflects large
country. The Tatra Mountains run along potential market. Rapid privatization. Only
the southern border. EU state to avoid recession in 2007–2009
global downturn. Not adopting euro yet.
CLIMATE
Rainfall peaks during the hot Baltic
RUSSIAN
summers. Cold winters with snow, Sea
Gdynia FEDERATION
LITHUANIA
especially in mountains. Gdaúsk
Olsztyn
Szczecin
G ER M A N Y

BELARUS
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Bydgoszcz Biaîystok
Ethnic homogeneity masks a
O

Wîocîawek
de
r

number of tensions. Secular liberals Poznaú

WARSAW
criticize the semiofficial status of the

W
Zielona Îód¶

is
Góra a

î
Roman Catholic Church, and emerging Radom
Lublin
Wrocïaw
wealth disparities are resented by those Czèstochowa
not profiting from the free market. The CZECH Gliwice
Katowice Rzeszów

E
REP.
German minority in the west is growing

IN
Kraków

RA
more assertive. Tatra Mts.

UK
SLOVAKIA
INSIGHT: Wild wisent (European 1000m/3281ft
bison) live in the Bialowieza Forest 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
straddling the Poland–Belarus border Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Polish*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Poland
DATE OF FORMATION: 1918
CAPITAL: Warsaw
POPULATION: 38 million
TOTAL AREA: 120,728 sq. miles
(312,685 sq. km)
DENSITY: 323 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 93%,
other and nonreligious 5%,
Orthodox Christian 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Polish 98%, other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary
system
CURRENCY: Zloty = 100 groszy
 EUROPE 301
Portugal
Portugal, with its long Atlantic coast, lies on the
western side of the Iberian Peninsula, which it shares with Spain.
It is the most westerly country on the European mainland.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Tagus River bisects the Tourism. Exports of vegetables,
country roughly east to west, dividing fruit, wine, cars, and clothing. Mounting
mountainous north from lower and debt forced EU bailout in 2011 and tough
more undulating south. cuts to reduce the budget deficit.

CLIMATE
North is cool and moist. South is Viana do
Castelo Madeira
Vila Real o
warmer, with dry, mild winters. Porto Do
ur
Vila Nova
de Gaia
PEOPLE & SOCIETY ATLANTIC Madeira Is.
A homogeneous and stable society, Coimbra 0 50 km
OCEAN
which is losing some of its conservative 0 50 miles

traditions. History of immigration from SPAIN

Santarém
former colonies, and recently from
Estoril
eastern Europe. Urban areas and the LISBON São
Miguel
Barreiro Évora
south are more socially liberal. The Setúbal
north is more responsive to traditional Beja Azores
Roman Catholic values. Family ties 0 200 km

remain important. Algarve

0 200 miles

Portimão
Faro
INSIGHT: Portugal is the world’s 1000m/3281ft
leading producer of cork, which comes 0 100 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
from the bark of the cork oak 0 100 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Portugal
DATE OF FORMATION: 1139
CAPITAL: Lisbon
POPULATION: 10.7 million
TOTAL AREA: 35,672 sq. miles
(92,391 sq. km)
DENSITY: 301 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 92%,
Protestant 4%, nonreligious 3%, other 1%,
ETHNIC MIX: Portuguese 98%, African
and other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary
system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
302 ASIA

Qatar
Qatar projects from the Arabian Peninsula into the
Persian Gulf. A founding member of OPEC, it is one of the
region's wealthiest states due to oil and natural gas exports.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Flat, semiarid desert with dunes Steady supply of crude oil and
and salt pans. Vegetation is limited to huge natural gas reserves, plus related
small patches of scrub. industries. All other raw materials and
most foods are imported. Strong GDP
CLIMATE growth. Economy is heavily dependent
Hot and humid. Temperatures in on foreign
summer can soar to over 104°F (40°C). workforce.
Ar Ru’ays
Rainfall is rare.
Al Khuwayr
G ulf
PEOPLE & SOCIETY of Madínat al
Ba hr a in Ka‘bán
Only one in five residents is native-
Al Khawr
born; the rest are guest workers from
across the Middle East, the Indian
subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and north Ash Shaíaníyah
Africa. Qataris were once nomadic Ar Rayyán
DOHA
Bedouins, but since the advent of oil Umm Báb
Al Wakrah
wealth, most now live in Doha and its
suburbs, leaving the north dotted with
As Salwá Persian
abandoned villages. Women enjoy Gulf
relative freedom; most wear the veil. SAUDI
ARABIA
UAE
INSIGHT: There are twice as 0 30 km
200m/656ft
many men as women in Qatar 0 30 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*

OFFICIAL NAME: State of Qatar
DATE OF FORMATION: 1971
CAPITAL: Doha
POPULATION: 1.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 4416 sq. miles
(11,437 sq. km)
DENSITY: 353 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 95%,
other 5%
ETHNIC MIX: Qatari 20%, other Arab 20%,
Indian 20%, Nepalese 13%, Filipino 10%,
other 10%, Pakistani 7%
GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
CURRENCY: Qatar riyal = 100 dirhams
 EUROPE 303
Romania
Once dominated by Poles, Hungarians, and Ottomans,
Romania has been slowly converting to a market economy since the
1989 overthrow of its communist regime. It joined the EU in 2007.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Carpathian Mountains encircle Polluting, outdated heavy industries
the Transylvanian plateau. Wide plains and unmechanized agricultural sector.
to the south and east. Danube River Exports of textiles and metals led growth
forms southern border. in 2000s. High budget deficits exposed
economy in 2007–2009 global downturn:
CLIMATE IMF bailout, austerity measures. Plans to
Continental. Summers are hot and join euro in 2015. Privatization continues.
humid, winters are cold and snowy. Very UKRAINE

Pr
heavy spring rains.

ut
Satu Mare Ca
rp Boto∞ani
HUNGARY Baia Mare at Suceava
h Ia∞i
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Oradea

ia
n
Cluj-Napoca ania MOLD.
Romanians are ethnically distinct Bacâu

M
ylv Târgu
ns

ou
Arad ra
from their Slav and Hungarian (Magyar) Mure∞

nt
T

ain
Timi∞oara Foc∞ani UKRAINE
neighbors. Hungarians are the largest Sibiu Bra∞ov

s
Re∞iπa Galaπi
C a r p a √ i i M e r i d i o n a l i Buzâu Brâila
minority, living mainly in Transylvania. Danube
Drobeta-Turnu Pite∞ti
They are protected by the influence of Severin Ploie∞ti Delta

Hungary, unlike the Roma, who suffer SERBIA BUCHAREST Constanπa Black
Craiova e Sea
from discrimination. The overall Da
nub
Mangalia
population is shrinking.
BULGARIA
2000m/6562ft
INSIGHT: In 2001, Romania became 1000m/3281ft
the last country in Europe to lift its 500m/1640ft 0 100 km
200m/656ft
ban on homosexuality Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE Romani, German

OFFICIAL NAME: Romania
DATE OF FORMATION: 1878
CAPITAL: Bucharest
POPULATION: 21.2 million
TOTAL AREA: 91,699 sq. miles (237,500 sq. km)
DENSITY: 238 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: Romanian*, Hungarian (Magyar),
RELIGIONS: Romanian Orthodox 87%,
Roman Catholic 5%, Protestant 5%,
Greek Orthodox 1%, Uniate 1%, other 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Romanian 89%, Magyar 7%,
Roma 3%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: New Romanian leu = 100 bani
304 EUROPE / ASIA

Russian Federation
The Russian Federation was the core of the old Soviet
Union, which broke up in 1991. Russia is still the world's largest
state. Its diversity is a source of both strength and problems.

GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE & SOCIETY

The Ural Mountains divide the 57 “nationalities” and 95 minorities
European steppes and forests from the in addition to ethnic Russians. Separatism
tundra and forests of Siberia. South- suppressed. Population predicted to fall
central deserts and mountains. by 30% in 50 years. HIV/AIDS spreading.

CLIMATE THE ECONOMY

Continental in European Russia, Vast resources (oil, gas, metals,
with warm summers and freezing winters. timber). Inefficient industry, agriculture.
Elsewhere climate ranges from sub-arctic Tax evasion. Black market and organized
to Mediterranean and hot desert. crime. Wealth disparities. 2009 recession.
INSIGHT: The Trans-Siberian
A R C T I C O C E A N Bee r iin
B ng
Railroad, running 5578 miles Sea
Ba ren
re n tsts
(9297 km) from Moscow S ea
Seve
Sev
S ever
e ver
err naya
Zemly
Zem
Z
Ze emly
mly
nay
y
l a
FFINL
INL
IN
NLLAND
AN
A ND
N D
to Vladivostok, is Kalining
gra
rad
add Mur ansk
Murm nsk
ns
n sk
sk
(Russ. Fed
ed
d.)
.)
the longest in the San
Sa
SSank
ank
aannkkt Pe
n Pette
ter
terb
eerb
rb
rbuurrrg
urg g

Kam
BELAA RU
RU S (St
((SSStt PPe
Pet
Pete
eetersb
rsbu
sb
sb
sbu
buurrg)
rg
g))
g
world, traversing .
Yenisey

ts

cha
MO OSC
OSCO
OSSCOW OW No
N
Nor
Nori
ori
or ll’sk
l’’’sk
sk
k Maga
Mag
M
Maaga
aag
g
gaad
da
dan
aan
n
eight time zones M

tk
Nizh
N izh
iz
zzh
hniy
niy
iy Yaku
Yak
Ya
Y akkku
aakuutsk
ttssk
sk Sea
Se a
UK
KR
KR
RA
AIN
INE
NE
NEN
l

Nov
Novg
ovg
o vg
gor
orod
orod
oro
rood
o d off
ra

C Perm
Pe
PPer
eerm
er
rrm
m’ Sib eria a O kkh
Ok khot
kho
h sk
en
U

Ob
au

Vol
Volg
Vo
olg
ol
o llg
gogra
ogr
og
o gra
g
grra
rad L Sakha
Sak
Sa
S akha
aak
k lin
liiin
n
3000m/9843ft
ca

Omsk
O mssk
mskk TToms
’

GEO
ORGGIA
IA
A To
Tom
om
oms
ommssk
su

2000m/6562ft Groz
Grooznnyy
ny
yy
yy
s

1000m/3281ft KAZA
AKKHST
H AN
HST AN Chi
Ch
Chit
C hit
hiit
h ita
500m/1640ft AZER
AZERB
ZERRB. Irk
IIrku
rrku
rk
kku
uts
tsk
tskk See a o f
200m/656ft T rans-Si
Tran s-Si
s-S
Sii ber
S
Sibebbeerirrii aan
n Vladivos
Vladiivos
ossto
to
okk J apan
a pan
ap
apa an
Sea Level 0 1000 km Rail
Raaililro
ill roa
rroad
oad ad
d CHIN
CHI
C HI
HIN
HINNA ( Eas
E ass t Se
Ea S a)
a
MONG
MO
ONG
NGOLIA
NGOLIA
LIA
A
Below Sea Level
0 1000 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Russian*, Tatar, Ukrainian, other

OFFICIAL NAME: Russian Federation RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 75%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1480 Muslim 14%, other 11%
CAPITAL: Moscow ETHNIC MIX: Russian 80%, other 12%,
POPULATION: 140 million Tatar 4%, Ukrainian 2%, Chavash 1%, Bashkir 1%
TOTAL AREA: 6,592,735 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential–
(17,075,200 sq. km) parliamentary system
DENSITY: 21 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Russian rouble = 100 kopeks
 AFRICA 305
Rwanda
Rwanda lies just south of the equator in east central
Africa, far from the nearest sea port. Since independence
from France in 1962, ethnic tensions have dominated politics.

GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY

A series of plateaus descend from
the ridge of volcanic peaks in the west
to the Akagera River on the eastern
border. The Great Rift Valley also passes
through this region.
CLIMATE
Tropical, though tempered by the
altitude. Two wet seasons are separated
by a dry season, from June to August.
Heaviest rain in the west.
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Rwanda is reliant on aid, but (given
stability) could become a big coffee and
tea producer. Exports tin, coltan, and iron
ore. Ecotourism is growing. Possible oil
and gas reserves. Landlocked: high
transportation costs.
INSIGHT: Rwanda’s parliament in
2008 was the first in the world to
have more women members than men
0 50 km
0 50 miles TANZANIA
UGANDA

A
ka
DEM. REP.

ge
For over 500 years the cattle-

ra
CONGO
owning Tutsi minority were politically Ruhengeri Byumba

dominant over the land-owning Hutu. In Lake Gisenyi

Kivu
1959, violent revolt led to a reversal of KIGALI
the roles. Ethnic tensions are fierce; in Kibuye Gitarama Kibungo
the most recent violence, in 1994, over
800,000 people, mostly Tutsi, were Cyangugu
massacred in an act of state-backed Butare

genocide; trials are ongoing. Most people 2000m/6562ft

1000m/3281ft
live at subsistence level. BURUNDI 500m/1640ft

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kinyarwanda*, French*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Rwanda
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962
CAPITAL: Kigali
POPULATION: 10.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 10,169 sq. miles
(26,338 sq. km)
DENSITY: 1069 people per sq. mile
Kiswahili, English*
RELIGIONS: Christian 94%, Muslim 5%
traditional beliefs 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Hutu 85%, Tutsi 14%, other
(including Twa) 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Rwanda franc = 100 centimes
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA
306
St. Kitts & Nevis
A popular Caribbean tourist destination, St. Kitts and
Nevis lies in the northern part of the Leeward Island chain.
Nevis is the smaller and less developed of the two islands.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Volcanic in origin, with forested, Successful tourist industry is
mountainous interiors. Nevis has hot vulnerable to downturns in US market.
and cold springs. Financial services. Once-key sugar
industry closed down in 2005.
CLIMATE
Tropical, tempered by trade winds. INSIGHT: Nevis has been renowned
Little seasonal variation in temperature. as a spa since the 18th century, and is
Moderate rainfall. known as the “Queen of the Caribbean”

0 5 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
0 5 miles
The majority of the population Dieppe Bay Town
are descended from former African St. Paul's ATLANTIC
slaves. There are small numbers of St Kitts Cayon
OCEAN

Europeans, and South Asians, and a

community of Lebanese. Levels of Old Road Golden Rock Airport

emigration are high, and overseas Town BASSETERRE

remittances are an important source
Caribbean
of national income. The government Sea ws
r o Newcastle
has pledged to retrain sugar workers.
ar
eN

Native professionals and civil servants

Th

Nevis
have largely replaced the former 1000m/3281ft Charlestown
Zion
expatriate elite. The secessionist 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Bath
movement on Nevis remains an issue. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, English Creole

OFFICIAL NAME: Federation of Saint
Christopher and Nevis
DATE OF FORMATION: 1983
CAPITAL: Basseterre
POPULATION: 50,314
TOTAL AREA: 101 sq. miles (261 sq. km)
DENSITY: 362 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Anglican 33%, Methodist 29%,
other 22%, Moravian 9%, Roman Catholic 7%
ETHNIC MIX: Black 95%, mixed race 3%,
White 1%, other and Amerindian 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: East Caribbean dollar =
100 cents
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 307
St. Lucia
St. Lucia is one of the most beautiful of the Caribbean
Windward Islands. Ruled by France and the UK at different
times in its past, the island retains the influences of both.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Volcanic and mountainous, with Bananas are still biggest export,
some broad fertile valleys. The Pitons, but struggling to compete since loss
ancient lava cones, rise from the sea on of preferential access to EU market.
the forested west coast. Successful tourism. Offshore banking.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: St. Lucia has two

Tropical, moderated by trade winds. Nobel laureates, the most per
May–October wet season brings daily capita in the world
warm showers. Rainfall is highest in ucia Channel
Saint L
the mountains. 0 5 km
0 5 miles Gros Islet
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The population is a tension-free CASTRIES
mixture of descendants of Africans,
Caribs, and Europeans. Family life and
The ATLAN TI C
the Roman Catholic Church are Canaries
Praslin O CEAN
Pitons
important to most St. Lucians. In Soufrière
rural areas, women often head the Micoud
Caribbean
households and run much of the Sea
farming. Plantation and hotel owners
are the richest group. There is growing Vieux Fort

local resistance to overdevelopment 500m/1640ft

200m/656ft
of the island for tourism. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, French Creole

OFFICIAL NAME: Saint Lucia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1979
CAPITAL: Castries
POPULATION: 161,557
TOTAL AREA: 239 sq. miles
(620 sq. km)
DENSITY: 685 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 90%,
other 10%
ETHNIC MIX: Black 83%, Mulatto
(mixed race) 13%, Asian 3%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: East Caribbean dollar =
100 cents
308 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

St. Vincent & the Grenadines

The islands of St. Vincent and the Grenadines form part
of the Windward group in the Caribbean. St. Vincent is mostly
volcanic, while the Grenadines are flat, mainly bare, coral reefs.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
St. Vincent is mountainous Dependent on agriculture and
and forested, with one of two active tourism. Bananas are the main cash crop.
volcanoes in the Caribbean, La Soufrière. Tourism, targeted at the jet-set and
The Grenadines are 32 islands and cays, cruise-ship markets, is concentrated
fringed by beaches. on the Grenadines.

CLIMATE La Soufrière
1000m/3281ft 4078ft (1234m)
Tropical, with constant trade 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Chateaubelair
winds. Hurricanes are likely during Sea Level Georgetown
the wet season in July–November. St Vincent
0 10 km
KINGSTOWN
0 10 miles Arnos Vale
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Airport
Population is racially diverse;
Bequia
intermarriage has reduced tensions.
Society is informal and relaxed, but Caribbean
Sea
family life is strongly influenced by the Isle
à Quatre Baliceaux
Christian Church. Locals fear that their
s

Mustique
traditional lifestyle is being threatened
ne
di

by the expanding tourist industry. Canouan

na
re
G

Mayreau
he

INSIGHT: The islands’ precolonial

T

Union I. ATLANTIC
inhabitants, the Carib, named them OCEAN
“Harioun” – home of the blessed

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, English Creole

OFFICIAL NAME: Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines
DATE OF FORMATION: 1979
CAPITAL: Kingstown
POPULATION: 103,869
TOTAL AREA: 150 sq. miles (389 sq. km)
DENSITY: 793 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Anglican 47%, Methodist 28%,
Roman Catholic 13%, other 12%
ETHNIC MIX: Black 77%, Mulatto
(mixed race) 19%, other 12%, Carib 2%, Asian 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: East Caribbean dollar =
100 cents
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 309
Samoa
The Pacific islands of Samoa gained independence
from New Zealand in 1962. Four of the nine volcanic
islands are inhabited – Apolima, Manono, Savai’i, and Upolu.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Comprises two large islands and Exports fish, coconut products
seven smaller ones. The two largest (oil, cream, copra), and nonu fruit.
islands have rainforested, mountainous Growth of tourism, offshore banking,
interiors surrounded by coastal lowlands and light manufacturing (Japanese car
and coral reefs. parts). Dependent on aid and expatriate
remittances. Rainforests are increasingly
CLIMATE exploited for timber.
Tropical, with high humidity.
Cooler in May–November. Cyclone INSIGHT: Samoa was named for
season is December–March. the sacred (sa) chickens (moa) of
Lu, son of Tagaloa, the god of creation
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Ethnic Samoans are the world’s 1000m/3281ft
second-largest Polynesian group, Savai‘i Fagamálo 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
after the Maoris. Their way of life is Fálelima Sea Level
communal and formalized. Extended Tuasivi
family groups own 80% of the land. Palauli
it

Taga
ra

Each family has an elected chief, who APIA

St

a
m Upolu
looks after its political and social oli Mulifanua
Ap Ti‘avea
Lotofaga
interests. Large-scale migration to PACIFIC
the US and New Zealand reflects OCEAN
the country’s lack of jobs and the 0 15 km
attractions of a Western lifestyle. 0 15 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 183 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Independent State LANGUAGES: Samoan*, English*
of Samoa RELIGIONS: Christian 99%, other 1%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962 ETHNIC MIX: Polynesian 91%,
CAPITAL: Apia Euronesian (mixed European and
POPULATION: 200,000 Polynesian) 7%, other 2%
TOTAL AREA: 1104 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(2860 sq. km) CURRENCY: Tala = 100 sene
310 EUROPE

San Marino
Perched on the slopes of Monte Titano in the Italian
Appennines, San Marino has maintained its independence since
the 4th century CE, but Italy effectively controls most of its affairs.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Distinctive limestone outcrop of Tourism, banking, manufacturing,
Monte Titano dominates wooded hills and investment all hit by 2008–2009
and pastures near Italy’s Adriatic coast. global downturn. Banking transparency
has improved. Lower tax rates than Italy.
CLIMATE Wine, cheese, olive oil, textiles, and
High altitude and sea breezes ceramics are exported.
moderate a Mediterranean climate. Also relies on Italian
Hot summers and cool, wet winters. subsidy and
infrastructure. Dogana
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Serravalle
Territory is divided into nine Fiorina
“castles,” or districts. Tightly knit Cailungo
Gualdicciolo
society, with 16 centuries of tradition. Borgo Maggiore
Strict immigration rules require SAN MARINO
ITALY
30-year residence before applying Monte Titano
2424ft (739m) Faetano
for citizenship. Living standards A p
Murata
ITALY
are similar to those in northern Italy. p e
n
Chiesanuova n Montegiardino
About 20,000 Sammarinesi live i n
o
abroad, most in Italy.

INSIGHT: Sales of postage stamps

and coins contribute around 10% of 500m/1640ft 0 4 km
200m/656ft
the national income Sea Level 0 4 miles

FACTFILE DENSITY: 1326 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of LANGUAGES: Italian*
San Marino RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 93%, other
DATE OF FORMATION: 1631 and nonreligious 7%
CAPITAL: San Marino ETHNIC MIX: Sammarinese 88%, Italian 10%,
POPULATION: 31,817 other 2%
TOTAL AREA: 23.6 sq. miles GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
(61 sq. km) CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 AFRICA 311
São Tomé & Príncipe
A former Portuguese colony, São Tomé and Príncipe
comprises two main islands and surrounding islets, off the
west coast of Africa. Elections in 1991 ended 15 years of Marxism.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Islands scattered across the Cocoa provides 95% of export
equator. São Tomé and Príncipe are earnings. Coconuts, pepper, coffee also
heavily forested and mountainous. farmed. Tourism potential. Offshore oil
may come onstream in 2014.
CLIMATE
Hot and humid, but cooled by 1000m/3281ft Santo
500m/1640ft Príncipe António
the Benguela Current. Plentiful rainfall. 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Infante
Dom
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Henrique
Population is mostly black, 0 20 km Ilha Caroço
though Portuguese culture pre- 0 20 miles
dominates. Blacks run the political
parties. Society is well integrated and
free from racial prejudice. Príncipe
assumed autonomous status in 1995.
Ilha das Cabras
There is a growing business class. The Neves
extended family offers the main form SÃO TOMÉ
Santana
of social security. One of Africa’s highest
aid-to-population ratios. São Tomé
Santa Cruz
INSIGHT: The population is entirely Porto Alegre
Gulf
of
of immigrant descent: the islands Equator Guinea
were uninhabited when colonized in 1470 Ilha das
Rôlas

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Portuguese Creole,

OFFICIAL NAME: Democratic Republic of
São Tomé and Príncipe
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975
CAPITAL: São Tomé
POPULATION: 179,506
TOTAL AREA: 386 sq. miles (1001 sq. km)
DENSITY: 484 people per sq. mile
Portuguese*
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 84%,
other 16%
ETHNIC MIX: Black 90%, Portuguese
and Creole 10%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Dobra = 100 céntimos
312 ASIA

Saudi Arabia
Occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Arabia
covers an area the size of western Europe. It is the world’s largest
oil producer and has a major petrochemicals industry.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly desert or semidesert Vast oil and natural gas reserves.
plateau. Mountain ranges in the west run A third of workers are foreign. Attractive
parallel to the Red Sea and drop steeply jobs for young Saudis are scarce, however.
to a coastal plain.
INSIGHT: Three million Muslims a year
CLIMATE make the hajj (pilgrimage) to the holy
city of Mecca. Only practicing Muslims are
In summer, temperatures often
allowed inside the city
soar above 118°F (48°C), but in winter
they may fall below freezing. Rainfall
JORDAN IRAQ
is rare.
A n Na fu d KUWAIT
EGYPT
Tabúk
PEOPLE & SOCIETY P ersi a n
Gul f
Ad Dammán
Most Saudis are Sunni Muslims Buraydah
Al Hufúf BAHRAIN
N
who embrace sharia (Islamic law) and Al Madínah QATAR
(Medina)
a
RIYADH
follow the strictly orthodox Wahhabi
j
d Íaraç UAE
Jiddah
interpretation of Islam in their daily lives. (Jedda) Makkah (Mecca)
A√ ◊á’if
Women are obliged to wear the veil,
A r R ub ' al K h á l í
cannot hold a driver's license, and have Re d S e a OMAN
no role in public life. The al-Sa’ud family Abhá
YEMEN
rules with absolute power. Supported by
2000m/6562ft
the religious establishment, it controls all 1000m/3281ft
political life and makes few concessions 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 200 km
to any calls for wider public participation. Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia RELIGIONS: (Native population) Sunni Muslim
DATE OF FORMATION: 1932 85%, Shi’a Muslim 15%
CAPITALS: Riyadh ETHNIC MIX: Arab 72%,
POPULATION: 26.2 million foreign (mostly south or southeast Asian) 20%,
TOTAL AREA: 756,981 sq. miles Afro-Asian 8%
(1,960,582 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
DENSITY: 32 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Saudi riyal = 100 halalat
 AFRICA 313
Senegal
Senegal’s capital, Dakar, stands on the westernmost cape
of Africa. After independence from France, Senegal became a
single-party state, but it has had multiparty elections since 1981.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Arid semidesert in the north. The Good infrastructure, particularly
south is mainly savanna bushland. Plains port at Dakar. Fishing (though stocks
in the southeast. diminishing). Remittances. Phosphate
mining. Groundnuts. Development of
CLIMATE tourism. Oil potential off Casamance.
Tropical, with humid rainy
conditions June–October, and a drier INSIGHT: Senegal’s name derives
season December–May. The coast is from the Muslim Zenega Berbers who
cooled by northern trade winds. invaded in the 1300s
Senegal
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Saint- MAURITANIA
Louis
Interethnic marriage has reduced A TLA NTIC
OC EA N Se
ethnic tensions. Groups can be identified Louga Matam

ne
regionally. Dakar is a Wolof area, with DAKAR

ga
Thiès

l
Diourbel
the Serer concentrated to the east and Mbour
southeast of Dakar. The Senegal River is Kaolack Kaffrine Tambacounda
dominated by the Peul and Toucouleur. MALI
GAMBIA
The Diola (Jola) in Casamance have felt Casamance Kolda Ga
mbia
politically excluded, prompting a long- Ziguinchor
running secessionist struggle; a cease-fire GUINEA-BISSAU
GUINEA
has held since 2004. A large diaspora has
raised global awareness of Senegalese 200m/656ft
0 100 km
culture and music. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Wolof, Serer, Pulaar, Diola,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Senegal
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Dakar
POPULATION: 12.9 million
TOTAL AREA: 75,749 sq. miles
(196,190 sq. km)
DENSITY: 174 people per sq. mile
Mandinka, Malinké, Soninké, French*
RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 95%, Christian
(mainly Catholic) 4%, traditional beliefs 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Wolof 43%, Serer 15%,
other 14%, Peul 14%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 5%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
314 EUROPE

Serbia
The central and eastern region of what was once Yugoslavia,
Serbia was a pariah state until Slobodan Milosevic was ousted
in 2000. Montenegro broke away in 2006, and Kosovo in 2008.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Landlocked since secession of Recovering from sanctions and 1999
Montenegro. Fertile Danube plain in the NATO bombing: GDP is only just back to
north, rolling uplands in the center and pre-1990 level. Reserves of coal, oil.
southeast. Mountains in southwest. Strong industrial base. Privatization
ongoing. Foreign investment growing.
CLIMATE Danube is a key transportation link.
Continental in north, with wet
HUNGARY
springs and warm summers. Colder 0 50 km
Subotica
winters with heavy snow in south. 0 50 miles

Vojvodina
Da Zrenjanin
PEOPLE & SOCIETY CROATIA nube
Serbs are Orthodox Christian, and Novi Sad ROMANIA
Panâevo
their language uses Cyrillic script. The ‹abac
BELGRADE Smederevo
Catholic Magyars (Hungarians) live mainly an

D
ub
in Vojvodina, which has been granted BOSNIA Kragujevac
e

some autonomy. Society was severely & Âaâak

HERZEGOVINA
shaken in the 1990s by interethnic conflict. Kraljevo Kru#evac
Ni#
EU integration is more likely to progress Leskovac
now that Serbia has cooperated in the MONTENEGRO
apprehension of suspected war criminals. KOSOVO BULG.
2000m/6562ft (disputed)
1000m/3281ft
INSIGHT: The medieval Serbian 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft MACEDONIA
Empire reached into northern Greece Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Serbian*, Hungarian (Magyar)

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Serbia
DATE OF FORMATION: 2006
CAPITAL: Belgrade
POPULATION: 9.9 million
TOTAL AREA: 29,905 sq. miles
(77,453 sq. km)
DENSITY: 331 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Orthodox Christian 85%,
other 6%, Roman Catholic 6%,
Muslim 3%
ETHNIC MIX: Serb 83%, other 10%, Magyar 4%,
Bosniak 2%, Roma 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Serbian dinar = 100 para
 AFRICA 315
Seychelles
Formerly a UK colony, the Seychelles comprises
115 islands in the Indian Ocean. After 14 years as a one-
party state, multiparty elections were introduced in 1993.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly low-lying coral atolls, but Tourism is main sector, based
40, including the largest, Mahé, are on appeal of beaches and exotic wildlife.
mountainous and are the only granitic Tuna is fished and canned for export.
midocean islands in the world. Re-export trade. All domestic
requirements are imported. Virtually no
CLIMATE mineral resources. High debt-servicing
Tropical oceanic climate. Hot and burden. Lack of foreign exchange.
humid. Rainy season December–May.

PEOPLE & SOCIETY VICTORIA

Mahé
The islands were uninhabited 0 5 km
Inner Islands
Praslin
when French settlers arrived in 0 5 miles
Grand’Anse Mahé
the 18th century. Today, the population Amirante
is homogeneous – a result of inter- Islands
marriage between ethnic groups.
I N D I A N

s
Almost 90% of people live on Mahé.
d
n
a
Living standards are among Africa’s I s l O C E A N
Aldabra r
highest. Poverty is rare and the Group O u t e
Farquhar
welfare system caters to all. Group

INSIGHT: The Seychelles’ unique

species include the coco-de-mer palm, 0 100 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
which produces the world's largest seeds 0 100 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: French Creole*, English*, French*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Seychelles
DATE OF FORMATION: 1976
CAPITAL: Victoria
POPULATION: 89,188
TOTAL AREA: 176 sq. miles
(455 sq. km)
DENSITY: 858 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 82%,
Anglican 6%, other (including Muslim) 6%,
other Christian 4%, Hindu 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Creole 89%, Indian 5%,
other 4%, Chinese 2%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Seychelles rupee = 100 cents
316 AFRICA

Sierra Leone
The west African state of Sierra Leone achieved
independence from the UK in 1961. Today, trying to recover from ten
years of devastating civil war, it is one of the world’s poorest nations.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Flat plain, running the length of the Aid is vital: reconstruction will
coast, stretches inland for 83 miles take years. Diamond exports, though
(133 km). Beyond, forests rise to highlands smuggling is rife. Rutile and bauxite also
near neighboring Guinea in the northeast. mined. Coffee and cocoa are cash crops,
but most farming is subsistence.
CLIMATE
Hot tropical weather, with very INSIGHT: The British philanthropist
high rainfall and humidity. The dusty, Granville Sharp set up a settlement for
northeastern harmattan wind blows freed slaves in Freetown in 1787
November–April.
1000m/3281ft GUINEA
500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 200m/656ft Kabala
Sea Level
Mende and Temne are the major
ethnic groups. Freetown’s citizens are
Makeni
largely descended from slaves freed
Lunsar Koidu
from Britain and the US, resulting in
FREETOWN
a strongly Anglicized Creole culture Boajibu
in the capital. The countryside is less
Bo
developed. A brutal civil war broke Kenema

out in 1991 and was not properly Sherbro I. LIBERIA

Zimmi
resolved until a 2001 peace ATLANTIC
OCEAN
agreement. Two million people 0 50 km
were displaced during the conflict. 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Mende, Temne, Krio,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Sierra Leone
DATE OF FORMATION: 1961
CAPITAL: Freetown
POPULATION: 5.8 million
TOTAL AREA: 27,698 sq. miles
(71,740 sq. km)
DENSITY: 210 people per sq. mile
English*
RELIGIONS: Muslim 60%, Christian 30%,
traditional beliefs 10%
ETHNIC MIX: Mende 35%, Temne 32%,
other 21%, Limba 8%, Kuranko 4%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Leone = 100 cents
 ASIA 317
Singapore
Linked to the southernmost tip of the Malay peninsula
by a causeway, Singapore was established as a trading settlement
in 1819. It is now one of Asia’s most important commercial centers.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Little remains of the original Wealth from success as entrepôt
vegetation on Singapore Island. The other and center of high-tech industries, such
54 much smaller islands are little more as electronics and pharmaceuticals.
than swampy jungle. Leads research in new biotechnologies.
All food, energy, and water imported.
CLIMATE Worst-ever recession in 2008–2009.
Equatorial. Hot and humid,
with heavy rainfall all year round. INSIGHT: Chewing gum was banned
outright from 1992 to 2004
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 0 5 km
Dominated by the Chinese, who 0 5 miles
make up three-quarters of the M
A
Causeway LA
community. The old English-speaking YS
IA
Straits Chinese and newer Mandarin- Pulau Ubin
Lim
speakers are now well integrated. Chu Kang Bukit
Panjang Pulau Tekong
Malays are generally the poorest Choa
Chu Kang
Houngang
Bukit New Town Changi
group. The population is skilled and Jurong Timah Bedok International
Jurong
industrious; there is a significant Industrial Queenstown New Town
Airport
Estate City
foreign workforce. Society is highly Telok
Blangah
South China
an Sea
regulated; official campaigns aim to tP
and
Sentosa
Pulau Brani
da
improve public behavior. Crime is low Se

and punishment can be severe. Living Urban areas

Open areas
standards are among the world's highest. Strait of Singapore Nature reserves

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Mandarin*, Malay*, Tamil*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Singapore
DATE OF FORMATION: 1965
CAPITAL: Singapore
POPULATION: 4.8 million
TOTAL AREA: 250 sq. miles
(648 sq. km)
DENSITY: 20,339 people per sq. mile
English*
RELIGIONS: Buddhist 55%, Taoist 22%,
Muslim 16%, Hindu, Christian, and Sikh 7%
ETHNIC MIX: Chinese 74%, Malay 14%,
Indian 9%, other 3%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Singapore dollar = 100 cents
318 EUROPE

Slovakia
Landlocked in central Europe, Slovakia became a
separate state in 1993, splitting ex-communist Czechoslovakia in
two. It joined the EU in 2004 and the eurozone five years later.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Tatra Mountains stretch along Heavy industry, especially cars.
the northern border with Poland. Exports hit by 2007–2009 global
Southern lowlands include the fertile downturn. Inexpensive workforce. Rising
Danube plain. foreign investment. High unemployment,
budget deficits. Successful privatizations.
CLIMATE
Continental. Moderately warm INSIGHT: From 1526 to 1784 Bratislava,
summers and steady rainfall. Cold winters then known as Pozsony, served as the
with heavy snowfalls. capital of Hungary

PEOPLE & SOCIETY POLAND

The majority Slovaks are the Car
dominant group. The Magyars pathian Mts. Bardejov
CZECH ·ilina
(Hungarians) seek protection of REPUBLIC
Pre#ov

E
Martin

AIN
their language and culture, backed Trenâín Ko#ice

UKR
by Hungary. Magyar parties exist Banská Bystrica
AUS. Trnava
in the political mainstream, and Nitra Luâenec
on occasion form part of the BRATISLAVA
D
ruling coalition. Ethnic Czechs a n ube
HUNGARY
have dual citizenship. Roma are
2000m/6562ft
unrepresented and face significant 1000m/3281ft
discrimination. Rural eastern regions 0 50 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
are least developed. 0 50 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Slovak*, Hungarian (Magyar), Czech

OFFICIAL NAME: Slovak Republic RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 69%, other 13%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1993 nonreligious 13%, Greek Catholic (Uniate) 4%,
CAPITAL: Bratislava Orthodox Christian 1%
POPULATION: 5.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Slovak 86%, Magyar 10%,
TOTAL AREA: 18,859 sq. miles Roma 2%, Czech 1%, other 1%
(48,845 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 285 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 EUROPE 319
Slovenia
Lying at the junction of central Europe and the
Balkans, Slovenia seceded from socialist Yugoslavia in 1991. In
2004, it became the first former Yugoslav state to join the EU.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Alpine terrain with hills and First new EU member to join
mountains. Forests cover almost half the eurozone (in 2007). Export-oriented, so
country’s area. There is a short coastline vulnerable to global economic trends.
on the Adriatic Sea. Competitive manufacturing industry.
Sizable state-owned sector remains.
CLIMATE
Mediterranean climate on the small INSIGHT: A wheel found in a marsh
coastal strip. The alpine interior has in 2003 is claimed to be the world’s
continental extremes. oldest, pre-dating 3000 BCE
1000m/3281ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Long historical association with Sea Level HUNGARY
western Europe, accounts for the “Alpine” AUSTRIA Murska
Sobota
rather than “Balkan” outlook of Mu

Dr
ra
Slovenia’s people, despite close Maribor

av
a
similarities to other former Jesenice
Ptuj
Kranj Celje
Yugoslavs. The absence of sizable
I T A L Y

Serb or Croat minorities made for LJUBLJANA Sava

a relatively peaceful secession Nova Gorica Kr#ko

from Yugoslavia. There are small Breªice
Postojna
communities of Italians and Adriatic CROATIA
Sea
Magyars (Hungarians) in the Ko
lpa 0 25 km
southwest and east respectively. 0 25 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Slovenian*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Slovenia RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 58%, other 28%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 Atheist 10%, Orthodox Christian 2%,
CAPITAL: Ljubljana Muslim 2%
POPULATION: 2 million ETHNIC MIX: Slovene 83%, other 12%,
TOTAL AREA: 7820 sq. miles Serb 2%, Croat 2%, Bosniak 1%
(20,253 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 256 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
320 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Solomon Islands
The Solomons archipelago comprises several
hundred coral reef islands scattered in the southwestern
Pacific. Most of the population live on the six largest islands.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The six largest islands are volcanic, Subsistence farming and fishing
mountainous, and thickly forested. sustain 75% of people. Cash crops are
Flat coastal plains provide the only copra and cocoa. Gold deposits. Civil
cultivable land. conflict bankrupted the government,
closed the main gold mine, and cut
CLIMATE trade links. Forests have been depleted.
Northern islands are hot and
humid all year round; farther south a INSIGHT: The battle for Japanese-
cool season develops. November–April held Guadalcanal was the first major
wet season brings cyclones. US offensive in the Pacific War during
World War II
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Almost all Solomon Islanders are P A C I F I C
Choiseul
Melanesian. Animist beliefs exist alongside Santa Isabel
O C E A N
New Gizo
Christianity. Tensions are regional; Georgia Munda Malaita
Santa Cruz
Guadalcanal natives (Isatabu) fought New Georgia Is. HONIARA Islands
Guadalcanal
against immigrant Malaitan workers in the Kirakira Lata
1998–2000 conflict, displacing thousands Solomon
San Cristobal
Rennell
and ruining the economy. In 2003, Sea

Australian-led peacekeepers arrived.

A new devolved "state system" has
granted outlying islands more autonomy 500m/1640ft
0 200 km
and brought a semblance of stability. Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE Melanesian Pidgin, c. 120 others

OFFICIAL NAME: Solomon Islands
DATE OF FORMATION: 1978
CAPITAL: Honiara
POPULATION: 500,000
TOTAL AREA: 10,985 sq. miles (28,450 sq. km)
DENSITY: 46 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: English*, Pidgin English,
RELIGIONS: Church of Melanesia (Anglican)
34%, Roman Catholic 19%, other 19%, South
Seas Evangelical Church 17%, Methodist 11%
ETHNIC MIX: Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%,
Micronesian 2%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Solomon Is. dollar = 100 cents
 AFRICA 321
Somalia
A semiarid state occupying the Horn of Africa, Somalia
was formed from the Italian and British colonies of Somaliland.
Conflict has left it without effective government since 1991.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Highlands in the north, flatter Ongoing war. All goods, except
scrub-covered land to the south. arms, are in short supply. Piracy, banditry.
Coastal areas are more fertile. Few natural resources. Prone to drought;
latest famine declared in 2011. Somaliland
CLIMATE is more stable, but its trade is hampered
Very dry, except for the north by lack of international recognition.
coast, which is hot and humid. The
INSIGHT: Until 1973, Somali was an
interior has among the world’s highest unwritten language
average annual temperatures.
Raas
Gulf of Aden Caseyr
DJIBOUTI
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Berbera

d
SOMALILAND

an
The clan system forms the basis (not internationally

ntl
Hargeysa
of all commercial, political, and social recognized)

Pu
Burco
life. Most people are ethnic Somali. The Garoowe
minority Bantu are traditionally seen as ETHIOPIA
Gaalkacyo
socially inferior. Since the 1991 coup,
INDIAN
Somalia has lacked a strong central Beledweyne
OCEAN
authority. Somaliland has declared KENYA Baydhabo
0 200 km
independence, while Puntland claims MOGADISHU
0 200 miles
autonomy. Islamist militias now control Marka
1000m/3281ft
most of the country: some have joined Jilib Equator 500m/1640ft
the latest attempt at a transitional Kismaayo 200m/656ft
Sea Level
government, but fighting continues. Below Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Somali*, Arabic*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Somalia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Mogadishu
POPULATION: 9.4 million
TOTAL AREA: 246,199 sq. miles
(637,657 sq. km)
DENSITY: 39 people per sq. mile
English, Italian
RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 99%,
Christian 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Somali 85%,
other 15%
GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
CURRENCY: Somali shilin = 100 senti
322 AFRICA

South Africa
After 80 years of white minority rule, South Africa held
its first multiracial, multiparty elections in 1994. Victory for the
blacks marked the symbolic overturning of long years of apartheid.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Much of the interior is grassy veld. Africa’s largest, most developed
Desert in the west and far north. economy. Leading mineral producer,
Mountains east, south, and west. notably metals, diamonds, coal. Tourism
is also key. Wealth gap has widened: jobs,
CLIMATE housing, and better access to basic
Warm, temperate, and dry. services are needed to fight poverty.
Cape Town has a Mediterranean climate. 2000m/6562ft
Semiarid in the west. 1000m/3281ft ZIMBABWE
500m/1640ft
o

MOZAMBI
Sea Level p
po
m
PEOPLE & SOCIETY BOTSWANA Li
The majority black population now
PRETORIA/ Middelburg

QUE
dominates politically, but the minority Kalahari TSHWANE
Johannesburg
white community still controls the NAMIBIA
Vryburg Soweto SWAZILAND
Desert al Piet Retief
economy. A small black middle class is Upington Va
Orange Kroonstad
growing, but unemployment among Kimberley
blacks remains high. Nearly six million BLOEMFONTEIN Pietermaritzburg
K a r o o LESOTHO
he n

g
r
people are HIV-positive, but the fight t

er
r Durban
No Middelburg
sb
against AIDS is hampered by social e
n INDIAN
Karoo
Great
k

attitudes. Violent crime is a problem. CAPE a r OCEAN

TOWN Beaufort West D East London
George Port Elizabeth
INSIGHT: Over the last century, Cape of
South Africa has produced over Good Hope 0 400 km
half of the world’s gold 0 400 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, isiZulu*, isiXhosa*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of South Africa
DATE OF FORMATION: 1934
CAPITALS: Pretoria / Tshwane; Cape Town;
Bloemfontein
POPULATION: 50.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 471,008 sq. miles (1,219,912 sq. km)
DENSITY: 107 people per sq. mile
Afrikaans*, 7 other official languages*
RELIGIONS: Christian 68%, animist and
traditional beliefs 29%, Muslim 2%, Hindu 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Black 80%, White 9%,
Colored 9%, Asian 2%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Rand = 100 cents
 AFRICA 323
South Sudan
A long civil war in Sudan led to independence in 2011
for the mainly Christian southern part. The landlocked new state
is poor and lacks vital infrastructure, despite its oil reserves.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The White Nile flows through Needs foreign aid for humanitarian
South Sudan, from remote forest areas crisis and development. Issues over oil
into the world's largest swamp, the Sudd. revenue and borders remain unresolved
with Sudan, which controls sole oil
CLIMATE export pipeline. Inherited foreign debt.
Tropical South Sudan's long, heavy
rains result in some areas getting cut off. INSIGHT: Decades of fighting from 1983
January to March is drier. left over four million internally displaced

0 200 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
0 200 miles
Most people are subsistence 200m/656ft
Sea Level
farmers. Village life is based on extended

ite Nile
families; arranged marriages involve the
payment of bride-price. There are over SUDAN

Wh
60 language groups. The Nilotic tribes Malakal
include the Dinka and Nuer; the Jur
largest non-Nilotic group are the Wau ETHIOPIA
Azande on the Congolese border. S u d d Rumbek
Pi
CENTRAL or Elemi
b
Tribal divisions could threaten unity now AFRICAN Bor Triangle
Su

the common cause of independence REPUBLIC e

JUBA Lotagipi
has been won. The Sudanese People's Swamp

Liberation Movement, whose armed wing DEM. REP. KENYA

CONGO
led the fighting, dominates politics. UGANDA

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic, Dinka, Nuer, Zande, Bari,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of South Sudan Shilluk, Lotuko
DATE OF FORMATION: 2011 RELIGIONS: Over half of the population
CAPITAL: Juba follow Christian or traditional beliefs
POPULATION: 8.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Dinka 40%, Nuer 15%, Bari 10%,
TOTAL AREA: 248,777 sq. miles Azande 10%, Shilluk 10%, Arab 10%, other 5%
(644,329 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 33 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: South Sudan pound = 100 piastres
324 EUROPE

Spain
At its unification under Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492,
Spain occupied a pivotal position between Europe, Africa,
the North Atlantic, and the Mediterranean.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountain ranges in the north, Exports food, wine. Few natural
center, and south, with a huge central resources. Large fishing fleet. Tourism and
plateau. Mediterranean lowlands. motor industry hit by global downturn;
Verdant valleys in the northwest. highest unemployment in EU since abrupt
end of construction boom. Austerity
CLIMATE measures aim to cut debt and deficits. A
Maritime in north. Hotter and drier target for economic migrants from Africa.
in south. The central plateau has an
0 100 km
extreme climate. Bay of Biscay
0 100 miles
Gijón Donostia-
A Coruña Bilbao San Sebastián
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Santander P y FRANCE
Vigo León Burgos re
A vigorous ethnic regionalism, Ourense n e e ANDORRA
s
Logroño
suppressed under Franco’s fascist Valladolid Soria
Lleida
Zaragoza
regime, now flourishes. There are Ávila T a gu
Barcelona
Tarragona
PORTUGAL
17 autonomous regions. People MADRID
s
Menorca

remain churchgoing, though Roman Getafe Mallorca Palma

Valencia
Catholic teachings on social issues are Badajoz Albacete
Ibiza
Islas
Baleares
often flouted. Spanish women are Córdoba Murcia Alicante
increasingly emancipated, with strong Huelva Sevilla
Granada Cartagena
political representation. Málaga
Cádiz Almería 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
INSIGHT: Over 3000 festivals and 500m/1640ft
Me dite r r an e an 200m/656ft
feasts take place each year in Spain Sea Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Catalan*, Galician*,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Spain
DATE OF FORMATION: 1492
CAPITAL: Madrid
POPULATION: 45.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 194,896 sq. miles
(504,782 sq. km)
DENSITY: 235 people per sq. mile
Basque*
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 96%, other 4%
ETHNIC MIX: Castilian Spanish 72%,
Catalan 17%, Galician 6%, Basque 2%,
Roma 1%, other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 ASIA 325
Sri Lanka
The teardrop-shaped island of Sri Lanka is separated
from India by the Palk Strait. Ethnic Tamil rebels – the Tamil
Tigers – were defeated in 2009, after a brutal 26-year civil war.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The main island is dominated by Garment industry. Remittances.
rugged central highlands. Fertile northern Major tea exporter. Civil war drained
plains are dissected by rivers. Much of government funds, deterred investors
the land is tropical jungle. and tourists. Tsunami damage in 2004.
INSIGHT: Sri Lanka elected the world’s
CLIMATE
first woman prime minister, Sirimavo
Tropical, with breezes on the coast Bandaranaike, in 1960
and cooler air in highlands. Northeast is t
0 50 km
rai
driest and hottest. St 0 50 miles
k
P al Bay
Jaffna of
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Bengal
Gulf
The Sinhalese are mostly of
Mannar
Buddhist, while Tamils are mostly Mannar
Trincomalee
Hindu. Moors are the Muslim
Anuradhapura
descendants of Arab traders. Tamils Puttalam
were the minority group favored by Batticaloa
the British colonists. Majority-Sinhalese INDIAN
power since independence in 1948 Negombo Kandy OCEAN
fueled tensions, erupting into civil COLOMBO
SRI JAYEWARDENAPURA
war in 1983. The eventual government Kalutara
Ratnapura KOTTE
2000m/6562ft
victory in 2009 made this the 1000m/3281ft
Galle
only rebel insurgency ever 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft Matara
defeated in modern times. Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Sinhala*, Tamil*, English

OFFICIAL NAME: Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka
DATE OF FORMATION: 1948
CAPITAL: Colombo / Sri Jayewardenapura Kotte
POPULATION: 20.4 million
TOTAL AREA: 25,332 sq. miles (65,610 sq. km)
DENSITY: 816 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%,
Muslim 8%, Christian 8%
ETHNIC MIX: Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%,
Moor 7%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Mixed presidential–
parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Sri Lanka rupee = 100 cents
326 AFRICA

Sudan
The secession of the black African south in 2011 left
Sudan as Africa's third-largest country. Darfur in the west is
suffering a terrible humanitarian crisis.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Lies within the upper Nile basin. Oil reserves reduced by secession
Mostly arid plains. Highlands border the of South. Cotton, sesame, gum arabic.
Red Sea in the northeast. Violence and drought hamper farming.
Millions of people displaced. Large debt.
CLIMATE
North is hot, arid desert with INSIGHT: Sudan has more pyramids
constant dry winds. Rainy season lasting a than Egypt: over 200 structures remain
few months in the south. from ancient Nubian kingdoms on the Nile

EGYPT
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

Re
LIBYA Nubian
About two million people are

d
Desert

Se
Nil e
nomads. There are many ethnic groups. Port Sudan
Atbara

a
Islamic law, imposed by the Arab CHAD
fur
Omdurman ERITREA
majority, restricts women's freedoms and KHARTOUM
ar

Kassala
alienated the non-Muslim south, which El Geneina Sodiri Wad Medani
D

El Obeid
finally seceded in 2011 after prolonged White Nile
Kosti
Blue Nile
conflict. Ethnic violence by Arab militias ETHIOPIA
in Darfur since 2003 has killed 300,000 SOUTH
C.A.R.
people and created a huge refugee crisis SUDAN
within Sudan and in neighboring Chad
2000m/6562ft
and CAR. President Bashir faces an 1000m/3281ft
international arrest warrant for crimes 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 400 km
against humanity. Sea Level 0 400 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Nubian, Beja, Fur

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of the Sudan
DATE OF FORMATION: 1956
CAPITAL: Khartoum
POPULATION: 34 million
TOTAL AREA: 718,722 sq. miles
(1,861,481 sq. km)
DENSITY: 47 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Nearly the whole population is
Muslim (mainly Sunni)
ETHNIC MIX: Arab 60%, other 18%, Nubian
10%, Beja 8%, Fur 3%, Zaghawa 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: New Sudanese pound
= 100 piastres
 SOUTH AMERICA 327
Suriname
Suriname is a former Dutch colony on the north coast of
South America. Democracy was restored in 1991, after almost 11 years
of military rule. The Netherlands is still the main supplier of aid.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly covered by tropical Alumina and gold are the key
rainforest. Coastal plain rises to central exports. Rice and bananas are main cash
plateaus and the Guiana Highlands. crops. Oil production and tourism are
growing. Excessive bureaucracy.
CLIMATE
Tropical. Hot and humid, but INSIGHT: In a 1667 Anglo-Dutch deal,
cooled by trade winds. High rainfall, Holland gained Suriname but lost New
especially in the interior. Amsterdam (now New York)
A TLA NTIC O CEAN

PEOPLE & SOCIETY

The Dutch brought laborers Nieuw PARAMARIBO Nieuw
Amsterdam
from South Asia and Java. Independence Nickerie Kwakoegron
ne
saw mass emigration: over 300,000 ty

i
an Brokopondo

Ma r o n
r
Cou

Surinamese live in the Netherlands.

Of those left, over 85% live near the W.J. van FRENCH
Blommesteinmeer GUIANA
coast, the rest in scattered rainforest
communities. Indigenous Amerindians
only number a few thousand. Bosnegers – GUYANA
Gui
ana
descended from runaway African slaves – Highlands

fought the military government in the BRAZIL

late 1980s. Under civilian rule, each 1000m/3281ft
group has had a political party 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 200 km
representing its interests. Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE Javanese, Sarnami, Saramaccan, Chinese, Carib

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Suriname
DATE OF FORMATION: 1975
CAPITAL: Paramaribo
POPULATION: 500,000
TOTAL AREA: 63,039 sq. miles (163,270 sq. km)
DENSITY: 8 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: Sranan (Creole), Dutch*, Hindi,
RELIGIONS: Christian 48%, Hindu 27%,
Muslim 20%, traditional beliefs 5%
ETHNIC MIX: East Indian 27%, Creole 18%,
Black 15%, Javanese 15%, mixed race 13%,
other 6%, Amerindian 4%, Chinese 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Surinamese dollar = 100 cents
328 AFRICA

Swaziland
The tiny southern African kingdom of Swaziland is
crippled with HIV/AIDS and economically dependent on South
Africa. Vocal demands for multiparty democracy have been ignored.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly high plateaus and mountains. Sugarcane is the main cash crop.
Rolling grasslands and low scrub plains to Wood pulp and soft drink concentrates
the east. Pine forests on western border. are also exported. Loss of workforce to
HIV/AIDS, and high cost of health care.
CLIMATE
Temperatures rise and rainfall 0 25 km
declines as the land descends eastward, 0 25 miles
from high to low grassy veld.
Piggs Peak
Tshaneni
PEOPLE & SOCIETY SOUTH
One of Africa’s most conservative AFRICA

states, though there is pressure from MBABANE

urban-based modernizers. Political Manzini
Siteki
system promotes Swazi tradition and Bhunya
Sidvokodvo
is dominated by powerful monarchy.
Women face discrimination. Swaziland
has the world’s highest prevalence of Hlathikulu
HIV/AIDS: chastity is urged to combat MOZAMBIQUE
its spread. Nhlangano

SOUTH AFRICA
INSIGHT: Polygamy is practiced 1000m/3281ft
in Swaziland – when King Sobhuza 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
died in 1982, he left 100 widows Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English*, siSwati*, isiZulu,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Swaziland
DATE OF FORMATION: 1968
CAPITAL: Mbabane
POPULATION: 1.2 million
TOTAL AREA: 6704 sq. miles
(17,363 sq. km)
DENSITY: 181 people per sq. mile
Xitsonga
RELIGIONS: Traditional beliefs 40%,
other 30%, Roman Catholic 20%,
Muslim 10%
ETHNIC MIX: Swazi 97%, other 3%
GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
CURRENCY: Lilangeni = 100 cents
 EUROPE 329
Sweden
The largest Scandinavian country by both population and
area, Sweden has one of the world’s most extensive welfare systems
and is among the leading proponents of equal rights for women.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Heavily forested, with many lakes. Companies of global importance,
Northern plateau extends beyond the including Volvo, Saab, SFK, Ericsson.
Arctic Circle. Southern lowlands are Highly developed infrastructure. Up-to-
widely cultivated. date technology. Skilled workforce.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Sweden FINLAND

Southern coasts warmed by has maintained a
Gulf Stream. Northern areas have position of armed
Arctic Lapland
more extreme continental climate. neutrality since 1815 Circle

AY
Luleå
PEOPLE & SOCIETY

RW
The nuclear family forms the

NO
Umeå Gul f
basis of society, but the marriage rate Östersund of
Bot hni a
is one of the lowest in the world, and 1000m/3281ft Sundsvall
cohabitation is now common. The model 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
welfare system is paid for by a high tax Sea Level
burden. Women are well represented at Uppsala
Västerås
all levels. A minority of 20,000 Sámi lives Örebro
in the far north. Most industries and the Vänern STOCKHOLM
Vättern Norrköping
bulk of population are based in and Göteborg Jönköping
around the southern cities. An EU Gotland
Kattegat Öland
member since 1995, Sweden has 0 100 km Helsingborg
voted not to join the euro. 0 100 miles Malmö Baltic Sea

FACTFILE RELIGIONS: Evangelical Lutheran 75%,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Sweden
DATE OF FORMATION: 1523
CAPITAL: Stockholm
POPULATION: 9.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 173,731 sq. miles (449,964 sq. km)
DENSITY: 59 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: Swedish*, Finnish, Sámi
other 13%, other Protestant 5%,
Muslim 5%, Roman Catholic 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Swedish 86%, foreign-born
or first-generation immigrant 12%,
Finnish and Sámi 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Swedish krona = 100 öre
330 EUROPE

Switzerland
One of the world’s most prosperous countries, Switzerland
sits at the center of Europe. It has retained its neutral status
through every major European conflict since 1815.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly mountainous, with river Diversified economy relies on
valleys. The Alps cover 60% of its area; services – the banking sector manages
the Jura in the west cover 10%. Lowlands over a quarter of the world’s offshore
lie along the east–west axis. private wealth – and specialized
industries (engineering, watches, etc).
CLIMATE
Most rain falls in the warm summer INSIGHT: Famed for its neutrality,
months. Winters are snowy, but milder Switzerland only joined the UN in
and foggy away from the mountains. 2002, and remains outside the EU
Avalanches are a problem.
Schaffhausen GERMANY
R hine Lake Constance
Basel Winterthur
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Sankt Gallen
a
Switzerland is composed of FRANCE u rBiel Zürich AUSTRIA
J
Luzern
distinct German-Swiss, French-Swiss, Neuchâtel
BERN
LIECHTENSTEIN
Lac de Chur
and Italian-Swiss linguistic groups. In the Neuchâtel R hin
e

east, a 35,000-strong minority speaks Interlaken

l p s Davos
Lausanne A ône
Romansch. The country is divided into Lake Geneva Montreux
Rh
26 autonomous cantons (states), each Genève Sion
Brig Locarno
ITALY
with control over housing and FRANCE Lake Lugano
ITALY Maggiore
economics. Public referenda are widely
3000m/9843ft
used to decide policy. Society is 2000m/6562ft
conservative; marriage is common but 0 50 km 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
divorce is above the EU average rate. 0 50 miles 200m/656ft

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: German*, Swiss-German,

OFFICIAL NAME: Swiss Confederation
DATE OF FORMATION: 1291
CAPITAL: Bern
POPULATION: 7.6 million
TOTAL AREA: 15,942 sq. miles
(41,290 sq. km)
DENSITY: 495 people per sq. mile
French*, Italian*, Romansch*
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 42%, Protestant
35%, other and nonreligious 19%, Muslim 4%
ETHNIC MIX: German 64%, French 20%,
other 9.5%, Italian 6%, Romansch 0.5%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Swiss franc = 100 rappen/centimes
 ASIA 331
Syria
Stretching from the eastern Mediterranean to the Tigris
River, Syria’s borders are regarded as an artificial creation of French
colonial rule by many Syrians. Foreign relations are turbulent.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A short stretch of coastal plain Oil, though production is falling.
is backed by a low range of hills. The Natural gas. High defense spending. Large
Euphrates River cuts through a vast public sector. Agriculture: fruit, cotton,
interior desert plateau. and grain. Under US sanctions.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Syria is an ancient land;

Mediterranean coastal climate. there are at least 3500 as yet
Inland areas are arid. In winter, snow is unexcavated archaeological sites
common on the mountains.
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Most Syrians live within 60 miles Sea Level TURKEY
Al Qámishlí
(100 km) of the coast. 90% are Muslim,
Íalab (Aleppo) Al Íasakah
including the politically dominant Shi’a Idlib
Alawis. In the north and west are groups Al Ládhiqíyah
Ar Raqqah
Buíayrat
of Kurds, Armenians, and Turkic-speaking

Eu
al-Asad
Íamáh

ph
peoples. Some 460,000 Palestinian

ra
∏arπús Íim§ IRAQ

tes
refugees live in Syria, and over a million
on

LEBANON rt
an

b se
Iraqis have fled here since 2003. There ti-
Le De
An Dúmá S y r i
an
is a growing gulf between rich and Golan
poor. Fierce repression of pro-democracy Heights DAMASCUS
Dar‘á
protests in 2011 drew international ISRAEL 0 100 km
condemnation. JORDAN 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, French, Kurdish,

OFFICIAL NAME: Syrian Arab Republic
DATE OF FORMATION: 1941
CAPITAL: Damascus
POPULATION: 22.5 million
TOTAL AREA: 71,498 sq. miles
(184,180 sq. km)
DENSITY: 317 people per sq. mile
Armenian, Circassian, Assyrian, Aramaic
RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawi 12%,
Christian 10%, Druze 3%, other 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Arab 90%, Kurd 9%, Armenian,
Turkmen, and Circassian 1%
GOVERNMENT: One-party state
CURRENCY: Syrian pound = 100 piastres
332 ASIA

Taiwan
The republic of Taiwan (formerly Formosa) is on an
island 80 miles (130 km) off the southeast coast of mainland
China, which still considers it to be a renegade province.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountain region covers two-thirds Successful economy of small,
of the island. Highly fertile lowlands and adaptable companies. High-tech goods:
coastal plains. TVs, computers, and semiconductors.
Rising trade, investment with China.
CLIMATE
Tropical monsoon. Hot and humid. INSIGHT: Taiwan lost its seat at
Typhoons July–September. Snow falls in the UN to Beijing in 1971: both
mountains in winter. claim to represent “China”
TAIPEI Jilong
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Pate Hsintien
3000m/9843ft Xinzhu
Most Taiwanese are Han Chinese, 2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
descendants of the 1644 migration of 500m/1640ft

o
the Ming dynasty from the mainland. 200m/656ft Taizong

nm
Sea Level Zhanghua

Sha
The modern republic was created in 1949, Yuanlin Hualian
when the nationalist Kuomintang was

ng
Jiayi

ga
expelled from the mainland following PACIFIC

un
Communist victory in the civil war. OCEAN
Ch
Tainan
100,000 emigrés established themselves Taidong
as a ruling class. Initial resentment has
Gaoxiong Pingdong
subsided as a new Taiwan-born S ou th Chin a
generation has taken over the reins Sea
of power. The aboriginal minority 0 40 km
suffers discrimination. 0 40 miles

FACTFILE Mandarin Chinese*, Hakka Chinese

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of China (ROC)
DATE OF FORMATION: 1949
CAPITAL: Taipei
POPULATION: 23.1 million
TOTAL AREA: 13,892 sq. miles (35,980 sq. km)
DENSITY: 1852 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: Amoy Chinese,
RELIGIONS: Buddhist, Confucianist,
and Taoist 93%, Christian 5%, other 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Han Chinese (pre-20th-century
migration) 84%, Han Chinese (20th-century
migration) 14%, Aboriginal 2%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Taiwan dollar = 100 cents
 ASIA 333
Tajikistan
Tajikistan lies landlocked on the western slopes of the
Pamirs in central Asia. Soon after the breakup of the USSR in
1991, civil war erupted between ruling communists and Islamists.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly mountainous: bare slopes of Mass poverty. Declining cotton
the Pamir ranges, with fast-flowing rivers, revenue. Also exports aluminum. Uranium
cover most of the country. Small but deposits. Transit route for illicit Afghan
fertile Fergana Valley in northwest. opium. Corruption. Needs reforms to
attract foreign investment.
CLIMATE
Continental extremes in the valleys. INSIGHT: Carpet-making, an ancient
Bitterly cold winters in the mountains. tradition learned from Persia, is still a
Rainfall is low. major source of revenue
0 100 km 4000m/13124ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 3000m/9843ft
0 100 miles 2000m/6562ft
Unlike the other former Soviet 1000m/3281ft
republics of central Asia, Tajikistan is UZBEKISTAN
500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
dominated by a people of Persian Fergana Valley

(Iranian) rather than Turkic origin. Khujand Isfara

The main ethnic conflict is with the Ûroteppa

KYRGYZSTAN
Turkic Uzbek minority. Russians are CHINA
Panjakent
discriminated against; most fled
DUSHANBE
in the 1992–1997 civil war, and P a m i r s
Norak
standards of living fell dramatically.
Qûrghonteppa
Islamist militants are active. Two Kûlob
Farkhor Khorugh
a
million people work abroad, Am
u D rya
primarily in Russia. AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Tajik*, Uzbek,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Tajikistan
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991
CAPITAL: Dushanbe
POPULATION: 7.1 million
TOTAL AREA: 55,251 sq. miles
(143,100 sq. km)
DENSITY: 129 people per sq. mile
Russian
RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 95%,
Shi’a Muslim 3%, other 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Tajik 80%, Uzbek 15%, other 3%,
Kyrgyz 1%, Russian 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Somoni = 100 diram
334 AFRICA

Tanzania
The east African state of Tanzania was formed in
1964 by the union of Tanganyika and the Zanzibar islands.
A third of its area is game reserve or national park.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The mainland is mostly a high Reliant on agriculture, including
plateau lying to the east of the Great forestry and cattle. Coffee, cotton, tea,
Rift Valley. Forested coastal plain. cashew nuts, sisal, and cloves are cash
Highlands in the north and south. crops. Gold, diamonds, and gems mined.
Safari and beach tourism. Debt relief.
CLIMATE
Tropical on the coast and Equator
Zanzibar. Semiarid on central UGANDA Lake
KENYA
Victoria Musoma
plateau, semitemperate in the RWANDA Kilimanjaro
highlands. March–May rains. Mwanza
n 19,340ft (5895m)
ai
BURUNDI Shinyanga Pl
t i Arusha Moshi
n ge
PEOPLE & SOCIETY re Masai
Kigoma Se
Tabora Steppe Tanga
99% of people belong to one L. Tanganyika
Zanzibar
Gr

of 120 small ethnic Bantu groups. Arabs, DODOMA

ea

DEM. REP. Morogoro Dar es

Asians, and Europeans make up the Salaam
t

CONGO Iringa
R

remaining population. Use of Kiswahili

if

t
V INDIAN
al
as the lingua franca has eliminated l e Mbeya
y OCEAN
ZAMBIA
ethnic rivalries. The majority of Lindi
Songea
Tanzanians are subsistence famers. MALAWI Mtwara
L.Nyasa R u v um
a
3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft MOZAMBIQUE
INSIGHT: At 19,340 ft (5895 m), 1000m/3281ft
Kilimanjaro in northeast Tanzania 500m/1640ft 0 200 km
200m/656ft
is Africa’s highest mountain Sea Level 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Kiswahili*, Sukuma, Chagga,

OFFICIAL NAME: United Republic of Tanzania Nyamwezi, Hehe, Makonde, Yao, English*
DATE OF FORMATION: 1964 RELIGIONS: Christian 63%, Muslim 35%,
CAPITAL: Dodoma other 2%
POPULATION: 45 million ETHNIC MIX: Native African (over 120
TOTAL AREA: 364,898 sq. miles tribes) 99%, European, Asian, and Arab 1%
(945,087 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 132 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Tanzanian shilling = 100 cents
 ASIA 335
Thailand
Thailand lies at the heart of mainland southeast Asia.
Continuing rapid industrialization has resulted in massive congestion
in the capital and a serious depletion of natural resources.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
One-third is low plateau, drained Successful manufacturing. Natural
by tributaries of the Mekong River. gas reserves. Leading exporter of rice
Central plain is the most fertile area. and rubber. Tourism, though sex industry
harms image. 2004 tsunami damage.
CLIMATE
Tropical. Hot, humid March–May; 0 200 km
MYANMAR
monsoon rains May–October; cooler (BURMA) LAOS
0 200 miles
M
season November–March. e

ko
Chiang Mai

ng
Udon Thani
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Sa
Khon Kaen

lw
ee
Buddhism is a national binding n Phitsanulok
Nakhon Sawan Ubon
Ratchathani
force. 600,000 hill tribes-people, with Nakhon
Ratchasima
their own languages, live in the north and
BANGKOK CAMBODIA
northeast. The Chinese minority is the Ratchaburi Pattaya
most assimilated in the region. Malay G ulf
Islamists in the undeveloped far south of
Tha ila nd
are fighting for secession. Politics has Chumphon
Isthmus
been unstable since the 2006 fall of of Nakhon Si
populist Prime Minister Thaksin. Kra Thammarat
Phuket Songkhla
2000m/6562ft Hat Yai Malay
INSIGHT: Thailand, meaning “land of 1000m/3281ft Andaman
Peninsula
the free,” is the only SE Asian nation 500m/1640ft Sea MALAYSIA
200m/656ft
never to have been colonized Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Thai*, Chinese, Malay, Khmer,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Thailand
DATE OF FORMATION: 1238
CAPITAL: Bangkok
POPULATION: 68.1 million
TOTAL AREA: 198,455 sq. miles
(514,000 sq. km)
DENSITY: 345 people per sq. mile
Mon, Karen, Miao
RELIGIONS: Buddhist 95%, Muslim 4%,
other (including Christian) 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Thai 83%, Chinese 12%, Malay 3%,
Khmer and other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Baht = 100 satang
336 AFRICA

Togo
Togo lies sandwiched between Ghana and Benin in west
Africa. General Eyadema ruled from 1967–2005; his son succeeded
him. Lomé port is an important entrepôt for regional trade.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Central forested region bounded Most people are farmers. Self-
by savanna lands to the north and south. sufficient in staple foods. Togo’s main
Mountain range stretches southwest cash crops are coffee and cocoa: cotton
to northeast. has declined. Its phosphate deposits are
the most BURKINA
CLIMATE mineral-rich FASO
Coast hot and humid; drier inland. in the world, Dapaong
Rainy season March–July, with heaviest but easily BENIN
Sansanné-
falls in the west. extractable Mango
reserves are
Kara
PEOPLE & SOCIETY depleted and the
Harsh resentment between Ewe in sector needs Tchamba
the south and Kabye in the north. Kabye investment.
control the military, but the north is less

Mono
developed than the south. Extended GHANA
family is important. Tribalism and
nepotism are key factors in everyday Atakpamé
life. Some ethnic groups, such as the

Mon
Mina, have matriarchal societies. 500m/1640ft

o
200m/656ft
Sea Level Kpalimé
Tsévié
INSIGHT: The “Nana Benz,” the Aného
entrepreneurial market-women 0 50 km LOMÉ
of Lomé, control Togo’s retail trade 0 50 miles ATLANTIC OCEAN

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Ewe, Kabye, Gurma,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Togo
DATE OF FORMATION: 1960
CAPITAL: Lomé
POPULATION: 6.8 million
TOTAL AREA: 21,924 sq. miles
(56,785 sq. km)
DENSITY: 324 people per sq. mile
French*
RELIGIONS: Christian 47%, traditional
beliefs 33%, Muslim 14%, other 6%
ETHNIC MIX: Ewe 46%, other African 41%,
Kabye 12%, European 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: CFA franc = 100 centimes
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 337
Tonga
Tonga is a South Pacific archipelago of 170 islands; only
45 of these islands are inhabited. The king retains significant
powers though some democratic reforms were introduced in 2011.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Easterly islands are generally low Squashes and vanilla exported.
and fertile. Those in the west are higher Remittances. Potential for tourism and
and volcanic in origin. fisheries. Capital’s business district
destroyed in 2006 prodemocracy riots.
CLIMATE
Tropical oceanic. Temperatures
range between 68°F (20°C) and 86°F (30°C) Niuatoputapu
Tafahi
all year round. Heavy rainfall, especially
February–March. 0 100 km
0 100 miles
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
‘Uta Vava‘u
Tonga is the last remaining Vava‘u
Neiafu
Group
Polynesian monarchy. All land belongs to
the crown, but is administered by nobles
P A C I F I C Ha‘apai
who allot it to the common people. Group
O C E A N Tofua Pangai
Respect for traditional values is high, Kotu
though younger, Westernized Tongans Group

are starting to question some attitudes. Nomuka Otu Tolu

Group Group
The first elected commoner became Tongatapu
prime minister in 2006. NUKU’ALOFA
Tongatapu ‘Eua ‘Ohonua
Group
INSIGHT: Unique in the Pacific, Tonga 200m/656ft
was never brought under foreign rule Sea Level

FACTFILE RELIGIONS: Free Wesleyan 41%, other 17%,

OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Tonga
DATE OF FORMATION: 1970
CAPITAL: Nuku’alofa
POPULATION: 105,916
TOTAL AREA: 289 sq. miles (748 sq. km)
DENSITY: 381 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: English*, Tongan*
Roman Catholic 16%, Church of Jesus Christ
of Latter-Day Saints 14%, Free Church of
Tonga 12%
ETHNIC MIX: Tongan 98%, other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
CURRENCY: Pa’anga (Tongan dollar)
= 100 seniti
338 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

Trinidad & Tobago

The two islands of the former UK colony of Trinidad
and Tobago are the most southerly of the Caribbean Windward
Islands, lying just 9 miles (15 km) off the coast of Venezuela.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Both islands are hilly and wooded. Oil and natural gas: it provides 40%
Trinidad has a rugged mountain range of US imports of liquefied natural gas, but
in the north, and swamps on its east reserves are declining fast. Associated
and west coasts. industries: second-largest producer of
methanol. Tourism on wildlife-rich Tobago.
CLIMATE
Tropical, with July–December wet 500m/1640ft Little Tobago
season. Escapes the region’s hurricanes, 200m/656ft Tobago
Sea Level
which pass to the north. Scarborough

PEOPLE & SOCIETY Caribbean

Trinidad’s East Indian community Sea

is the Caribbean’s largest and holds onto

PORT-OF-SPAIN ATLANTIC
its Muslim and Hindu heritage. There are Arima OCEAN
tensions with the mainly Christian blacks; C ar o n Guaico

i
political parties are divided along race Gulf Trinidad
of
lines. Blacks form the majority on Tobago. Paria
Rio Claro

High rates of kidnapping and murder Siparia

San Fernando
are an issue.
e l
Columbus Chann

INSIGHT: Trinidad and Tobago is

the birthplace of steel bands and 0 30 km
Calypso music 0 30 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: English Creole, English*, Hindi,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Trinidad
and Tobago
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962
CAPITAL: Port-of-Spain
POPULATION: 1.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 1980 sq. miles (5128 sq. km)
DENSITY: 656 people per sq. mile
French, Spanish
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 26%, Hindu 23%,
other 23%, Protestant 22%, Muslim 6%
ETHNIC MIX: East Indian 40%, Black 38%,
mixed race 20%, White, Chinese 1%, other 1%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Trin. & Tob. dollar = 100 cents
 AFRICA 339
Tunisia
A French north African colony until 1956, Tunisia was
relatively liberal in social terms, but in 2011 protesters ousted the
dictatorial president, triggering the "Arab Spring" across the region.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountains in the north are Competitive and diversified.
surrounded by plains. Vast, low-lying salt Expanding manufacturing. Exports olives,
pans in the center. To the south lies the dates, citrus fruit, phosphates. Tourism
Sahara Desert. hurt by instability. Free trade with EU.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Tunisia was the center

Summer temperatures are high. The of trading empires from the 9th
north is often wet and windy in winter. century BCE Mediterranean
Bizerte Sea
Far south is arid. Menzel
Bourguiba
Béja TUNIS
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Hammamet
Sousse
The population is almost entirely Monastir
Kairouan
of Arab-Berber descent, with Jewish and Kasserine Îles de
Kerkenah
Christian minorities. Many still live in ALGERIA Sfax
extended family groups, in which three Gafsa Golfe de
Gabès Gabès
or four generations are represented. Chott Île de Jerba
el Jerid Matmata
Women have better rights than in most
other Arab countries and make up over
30% of the workforce. Parliamentary and
municipal quotas aim to increase their
LIBYA
representation in politics. A low birth 1000m/3281ft
S a h a r a
rate is a result of a long-standing 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 100 km
family planning policy. Sea Level 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, French

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Tunisia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1956
CAPITAL: Tunis
POPULATION: 10.4 million
TOTAL AREA: 63,169 sq. miles
(163,610 sq. km)
DENSITY: 173 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 98%,
Christian 1%, Jewish 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Arab and Berber 98%, Jewish 1%,
European 1%
GOVERNMENT: Transitional regime
CURRENCY: Tunisian dinar =
1000 millimes
340 EUROPE / ASIA

Turkey
Lying partly in the region of eastern Thrace in Europe,
but mostly in Asia, Turkey’s position gives it significant influence
in the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Middle East.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Asian Turkey (Anatolia) is Liberalized economy, boosted by
dominated by two mountain ranges, self-sufficient agriculture, and textiles,
separated by a high, semidesert plateau. tourism, and manufacturing sectors.
Coastal regions are fertile. Route of Asian oil pipelines to Europe.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Turkey had two of the

seven wonders of the ancient world:
Coast has a Mediterranean climate.
the tomb of King Mausolus at
Interior has cold, snowy winters and hot, Halicarnassus (now Bodrum), and the
dry summers. temple of Artemis at Ephesus

PEOPLE & SOCIETY BULGARIA

zi
Despite racial diversity, l Boêa Black Sea
anbu GEORGIA
GREECE ƒstanbul ƒ s t Samsun Trabzon
Turkey has a strong sense of l e s ARMENIA
el Bursa
national identity, and close links a rda n ANKARA es Erzurum
Eski§ehir h r at
D Eup
with other Turkic states. Kurds, Manisa Kayseri . Van Gölü
ƒzmir Malatya Van
the largest minority, based in ts
Aegean Konya s M Diyarbakır IRAN
Sea Bodrum u T
the southeast, have waged a Taur flanlıurfa

ig
ris
Antalya Adana Gaziantep
violent campaign for greater ƒskenderun
IRAQ
autonomy intermittently since 1984. Mediterranean SYRIA
Sea
Islamist parties are challenging 3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
Turkey’s cherished identity as a secular 1000m/3281ft
state. It has applied to join the EU, 0 200 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
though progress will be slow. 0 200 miles Sea Level

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Turkish*, Kurdish, Arabic,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Turkey Circassian, Armenian, Greek, Georgian, Ladino
DATE OF FORMATION: 1923 RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 99%,
CAPITAL: Ankara other 1%
POPULATION: 75.7 million ETHNIC MIX: Turkish 70%, Kurdish 20%,
TOTAL AREA: 301,382 sq. miles other 8%, Arab 2%
(780,580 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
DENSITY: 255 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Turkish lira = 100 kurus
 ASIA 341
Turkmenistan
Stretching from the Caspian Sea into the central Asian
desert, Turkmenistan has had less upheaval than most ex-Soviet
states, under President Niyazov's dictatorial rule (1991–2006).
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Low Garagum Desert covers 80% State-controlled, though there is
of the country. Mountains on southern some private investment. Natural gas and
border with Iran. Fertile Amu Darya oil are main resources. Overintensive
Valley in north. farming of cotton. Black market.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: President Niyazov created

Arid desert climate with an elaborate personality cult, styling
extreme summer heat, but himself as Turkmenbashi – “head” of
sub-freezing winter temperatures. all Turkmen
0 200 km
0 200 miles
PEOPLE & SOCIETY KAZAKHSTAN

Before Russia annexed the area Garabogaz Köneürgenç

Aylagy
Da§oguz
in 1884, the Turkmen were a largely UZBEKISTAN
nomadic tribal people. Today, the Türkmenba§y Turan
Lowland

Am
tribal unit remains strong, with Balkanabat

uD
Gumdag Serdar
population clustered around desert

ar
Caspian Garagum Türkmenabat

ya
oases. Relations with Uzbek and Sea
AflGABAT
Russian minorities have become
IRAN Tejen Atamyrat
tense in recent years due to the Mary
“Turkmenization” of government, Garagum
1000m/3281ft Kanaly
education, and religion. Political reform 500m/1640ft
since Niyazov’s sudden death in 2006 is 200m/656ft
Sea Level
Serhetabat
slowly dismantling the old regime. Below Sea Level AFGHANISTAN

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Turkmen*, Uzbek, Russian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Turkmenistan Kazakh, Tatar
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 89%, Orthodox
CAPITAL: Asgabat Christian 9%, other 2%
POPULATION: 5.2 million ETHNIC MIX: Turkmen 85%, other 6%,
TOTAL AREA: 188,455 sq. miles Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%
(488,100 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: One-party state
DENSITY: 28 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: New manat = 100 tenge
342 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA

Tuvalu
One of the world’s smallest, most isolated states,
Tuvalu lies in the central Pacific. The nine islands were linked to
the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) as a UK colony until independence.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A series of coral atolls, none more World’s smallest economy.
than 15 ft (4.6 m) above sea level. Poor Remittances from Tuvaluan seafarers. Sale
soils restrict vegetation to bush, coconut of fishing licenses. Copra, stamps, and
palms, and breadfruit trees. coins exported. Income from trust fund
and the lease of .tv Internet suffix.
CLIMATE
Hot all year round. Heavy annual 200m/656ft
Sea Level
rainfall. Hurricane season brings many Nanumea

violent storms. Niutao

Nanumaga P A C I F I C

O C E A N
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
People are mostly Polynesian. Nui

Around half the population lives on Vaitupu

Funafuti, where government jobs are Nukufetau

based. Life is communal and traditional.

Most people live by subsistence farming, FONGAFALE
Funafuti
digging pits out of the coral to grow
crops. Fresh water is precious, due P A C I F I C Nukulaelae

to frequent droughts. O C E A N

INSIGHT: Low-lying Tuvalu, like Niulakita

the Maldives, is set to disappear 0 100 km
with rising sea levels 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Tuvaluan, Kiribati, English*

OFFICIAL NAME: Tuvalu
DATE OF FORMATION: 1978
CAPITAL: Fongafale, on Funafuti Atoll
POPULATION: 10,544
TOTAL AREA: 10 sq. miles
(26 sq. km)
DENSITY: 1054 people per sq. mile
RELIGIONS: Church of Tuvalu 97%, Baha’i 1%,
Seventh-day Adventist 1%, other 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Polynesian 96%,
Micronesian 4%
GOVERNMENT: Nonparty system
CURRENCY: Australian dollar and
Tuvaluan dollar = 100 cents each
 AFRICA 343
Uganda
Landlocked in east Africa, Uganda has a history of
ethnic strife. Under President Museveni, steps have been taken
to restore peace and to rebuild the economy and democracy.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Predominantly a large plateau with Resource-rich, but undeveloped
the Ruwenzori mountain range and the and poor. Exports coffee, fish, tea, and
Great Rift Valley in the west. Lake flowers. Oil exploration. Hydroelectric
Victoria lies to the southeast. Vegetation power is reducing oil imports. Great
is of savanna type. potential from mining. Debt relief.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Lake Victoria is

Altitude and the influence of the the world’s third-largest lake
lakes modify the equatorial climate. Rain
falls throughout the year; spring is the 3000m/9843ft SOUTH
2000m/6562ft SUDAN
wettest period. 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft KENYA
Arua
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Gulu
Albert Nile
Mostly rural population comprising
13 main ethnic groups. President Museveni
y

Lake
lle

DEM. REP. Albert Lake Kyoga

a

has worked hard to break down ethnic

tV

CONGO Victoria Mbale

Rif

Nile
animosities, but a noticeable north–south Kabarole Jinja Tororo
at

divide persists, with most development

Gre

Mubende KAMPALA
Kasese
in the south. After two decades of brutal Masaka Entebbe Equator
Lake
clashes (1987–2008), the Ugandan army Edward
Mbarara
Sese Is.
La k e
is still pursuing remnants of the Lord's Kabale TANZANIA
V icto r ia
Resistance Army across the DRC, South RWANDA 0 100 km
Sudan, and the CAR. 0 100 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Luganda, Nkole, Chiga, Lango,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Uganda
DATE OF FORMATION: 1962
CAPITAL: Kampala
POPULATION: 33.8 million
TOTAL AREA: 91,135 sq. miles
(236,040 sq. km)
DENSITY: 439 people per sq. mile
Acholi, Teso, Lugbara, English*
RELIGIONS: Christian 85%, Muslim (mainly
Sunni) 12%, other 3%
ETHNIC MIX: Other 50%, Baganda 17%,
Banyakole 10%, Basoga 9%, Iteso 7%, Bakiga 7%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: New Uganda shilling = 100 cents
344 EUROPE

Ukraine
The former “breadbasket of the Soviet Union,” Ukraine
lies on the north coast of the Black Sea. Politics is divided
between pro-Russian sentiments and pro-European nationalism.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mainly fertile steppes and Minerals: 5% of global reserves.
forests. Carpathian Mountains in west, Slow reform of land laws, holding back
Crimean chain in south. Pripet Marshes agriculture. Oil/natural gas transit
in northwest. from Russia and the Caspian to Europe:
natural gas price disputes with Russia.
CLIMATE Political instability.
Mainly continental climate, with
distinct seasons. Southern Crimea has INSIGHT: Ukraine means “on
Mediterranean climate. the border,” referring to its
position on the edge of the
2000m/6562ft
old Russian Empire 1000m/3281ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 500m/1640ft
Over 90% of people in the west 200m/656ft
BELARUS Sea Level
are Ukrainian, but in cities in the east and Pripet
Marshes Chernihiv
south, and in Crimea, Russians form a Luts’k Chornobyl’ RUSS. FED.
POLAND KIEV
majority. The government is wary of L’viv Zhytomyr Kremenchuts’ke Kharkiv
Crimean separatism. Tatars have been Vinnytsya
Vdskh.
Dnipro-
Cherkasy Luhans’k
returning there since the Soviet Chernivtsi
petrovs’k
Union’s collapse and now comprise HUNGARY MOLDOVA Zaporizhzhya Donets’k
around 12% of the local population. ROMANIA
Mykolayiv
pe
r Mariupol’
nie
Over five million people in Ukraine, Odesa D Sea
of Azov
Belarus, and Russia live in areas D a nube Cr ime a
“contaminated” by the 1986 0 100 km Sevastopol’
Chornobyl nuclear disaster. 0 100 miles Black Sea

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Ukrainian*, Russian,

OFFICIAL NAME: Ukraine Tatar
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991 RELIGIONS: Christian (mainly
CAPITAL: Kiev Orthodox) 95%, other 5%
POPULATION: 45.4 million ETHNIC MIX: Ukrainian 78%, Russian 17%,
TOTAL AREA: 223,089 sq. miles other 5%
(603,700 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 195 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Hryvna = 100 kopiykas
 ASIA 345
United Arab Emirates
Bordering the Gulf on the northern coast of the Arabian
Peninsula, the seven states of the UAE are Abu Dhabi, Dubai,
Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al Qaywayn, Ras al Khaymah, and Fujayrah.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mostly flat, semiarid desert with Major oil and natural gas exporter;
dunes, salt pans, and occasional oases. plentiful reserves. Dynamic Dubai: free
Cities are watered by extensive trade zone, financial center (but 2008
irrigation systems. global downturn caught overextended
banks). Water is scarce. Imports most
CLIMATE food. Some emirates are less developed.
Summers are humid, despite
minimal rainfall. Sand-laden shamal INSIGHT: Mina Jabal Ali, in Dubai, is
winds blow in winter and spring. the largest man-made port in the world
500m/1640ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 200m/656ft OMAN
Sea Level
Emirians, who make up just a Ras al Khaymah
Umm al Qaywayn
quarter of the population, are mostly Persian Gulf Sharjah Ajmán
Sunni Muslims of Bedouin descent, and Dubai
Fujayrah
largely city dwellers. In theory, women QATAR
enjoy equal rights with men. Poverty ABU DHABI Al Maqπa‘
is rare and there is no income tax. Ghuwayfát ∏aríf Al ‘Ayn
The 1970s oil boom encouraged the Íabshán
immigration of workers, mostly from
OMAN
Asia. Western expatriates are permitted
a virtually unrestricted lifestyle. SAUDI ARABIA
Islamism, however, is a growing 0 50 km
force among the young. 0 50 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*, Farsi, Indian and

OFFICIAL NAME: United Arab Emirates
DATE OF FORMATION: 1971
CAPITAL: Abu Dhabi
POPULATION: 4.7 million
TOTAL AREA: 32,000 sq. miles
(82,880 sq. km)
DENSITY: 146 people per sq. mile
Pakistani languages, English
RELIGIONS: Muslim (mainly Sunni) 96%,
Christian, Hindu, and other 4%
ETHNIC MIX: Asian 60%, Emirian 25%,
other Arab 12%, European 3%
GOVERNMENT: Monarchy
CURRENCY: UAE dirham = 100 fils
346 EUROPE
United Kingdom
Separated from continental Europe by the English
Channel, the UK consists of Great Britain (England, Wales,
and Scotland), several smaller islands, and Northern Ireland.
GEOGRAPHY
Rugged uplands dominate
the landscape of Scotland, Wales,
and northern England. All of the
peaks in the United Kingdom over
4000 ft (1219 m) are in highland
Scotland. The Pennine mountains,
known as the “backbone of England,”
run the length of northern England.
Lowland England rises into several
ranges of rolling hills, and there
is an interconnected system of rivers
and canals. Over 600 islands, many
uninhabited, lie west and north of
the Scottish mainland.
CLIMATE
Generally mild, temperate,
and highly changeable. Rain is fairly
well distributed throughout the year.
The west is generally wetter than
the east, and the south warmer than
the north. Winter snow is common
in upland areas.
FACTFILE
OFFICIAL NAME: United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
DATE OF FORMATION: 1707
CAPITAL: London
POPULATION: 61.9 million
TOTAL AREA: 94,525 sq. miles (244,820 sq. km)
DENSITY: 664 people per sq. mile
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Scottish and Welsh people have a
stronger sense of separate identity than
the English; the creation of the Scottish
Parliament and Welsh Assembly has
given them greater political autonomy.
Devolved government in Northern
Ireland remains problematic. Other
ethnic minorities account for 5% of the
population; more than half of them were
born in the UK. Asian women in particular
can be socially isolated. Asians and West
Indians in most cities face deprivation
and social stress, but white working-class
youths were also evident when innercity
rioting erupted in 2011. Income inequality
is greater now than in 1884, when records
began. In key areas such as policing,
multiethnic recruitment has made little
progress. Marriage is in decline. Over 40%
of all births occur outside marriage, but
most of them to cohabiting couples.
Single-parent households account for
just over a quarter of all families.
LANGUAGES: English*, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic
RELIGIONS: Anglican 45%, other and
nonreligious 37%, Roman Catholic 9%,
Presbyterian 4%, Muslim 3%, Methodist 2%
ETHNIC MIX: English 80%, Scottish 9%,
other 5%, Welsh 3%, Northern Irish 3%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Pound sterling = 100 pence
 EUROPE 347

THE ECONOMY Nonparticipant in euro. High levels of

World leader in financial services, government, corporate, and consumer
pharmaceuticals, and defense industries. debt: banks made major losses in
Strong multinationals. Precision 2007–2009 global downturn. Bailouts
engineering and high-tech industries, and stimulus packages pushed the
including biotechnology and government’s finances further into
telecommunications. Energy sector based the red. Tackling the deficit by cuts
on declining North Sea oil and natural in spending puts pressure on growth
gas reserves. Innovative in computer strategy and social programs, with
software development. Flexible working rising unemployment.
practices. Long-term decline of
manufacturing sector, particularly
Orkneyy I s.
s. Shetlands
heavy industries and car manufacture, Is.
Outerr Lerwick
partially offset by rise in financial Hebr
ebr
brr id
ides
ide
des
es
and other services. Stor
St
SSto
to n
to noo
oww
waay

In
IInve
n
nvveerrn
nve rnes
rne
n s
Ab
A b
beeerrdeen
INSIGHT: The UK has no Scotland
formal written constitution, Inn
In
nne
n ne r
n
but a stable government system Hebr
ebr
eb
b iides
ide
id
des
deess Du
und
n
nddee
Ob
O
Oban
Oba
ban
ba
b an
an
based on Parliament, which Gla
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Glas
G la
las
laassgo
sgow
go
go
oww
Edi
Ed
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diinbu
d
din burg
bur
b urg
ur
u rrg
gh
originated as a check on royal
power in the 13th century Neew
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Lon
Lon
Lo
ond
onddon
ond
onde
o n
nd
nde
de
derrr
rry
ry
ry upo
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poon Tyn
on T e
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ort
o eern
rrn
n
Car
Carl
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arl
ar isle
is
ssle
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le North
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rre an and
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n d Isle
slee off
Bee fast
Belf
Bel
B astt Man
Ma
M an
an Sea

Bla
Blac
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aacckkpoo
kp
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ol Leeed
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eeed
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ol B ac
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ef
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R AND Manc
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nd
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Nor
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o
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wiicch
h
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irm
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ngh
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m Leic
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iceeste
te
er
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am rid
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Wal
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aal
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less
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waan
wannsse
sea
eeaa Oxxfo
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xf d
Celtic Thame s L
LO
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OND
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N
Caard
C
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diif
iff
ffff
Sea Brris
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rriisstto
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aad
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in
ing
ngg
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft Sou ham
Sout ham
hamp on Dove
ampton
on Do
ovveer
ove
200m/656ft ATLANTIC Exe
Ex
Exet
xetteerr
Sea Level Plym
Plym
Ply mo
outh
uth
tth
h
OCEAN
0 100 km English Channe l

0 100 miles
348 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA

United States of America

Stretching across the most temperate part of North
America, and with many natural resources, the US is
the world’s leading economic power and third-largest country.
C A N A D A

t
t rai ARCTIC Sea
Seat
Se
eat
attle
attle
le
gS OCEAN
Aleu

Berin WASHING
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WA
ASH
A
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SHING
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N
NGGTTO
G TO
ONN

R
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p
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pookane
nee
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ge
ti

Por
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ort
rtla
land
lla
aan
and
nd
n d

o
n ALASKA MON
MONT
M
MO
ON
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N ANA
ANA
NA
a

Is ka Range PACIFIC
lands Alas

s
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ena
en
na

c
ge
Anchorage

Ran
OCEAN OREG
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N

k
CANADA
IDA
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DAH
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AH

Coast

y
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0 500 km
PACIFIC Great
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0 500 miles OCEAN Lak
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Sierra

M
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o
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ada
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UT
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AH
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n
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CALI
CAL
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ALL FO
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A Death
att h V
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ey

t
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rsfi
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ng
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AR
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NA
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0 200 miles

i
Co
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n
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MEEXI
MEX
MEXI
M EEX
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X CO
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uc
u ccsson
n

s
GEOGRAPHY Ell Paaso
so
o
The US has a varied topography. M E X I C O
Forested mountains stretch from New
England in the far northeast, giving way CLIMATE
to lowlands and swamps in the extreme There are four main climatic zones.
south. The central plains are dominated The north and east are continental and
by the Mississippi–Missouri River system temperate, with heavy rainfall, warm
and the Great Lakes on the Canadian summers, and cold winters. Florida and
border. The Rocky Mountains in the west the Deep South are tropical and prone
contain active volcanoes and drop to the to hurricanes. The southwest is arid
coast across the earthquake-prone San desert, with searing summer heat and
Andreas Fault. The southwest is arid low rainfall. Southern California is
desert. Mountainous Alaska is mostly Mediterranean, with hot summers and
Arctic tundra. mild winters.
 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 349

INSIGHT: The United States of America has

the world’s oldest constitution. Drafted in 1787,
it has operated continuously ever since, albeit with
numerous amendments

C A N A D A
NORT
NO
NOR
N ORT
OR
RTH
DAK
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D
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KENT
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nde

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3000m/9843ft
2000m/6562ft
1000m/3281ft
0 400 km 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
0 400 miles Sea Level
350 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA
United States of America
INSIGHT: By law, the actual records
collected in a United States census
must remain confidential for 72 years
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Although the demographic,
economic, and cultural dominance of
White Americans is firmly entrenched
after over 400 years of settlement,
the ethnic balance of the country is
shifting. Barack Obama, whose father was
African, became the first non-White US
president in 2009. The African-American
community, originally uprooted by the
slave trade, has a strong consciousness.
Less well organized socially but more
numerous, and faster-growing, the
Hispanic community is predicted to
number over 25% of the population by
2050. Native Americans, dispossessed
in the 19th century, are now among the
poorest people. Constitutionally, state
and religion are clearly separated.
Conservative Christianity, however,
is increasingly dominant politically.
Living standards are high, but bad
diet and insufficient exercise have
left over a third of Americans obese.
FACTFILE
OFFICIAL NAME: United States of America
DATE OF FORMATION: 1776
CAPITAL: Washington, D.C.
POPULATION: 318 million
TOTAL AREA: 3,717,792 sq. miles
(9,626,091 sq. km)
DENSITY: 90 people per sq. mile
THE ECONOMY
World’s largest economy: huge
resource base; well-established high-tech,
engineering, and entertainment industries;
global spread of US culture. Decline of
manufacturing as jobs lost to low-wage
economies. The combination of tax cuts
to boost consumer spending and a rising
defense budget for the “war on terrorism”
drove the budget into a record deficit
after 2001. Oil production was hit in 2005
by Hurricane Katrina, causing global price
hikes. The “subprime” mortgage lending
crisis of 2007 sent global stock markets
plummeting. In 2008, Lehman Brothers
bank crashed spectacularly, while other
giants in the financial sector received
huge bailouts. Further tax cuts and
billion-dollar spending packages in 2009
attempted to lift the economy back out
of recession, but widened an already-
gaping budget deficit. Pressure for sharp
spending cuts conflicts with concern
about faltering growth.
LANGUAGES: English, Spanish, other
RELIGIONS: Protestant 52%, Roman Catholic
25%, other 20%, Jewish 2%, Muslim 1%
ETHNIC MIX: White 62%, Hispanic 13%,
African American 13%, other 7%, Asian 4%,
Native American 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: US dollar = 100 cents
 SOUTH AMERICA 351
Uruguay
Situated in southeastern South America, Uruguay returned
to civilian government in 1985, after 12 years of military rule.
Most land is used for farming: Uruguay is a major wool exporter.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Low, rolling grasslands cover 80% Exports wool, meat, hides, rice,
of the country. Narrow coastal plain. wood, soy. Well-educated workforce.
Alluvial floodplain in southwest. Five Banking services. Mineral potential.
rivers flow westward and drain into
the Uruguay River. INSIGHT: Uruguay’s rich pastures
are ideal for raising livestock; animal
CLIMATE products bring in over 40% of export earnings
Temperate throughout the
200m/656ft 0 100 km
country. Warm summers, mild winters, Sea Level
0 100 miles
and moderate rainfall.

y
ua
g
ru
U
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Rivera
Uruguayans are largely second-or BRAZIL
third-generation Italians or Spaniards. Salto
INA

Tacuarembó
Wealth derived from cattle ranching
ARGENT

Embalse del
enabled the country to establish the Paysandú Río Negro Melo
Mirim
first welfare state in South America. Fray Bentos Paso de los Toros Lagoon
Waves of emigration occurred during Mercedes Treinta
y Tres
the economic decline of the 1960s, the Trinidad
Colonia del
period of military rule, and the 1999–2002 Sacramento San José de Mayo
Ri Rocha
economic crisis. Though a Roman Catholic v Las Piedras
er P
late
country, Uruguay is liberal in its attitude Punta del Este
MONTEVIDEO A TLA NTIC O CEAN
to religion and all forms are tolerated.

FACTFILE DENSITY: 50 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Eastern Republic
of Uruguay
DATE OF FORMATION: 1828
CAPITAL: Montevideo
POPULATION: 3.4 million
TOTAL AREA: 68,039 sq. miles
(176,220 sq. km)
LANGUAGES: Spanish*
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 66%, other and
nonreligious 30%, Jewish 2%, Protestant 2%
ETHNIC MIX: White 90%, Mestizo (European–
Amerindian) 6%, Black 4%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Urug. peso = 100 centésimos
352 ASIA

Uzbekistan
Sharing what is left of the Aral Sea with neighboring
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan lies on the ancient Silk Road between
Asia and Europe. It is the most populous central Asian republic.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Arid and semiarid plains in much Highly regulated. Reserves of
of the west. Fertile, irrigated farmland in natural gas, oil, coal, gold (has one of
the east lies below the peaks of the the world’s largest gold mines), and other
western Pamirs. minerals. Cash crop is cotton: requires
much irrigation. Grain imports necessary.
CLIMATE
Harsh continental climate. INSIGHT: The Aral Sea has shrunk
Summers can be extremely hot and to just a tenth of its former size, due
dry; winters are cold. to diversion of rivers for irrigation

3000m/9843ft
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 2000m/6562ft
Complex ethnic makeup. Aral
1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
Ex-Communists are in firm control, Sea
KAZAKHSTAN 200m/656ft
Sea Level
but traditional social patterns based
on clan, religion, and region have Nukus Kyzyl Kum
reemerged. Constitutional measures Tur an
KYRGY.
Lowland Chirchiq
aim to control the influence of Urganch A
TASHKENT Angren
m

Islam: activities against Islamists

uD

Aydarko'l Olmaliq Namangan

Ko'li
arya

TU
have drawn international RK
Navoiy Farg'ona
KYRGY.
condemnation. Most people live M Buxoro Samarqand
EN
in the fertile east. Birth rates are IS
TA Qarshi TAJIKISTAN

high, and the status of women 0 100 km N

continues to be low. 0 100 miles AFGHANISTAN

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Uzbek*, Russian, Tajik,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Uzbekistan
DATE OF FORMATION: 1991
CAPITAL: Tashkent
POPULATION: 27.8 million
TOTAL AREA: 172,741 sq. miles
(447,400 sq. km)
DENSITY: 161 people per sq. mile
Kazakh
RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 88%, Orthodox
Christian 9%, other 3%
ETHNIC MIX: Uzbek 80%, other 6%,
Russian 6%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Som = 100 tiyin
 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 353
Vanuatu
An archipelago of 82 islands and islets in the South
Pacific, Vanuatu was ruled jointly by the UK and France from 1906
until independence in 1980. Politics is democratic but volatile.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountainous and volcanic, with Reliant on aid. Main export is
coral beaches and dense rainforest. copra; diversifying into beef, timber,
Cultivated land along the coasts. kava. Tourism. Offshore banking: rules
tightened after international pressure.
CLIMATE
Tropical. Temperatures and rainfall 0 100 km
Torres Islands
decline from north to south. 0 100 miles

Banks Islands
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Espiritu P A C I F I C
Indigenous Melanesians form a Santo
Maéwo O C E A N
majority. Ni-Vanuatu culture is traditional; Luganville
Aoba

local social and religious customs are Pentecost

strong, despite centuries of missionary Norsup Ambrym
influence. Subsistence farming and Malekula Epi
fishing are the main activities. 80% C o r a l Shepherd Islands
of the population lives on the 12 main S e a
islands. Women have lower social PORT VILA
Efate
status than men and payment of
Erromango
bride-price is common.
Tanna
INSIGHT: With 105 indigenous tongues, 1000m/3281ft Isangel
Vanuatu has the world’s highest per 500m/1640ft Aneityum
200m/656ft
capita density of languages Sea Level

FACTFILE English*, French*, other indigenous languages

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Vanuatu
DATE OF FORMATION: 1980
CAPITAL: Port Vila
POPULATION: 200,000
TOTAL AREA: 4710 sq. miles (12,200 sq. km)
DENSITY: 42 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: Bislama (Melanesian pidgin)*,
RELIGIONS: Presbyterian 37%, other 19%,
Anglican 15%, Roman Catholic 15%, traditional
beliefs 8%, Seventh-day Adventist 6%
ETHNIC MIX: ni-Vanuatu 94%, European 4%,
other 2%
GOVERNMENT: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Vatu = 100 centimes
354 EUROPE

Vatican City
The Vatican City, or Holy See, the seat of the Roman
Catholic Church, is a walled enclave in the Italian city of
Rome. It is the world’s smallest fully independent state.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
The Vatican’s territory includes Investments and voluntary
10 other buildings in Rome, plus the papal contributions made by Catholics
residence. The Vatican Gardens cover half worldwide (known as Peter’s Pence) are
the City’s area. backed up by tourist revenue and the
issue of Vatican stamps and coins.
CLIMATE
Mild winters with regular rainfall. INSIGHT: The Vatican City is the
Hot, dry summers with occasional spiritual center for one in six of the
thunderstorms. world’s population
M ai n E nt r a n c e
PEOPLE & SOCIETY
The Vatican has about 800 ROME Pi g na
permanent inhabitants, including over C our t yar d
Vatican
100 lay persons. Thousands of lay staff Museums
are also employed. Citizenship can be
no

Be l ve de r e
Vatican
ca

C our t yar d
acquired through long-term residence
ti

Papal
Sistine Raphael
Va

Radio apartments
and holding a position within the City. Vatican Chapel Stanza
te
on

Gardens
M

The reigning pope has supreme Papal St. Peter's St Peter's

Basilica Square
legislative and judicial powers, and Heliport

holds office for life. Though the Vatican Vatican

Railway
City is officially neutral, papal opinion has Station

a great influence on the world’s 1.2 billion 0 200 m R OME

Roman Catholics. 0 250 yds

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Italian*, Latin*

OFFICIAL NAME: State of the Vatican City RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 100%
DATE OF FORMATION: 1929 ETHNIC MIX: Cardinals are from many
CAPITAL: Vatican City nationalities, but Italians form the
POPULATION: 832 largest group. Most resident lay persons are
TOTAL AREA: 0.17 sq. miles Italian. The current pope is from Germany.
(0.44 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Papal state
DENSITY: 4894 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Euro = 100 cents
 SOUTH AMERICA 355
Venezuela
Lying on the southern shores of the Caribbean,
Venezuela was the first of Spain’s colonies to seek independence.
Despite large oil reserves, many Venezuelans still live in poverty.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Andes Mountains and the Oil accounts for 80% of exports.
Maracaibo lowlands in the northwest. Reserves of coal, gold, other minerals.
Central grassy plains are drained by the Nationalization program is enlarging the
Orinoco River system. Forested Guiana inefficient, corruption-prone state sector
Highlands in the southeast. and deterring foreign investors.

CLIMATE INSIGHT: Venezuela’s Angel Falls is

Tropical. Hot and humid. Uplands the world’s tallest waterfall, with a
are cooler. Orinoco plains are alternately total drop of 3210 ft (979 m)
parched or flooded. 0 200 km
0 200 miles
Caribbean Sea
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Maracay
Venezuela is historically a Maracaibo Valencia CARACAS
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Cabimas Cumaná
“melting pot,” with immigrants from Lago de
Barquisimeto Barcelona
Maracaibo
Europe and all over Latin America. The o s
Barinas a n Ciudad
few indigenous Amerindians live in San L
l
co Ciudad Guayana
Cristóbal no
remote areas. Venezuela has one of the Bolívar Angel Falls
i
Or

Met a
most urbanized societies in the region, ds
GUYANA
COLOMBIA ghlan
with most of its population living in the a Hi
ian
Gu
northern cities. President Chávez’s left- Or
ino
2000m/6562ft co B R A Z I L
wing rhetoric raises opposition within 1000m/3281ft
Venezuela from urban society, and 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft
Equator
from the US. Sea Level

FACTFILE DENSITY: 85 people per sq. mile

OFFICIAL NAME: Bolivarian Republic
of Venezuela
DATE OF FORMATION: 1830
CAPITAL: Caracas
POPULATION: 29 million
TOTAL AREA: 352,143 sq. miles
(912,050 sq. km)
LANGUAGES: Spanish*, Amerindian languages
RELIGIONS: Roman Catholic 96%,
Protestant 2%, other 2%
ETHNIC MIX: Mestizo (European–Amerindian)
69%, White 20%, Black 9%, Amerindian 2%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Bolívar fuerte = 100 céntimos
356 ASIA

Vietnam
French rule of Vietnam ended in 1954. Divided at 17°N,
the US-backed South fought the Communist North. Reunified
after the North’s 1975 victory, it is run as a single-party state.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A heavily forested mountain range Liberal economic policy (doi moi)
separates the northern Red River delta from 1986: now one of fastest-growing
lowlands from the Mekong Delta in economies. Major rice exporter. Cheap
the south. labor. Strong manufacturing: textiles,
electrical goods. Diverse resource base.
CLIMATE
Cool winters in north; south C H I N A

is tropical, with even temperatures. Red River

LAOS HANOI Hông Gai

PEOPLE & SOCIETY
Nam Ãinh Hai Phong
Ethnic Vietnamese dominate;
Gulf
the Chinese minority was viewed as a 0 100 km
Vinh of
Tongking
corrupt bourgeoisie by the victorious 0 100 miles

Communists after the war. Mountain- 2000m/6562ft Huê

based minorities (montagnards) were 1000m/3281ft South
500m/1640ft Ãa Nâng China
also sidelined; tensions persist over the 200m/656ft Sea
Sea Level
settling of highlands by lowlanders.
CAMBODIA Quy Nhòn
Women play an active role in society.
There is no political or press freedom. Mekong Nha Trang
Ãa Lat
Long Xuyên Hô Chi Minh
INSIGHT: Intense US bombing and Gulf Vung Tau
Cân Thò Mekong
of
defoliant spraying in the 1962–1975 Thailand Delta
Vietnam War has scarred the landscape

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Vietnamese*, Chinese, Thai,

OFFICIAL NAME: Socialist Republic Khmer, Muong, Nung, Miao, Yao, Jarai
of Vietnam RELIGIONS: Other 74%, Buddhist 14%, Roman
DATE OF FORMATION: 1976 Catholic 7%, Cao Dai 3%, Protestant 2%
CAPITAL: Hanoi ETHNIC MIX: Vietnamese 86%, other 8%,
POPULATION: 89 million Tay 2%, Thai 2%, Muong 2%
TOTAL AREA: 127,243 sq. miles (329,560 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: One-party state
DENSITY: 708 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Dông = 10 hao = 100 xu
 ASIA 357
Yemen
Located in southern Arabia, Yemen was formerly two
countries: the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (south and
east) and the Yemen Arab Republic (northwest) were united in 1990.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
Mountainous west with a fertile Instability deters investment.
strip along the Red Sea. Arid desert and Considerable oil and natural gas reserves.
mountains elsewhere. Agriculture is the largest employer: qat
(mild narcotic), coffee, and cotton.
CLIMATE
Desert climate, modified by INSIGHT: Mokha, on the Red Sea,
altitude, which affects temperatures by gave its name to the first coffee beans
as much as 54°F (30°C). exported to Europe in the 1600s

3000m/9843ft 0 100 km
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 2000m/6562ft
0 100 miles
Almost entirely of Arab and Bedouin 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
descent, most Yemenis are Sunni Muslims, 200m/656ft
Sea Level
of the Shafi sect. In rural and northern
OMAN
areas, tribalism and Islamic orthodoxy
SAUDI ARABIA
are strong and most women wear the
veil. Tension continues between A r R u b ' a l K h á l í
cosmopolitan Aden and the more Say’ún
conservative north. Islamists SANA Sayíút
have a growing political role. Red Al Íudaydah t Ash Shiír
aw
Popular protests as part of the Sea Bayt al Faqíh ra
m Al Mukallá
Íaç
2011 "Arab Spring" pressed for regime Ta‘izz
Al Mukhá ‘Adan Suqu√rá
change. Foreigners are subject to (Mokha) (Aden) ‘Abd al Kúri
Gulf of Aden
sporadic attacks and kidnappings.

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Arabic*

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Yemen RELIGIONS: Sunni Muslim 55%,
DATE OF FORMATION: 1990 Shi’a Muslim 42%, Christian, Hindu,
CAPITAL: Sana and Jewish 3%
POPULATION: 24.3 million ETHNIC MIX: Arab 99%, Afro-Arab, Indian,
TOTAL AREA: 203,849 sq. miles Somali, and European 1%
(527,970 sq. km) GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
DENSITY: 112 people per sq. mile CURRENCY: Yemeni rial = 100 fils
358 AFRICA

Zambia
Bordered to the south by the Zambezi River, Zambia lies
at the heart of southern Africa. In 1991, it made a peaceful
transition from single-party rule to multiparty democracy.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
A high savanna plateau, broken by Copper: output has risen since
mountains in northeast. Vegetation 2000, when decades of falling global
mainly trees and scrub. prices ended. New agricultural exports,
notably flowers. Debt relief.
CLIMATE
Tropical, with three seasons: cool INSIGHT: Spray from Musi-o-Tunya
and dry, hot and dry, and wet. Southwest (Victoria Falls) can be seen up to
is prone to drought. 20 miles (35 km) away

TANZANIA
PEOPLE & SOCIETY 1000m/3281ft
500m/1640ft
L. Tanganyika

There are more than 70 different 200m/656ft L. Mweru

ethnic groups, but there are fewer DEM. REP. Kasama
CONGO

A W I
tensions than in many African states. Mansa
Major groups are the Bemba (in the
Mufulira

A L
northeast), Tonga (south), Nyanja (east), ANGOLA Chingola
Ndola
Kitwe
and Lozi (west). There are also thousands

M
Luanshya Chipata
of refugees, mostly from the DRC and Kabwe
Angola. A National Gender Policy was Mongu LUSAKA MOZAMBIQUE
issued in 2000 to redress inequalities
Zam

Monze Lake
between the sexes. The standard of Choma Kariba
be

i
z

living has fallen in real terms since NAMIBIA Livingstone ZIMBABWE

BOTSWANA Victoria
independence. One in seven adults Falls 0 200 km
is infected with HIV/AIDS. 0 200 miles

FACTFILE LANGUAGES: Bemba, Tonga, Nyanja, Lozi,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Zambia
DATE OF FORMATION: 1964
CAPITAL: Lusaka
POPULATION: 13.3 million
TOTAL AREA: 290,584 sq. miles
(752,614 sq. km)
DENSITY: 47 people per sq. mile
Lala-Bisa, Nsenga, English*
RELIGIONS: Christian 63%, traditional
beliefs 36%, Muslim and Hindu 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Bemba 34%, other African 26%,
Tonga 16%, Nyanja 14%, Lozi 9%, European 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Zambian kwacha = 100 ngwee
 AFRICA 359
Zimbabwe
Situated in southern Africa, Zimbabwe achieved
independence from the UK in 1980. President Robert Mugabe,
in power since then, has become increasingly authoritarian.
GEOGRAPHY THE ECONOMY
High plateaus in center bordered by Undermined by mismanagement,
Zambezi River in the north and Limpopo corruption, and international isolation.
in the south. Rivers crisscross central area. High unemployment. Abandoned own
currency in 2009 after hyperinflation.
CLIMATE
Tropical, though moderated by the INSIGHT: The ruins of the
high altitude. Wet season November– 1000-year-old city of Great
March. Drought is common in the Zimbabwe, after which the country is
eastern highlands. named, are near modern-day Masvingo
0 100 km bezi
PEOPLE & SOCIETY Zam MOZAMBIQUE
0 100 miles
Two main ethnic groups: Shona Kariba
ZAMBIA Kariba
in the north and east, and Ndebele in Dam
IA

the south. Shona outnumber Ndebele Lake Kariba HARARE

IB

Zambezi
M

Kadoma Chitungwiza
NA

by four to one. Whites are generally Victoria Falls

Victoria Marondera
Hwange
far more affluent than blacks. Official Falls Kwekwe
Mutare
efforts to redress this imbalance Gweru
Bulawayo Masvingo
(such as land redistribution) have
Matopos
become increasingly aggressive. BOTSWANA
The political opposition to Mugabe
2000m/6562ft
joined him in a fractious unity 1000m/3281ft L i m po
po
government from 2009 in an 500m/1640ft
200m/656ft SOUTH
attempt to rebuild the country. Sea Level AFRICA

FACTFILE RELIGIONS: Syncretic 50%, Christian 25%,

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Zimbabwe
DATE OF FORMATION: 1980
CAPITAL: Harare
POPULATION: 12.6 million
TOTAL AREA: 150,803 sq. miles (390,580 sq. km)
DENSITY: 84 people per sq. mile
LANGUAGES: Shona, isiNdebele, English*
traditional beliefs 24%, other 1%
ETHNIC MIX: Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%,
other African 11%, White 1%, Asian 1%
GOVERNMENT: Presidential system
CURRENCY: Zimbabwe dollar suspended in
2009; US dollar, South African rand, euro, UK
pound, and Botswanan pula are legal tender
360
Overseas territories
Despite the rapid process of global decolonization since World War II, around
eight million people in more than 50 territories around the world continue to
live under the protection of Australia, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, New
Zealand, Norway, the UK, or the USA. These remnants of former colonial
empires may have persisted for economic, strategic, or political reasons
and are administered by the protecting country in a variety of ways.
AUSTRALIA Heard & McDonald Is. Ref: 123 C7
STATUS: External territory
Australia's overseas territories have not been
CLAIMED: 1947
an issue since Papua New Guinea became
POPULATION : None
independent in 1975. Consequently, there
AREA : 161 sq miles (417 sq km)
is no overriding policy toward them.
Ashmore & Cartier Is. Ref: 124 A3 Norfolk Island Ref: 124 D4
STATUS: External territory
STATUS: External territory
CLAIMED: 1774
CLAIMED: 1931
CAPITAL : Kingston
POPULATION : None
POPULATION : 2169
AREA : 2 sq miles (5.2 sq km)
AREA : 13 sq miles (34 sq km)
Christmas Island Ref: 123 E5
STATUS: External territory
DENMARK
CLAIMED: 1958
CAPITAL : The Settlement The Faeroes and Greenland have had home
POPULATION : 1402 rule since 1948 and 1979 respectively.
AREA : 52 sq miles (135 sq km)
Faeroe Islands Ref: 65 F5
Cocos Islands Ref: 123 D5 STATUS: External territory
STATUS: External territory CLAIMED: 1380
CLAIMED: 1955 CAPITAL : Tórshavn
CAPITAL : West Island POPULATION : 49,267
POPULATION : 596 AREA : 540 sq miles (1399 sq km)
AREA : 5.5 sq miles (14 sq km)
Greenland Ref: 64 D3
Coral Sea Islands Ref: 126 B4 STATUS: External territory
STATUS: External territory CLAIMED: 1380
CLAIMED: 1969 CAPITAL : Nuuk
POPULATION : 8 (Meteorologists) POPULATION : 57,670
AREA : 1.2 sq miles (3 sq km) AREA : 836,109 sq miles (2,166,086 sq km)
 361
Overseas territories
FRANCE Martinique Ref: 37 G4
STATUS: Overseas department
France's relations with L'Outre-Mer stress
CLAIMED: 1635
interdependence rather than independence.
CAPITAL : Fort-de-France
Départements have their own governments.
POPULATION : 400,000
Collectivités have some autonomy.
AREA : 425 sq miles (1100 sq km)
Clipperton Island Ref: 135 F3 Mayotte Ref: 61 G2
STATUS: Dependency of French Polynesia STATUS: Overseas department
CLAIMED: 1935 CLAIMED: 1843
POPULATION : None CAPITAL : Mamoudzou
AREA : 3.4 sq miles (9 sq km) POPULATION : 194,159
AREA : 144 sq miles (374 sq km)
French Guiana Ref: 41 H3
STATUS: Overseas department New Caledonia Ref: 126 D5
CLAIMED: 1817 STATUS: Special collectivity
CAPITAL : Cayenne CLAIMED: 1853
POPULATION : 225,651 CAPITAL : Nouméa
AREA : 35,135 sq miles (91,000 sq km) POPULATION : 300,000
AREA : 7347 sq miles (19,100 sq km)
French Polynesia Ref: 127 H4
STATUS: Overseas collectivity Réunion Ref: 61 H4
CLAIMED: 1843 STATUS: Overseas department
CAPITAL : Papeete CLAIMED: 1638
POPULATION : 300,000 CAPITAL : Saint-Denis
AREA : 1608 sq miles (4165 sq km) POPULATION : 800,000
AREA : 970 sq miles (2500 sq km)
French Southern & Antarctic Lands
Ref: 123 B6 St Barthélemy Ref: 37 G3
STATUS: Overseas territory STATUS: Overseas collectivity
CLAIMED: 1772, 1840, 1843, 1924 CLAIMED: 1878
CAPITAL : Port-aux-Français CAPITAL : Gustavia
POPULATION : 140 POPULATION : 8823
AREA : 169,800 sq miles (439,781 sq km) AREA : 8 sq miles (21 sq km)

Guadeloupe Ref: 37 G4 St Martin Ref: 37 E5

STATUS: Overseas department STATUS: Overseas collectivity
CLAIMED: 1635 CLAIMED: 1648
CAPITAL : Basse-Terre CAPITAL : Marigot
POPULATION : 404,000 POPULATION : 33,164
AREA : 629 sq miles (1628 sq km) AREA : 20 sq miles (53 sq km)
362
Overseas territories
St Pierre & Miquelon Ref: 21 G4 Saba Ref: 37 G3
STATUS: Overseas collectivity STATUS: Special municipality
CLAIMED: 1604 CLAIMED: 1816
CAPITAL : Saint-Pierre CAPITAL : The Bottom
POPULATION : 5888 POPULATION : 2,000
AREA : 93 sq miles (242 sq km) AREA : 5 sq miles (13 sq km)

Wallis & Futuna Ref: 127 E4 Sint-Eustatius Ref: 37 G3

STATUS: Overseas collectivity STATUS: Special municipality
CLAIMED: 1842 CLAIMED: 1784
CAPITAL : Mata‘Utu CAPITAL : Oranjestad
POPULATION : 15,398 POPULATION : 3100
AREA : 106 sq miles (274 sq km) AREA : 8 sq miles (21 sq km)
Sint-Maarten Ref: 37 G3
NETHERLANDS STATUS: Constituent country
These islands were once part of the Dutch CLAIMED: 1648
West Indies. They are now self-governing, CAPITAL : Phillipsburg
Aruba Ref: 37 E5 POPULATION : 37,429
STATUS: Constituent country AREA : 13 sq miles (34 sq km)
CLAIMED: 1636
CAPITAL : Oranjestad NEW ZEALAND
POPULATION : 106,113 New Zealand remains responsible for its
AREA : 75 sq miles (194 sq km) territories' foreign policy and defense.
Bonaire Ref: 37 E5 Cook Islands Ref: 127 G4
STATUS: Special municipality STATUS: Associated territory
CLAIMED: 1816 CLAIMED: 1901
CAPITAL : Kralendijk CAPITAL : Avarua
POPULATION : 15,800 POPULATION : 11,124
AREA : 113 sq miles (294 sq km) AREA : 91 sq miles (235 sq km)
Curaçao Ref: 37 E5 Niue Ref: 127 F5
STATUS: Constituent country STATUS: Associated territory
CLAIMED: 1815 CLAIMED: 1901
CAPITAL : Willemstad CAPITAL : Alofi
POPULATION : 142,180 POPULATION : 1311
AREA : 171 sq miles (444 sq km) AREA : 102 sq miles (264 sq km)
 363
Overseas territories
Tokelau Ref: 127 F3 Anguilla Ref: 37 G3
STATUS: Dependent territory STATUS: Overseas territory
CLAIMED: 1926 CLAIMED: 1650
CAPITAL: None CAPITAL : The Valley
POPULATION : 1384 POPULATION : 15,094
AREA : 4 sq miles (10 sq km) AREA : 37 sq miles (96 sq km)
Ascension Island Ref: 49 C5
NORWAY STATUS: Dependency of St Helena
There is a NATO base on Jan Mayen. CLAIMED: 1673
Bouvet Island is a nature reserve. CAPITAL : Georgetown
POPULATION : 880
Bouvet Island Ref: 49 D7
AREA : 34 sq miles (88 sq km)
STATUS: Dependency
CLAIMED: 1928 Bermuda Ref: 17 E6
POPULATION : None STATUS: Overseas territory
AREA : 22 sq miles (58 sq km) CLAIMED: 1612
CAPITAL : Hamilton
Jan Mayen Ref: 65 F3
POPULATION : 68,679
STATUS: Dependency
AREA : 20 sq miles (53 sq km)
CLAIMED: 1929
POPULATION : 18 (Meteorologists) British Indian Ocean Territory
AREA : 147 sq miles (381 sq km) Ref: 122 C4 STATUS: Overseas territory
CLAIMED: 1814
Peter I. Island Ref: 136 A3
CAPITAL : Diego Garcia
STATUS: Dependency
POPULATION : 4000
CLAIMED: 1931
AREA : 23 sq miles (60 sq km)
POPULATION : None
AREA : 69 sq miles (180 sq km) British Virgin Islands Ref: 37 F3
STATUS: Overseas territory
Svalbard Ref: 65 F2
CLAIMED: 1672
STATUS: Dependency
CAPITAL : Road Town
CLAIMED: 1920
POPULATION : 25,383
CAPITAL : Longyearbyen
AREA : 59 sq miles (153 sq km)
POPULATION : 2019
AREA : 24,289 sq miles (62,906 sq km) Cayman Islands Ref: 36 B3
STATUS: Overseas territory
UNITED KINGDOM CLAIMED: 1670
CAPITAL : George Town
The UK's dependencies are locally governed POPULATION : 51,384
by a mix of elected and appointed officials. AREA : 100 sq miles (259 sq km)
364
Overseas territories
Falkland Islands Ref: 47 D7 Pitcairn Islands Ref: 125 G4
STATUS: Overseas territory STATUS: Overseas territory
CLAIMED: 1832 CLAIMED: 1887
CAPITAL : Stanley CAPITAL : Adamstown
POPULATION : 3140 POPULATION : 48
AREA : 4699 sq miles (12,173 sq km) AREA : 18 sq miles (47 sq km)

Gibraltar Ref: 74 D5 Saint Helena Ref: 49 D5

STATUS: Overseas territory
CLAIMED: 1713
CAPITAL : Gibraltar
POPULATION : 28,956
AREA : 2.5 sq miles (6.5 sq km)
Guernsey Ref: 71 D8
STATUS: Crown dependency
CLAIMED: 1066
CAPITAL : St. Peter Port
POPULATION : 65,068
AREA : 25 sq miles (65 sq km)
Isle of Man Ref: 71 C5
STATUS: Crown dependency
CLAIMED: 1765
CAPITAL : Douglas
POPULATION : 84,655
AREA : 221 sq miles (572 sq km)
Jersey Ref: 71 D8
STATUS: Crown dependency
CLAIMED: 1066
CAPITAL : St. Helier
POPULATION : 94,161
AREA : 45 sq miles (116 sq km)
Montserrat Ref: 37 G4
STATUS: Overseas territory
CLAIMED: 1632
CAPITAL : Plymouth (uninhab.)
POPULATION : 5140
AREA : 40 sq miles (102 sq km)
STATUS: Overseas territory
CLAIMED: 1673
CAPITAL : Jamestown
POPULATION : 7700
AREA : 47 sq miles (122 sq km)
South Georgia & the South
Sandwich Islands Ref: 49 C7
STATUS: Overseas territory
CLAIMED: 1775
POPULATION : None
AREA : 1387 sq miles (3592 sq km)
Tristan da Cunha Ref: 49 D6
STATUS: Dependency of St. Helena
CLAIMED: 1612
CAPITAL : Edinburgh
POPULATION : 264
AREA : 38 sq miles (98 sq km)
Turks & Caicos Islands Ref: 37 E2
STATUS: Overseas territory
CLAIMED: 1766
CAPITAL : Cockburn Town
POPULATION : 44,819
AREA : 166 sq miles (430 sq km)
UNITED STATES
Commonwealth territories are self-governing
and an integral part of the US. Unincorporated
territories have varying degrees of autonomy.

Overseas territories
American Samoa Ref: 127 F4
STATUS: Unincorp. territory
CLAIMED: 1900
CAPITAL : Pago Pago
POPULATION : 67,242
AREA : 75 sq miles (195 sq km)
Baker & Howland Islands Ref: 127 E2
STATUS: Unincorporated territory
CLAIMED: 1856
POPULATION : None
AREA : 0.5 sq miles (1.4 sq km)
Guam Ref: 126 B1
STATUS: Unincorp. territory
CLAIMED: 1898
CAPITAL : Hagåtña
POPULATION : 183,286
AREA : 212 sq miles (549 sq km)
Jarvis Island Ref: 127 G2
STATUS: Unincorporated territory
CLAIMED: 1856
POPULATION : None
AREA : 1.7 sq miles (4.5 sq km)
Johnston Atoll Ref: 125 E1
STATUS: Unincorporated territory
CLAIMED: 1858
POPULATION : None
AREA : 1 sq mile (2.8 sq km)
Kingman Reef Ref: 127 F2
STATUS: Unincorporated territory
CLAIMED: 1856
POPULATION : None
AREA : 0.4 sq miles (1 sq km)
Midway Islands Ref: 134 D2
STATUS: Unincorporated territory
CLAIMED: 1867
CAPITAL: None
POPULATION : 60
AREA : 2 sq miles (5.2 sq km)
365
Navassa Island Ref: 36 D3
STATUS: Unincorporated territory
CLAIMED: 1856
POPULATION : None
AREA : 2 sq miles (5.2 sq km)
Northern Mariana Islands Ref: 124 C1
STATUS: Comm. territory
CLAIMED: 1947
CAPITAL : Saipan
POPULATION : 46,050
AREA : 177 sq miles (457 sq km)
Palmyra Atoll Ref: 127 G2
STATUS: Incorporated territory
CLAIMED: 1898
POPULATION : None
AREA : 5 sq miles (12 sq km)
Puerto Rico Ref: 37 F3
STATUS: Comm. territory
CLAIMED: 1898
CAPITAL : San Juan
POPULATION : 4 million
AREA : 3515 sq miles (9104 sq km)
Virgin Islands Ref: 37 F3
STATUS: Unincorp. territory
CLAIMED: 1917
CAPITAL : Charlotte Amalie
POPULATION : 109,666
AREA : 137 sq miles (355 sq km)
Wake Island Ref: 124 D1
STATUS: Unincorporated territory
CLAIMED: 1898
CAPITAL: None
POPULATION : 150 (US air base)
AREA : 2.5 sq miles (6.5 sq km)
366
International organizations
This listing provides acronym definitions for the main international organizations
concerned with worldwide economics, trade, and defense, plus an indication
of membership.
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ESTABLISHED : 1967
MEMBERS : Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia,
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam
CIS
Commonwealth of Independent States
ESTABLISHED : 1991
MEMBERS : Arm., Az., Belarus, Kaz., Kyrgy.,
Mold., Russia, Tajik., Turkmen.*, Ukraine*,
Uzbek. *Unofficial members
COMM The Commonwealth of Nations
ESTABLISHED : 1931; evolved out of the
British Empire. Formerly known as the
British Commonwealth of Nations.
MEMBERS : 54 (Fiji currently suspended)
EU European Union
ESTABLISHED : 1965; formerly known as EEC
(European Economic Community) and EC
(Economic Community)
MEMBERS : Austria, Belg., Bulg., Cyprus,
Czech Rep., Denmark, Est., Fin., Fr., Ger.,
Greece, Hung., Ireland, Italy, Lat., Lith., Lux.,
Malta, Neth., Pol., Port., Rom., Slvka., Slvna.,
Spain, Swed., UK (Croatia to join in 2013)
G8 Group of 8
ESTABLISHED : 1994
MEMBERS : Canada, France, Germany, Italy,
Japan, Russia, UK, US
IMF International Monetary Fund
(UN agency)
ESTABLISHED : 1945
MEMBERS : 187
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
ESTABLISHED : 1994
MEMBERS : Canada, Mexico, US
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
ESTABLISHED : 1949
MEMBERS : Albania, Belg., Bulg., Canada,
Croatia, Czech Rep., Denmark, Est., France,
Ger., Greece, Hung., Iceland, Italy, Lat., Lith.,
Lux., Neth., Norway, Poland, Port., Rom.,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, UK, US
OPEC Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries
ESTABLISHED : 1960
MEMBERS : Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran,
Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela
UN United Nations
ESTABLISHED : 1945
MEMBERS : 193; all nations are represented,
except Taiwan and Kosovo. The Vatican
City has “observer status” only.
WTO World Trade Organization
ESTABLISHED : 1995
MEMBERS : 153 (including the EU)
 367
Abbreviations
This glossary provides a Fr. France/French prev. previously
comprehensive guide to Geo. Georgia R. River, Rio, Río
Geor. Georgian Res. Reservoir
the abbreviations used in Ger. Germany/German Rom. Romania/Romanian
this atlas. Gk. Greek Rus. Russian
Russ. Fed. Russian Federation
Heb. Hebrew
abbrev. abbreviation Hung. Hungary/Hungarian S South
Afgh. Afghanistan S. Korea South Korea
Amh. Amharic I. Island SA South Africa
anc. ancient Ind. Indonesia, Indonesian SCr. Serbian and Croatian
Ar. Arabic Is. Islands Serb. Serbia
Arm. Armenia/Armenian It. Italian Slvka. Slovakia
Aus. Austria Slvna. Slovenia
Aust. Australia Kaz. Kazakhstan/Kazakh Som. Somali
Az. Azerbaijan Kep. Kepulauan (Ind. island Sp. Spanish
group) St, St. Saint
Bas. Basque Kir. Kirghiz Str. Strait
Bel. Belorussian Kor. Korean Swed. Swedish
Belg. Belgium/Belgian Kos. Kosovo Switz. Switzerland
Bos. & Herz. Bosnia & Kurd. Kurdish
Herzegovina Tajik. Tajikistan
Kyrgy. Kyrgyzstan
Bul. Bulgarian Th. Thai
Bulg. Bulgaria Turk. Turkish
L. Lake, Lago Turkm. Turkmen
Bur. Burmese Lat. Latvia Turkmen. Turkmenistan
Latv. Latvian
C Central Leb. Lebanon
C. Cape U.A.E. United Arab Emirates
Liech. Liechtenstein UK United Kingdom
Cam. Cambodian Lith. Lithuania/Lithuanian
Cast. Castilian Ukr. Ukrainian
Lux. Luxembourg Uninhab. Uninhabitable
Chin. Chinese
Comm. Commonwealth Unincorp. Unincorporated
Mac. Macedonia Urug. Uruguayan
Cord. Cordillera (Sp. mts.) Med. Sea Mediterranean Sea
Cz. Czech US United States of America
Mon. Montenegro Uzb. Uzbek
Czech Rep. Czech Republic Mold. Moldova Uzbek. Uzbekistan
Mt. Mount/Mountain
D.C. District of Columbia Mts. Mountains
Dan. Danish var. variant
Vdkhr. Vodokhranilishche
Dominican Rep. Dominican N North (Rus. reservoir)
Republic N. Korea North Korea Vdskh. Vodoskhovyshche
Neth. Netherlands (Ukr. reservoir)
E East NW Northwest Ven. Venezuela
Emb. Embalse NZ New Zealand
Eng. English W West
Eq. Guinea Equatorial Guinea P. Pulau (Ind. island) W. Sahara Western Sahara
Est. Estonia/Estonian Peg. Pegunungan (Ind. Wel. Welsh
mountain range)
Faer. Faeroese Per. Persian Yugo. Yugoslavia
Fin. Finland/Finnish Pol. Poland/Polish
Flem. Flemish Port. Portugal, Portuguese Zamb. Zambian
368
Aabenraa — Albany
A 98 B2
Aabenraa Denmark 67 A8
Aachen Germany 76 A4
Aalborg Denmark 67 B7
Aalst Belgium 69 B5
Aba Nigeria 57 G5
Ábádán Iran 102 C4
Abadan Turkmenistan prev.
Bezmein, Büzmeÿin
104 B3
Abashiri Japan 112 D2
Abéché Chad 58 D3
Aberdeen Scotland, UK 70 D3
Aberdeen South Dakota, USA
25 E2
Aberdeen Washington, USA
26 A2
Aberystwyth Wales, UK 71 C6
Abhá Saudi Arabia 103 B6
Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire 56 D5
Abilene Texas, USA 29 F3
Abomey Benin 57 F4
Abu Dhabi capital of United
Arab Emirates var. Abú ±aby
103 D5
Abuja capital of Nigeria
57 G4
Abú ±aby see Abu Dhabi
Acapulco Mexico 33 E5
Acarai Mountains mountain
range Brazil/Guyana 41 F3
Acarigua Venezuela 40 D1
Accra capital of Ghana 57 E5
Acklins Island island Bahamas
36 D2
Aconcagua, Cerro peak
Argentina 46 B4
A Coruña Spain Cast. La
Coruña 74 C1
ACT see Australian Capital
Territory
Adalia see Antalya
Adalia, Gulf of see Antalya
Körfezi
¶Adan Yemen Eng. Aden
103 B7
Adana Turkey var. Seyhan
98 D4
Adapazarı Turkey var. Sakarya
Ad Dahná· desert Saudi Arabia
103 C5
Ad Dakhla Western Sahara
52 A4
Ad Dawíah see Doha
Addis Ababa capital of Ethiopia
Amh. Ádís Ábeba 55 C5
Adelaide Australia 131 B6
Adélie, Terre d· territory
Antarctica 136 C4
Aden see ¶Adan
Aden, Gulf of sea feature
Indian Ocean 122 A3
Adige river Italy 78 C2
Ádís Ábeba see Addis Ababa
Adıyaman Turkey 99 E4
Adriatic Sea Mediterranean
Sea 78 D4
Aegean Sea Mediterranean
Sea Gk. Aigaío Pélagos, Turk.
Ege Denizi 87 D5
Aeolian Islands see Isole Eolie
Afghanistan country C Asia
104-105
Africa 50-51
Africa, Horn of physical region
Ethiopia/Somalia 122 A3
Afyon Turkey prev.
Afyonkarahisar 98 B3
Afyonkarahisar see Afyon
Agadez Niger 57 G3
Agadir Morocco 52 B2
Agassiz Fracture Zone tectonic
feature Pacific Ocean
135 E4
Agen France 73 B6
Ágra India 116 D3
Agrigento Italy 79 C7
Agrínio Greece 87 B5
Aguarico river Ecuador/Peru
40 B4
Aguascalientes Mexico 32 D4
Ahaggar mountains Algeria
var. Hoggar 53 E4
Ahmadábád India 116 C4
Ahváz Iran 102 C4
Ahvenanmaa see Åland
Aigaío Pélagos see Aegean Sea
Aintab see Gaziantep
Aïr, Massif de l’ region Niger
57 G2
Aix-en-Provence France
73 D6
Ajaccio Corse, France 73 E7
Ajdábiyá Libya 53 G2
Ajmer India 116 D3
Akaba see Al ¶Aqabah
Akchâr desert Mauritania
56 C2
Akimiski Island island Canada
20 C3
Akita Japan 112 D3
Akjoujt Mauritania 56 C2
Akmola see Astana
Akmolinsk see Astana
Akpatok Island island Canada
21 E1
Akra Kanestron see Palioúri,
Akrotírio
Akron Ohio, USA 22 D3
Aksai Chin disputed region
China/India 108 B4
Aktau Kazakhstan prev.
Shevchenko 96 A4
Akureyri Iceland 65 E4
Akyab see Sittwe
Alabama state USA 30 D3
Alacant see Alicante
Alajuela Costa Rica 34 D4
Alamogordo New Mexico, USA
28 D3
Åland island group Finland Fin.
Ahvenanmaa 67 D6
Al ¶Aqabah Jordan var. Akaba
101 B7
Alaska state USA 18
Alaska, Gulf of sea feature
Pacific Ocean 16 C3
Alaska Range mountain range
Alaska, USA 18 C3
Albacete Spain 75 E3
Alba Iulia Romania 90 B4
Albania country SE Europe 83
Albany Australia 129 B7
Albany Georgia, USA 31 E3
Albany New York, USA
23 F3
Albany Oregon, USA 26 A3
Albany river Canada 20 B3

Al Ba§rah Iraq var. Basra
102 C4
Al Bayçá· Libya 53 G2
Albert, Lake lake Uganda/Dem.
Rep. Congo 59 E5
Alberta province Canada 19 E4
Albi France 73 C6
Albuquerque New Mexico, USA
28 D2
Alcácer do Sal Portugal 74 C4
Aldabra Group island group
Seychelles 61 G2
Aleg Mauritania 56 C3
Aleksandriya see Oleksandriya
Aleksandropol· see Gyumri
Aleksinac Serbia 82 E4
Alençon France 72 B3
Alessandria Italy 78 B2
Ålesund Norway 67 A5
Aleutian Basin undersea
feature Bering Sea 134 D1
Aleutian Islands islands Alaska,
USA 18 A3
Aleutian Trench undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 134 D1
Alexander Island island
Antarctica 136 A3
Alexandra New Zealand133 B7
Alexandretta see ƒskenderun
Alexandria see Al Iskandaríyah
Alexandria Louisiana, USA
30 B3
Alexandroúpoli Greece 86 D3
Al Fáshir see El Fasher
Alföld see Great Hungarian
Plain
Algarve region Portugal 74 C4
Algeciras Spain 74 D5
Algeria country N Africa
52-53
Alghero Italy 79 A5
Algiers capital of Algeria
52 D1
Al Íasakah Syria 100 D2
Al Íudaydah Yemen 103 B7
Al Hufúf Saudi Arabia 103 C5
Alicante Spain Cat. Alacant
75 F4
Alice Springs Australia
130 A4
Al Ba§rah — Ammassalik
Al Iskandaríyah Egypt Eng.
Alexandria 54 B1
Al Ismá¶ílíya Egypt Eng. Ismalia
54 B1
Al Jawf Saudi Arabia 102 B4
Al Jazírah region Iraq/Syria
100 E2
Al Jízah Egypt var. El Gîza 54 B1
Al Karak Jordan 101 B6
Al Khalíl see Hebron
Al Khárijah Egypt var.
El Khârga 54 B2
Al Khums Libya 53 F2
Al Khur√úm see Khartoum
Alkmaar Netherlands 68 C2
Al Kufrah Libya 53 H4
Al Ládhiqíyah Syria Eng.
Latakia 100 B3
Allahábád India 117 E4
Allenstein see Olsztyn
Allentown Pennsylvania, USA
23 F4
Alma-Ata capital of Kazakhstan
Rus./Kaz. Almaty 96 C5
Al Madínah Saudi Arabia Eng.
Medina 102 A5
Al Mafraq Jordan 101 B5
Almalyk Uzbekistan Uzb.
Olmaliq 105 E2
Al Manámah see Manama
Al Marj Libya 53 G2
Almaty see Alma-Ata
Al Maw§il Iraq Eng. Mosul
102 B3
Almelo Netherlands 68 E3
Almería Spain 75 E5
Al Minyá Egypt 54 B2
Al Mukallá Yemen 103 C7
Alofi capital of Niue 127 F5
Alor, Kepulauan island group
Indonesia 121 E5
Alps mountain range C Europe
62 D4
Al Qáhirah see Cairo
Al Qámishlí Syria var. Kamishli
100 E1
Al Qunay√irah Syria 100 B4
Altai Mountains mountain
range C Asia 108 C2
Altamura Italy 79 E5
369
Altar, Desierto de Desert
Mexico/USA var. Sonoran
Desert 32 A1
Altay China 108 C2
Altay Mongolia 108 D2
Altun Shan mountain range
China 108 C3
Alturas California, USA 26 B4
Al Uq∞ur Egypt Eng. Luxor
54 B2
Alytus Lithuania Pol. Olita
89 B5
Amadeus, Lake seasonal lake
Australia 129 E5
Amakusa-nada island group
Japan 113 A6
Amami-Ó-shima island Japan
113 A8
Amarillo Texas, USA 29 E2
Amazon river South America
38 C3
Amazon Basin region C South
America 42 D2
Ambanja Madagascar 61 G2
Ambarchik Russian Federation
97 G2
Ambato Ecuador 40 A4
Amboasary Madagascar 61 F4
Ambon Indonesia 121 F4
Ambositra Madagascar 61 G3
Ambriz Angola 60 B1
Amdo China 108 C4
Ameland island Netherlands
68 D1
American Falls Reservoir
Reservoir Idaho, USA 26 E4
American Samoa external
territory USA, Pacific Ocean
127 F4
Amersfoort Netherlands 68 D3
Amga river Russian Federation
95 F2
Amiens France 72 C3
Amíndívi Islands island group
India 114 C2
Amirante Islands island group
Seychelles 61 H1
Amman capital of Jordan
101 B5
Ammassalik Greenland var.
Angmagssalik 64 D4
370
Ammochostos — Arad
Ammochostos see Gazimaêusa
Ámol Iran 102 C3
Amorgós island Greece 87 D6
Amritsar India 116 D2
Amsterdam capital of
Netherlands 68 C3
Amsterdam Island island
French Southern and
Antarctic Territories 123 C6
Am Timan Chad 58 C3
Amu Darya river C Asia 104 D3
Amundsen Gulf sea feature
Canada 19 E2
Amundsen Plain undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 136 B4
Amundsen Sea Antarctica 97 G4
Amur river E Asia 97 G4 107 E1
Anabar river Russian
Federation 95 E2
Anadolu Daêları see Doêu
Karadeniz Daêlariı
Anadyr· Russian Federation
97 H1
Anápolis Brazil 43 F4
Anatolia region SE Europe
85 G3
Anchorage Alaska, USA 18 C3
Ancona Italy 78 C3
Andalucía region Spain 74 D4
Andaman Islands island group
India 115 H2 119 A5
Andaman Sea Indian Ocean
122 D3
Andes mountain range South
America 39 B6
Andijon Uzbekistan Rus.
Andizhan 105 F2
Andhra Pradesh state India
115 E1
Andizhan see Andijon
Andorra country SW Europe
73 B6
Andorra la Vella capital of
Andorra 73 B6
Ándros island Greece 87 D5
Andros Island island Bahamas
36 C1
Angara river C Asia 95 D3
Ángel de la Guarda, Isla island
Mexico 32 B2
Angel Falls see Salto Ángel
Angeles Philippines 121 E1
Ángel, Salto waterfall
Venezuela Eng. Angel Falls
41 F2
Ångermanälven river Sweden
66 C4
Angers France 72 B4
Anglesey island Wales, UK
71 C5
Angmagssalik see Ammassalik
Angola country C Africa 60
Angola Basin undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 49 D6
Angora see Ankara
Angoulême France 73 B5
Angren Uzbekistan 105 E2
Anguilla external territory UK,
West Indies 37
Anhui province China var.
Anhwei, Wan 111 C5
Anhwei see Anhui
Anjouan island Comoros 61 F2
Ankara capital of Turkey prev.
Angora 98 C3
Annaba Algeria 53 E1
An Nafúd desert region Saudi
Arabia 102 B4
An Najaf Iraq var. Najaf 102 B4
Annapolis Maryland, USA 23 F4
Ann Arbor Michigan, USA 22 C3
Annecy France 73 D5
Anshan China 110 D4
Ansongo Mali 57 E3
Antakya Turkey var. Hatay
98 D4
Antalaha Madagascar 61 G2
Antalya Turkey prev. Adalia
98 B4
Antalya, Gulf of see Antalya
Körfezi
Antalya Körfezi sea feature
Mediterranean Sea Eng. Gulf
of Antalya, var. Gulf of
Adalia 98 B4
Antananarivo capital of
Madagascar prev. Tananarive
61 G3
Antarctica 136
Antarctic Peninsula peninsula
Antarctica 136 A2
Antequera Spain 74 D5
Anticosti, Île d· island Canada
21 F3
Antigua island Antigua &
Barbuda 37 G3
Antigua & Barbuda country
West Indies 37
Anti-Lebanon mountains
Lebanon/Syria 100 B4
Antipodes Islands island group
New Zealand124 D5
Antofagasta Chile 46 B2
Antsiraùana Madagascar
61 G2
Antsohihy Madagascar 61 G2
Antwerp see Antwerpen
Antwerpen Belgium Eng.
Antwerp 69 C5
Anyang China 110 C4
Aoga-shima island Japan
113 D6
Aomori Japan 112 D3
Aoraki peak New Zealand var.
Cook, Mount 133 B6
Aosta Italy 78 A2
Aoukâr Plateau Mauritania
56 D3
Apeldoorn Netherlands 68 D3
Apennines see Appennino
Apia capital of Samoa 127 F4
Appalachian Mountains
mountain range E USA 17 D5
Appennino mountain range
Italy Eng. Apennines 78 C4
Apure river Venezuela 40 D2
Aqaba see Al ¶Aqabah
Aqaba, Gulf of sea feature Red
Sea Ar. Khalíj al ¶Aqabah
101 A8
¶Aqabah, Khalíj al see Aqaba,
Gulf of
Áqchah Afghanistan var.
Áqcheh 104 D3
Áqcheh see Áqchah
Arabian Basin undersea
feature Indian Ocean 122 B3
Arabian Peninsula peninsula
Asia 85 H5 94 B5 103 C5
Arabian Sea Indian Ocean
122 B3
Aracaju Brazil 43 H3
Arad Romania 90 B4

Arafura Sea Asia/Australasia
126 A4
Araguaia river Brazil 43 F3
Arák Iran 102 C3
Araks see Aras
Arak·s see Aras
Aral Sea inland sea
Kazakhstan/Uzbekistan 94 C3
Araouane Mali 57 E2
Ararat, Mount peak Turkey var.
Great Ararat, Turk.
Büyükaêrı Daêı 94 F3
Aras river SW Asia Arm. Arak·s,
Per. Rúd-e Aras, Rus. Araks,
Turk. Aras Nehri 99 G3
Aras Nehri see Aras
Arauca Colombia 40 C2
Arauca river Colombia/
Venezuela 40 C2
Arbíl Iraq Kurd. Hawlér 102 B3
Arctic Ocean 18-19 137
Arda river Bulgaria/Greece
86 C3
Ardabíl Iran 102 C3
Ardennes region W Europe
69 D7
Arendal Norway 67 A6
Arensburg see Kuressaare
Arequipa Peru 42 B4
Arezzo Italy 78 C3
Argentina country S South
America 46-47
Argentine Basin undersea
feature Atlantic Ocean 49 B7
Argun river China/Russian
Federation 95 E3
Århus Denmark 67 A7
Arica Chile 46 B1
Arizona state USA 28 B2
Arkansas state USA 30 B1
Arkansas river C USA 17 C5
Arkhangel·sk Russian
Federation 92 C3 96 C2
Arles France 73 D6
Arlington Texas, USA 29 G3
Arlington Virginia, USA 23 E4
Arlon Belgium 69 D8
Armenia country SW Asia
99 G2
Armenia Colombia 40 B3
Arafura Sea — A√ ◊alfílah
Armidale Australia 131 D5
Arnhem Netherlands 68 D4
Arnhem Land region Australia
128 E2
Arno river Italy 78 B3
Arran island Scotland, UK
70 C4
Ar Raqqah Syria 100 C2
Arras France 72 C3
Ar Riyáç see Riyadh
Ar Rub ¶al Khálí desert Asia
Eng. Empty Quarter, Great
Sandy Desert 103 C6
Ar Rustáq Oman var. Rostak
103 D5
Artesia New Mexico, USA
28 D3
Artigas Uruguay 44 B4
Aru, Kepulauan island group
Indonesia 121 G5
Arua Uganda 55 B6
Aruba external territory
Netherlands, West Indies
37 E5
Arusha Tanzania 55 C7
Asad, Buíayrat al Lake Syria
Eng. Lake Assad 100 C2
Asadábád Afghanistan 105 E4
Asahikawa Japan 112 D2
Asamankese Ghana 57 E5
Ascension island Atlantic
Ocean 49 C5
Ascoli Piceno Italy 78 C4
¶Aseb Eritrea var. Assab 54 D4
Ashburton New Zealand
133 C6
Asheville North Carolina, USA
31 E1
A§gabat capital of
Turkmenistan prev.
Ashkhabad, Poltoratsk
104 C3
Ashkhabad see A§gabat
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Australian external territory
Indian Ocean 124 A3
Ash Sháriqah United Arab
Emirates Eng. Sharjah 103 D5
Asia 94-95 106-107
Asmara capital of Eritrea Amh.
Asmera 54 C4
371
Asmera see Asmara
Assab see ¶Aseb
As Sal√ Jordan var. Salt
101 B5
Assamakka Niger 57 F2
Assen Netherlands 68 E2
Assad, Lake see
Asad, Buíayrat al
As Sulayyil Saudi Arabia
103 B6
As Suwaydá· Syria 101 B5
As Suways Egypt Eng. Suez
54 B1
Astana country capital
Kazakhstan prev. Akmola,
Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, Kaz.
Aqmola. 96 C4
Astoria Oregon, USA 26 A2
Astrakhan· Russian Federation
93 B7
Astypálaia island Greece 87 D6
Asunción capital of Paraguay
44 B3
Aswán Egypt 54 B2
Asyú√ Egypt 54 B2
Atacama Desert desert Chile
46 B2
Atamyrat prev. Kerki.
Turkmenistan 104 D3
Aωr Mauritania 56 C2
Atbara Sudan 54 C3
Athabasca, Lake lake Canada
19 F4
Athens capital of Greece Gk.
Athína, prev. Athínai 87 C5
Athens Georgia, USA 31 E2
Athína see Athens
Athínai see Athens
Athlone Ireland 71 B5
Ati Chad 58 C3
Atlanta Georgia, USA 30 D2
Atlantic City New Jersey, USA
23 F4
Atlantic Ocean 48-49
Atlantic-Indian Basin undersea
feature Indian Ocean 136 B1
Atlantic-Indian Ridge undersea
feature Atlantic Ocean 49 D7
Atlas Mountains mountain
range Morocco 52 C2
A√ ◊alfílah Jordan 101 B6
372
A√ ◊á·if — Balabac Strait
A√ ◊á·if Saudi Arabia 102 B6
Attapu Laos 119 E5
Attawapiskat Canada 20 C3
Attawapiskat river Canada
20 B3
Attu Island island Alaska, USA
18 A2
Auch France 73 B6
Auckland New Zealand 132 D3
Auckland Islands island group
New Zealand124 D5
Augsburg Germany 77 C6
Augusta Australia 129 B7
Augusta Georgia, USA 31 E2
Augusta Maine, USA 23 G2
Aurillac France 73 C5
Aurora Colorado, USA 24 D4
Aurora Illinois, USA 22 B3
Aussig see Ústí nad Labem
Austin Texas, USA 29 G4
Australasia 124-125
Australes, Îles island group
French Polynesia 125 F4
Austral Fracture Zone
tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
125 H4
Australia country Pacific Ocean
124
Australian Alps Australia
131 D7
Australian Capital Territory
territory Australia abbrev.
A.C.T. 131 D6
Austria country C Europe 77
Auxerre France 72 C4
Avarua capital of Cook Islands
127 G5
Aveiro Portugal 74 C2
Avignon France 73 D6
Ávila Spain 74 D2
Avilés Spain 74 D1
Awbárí Libya 53 F3
Axel Heiberg Island island
Canada 19 F1
Axios see Vardar
Ayacucho Peru 42 B4
Aydarko'l Ko'li lake Uzbekistan
var. Aydarkûl 104 D2
Aydarkûl see Aydarko'l Ko'li
Aydın Turkey 98 A3
Ayer·s Rock see Uluru
Ayr Scotland, UK 70 C4
Ayutthaya Thailand 119 C5
Ayvalık Turkey 98 A3
Azaouâd desert Mali 57 E2
A¶záz Syria 100 B2
Azerbaijan country SW Asia
99 G2
Azores islands Portugal,
Atlantic Ocean 48 C3
Azov, Sea of Black Sea
Ukr. Azovs·ke More,
Rus. Azovskoye More
93 A6 91 G4
Azovs·ke More see
Azov, Sea of
Azovskoye More see
Azov, Sea of
Azul Argentina 46 D4
Azur, Côte d· coastal region
France 73 E6
Az Zarqá· Jordan 101 B5
Az Záwiyah Libya 53 F2
B Baikal, Lake see Baykal, Ozero
Baalbek Lebanon var.
Ba¶labakk 100 B4
Babeldaob Island Palau 124 B2
Babruysk Belarus Rus. Bobruysk
89 D6
Babuyan Channel channel
Philippines 121 E1
Bacan, Pulau island Indonesia
121 F4
Baâka Topola Serbia 82 D3
Bacâu Romania 90 C4
Badajoz Spain 74 C4
Baden Switzerland 77 E6
Bádiyat ash Shám see Syrian
Desert
Baffin Bay sea feature Atlantic
Ocean 48 B1
Baffin Island island Canada
19 G2
Bafing river Africa 56 C3
Bafoussam Cameroon 58 B4
Bagdad see Baghdad
Bagé Brazil 44 C4
Baghdad capital of Iraq var.
Bagdad, Ar. Baghdád 102 B3
Baghdád see Baghdad
Baghlán Afghanistan 105 E3
Bago Myanmar prev. Pegu
118 B4
Bagoé river Côte d·Ivoire/Mali
56 D4
Baguio Philippines 121 E1
Bahamas country West Indies,
Atlantic Ocean 36
Baharden see Baharly
Baharly Turkmenistan prev.
Baharden, Bäherden,
Bakharden, Bakherden
104 B3
Baháwalpur Pakistan 116 C3
Bäherden see Baharly
Bahía Blanca Argentina 47 C5
Bahía, Islas de la islands
Honduras 34 D2
Bahir Dar Ethiopia 54 C4
Bahrain country SW Asia
103 C5
Baia Mare Romania 90 B3
Bairiki capital of Kiribati
127 E2
Baishan China 110 E3
Baja Hungary 81 C7
Baja California peninsula
Mexico Eng. Lower California
32 B2
Bajo Nuevo island Colombia
35 F2
Baker Oregon, USA 26 C3
Baker & Howland Islands
external territory USA,
Pacific Ocean 125 E2
Bakersfield California, USA
27 C7
Bakharden see Baharly
Bakherden see Baharly
Bákhtarán see Kermánsháh
Bakı see Baku
Baku capital of Azerbaijan
Az. Bakı, var. Baky 99 H2
Baky see Baku
Balabac Strait sea feature
South China Sea/Sulu Sea
120 D2

Ba¶labakk see Baalbek
Balakovo Russian Federation
93 C6
Bálá Murgháb Afghanistan
104 D4
Balaton lake Hungary var. Lake
Balaton, Ger. Plattensee
81 C7
Balaton, Lake see Balaton
Balbina, Represa Reservoir
Brazil 42 D2
Baleares, Islas island group
Spain Eng. Balearic Islands
75 H3
Balearic Islands see
Baleares, Islas
Bali island Indonesia 120 D5
Balıkesir Turkey 98 A3
Balikpapan Indonesia 120 D4
Balkanabat Turkmenistan prev.
Nebitdag 104 B2
Balkan Mountains mountain
range Bulgaria Bul. Stara
Planina 86 C2
Balkhash Kazakhstan 96 C5
Balkhash, Lake see
Balkhash, Ozero
Balkhash, Ozero lake
Kazakhstan Eng. Lake
Balkhash 94 C3
Ballarat Australia 131 C7
Balsas river Mexico 33 E5
Bâl√i Moldova 90 D3
Baltic Port see Paldiski
Baltic Sea Atlantic Ocean 67 C7
Baltimore Maryland, USA 23 F4
Baltischport see Paldiski
Baltiski see Paldiski
Bamako capital of Mali 56 D3
Bambari Central African
Republic 58 D4
Bamenda Cameroon 58 B4
Banaba island Kiribati prev.
Ocean Island 127 E2
Bandaaceh Indonesia 120 A3
Banda, Laut see Banda Sea
Banda Sea sea feature Pacific
Ocean Ind. Laut Banda
121 F4
Bandar-e ¶Abbás Iran 102 D4
Bandar-e Búshehr Iran 102 C4
Ba¶labakk — Basra
Bandar Lampung Indonesia
prev. Tanjungkarang 120 C4
Bandar Seri Begawan capital
of Brunei 120 D3
Bandon Oregon, USA 26 A3
Bandundu Dem. Rep. Congo
59 C6
Bandung Indonesia 120 C5
Bangalore India 114 D2
Banggai, Kepulauan island
group Indonesia 121 E4
Banghází Libya Eng. Benghazi
53 G2
Bangka, Palau island Indonesia
120 C4
Bangkok capital of Thailand
Th. Krung Thep 119 C5
Bangladesh country S Asia 117
Bangor Northern Ireland, UK
71 B5
Bangor Maine, USA 23 G2
Bangui capital of Central
African Republic 59 C5
Bani river Mali 56 D3
Baní Suwayf Egypt var.
Beni Suef 54 B1
Banja Luka Bosnia &
Herzegovina 82 B3
Banjarmasin Indonesia 120 D4
Banjul capital of Gambia 56 B3
Banks Island island Canada
19 E2
Banks Islands island group
Vanuatu, Pacific Ocean
126 D4
Banks Peninsula peninsula
New Zealand133 C6
Banks Strait sea feature
Tasman Sea 131 C7
Banská Bystrica Slovakia Ger.
Neusohl, Hung.
Besztercebánya 81 C6
Bantry Bay sea feature Ireland
71 A6
Banyo Cameroon 58 B4
Banzare Seamounts undersea
feature Indian Ocean
123 C7
Baotou China 109 F3
Baranavichy Belarus Rus.
Baranovichi, Pol.
Baranowicze 89 C6
373
Baranovichi see Baranavichy
Baranowicze see Baranavichy
Barbados country West Indies
37 H4
Barbuda island Antigua &
Barbuda 37 G3
Barcaldine Australia 130 C4
Barcelona Spain 75 G2
Barcelona Venezuela 41 E1
Barcolod City Philippines
121 E2
Bareilly India 117 E3
Barentsburg Svalbard 65 F2
Barentsøya island Svalbard
65 G2
Barents Sea Arctic Ocean
137 H5
Bari Italy 79 E5
Barinas Venezuela 40 D2
Barisan, Pegunungan
mountains Indonesia 120 B4
Barkly Tableland plateau
Australia 130 B3
Barlavento, Ilhas de island
group Cape Verde var.
Windward Islands 56 A2
Bar-le-Duc France 72 D3
Barlee, Lake lake Australia
129 B 5
Barlee Range mountain range
Australia 128 B4
Barnaul Russian Federation
96 D4
Barnstaple England, UK 71 C7
Barquisimeto Venezuela 40 D1
Barra island Scotland, UK 70 B3
Barranquilla Colombia 40 B1
Barrier Range mountain range
Australia 131 C5
Barrow river Ireland 71 B6
Barstow California, USA 27 C7
Bartang river Tajikistan 105 F3
Bartica Guyana 41 G2
Baruun-Urt Mongolia 109 F2
Barwon River river Australia
131 D5
Barysaw Belarus Rus. Borisov
89 D5
Basarabeasca Moldova 90 D4
Basel Switzerland 77 B6
Basra see Al Ba§rah
374
Bassein — Berne
Bassein see Pathein
Basse-Terre capital of
Guadeloupe 37 G4
Basseterre capital of St Kitts &
Nevis 37 G3
Bass Strait sea feature
Australia 131 C7
Bastia Corse, France 73 E7
Bastogne Belgium 69 D7
Bata Equatorial Guinea 58 A5
Batangas Philippines 121 E2
Bâtdâmbâng Cambodia 119 D5
Bath England, UK 71 D6
Bathurst Canada 21 F4
Bathurst Island island Australia
128 D2
Bathurst Island island Canada
19 F2
Bá√in, Wádí al dry watercourse
Asia 102 C4
Batman Turkey var. ƒluh 99 E4
Batna Algeria 53 E1
Baton Rouge Louisiana, USA
30 B3
Batticaloa Sri Lanka 115 E3
Batumi Georgia 99 F2
Bauru Brazil 44 D2
Bavarian Alps mountains
Austria/Germany
77 C6
Bayamo Cuba 36 C2
Bayan Har Shan mountain
range China 108 D4
Bayanhongor Mongolia 108 D2
Bay City Michigan, USA 22 C3
Baydhabo Somalia 55 D6
Baykal, Ozero lake Russian
Federation Eng. Lake Baikal
95 E3
Bayonne France 73 A6
Baÿramaly Turkmenistan
104 C3
Bayrút see Beirut
Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean
137 F2
Beaufort West South Africa
60 D5
Beaumont Texas, USA 29 H4
Beauvais France 72 C3
Béchar Algeria 52 C2
Be·er Sheva¶ Israel 101 A6
Beijing capital of China var.
Peking 110 C4
Beira Mozambique 61 E3
Beirut capital of Lebanon
var. Beyrouth, Bayrút 100 B4
Beja Portugal 74 C4
Béjaïa Algeria 53 E1
Bek-Budi see Karshi
Békéscsaba Hungary 81 D7
Belarus country E Europe var.
Belorusia 89
Belau see Palau
Belcher Islands islands Canada
20 C2
Beledweyne Somalia 55 D5
Belém Brazil 43 F2
Belfast Northern Ireland, UK
71 B5
Belfort France 72 E4
Belgaum India 114 C1
Belgium country W Europe 69
Belgorod Russian Federation
93 A5
Belgrade capital of Serbia SCr.
Beograd 82 D3
Belitung, Pulau island
Indonesia 120 C4
Belize country Central America
34
Belize City Belize 34 C1
Belle Île island France 72 A4
Belle Isle, Strait of sea feature
Canada 21 G3
Bellevue Washington, USA
26 B2
Bellingham Washington, USA
26 B1
Bellingshausen Sea Antarctica
136 A3
Bello Colombia 40 B2
Bellville South Africa 60 C5
Belmopan capital of Belize
34 C1
Belo Horizonte Brazil
45 F1
Belorussia see Belarus
Belostok see Biaîystok
Beloye More Arctic Ocean
Eng. White Sea 63 F1
Belyy, Ostrov island Russian
Federation 137 H4
Bend Oregon, USA 26 B3
Bendery see Tighina
Bendigo Australia 131 C7
Benevento Italy 79 D5
Bengal, Bay of sea feature
Indian Ocean 122 D3
Bengbu China 111 D5
Benghazi see Banghází
Bengkulu Indonesia 120 B4
Benguela Angola 60 B2
Beni river Bolivia 42 C4
Benidorm Spain 75 F4
Beni-Mellel Morocco 52 C2
Benin country N Africa prev.
Dahomey 57
Benin, Bight of sea feature W
Africa 57 F5
Benin City Nigeria 57 F5
Beni Suef see Baní Suwayf
Ben Nevis mountain Scotland,
UK 70 C3
Benue river Cameroon/Nigeria
57 G4
Beograd see Belgrade
Berat Albania 83 D6
Berbera Somalia 54 D4
Berbérati Central African
Republic 58 C5
Berdyans·k Ukraine 91 G4
Bereket Turkmenistan prev.
Gazandzhyk, var.
Kazandzhik, Turkm.
Gazanjyk 104 B2
Berezina see Byerazino
Bergamo Italy 78 B2
Bergen Norway 67 A5
Bergse Maas river Netherlands
68 D4
Bering Sea Pacific Ocean 134 D1
Bering Strait sea feature
Bering Sea/Chukchi Sea
134 D1
Berkeley California, USA 27 B6
Berlin capital of Germany
76 D3
Bermejo river Argentina 46 D2
Bermuda external territory UK,
Atlantic Ocean 48 B3
Bern capital of Switzerland Fr.
Berne 77 B7
Berne see Bern

Berner Alpen mountain range
Switzerland 77 B7
Bertoua Cameroon 59 B5
Besançon France 72 D4
Besztercebánya see Banská
Bystrica
Bethlehem West Bank 101 A5
Beyrouth see Beirut
Béziers France 73 C6
Bezmein see Abadan
Bhamo Myanmar 118 B2
Bhávnagar India 116 C4
Bhópal India 116 D4
Bhutan country S Asia 117
Biak, Pulau island Indonesia
121 G4
Biaîystok Poland Rus. Belostok
80 E3
Biel Switzerland 77 B7
Bielefeld Germany 76 B4
Bielitz-Biala see Bielsko-Biaîa
Bielsko-Biaîa Poland Ger.
Bielitz-Biala 81 C5
Bié Plateau upland Angola
51 C6
Bighorn Mountains mountains
C USA 24 C2
Bignona Senegal 56 B3
Big Spring Texas, USA 29 E3
Bihaá Bosnia & Herzegovina
82 B3
Bihár state India 117 F3
Bijelo Polje Montenegro
82 D4
Bikáner India 116 C3
Bila Tserkva Ukraine 91 E2
Bilbao Spain 75 E1
Billings Montana, USA 24 C2
Bilma, Grand Erg de desert
Niger 57 G3
Biloela Australia 130 D4
Biloxi Mississippi, USA
30 C3
Biltine Chad 58 D3
Binghamton New York, USA
23 F3
Birák Libya 53 F3
Birátnagar Nepal 117 F3
Birmingham England, UK
71 D6
Berner Alpen — Bonaire
Birmingham Alabama, USA
30 D2
Bîr Mogreïn Mauritania 56 C1
Birsen see Birªai
Birªai Lithuania Ger. Birsen
88 C4
Biscay, Bay of sea feature
Atlantic Ocean 62 C4
Bishkek capital of Kyrgyzstan
prev. Frunze, Pishpek 105 F2
Bishop California, USA 27 C6
Biskra Algeria 53 E2
Bismarck North Dakota, USA
25 E2
Bismarck Archipelago island
group Papua New Guinea
126 B3
Bismarck Sea sea Pacific Ocean
124 B2
Bissau capital of Guinea-Bissau
56 B4
Bitola Macedonia 83 E6
Bitterroot Range mountains
NW USA 26 D2
Biwa-ko lake Japan 113 C5
Bizerte Tunisia 53 E1
Bjelovar Croatia 82 B2
Bjørnøya Island N Norway Eng.
Bear Island 65 G3
Black Drin river Albania/
Macedonia 83 D5
Black Forest see Schwarzwald
Black Hills mountains C USA
24 D3
Blackpool England, UK 71 D5
Black River river China/Vietnam
118 D3
Black Sea Asia/Europe 63 F4
Black Volta river Ghana/Côte
d’Ivoire 57 E4
Blackwater river Ireland
71 A6
Blagoevgrad Bulgaria 86 C3
Blagoveshchensk Russian
Federation 97 G4
Blanca, Bahía sea feature
Argentina 39 D5
Blanche, Lake lake Australia
131 B5
Blantyre Malawi 61 E2
Blenheim New Zealand 133 D5
375
Blida Algeria 52 D1
Bloemfontein South Africa
60 D4
Blois France 72 C4
Bloomington Indiana, USA
22 C4
Bluefields Nicaragua 35 E3
Blue Mountains mountains W
USA 26 C2
Blue Nile river Ethiopia/Sudan
54 C4
Blumenau Brazil 44 D3
Bo Sierra Leone 56 C4
Boa Vista Brazil 42 D1
Boa Vista island Cape Verde
56 A3
Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso
56 D4
Bobruysk see Babruysk
Boca de la Serpiente see
Serpent·s Mouth, The
Bochum Germany 76 B4
Bodø Norway 66 C3
Bodrum Turkey 98 A4
Bogor Indonesia 120 C5
Bogotá capital of Colombia
40 B3
Bo Hai sea feature Yellow Sea
110 D4
Bohemian Forest region
Germany 77 D5
Bohol Sea Sea Philippines
121 E2
Boise Idaho, USA 26 D3
Boké Guinea 56 C4
Bokhara see Buxoro
Bol Chad 58 B3
Bolivia country C South
America 42-43
Bologna Italy 78 C3
Bolton England, UK 71 D5
Bolzano Italy Ger. Bozen
78 C2
Boma Dem. Rep. Congo 59 B7
Bombay see Mumbai
Bomu river Central African
Republic/Dem. Rep. Congo
59 D5
Bonaire external territory
Netherlands, West Indies
37 E5
376
Bongo, Massif des — Bryan
Bongo, Massif des upland
Central African Republic
58 D4
Bongor Chad 58 C3
Bonn Germany 76 B4
Boosaaso Somalia 54 E4
Borås Sweden 67 B7
Bordeaux France 73 B5
Borger Texas, USA 29 E2
Borisov see Barysaw
Borlänge Sweden 67 C6
Borneo island SE Asia 120-121
Bornholm island Denmark
67 C8
Bosanski ‹amac Bosnia &
Herzegovina 82 C3
Bosna river Bosnia &
Herzegovina 82 C3
Bosna I Hercegovina,
Federacija Admin. region
republic Bosnia and
Herzegovina 82 C4
Bosnia & Herzegovina country
SE Europe 82-83
Bosporus sea feature Turkey
Turk. ƒstanbul Boêazi 98 B2
Bossangoa Central African
Republic 58 C4
Bosten Hu Lake China
108 C3
Boston Massachusetts, USA
23 G3
Bothnia, Gulf of sea feature
Baltic Sea 67 C5
Boto§ani Romania 90 C3
Botswana country southern
Africa 60
Bouar Central African Republic
58 C4
Bougainville Island island
Papua New Guinea 126 C3
Bougouni Mali 56 D4
Boulder Colorado, USA 24 C4
Boulogne-sur-Mer France
72 C2
Bourges France 72 C4
Bourgogne region France Eng.
Burgundy 72 D4
Bourke Australia 131 C5
Bournemouth England, UK
71 D7
Bouvet Island external territory
Norway, Atlantic Ocean 49 D7
Bowen Australia 130 D3
Bowling Green Kentucky, USA
22 C5
Bozeman Montana, USA 24 B2
Bozen see Bolzano
Braâ island Croatia 82 B4
Bradford England, UK 71 D5
Braga Portugal 74 C2
Bragança Portugal 74 C2
Brahmaputra river Asia 117 G3
Brâila Romania 90 D4
Brainerd Minnesota, USA 25 F2
Brandon Canada 19 F5
Brasília capital of Brazil 43 F4
Bra§ov Romania 90 C4
Bratislava capital of Slovakia
Ger. Pressburg, Hung.
Pozsony 81 C6
Bratsk Russian Federation
97 E4
Braunau am Inn Austria 77 D6
Braunschweig Germany Eng.
Brunswick 76 C4
Brazil country South America
42-43
Brazil Basin undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 49 C5
Brazilian Highlands upland
Brazil 43 G4
Brazos river SW USA 29 G3
Brazzaville capital of Congo
59 B6
Brecon Beacons hills Wales,
UK 71 C6
Breda Netherlands 68 C4
Bregenz Austria 77 B7
Bremen Germany 76 B3
Bremerhaven Germany 76 B3
Brescia Italy 78 B2
Breslau see Wrocîaw
Brest Belarus Pol. Brze¡á nad
Bugiem, prev. Brze¡á
Litewski, Rus. Brest-Litovsk
89 B6
Brest France 72 A3
Brest-Litovsk see Brest
Bretagne region France Eng.
Brittany 72 A3
Brezhnev see Naberezhnyye
Chelny
Bria Central African Republic
58 D4
Bridgetown capital of
Barbados 37 H4
Brig Switzerland 77 B5
Brighton England, UK 71 E7
Brindisi Italy 79 E5
Brisbane Australia 131 E5
Bristol England, UK 71 D6
British Columbia province
Canada 18-19
British Indian Ocean Territory
external territory UK, Indian
Ocean 122 C4
British Isles islands W Europe
70-71
British Virgin Islands external
territory UK, West Indies 37
Brittany see Bretagne
Brno Czech Republic
Ger. Brünn 81 B5
Broken Arrow Oklahoma, USA
29 G1
Broken Hill Australia 131 B6
Broken Ridge undersea feature
Indian Ocean 123 D6
Bromberg see Bydgoszcz
Brooks Range mountains
Alaska, USA 18 D2
Brookton Australia 129 B6
Broome Australia 128 C3
Brownfield Texas, USA 29 E2
Brownsville Texas, USA 29 G5
Bruges see Brugge
Brugge Belgium Fr. Bruges
69 A5
Brunei country E Asia 120 D3
Brünn see Brno
Brunswick Georgia, USA 31 E3
Brunswick see Braunschweig
Brusa see Bursa
Brussel see Brussels
Brussels capital of Belgium Fr.
Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel
69 C6
Brüx see Most
Bruxelles see Brussels
Bryan Texas, USA 29 G3

Bryansk Russian Federation
93 A5 96 A2
Brze¡á Litewski see Brest
Brze¡á nad Bugiem see Brest
Bucaramanga Colombia
40 C2
Buchanan Liberia 56 C5
Bucharest capital of Romania
90 C5
Budapest capital of Hungary
81 C6
Budweis see Âeské Budêjovice
Buenaventura Colombia 40 B3
Buenos Aires capital of
Argentina 46 D4
Buenos Aires, Lago lake
Argentina/Chile 47 B6
Buffalo New York, USA 23 E3
Bug river E Europe 90 C1
Bujumbura capital of Burundi
prev. Usumbura 55 B7
Bukavu Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E6
Bukhara see Buxoro
Bulawayo Zimbabwe 60 D3
Bulgan Mongolia 109 E2
Bulgaria country E Europe 86
Bumba Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D5
Bunbury Australia 129 B6
Bundaberg Australia 130 E4
Bunia Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E5
Buraydah Saudi Arabia 103 B5
Buré Ethiopia 54 C4
Burgas Bulgaria 86 E2
Burgos Spain 75 E2
Burgundy see Bourgogne
Burketown Australia 130 B3
Burkina Faso country
W Africa 57
Burlington Iowa, USA 25 G4
Burlington Vermont, USA 23 F2
Burma see Myanmar
Burnie Tasmania 131 C8
Burns Oregon, USA 26 C3
Bursa Turkey prev. Brusa 98 B3
BúrSaΫíd Egypt Eng. Port Said
54 B1
Burtnieku Ezers lake Latvia
88 C3
Buru, Pulau island Indonesia
121 E4
Bryansk — Canarias, Islas
Burundi country C Africa 55
Busan South Korea prev.
Pusan110 E4
Busselton Australia 129 B7
Butembo Dem. Rep. Congo
59 E5
Buton, Pulau Island Indonesia
121 E4
Butte Montana, USA 24 B2
Butuan Philippines 121 F2
Buxoro Uzbekistan var.
Bokhara, Rus. Bukhara
104 D2
Büyükaêrı Daêı see Ararat,
Mount
Buzâu Romania 90 C4
Büzmeÿin see Abadan
Bydgoszcz Poland Ger.
Bromberg 80 C3
Byerazino river Belarus Rus.
Berezina 89 D6
Byzantium see ƒstanbul
C Cambridge England, UK 71 E6
Caazapá Paraguay 44 C3
Cabanatuan Philippines 121 E1
Cabimas Venezuela 40 C1
Cabinda exclave Angola 60 B1
Cabot Strait sea feature
Atlantic Ocean 21 G4
Âaâak Serbia 82 D4
Cáceres Spain 74 D3
Cachoeiro de Itapemirim Brazil
45 F1
Cadiz Philippines 121 E2
Cádiz Spain 74 D5
Caen France 72 B3
Cagayan de Oro Philippines
121 F2
Cagliari Italy 79 A5
Cahors France 73 B5
Cairns Australia 130 D3
Cairo capital of Egypt Ar. Al
Qáhirah, var. El Qâhira 54 B1
Âakovec Croatia 82 B2
Calabar Nigeria 57 G5
Calabria region Italy 79 D6
Calafate see El Calafate
377
Calais France 72 C2
Calais Maine, USA 23 H1
Calama Chile 46 B2
Calbayog Philippines 121 F2
Calcutta see Kolkata
Caldas da Rainha Portugal
74 B3
Caldwell Idaho, USA 27 C3
Caleta Olivia Argentina 47 C6
Calgary Canada 19 E5
Cali Colombia 40 A3
Calicut India see Kozhikode
114 D2
California state USA 26-27
California, Golfo de sea feature
Pacific Ocean Eng. California,
Gulf of 32 B2 123 F2
Callabonna, Lake lake
Australia131 B5
Callao Peru 42 A3
Caltanissetta Italy 79 C7
Camagüey Cuba 36 C2
Cambodia country SE Asia
Cam. Kampuchea 119
Cambridge New Zealand132 D2
Cameroon country W Africa
58-59
Campbell Plateau undersea
feature Pacific Ocean
134 C5
Campeche Mexico 33 G4
Campeche, Bahía de sea
feature Mexico Eng. Gulf of
Campeche 33 G4
Campina Grande Brazil 43 H3
Campinas Brazil 45 E2
Campo Grande Brazil 44 C1
Campos Brazil 45 F2
Canada country North America
16-17
Canada Basin undersea feature
Arctic Ocean var. Laurentian
Basin 137 F2
Canadian River river SW USA
29 E2
Çanakkale Turkey 98 A3
Çanakkale Boêazı see
Dardanelles
Canarias, Islas islands Spain
Eng. Canary Islands 50 A2
378
Canary Basin — Ceuta
Canary Basin undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 48 C4
Canary Islands see Canarias,
Islas
Canaveral, Cape coastal
feature Florida, USA 31 F4
Canberra capital of Australia
131 D6
Cancún Mexico 33 H3
Caniapiscau river Canada 21 E2
Caniapiscau, Réservoir
Reservoir Canada 21 E3
Canik Daêları mountains
Turkey 98 D2
Çankırı Turkey 98 C2
Cannes France 73 D6
Canoas Brazil 44 D4
Canterbury England, UK 71 E6
Canterbury Bight sea feature
Pacific Ocean 133 C6
Canterbury Plains plain New
Zealand 133 B6
Cân Thò Vietnam 119 D6
Canton Ohio, USA 22 D4
Canton see Guangzhou
Cape Basin undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 49 D6
Cape Town South Africa 60 C5
Cape Verde country Atlantic
Ocean 56 A2
Cape Verde Basin undersea
feature Atlantic Ocean 48 C4
Cape York Peninsula peninsula
Australia 124 B3
Cap-Haïtien Haiti 36 D3
Capri, Isola di island Italy 79 D5
Caquetá river Colombia 40 C4
CAR see Central African
Republic
Caracas capital of Venezuela
40 D1
Carazinho Brazil 44 C3
Carbondale Illinois, USA 22 B5
Carcassonne France 73 C6
Cardiff Wales, UK 71 C6
Cardigan Bay sea feature
Wales, UK 71 C6
Carey, Lake lake Australia
129 C5
Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean
36-37
Carlisle England, UK 70 D4
Carlsbad New Mexico, USA
28 D3
Carlsberg Ridge undersea
feature Indian Ocean 122 B4
Carnavon Australia 128 A5
Carnegie, Lake lake Australia
129 C5
Carolina Brazil 43 F3
Caroline Island see Millennium
Island
Caroline Islands island group
Micronesia 126 B1
Caroní river Venezuela 41 F2
Carpathian Mountains
mountain range E Europe
var. Carpathians 63 E4
Carpathians see Carpathian
Mountains
Carpa√ii Meridionali mountain
range Romania Eng. South
Carpathians, Transylvanian
Alps 90 B4
Carpentaria, Gulf of sea
feature Australia 130 B2
Carson City Nevada, USA 27 B5
Cartagena Colombia 40 B1
Cartagena Spain 75 F4
Cartago Costa Rica 35 E4
Cartwright Canada 21 G2
Carúpano Venezuela 41 E1
Casablanca Morocco 52 C2
Casa Grande Arizona, USA
28 B3
Cascade Range mountain
range Canada/USA 26 B2
Cascais Portugal 74 B3
Casper Wyoming, USA 24 C3
Caspian Sea inland sea Asia/
Europe 94 B4
Castellón de la Plana Spain
75 F3
Castelo Branco Portugal
74 C3
Castries capital of St Lucia
37 G4
Castro Chile 47 B6
Cat Island island Bahamas
36 D1
Catania Italy 79 D7
Catanzaro Italy 79 D6
Cauca river Colombia
40 B2
Caucasus mountains Asia/
Europe 93 A7
Caura river Venezuela
41 E2
Caviana, Ilha island Brazil
43 F1
Cawnpore see Kánpur
Caxias do Sul Brazil 44 D4
Cayenne capital of French
Guiana 41 H3
Cayman Islands external
territory UK, West Indies 36
Cebu Philippines 121 E2
Cedar Rapids Iowa, USA 25 G3
Cedros, Isla island Mexico
32 A2
Ceduna Australia131 A6
Cefalù Italy 79 C6
Celebes see Sulawesi
Celebes Sea Pacific Ocean Ind.
Laut Sulawesi 134 B3
Celje Slovenia 77 E7
Central African Republic
country C Africa
abbrev. CAR 58-59
Central, Cordillera mountain
range Philippines 121 E1
Central Makrán Range
mountains Pakistan 116 A3
Central Pacific Basin undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 125 E1
Central Russian Upland upland
Russian Federation 94 B3
Central Siberian Plateau see
Srednesibirskoye
Ploskogor’ye
Central Siberian Uplands
see Srednesibirskoye
Ploskogor·ye
Central, Sistema mountain
range Spain 74 D3
Cephalonia see Kefalloniá
Ceram Sea Sea Indonesia
121 F4
Cernâuπi see Chernivtsi
Césis Latvia Ger. Wenden 88 C3
Âeské Budêjovice Czech
Republic Ger. Budweis 81 B5
Ceuta external territory Spain,
N Africa 52 C1

Cévennes mountains France
73 C6
Ceylon see Sri Lanka
Ceylon Plain undersea feature
Indian Ocean 122 C4
Chad country C Africa 58
Chad, Lake lake C Africa
58 B3
Chágai Hills mountains
Pakistan 116 A2
Chagos-Laccadive Plateau
undersea feature Indian
Ocean 122 C4
Chagos Trench undersea
feature Indian Ocean 122 C4
Chalkída Greece 87 C5
Challenger Deep undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 134 B3
Châlons-en-Champagne France
72 D3
Chambéry France 73 D5
Champaign Illinois, USA 22 B4
Chañaral Chile 46 B2
Chandígarh India 116 D2
Chang, Ko island Thailand
119 C5
Changchun China 110 D3
Chang Jiang river China var.
Yangtze 111 B6
Changsha China 111 C6
Chaniá Greece 87 C7
Channel Islands island group
California, USA 27 B8
Channel Islands islands UK
71 D8
Channel-Port-aux-Basques
Canada 21 G4
Channel Tunnel France/UK 71 E7
Chapala, Lago de lake Mexico
32 D4
Chardzhev see Türkmenabat
Chardzhou see Türkmenabat
Chari river C Africa 58 C3
Cháríkár Afghanistan 105 E4
Chärjew see Türkmenabat
Charleroi Belgium 69 C6
Charleston South Carolina,
USA 31 F2
Charleston West Virginia, USA
22 D5
Charleville Australia 130 C4
Cévennes — Chiriquí, Golfo de
Charlotte North Carolina, USA
31 F1
Charlotte Amalie capital of
Virgin Islands 37 F3
Charlottesville Virginia, USA
23 E5
Charlottetown Canada 21 G4
Charters Towers Australia
130 D3
Chartres France 72 C3
Châteauroux France 72 C4
Chatham Islands islands New
Zealand 134 D4
Chattanooga Tennessee, USA
30 D1
Chauk Myanmar 118 A3
Chaves Portugal 74 C2
Cheboksary Russian Federation
93 C5
Cheboygan Michigan, USA
22 C2
Chech, Erg desert Algeria/
Mali 56 D1
Che-chiang see Zhejiang
Cheju-do see Jeju-do
Cheju Strait see Jeju Strait
Chekiang see Zhejiang
Cheleken see Hazar
Chelyabinsk Russian Federation
96 C3
Chemnitz Germany prev.
Karl-Marx-Stadt 76 D4
Chenáb river Pakistan
116 C2
Chengdu China 111 B5
Chennai India prev. Madras
115 E2
Cherbourg France 72 B3
Cherepovets Russian
Federation 92 B4
Cherkasy Ukraine 91 E2
Cherkessk Russian Federation
93 A7
Chernigov see Chernihiv
Chernihiv Ukraine Rus.
Chernigov 91 E1
Chernivtsi Ukraine Rus.
Chernovtsy, Rom. Cernâuπi
90 C3
Chernobyl·see Chornobyl·
Chernovtsy see Chernivtsi
379
Chernyakhovsk Kaliningrad,
Russian Federation 88 B4
Chesapeake Bay sea feature
USA 23 F5
Chester England, UK 71 D5
Cheyenne Wyoming, USA
24 D4
Chiang-hsi see Jiangxi
Chiang Mai Thailand 118 B4
Chiang-su see Jiangsu
Chiba Japan 113 D5
Chicago Illinois, USA 22 B3
Chiclayo Peru 42 A3
Chico California, USA 27 B5
Chicoutimi Canada 21 E4
Chifeng China var. Ulanhad
109 F2
Chihli see Hebei
Chihuahua Mexico 32 C2
Chile country S South America
46-47
Chile Basin undersea feature
Pacific Ocean 135 G4
Chile Chico Chile 47 B6
Chile Rise undersea feature
Pacific Ocean 135 G4
Chi-lin see Jilin
Chillán Chile 46 B4
Chiloé, Isla de island Chile
47 B6
Chimborazo peak Ecuador
38 A3
Chimbote Peru 42 A3
Chimkent see Shymkent
Chimoio Mozambique 61 E3
China country E Asia 108-109
Chinandega Nicaragua 34 C3
Chindwinn river Myanmar
118 A2
Chinghai see Qinghai
Chingola Zambia 60 D2
Chinook Trough undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 134 D1
Chíos Greece 87 D5
Chíos island Greece prev. Khíos
87 D5
Chirchik Uzbekistan Uzb.
Chirchiq 105 E2
Chirchiq see Chirchik
Chiriquí, Golfo de sea feature
Panama 35 E5
380
Chi§inâu — Comayagua
Chi§inâu capital of Moldova,
var. Kishinev 90 D3
Chita Russian Federation 97 F4
Chitré Panama 35 F5
Chittagong Bangladesh
117 G4
Chitungwiza Zimbabwe 60 D3
Choluteca Honduras 34 C3
Choma Zambia 60 D3
Chona river Russian Federation
95 E2
Chon Buri Thailand 119 C5
Ch·ôngjin North Korea
110 E3
Chongqing province China
var. Chungking 111 B5
Chonos, Archipiélago de los
island group Chile 47 B6
Chornobyl· Ukraine Rus.
Chernobyl· 91 E1
Choûm Mauritania 56 C2
Choybalsan Mongolia 109 F2
Christchurch New Zealand
133 C6
Christmas Island external
territory Australia, Indian
Ocean 122 D5
Christmas Island see Kiritimati
Christmas Ridge undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 125 F1
Chuan see Sichuan
Chubut river Argentina 47 B6
Chudskoye Ozero see
Peipus, Lake
Chuí see Chuy
Chukchi Plain undersea feature
Arctic Ocean 137 G2
Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean
Rus. Chukotskoye More
137 F1
Chukotskoye More see
Chukchi Sea
Chula Vista California, USA
27 C8
Chulym river Russian
Federation 94 D3
Chumphon Thailand 119 C6
Chungking see Chongqing
Chuquicamata Chile 46 B2
Chur Switzerland 77 B7
Churchill Canada 19 G4
Chuuk Islands island group
Micronesia 126 B1
Chuy Brazil var. Chuí 44 C5
Cienfuegos Cuba 36 B2
Cieza Spain 75 F4
Cilacap Indonesia 120 C5
Cincinnati Ohio, USA 22 C4
Ciudad Bolívar Venezuela
41 E2
Ciudad del Este Paraguay
44 C3
Ciudad de México see
Mexico City
Ciudad Guayana Venezuela
41 E2
Ciudad Juárez Mexico 32 C1
Ciudad Obregón Mexico 32 B2
Ciudad Ojeda Venezuela 40 C1
Ciudad Real Spain 75 E3
Ciudad Valles Mexico 33 E3
Ciudad Victoria Mexico 33 E3
Clarence river New Zealand
133 C5
Clarion Fracture Zone tectonic
feature Pacific Ocean 125 G1
Clarksville Tennessee, USA
30 D1
Clearwater Florida, USA 31 E4
Clermont Australia 130 D4
Clermont-Ferrand France
73 C5
Cleveland Ohio, USA 22 D3
Clipperton Fracture Zone
tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
125 G2
Clipperton Island external
territory France, Pacific
Ocean 135 F3
Cloncurry Australia 130 C3
Clovis New Mexico, USA 29 E2
Cluj-Napoca Romania 90 B3
Clutha river New Zealand
133 B7
Coast Ranges mountain range
W USA 26 A5
Coats Island island Canada
20 C1
Coats Land physical region
Antarctica 136 B2
Coatzacoalcos Mexico 33 G4
Cobán Guatemala 34 B2
Cochabamba Bolivia 42 C4
Cochin India see Kochi
114 D3
Cochrane Canada 20 C4
Cochrane Chile 47 B6
Coco river Honduras/Nicaragua
34 D2
Cocos Basin undersea feature
Indian Ocean 122 D4
Cocos Islands external territory
Australia, Indian Ocean
122 D5
Cod, Cape coastal feature
NE USA 23 G3
Coeur d’Alene Idaho, USA
26 C2
Coffs Harbour Australia
131 E6
Coihaique Chile 47 B6
Coimbatore India 114 D3
Coimbra Portugal 74 C3
Colchester England, UK 71 E6
Colmar France 72 E4
Cologne see Köln
Colombia country N South
America 40-41
Colombo administrative capital
of Sri Lanka 115 E4
Colón Panama 35 F4
Colón, Archipiélago de see
Galapagos Islands
Colorado state USA 24 C4
Colorado river USA 16 B5
Colorado river Argentina
47 C5
Colorado Plateau upland
region S USA 28 B1
Colorado Springs Colorado,
USA 24 D4
Columbia South Carolina, USA
31 F2
Columbia river NW USA
26 C1
Columbus Georgia, USA
30 D3
Columbus Mississippi, USA
30 C2
Columbus Nebraska, USA
25 E4
Columbus Ohio, USA 22 D4
Comayagua Honduras 34 C2

Comilla Bangladesh 117 G4
Communism Peak peak
Tajikistan Rus. Pik
Kommunizma, prev. Stalin
Peak, Garmo Peak 105 F3
Como, Lago di lake Italy
78 B2
Comodoro Rivadavia Argentina
47 C6
Comoros country Indian Ocean
61
Conakry capital of Guinea
56 C4
Concepción Chile 47 B5
Concepción Paraguay 44 B2
Conchos river Mexico 32 C2
Concord New Hampshire, USA
22 G2
Concordia E Argentina 46 D3
Congo country C Africa 59
Congo river C Africa var. Zaire
51 C5
Congo Basin drainage basin C
Africa 59 C5
Congo, Democratic Republic of
country C Africa 59
Connecticut state USA 23 G3
Constance, Lake river C Europe
77 B6
Constantine Algeria 53 E1
Constantinople see ƒstanbul
Constan√a Romania 90 D5
Coober Pedy Australia 131 A5
Cook, Mount see Aoraki
Cook Islands external territory
New Zealand, Pacific Ocean
127 G4
Cook Strait sea feature New
Zealand 133 D5
Cooktown Australia 130 D2
Cooma Australia 131 D7
Coos Bay Oregon, USA 26 A3
Cootamundra Australia
131 D6
Copenhagen capital of
Denmark 67 B7
Copiapó Chile 46 B3
Coppermine see Kuglukutuk
Coquimbo Chile 46 B3
Corabia Romania 90 B5
Coral Sea Pacific Ocean 130 E3
Coral Sea Islands external
territory Australia, Coral Sea
130 E3
Corantijn see Courantyne
Cordillera Cantábrica mountain
range Spain 74 D1
Córdoba Argentina 46 C3
Córdoba Spain 74 D4
Cordova Alaska, USA
18 D3
Corfu see Kérkyra
Corinth see Kórinthos
Corinth, Gulf of see
Korinthiakós Kólpos
Corinto Nicaragua 34 C3
Cork Ireland 71 B6
Corner Brook Canada 21 G3
Coro Venezuela 40 D1
Coronel Oviedo Paraguay
44 C2
Corpus Christi Texas, USA
29 G5
Corrib, Lough lake Ireland
71 A5
Corrientes Argentina 46 D3
Corse island France Eng.
Corsica 73 E7 84 D2
Corsica see Corse
Çorum Turkey 98 D2
Corvallis Oregon, USA
26 A3
Cosenza Italy 79 D6
Costa Blanca coastal region
Spain 75 F4
Costa Brava coastal region
Spain 75 H2
Costa Rica country Central
America 34-35
Côte d’Ivoire country W Africa
Eng. Ivory Coast 56 D4
Cottbus Germany 76 D4
Council Bluffs Iowa, USA
25 F4
Courantyne river Guyana /
Suriname var. Corantijn 41 G3
Courland Lagoon sea feature
Baltic Sea 88 B4
Coventry England, UK 71 D6
Covilhã Portugal 74 C3
Cowan, Lake lake Australia
129 C6
381
Comilla — Cuzco
Cozumel, Isla de island Mexico
33 H3
Cracow see Kraków
Craiova Romania 90 B5
Cremona Italy 78 B2
Cres island Croatia 82 A3
Crescent City California, USA
26 A4
Crete see Kríti
Crete, Sea of Mediterranean
Sea Gk. Kritikó Pélagos
87 D7
Crimea see Krym
Cristóbal Panama 48 A4
Croatia country SE Europe 82
Croker Island island Australia
128 E2
Crotone Italy 79 E6
Crozet Basin undersea feature
Indian Ocean 123 B6
Crozet Islands island group
Indian Ocean 123 B7
Crystal Brook Australia
131 B6
Cuanza river Angola 60 B2
Cuba country West Indies 36
Cubango see Okavango
Cúcuta Colombia 40 C2
Cuenca Ecuador 40 A5
Cuenca Spain 75 E3
Cuernavaca Mexico 33 E4
Cuiabá Brazil 43 E4
Culiacán Mexico 32 C3
Cumaná Venezuela 41 E1
Cumberland Maryland, USA
23 E4
Cunene river Angola/Namibia
60 B3
Cunnamulla Australia 131 C5
Curaçao external territory
Netherlands, West Indies
37 E5
Curicó Chile 46 B4
Curitiba Brazil 44 D3
Cusco Peru prev. Cuzco 42 B4
Cuttack India 117 F5
Cuxhaven Germany 76 B3
Cuyuni river Guyana/Venezuela
41 F2
Cuzco see Cusco
382
Cyclades — Des Moines
Cyclades see Kykládes
Cymru see Wales
Cyprus country Mediterranean
Sea 98 C5
Czechoslovakia see Czech
Republic or Slovakia
Czech Republic country C
Europe 80-81
Czèstochowa Poland Ger.
Tschenstochau 80 C4
Czîuchów Poland 80 C3
D Dar es Salaam Tanzania 55 C7
Dacca see Dhaka
Daegu South Korea prev.
Taegu 110 E4
Daejeon South Korea prev.
Taejôn 110 E4
Dagden see Hiiumaa
Dagö see Hiiumaa
Dagupan Philippines 121 E1
Da Hinggan Ling mountain
range China Eng. Great
Khingan Range 109 G1
Dahomey see Benin
Dakar capital of Senegal
56 B3
Ãakovo Croatia 82 C3
Dalain Hob China 108 D3
Dalaman Turkey 98 B4
Dalandzadgad Mongolia
109 E3
Ãa Lat Vietnam 119 E5
Dalby Australia 131 D5
Dalian China 110 D4
Dallas Texas, USA 29 G3
Dalmacija region Croatia 82 B4
Daly Waters Australia 128 E3
Damán India 116 C5
Damas see Damascus
Damascus Syria var. Esh Sham,
Fr. Damas, Ar. Dimashq
100 B4
Dampier Australia 128 B4
Damxung China 108 C5
Ãa Nâng Vietnam 119 E4
Dandong China 110 D4
Daneborg Greenland 65 E3
Danghara Tajikistan 105 E3
Danmarksstraedet see
Denmark Strait
Danube river C Europe
63 E4
Danville Virginia, USA 23 E5
Danzig see Gdaúsk
Danzig, Gulf of 76 C2 Gulf
Poland 80 C2
Dar¶á Syria 101 B5
Dardanelles sea feature Turkey
Turk. Çanakkale Boêazı
98 A2
Darfur Cultural region Sudan
54 A4
Darhan Mongolia 109 E2
Darien, Gulf of sea feature
Caribbean Sea 35 G5
Darling river Australia 131 C6
Darmstadt Germany 77 B5
Darnah Libya 53 H2
Dartmoor region England,
UK 71 C7
Dartmouth Canada 21 F4
Darwin Australia 128 D2
Dashhowuz see Da§oguz
Da§oguz Turkmenistan prev.
Tashauz, Turkm. Dashhowuz
104 C2
Datong China 110 C4
Daugava see Western Dvina
Daugavpils Latvia Ger.
Dünaburg, Rus. Dvinsk
88 D4
Dávangere India 114 D2
Davao Philippines 121 F3
Davao Gulf gulf Philippines
121 F3
Davenport Iowa, USA 25 G3
David Panama 35 E5
Davie Ridge undersea feature
Indian Ocean 123 A5
Davis Sea Indian Ocean 136 D3
Davis Strait sea feature
Atlantic Ocean 64 C3
Dawei Myanmar prev. Tavoy
119 B5
Dayr az Zawr Syria 100 D3
Dayton Ohio, USA 22 C4
Daytona Beach Florida, USA
31 F4
Dead Sea salt lake SW Asia Ar.
Al Baír al Mayyit, Baírat Lút,
Heb. Yam HaMela¡ 101 B5
Death Valley valley W USA
27 C6
Deatnu river Finland/Norway
66 D2
Debrecen Hungary prev.
Debreczen, Ger. Debreczin
81 D6
Debreczen see Debrecen
Debreczin see Debrecen
Decatur Illinois, USA 22 B4
Deccan plateau India
106 B3 115 D1
Dêâín Czech Republic
Ger. Tetschen 80 B4
Dej Romania 90 B3
Delaware state USA 23 F4
Delémont Switzerland 77 A7
Delft Netherlands 68 C4
Delfzijl Netherlands 68 E1
Delhi India 116 D3
Del Rio Texas, USA 29 F4
Demchok disputed region
China/India var. Dêmqog
108 B4
Demopolis Alabama, USA
30 C2
Dêmqog see Demchok
Denali see Mount McKinley
Denham Australia 129 A5
Den Helder Netherlands 68 C2
Denizli Turkey 98 B4
Denmark country NW Europe
67
Denmark Strait sea feature
Greenland/Iceland var.
Danmarksstraedet 65 D4
Denpasar Indonesia 120 D5
Denton Texas, USA 29 G2
Denver Colorado, USA 24 D4
Dera Gházi Khán Pakistan
116 C2
Derby England, UK 71 D6
Derg, Lough lake Ireland
71 B6
Desé Ethiopia 54 C4
Deseado river Argentina
47 C6
Des Moines Iowa, USA 25 F3

Despoto Planina see Rhodope
Mountains
Dessau Germany 76 D4
Detroit Michigan, USA 22 D3
Deutschendorf see Poprad
Deva Romania 90 B4
Deventer Netherlands 68 D3
Devollit, Lumi i river Albania
83 D6
Devon Island island Canada
19 F2
Devonport Tasmania, Australia
131 C8
Dezfúl Iran 102 C3
Dhaka capital of Bangladesh
var. Dacca 117 G4
Dhanbád India 117 F4
Dhrepanon, Ákra see Drépano,
Akrotírio
Diamantina Fracture Zone
tectonic feature Indian Ocean
123 E6
Dickinson North Dakota, USA
24 D2
Diekirch Luxembourg 69 D7
Dieppe France 72 C3
Digul River Indonesia 121 H5
Dijon France 72 D4
Dikson Taymyrskiy (Dolgano-
Nenetskiy) Russian Federation
137 H4
Dili capital of East Timor 121 F5
Dilling Sudan 54 B4
Dilolo Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D8
Dimashq see Damascus
Dimitrovo see Pernik
Dinant Belgium 69 C7
Dinaric Alps mountains Bosnia
& Herzegovina/Croatia 82 B4
Diourbel Senegal 56 B3
Diré Dawa Ethiopia 55 D5
Dirk Hartog Island island
Australia 129 A5
Disappointment, Lake salt lake
Australia 128 C4
Dispur India 117 G3
Divinópolis Brazil 45 F1
Diyarbakır Turkey 99 E4
Dkaraganda see Zhezkazgan
Djambala Congo 59 B6
Despoto Planina — Duluth
Djibouti country E Africa 54
Djibouti capital of Djibouti var.
Jibuti 54 D4
Dnieper river E Europe 63 F4
Dniester river Moldova/Ukraine
90 D3
Dnipropetrovs·k Ukraine 91 F3
Dobele Latvia Ger. Doblen
88 C3
Doberai, Jazirah Peninsula
Indonesia 121 G4
Doblen see Dobele
Doboj Bosnia & Herzegovina
82 C3
Dobrich Bulgaria 86 E1
Dodecanese see Dodekánisa
Dodekánisa islands Greece
Eng. Dodecanese 87 E6
Dodge City Kansas, USA 25 E5
Dodoma capital of Tanzania
55 C7
Doêu Karadeniz Daêlariı
mountains Turkey var.
Anadolu Daêları 99 E2
Doha capital of Qatar Ar. Ad
Dawíah 103 C5
Dolisie Congo 59 B6
Dolomites see Dolomitiche,
Alpi
Dolomitiche, Alpi mountains
Italy Eng. Dolomites 78 C2
Dolores Argentina 46 D4
Dolores Hidalgo Mexico
33 E4
Dominica country West Indies
37
Dominican Republic country
West Indies 37
Don river Russian Federation
93 B6 96 A3
Donegal Bay sea feature
Ireland 71 A5
Donets river Russian
Federation/Ukraine 93 A6
Donets·k Ukraine 91 G3
Dongguan China 111 C6
Dongola Sudan 54 B3
Donostia see San Sebastián
Dordogne river France 73 B5
Dordrecht Netherlands 68 C4
Dorpat see Tartu
383
Dortmund Germany 76 B4
Dothan Alabama, USA 30 D3
Douai France 72 D3
Douala Cameroon 59 A5
Douglas UK 71 C5
Douglas Arizona, USA 28 C3
Dourados Brazil 44 C2
Douro river Portugal/Spain Sp.
Duero 74 C2
Dover England, UK 71 E7
Dover Delaware, USA 23 F4
Drakensberg mountain range
Lesotho/South Africa 60 D5
Drake Passage sea feature
Atlantic Ocean/Pacific Ocean
39 C8
Dráma Greece 86 C3
Drammen Norway 67 B6
Drau river C Europe var. Drava
77 D7 82 C3
Drava river C Europe var. Drau
81 C7
Drépano, Akrotírio coastal
feature Greece var.
Dhrepanon Ákra 86 C4
Dresden Germany 76 D4
Drina river Bosnia &
Herzegovina/Serbia 82 D4
Drobeta-Turnu Severin
Romania prev. Turnu Severin
90 B4
Dronning Maud Land region
Antarctica 137 B1
Druskieniki see Druskininkai
Druskininkai Lithuania Pol.
Druskieniki 89 B5
Dubayy United Arab Emirates
103 D5
Dubâsari Moldova 90 D3
Dubawnt river Canada 19 F4
Dubbo Australia 131 D6
Dublin capital of Ireland 71 B5
Dubrovnik Croatia 83 C5
Dubuque Iowa, USA 25 G3
Duero river Portugal/Spain
Port. Douro 74 D2
Dugi Otok island Croatia 82 A4
Duisburg Germany 76 A4
Dulan China 108 D4
Duluth Minnesota, USA 25 F2
384
Dumfries — El Tigre
Dumfries Scotland, UK 70 C4
Düna see Western Dvina
Dünaburg see Daugavpils
Dundalk Ireland 71 B5
Dundee Scotland, UK 70 D3
Dunedin New Zealand 133 B7
Dunkerque France Eng.
Dunkirk 72 C2
Dunkirk see Dunkerque
Duqm Oman 103 E6
Durango Mexico 32 D3
Durango Colorado, USA 24 C5
Durazno Uruguay 44 C5
Durban South Africa 60 E4
Durham North Carolina, USA
31 F1
Durrës Albania 83 C5
Dushanbe capital of Tajikistan
var. Dyushambe, prev.
Stalinabad 105 E3
Düsseldorf Germany 76 A4
Dutch Harbor Alaska, USA
18 B3
Dvinsk see Daugavpils
Dyushambe see Dushanbe
Dzaudzhikau see Vladikavkaz
Dzhalal-Abad Kyrgyzstan Kir.
Jalal-Abad 105 F2
Dzhambul see Taraz
Dzhezkazgan see Zhezkazgan
Dzvina see Western Dvina
E Edirne Turkey 98 A2
Eagle Pass Texas, USA
29 F4
East Antarctica region
Antarctica 136 C3
East Cape coastal feature New
Zealand 132 E2
East China Sea Pacific Ocean
111 E5
Easter Fracture Zone tectonic
feature Pacific Ocean
135 G4
Easter Island island Pacific
Ocean 135 F4
Eastern Ghats mountain range
India 117 B5
Eastern Sierra Madre see Sierra
Madre Oriental
East Falkland island Falkland
Islands 47 D7
East Indiaman Ridge undersea
feature Indian Ocean
23 D5
East Indies island group Asia
122 E4
East London South Africa
60 D5
Eastmain river Canada 20 D3
East Pacific Rise undersea
feature Pacific Ocean
135 F4
East Siberian Sea see
Vostochno-Sibirskoye More
East St Louis Illinois, USA
22 B4
East Timor country SE Asia
121
East Novaya Zemlya Trench
var. Novaya Zemlya Trench.
Undersea feature Kara Sea
137 H4
Eau Claire Wisconsin, USA
22 A2
Ebolowa Cameroon 59 B5
Ebro river Spain 75 F2
Ecuador country NW South
America 40
Ede Netherlands 68 D3
Ede Nigeria 57 F4
Edgeøya island Svalbard 65 G2
Edinburgh Scotland, UK 70 C4
Edmonton Canada 19 E5
Edward, Lake lake Uganda/
Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E6
Edwards Plateau upland S USA
29 F4
Efate Island Vanuatu prev.
Sandwich Island 124 D4
Effingham Illinois, USA 22 B4
Eforie-Sud Romania 90 D5
Egadi, Isole island group Italy
79 B6
Ege Denizi see Aegean Sea
Eger see Ohüe
Egypt country NE Africa 54
Eighty Mile Beach beach
Australia 128 C3
Eindhoven Netherlands 69 D5
Eisenstadt Austria 77 E6
Eivissa see Ibiza
Elat Israel 101 A7
Elazig Turkey 99 E3
Elba, Isola d· island Italy 78 B4
Elbasan Albania 83 D6
Elbe river Czech Republic/
Germany 81 B5
Elbing see Elblàg
Elblàg Poland Ger. Elbing
80 D2
El·brus peak Russian
Federation 93 A7
El Calafate Argentina var.
Calafate 47 B7
Elche Spain Cat. Elx 75 F4
Elda Spain 75 F4
Eldoret Kenya 55 C6
Eleuthera island Bahamas
36 C1
El Fasher Sudan var. Al Fáshir
54 A4
El Geneina Sudan 54 A4
Elgin Scotland, UK 70 C3
El Gîza see Al Jízah
El Ìank cliff Mauritania 56 D1
Elista Russian Federation 93 B6
El Khalíl see Hebron
El Khârga see Al Khárijah
Elko Nevada, USA 27 D5
Ellensburg Washington, USA
26 B2
Ellesmere Island island Canada
19 F1
Ellsworth Land region
Antarctica 136 A3
Elmira New York, USA 23 E3
El Mreyyé desert Mauritania
56 D2
El Obeid Sudan 54 B4
El Paso Texas, USA 28 D3
El Puerto de Santa María Spain
74 D5
El Qâhira see Cairo
El Salvador country Central
America 34
Eltanin Fracture Zone tectonic
feature Pacific Ocean
135 E5
El Tigre Venezuela 41 E2

Elx see Elche
Ely Nevada USA 27 D5
Emden Germany 76 B3
Emerald Australia 130 D4
Emmen Netherlands 68 E2
Empty Quarter see Ar Rub¶al
Khali
Ems river Germany/Netherlands
76 B3
Encarnación Paraguay 44 C3
Enderbury Island atoll Kiribati
136 C2
Enderby Land region
Antarctica 136 C2
Enderby Plain undersea feature
Indian Ocean 123 B7
England national region UK
70-71
English Channel sea feature
Atlantic Ocean 71 D7
Enguri river Georgia Rus. Inguri
99 F1
Enid Oklahoma, USA 29 F1
Ennedi plateau Chad 58 D2
Enns river Austria 77 D6
Enschede Netherlands
68 E3
Ensenada Mexico 32 A1
Entebbe Uganda 55 B6
Enugu Nigeria 57 G5
Eolie, Isole island group Italy
Eng. Lipari Islands, var.
Aeolian Islands 79 D6
Eperies see Pre#ov
Eperjes see Pre#ov
Épinal France 72 E4
Equatorial Guinea country W
Africa 59
Erdenet Mongolia 109 E2
Erechim Brazil 44 D3
Erenhot China 109 F2
Erevan see Yerevan
Ereêli Turkey 98 C4
Erfurt Germany 76 C4
Erie Pennsylvania, USA 22 D3
Erie, Lake lake Canada/USA
17 D5
Eritrea country E Africa 54
Erivan see Yerevan
Erlangen Germany 77 C5
Ernákulam India 114 D3
Er Rachidia Morocco 52 C2
Erzerum see Erzurum
Erzgebirge mountain range
Czech Republic/Germany var
Kru#né Hory 77 D5
Erzincan Turkey 99 E3
Erzurum Turkey prev. Erzerum
99 F3
Esbjerg Denmark 67 A7
Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
69 D8
Escuintla Guatemala 34 B2
E§fahán Iran 102 C3
Esh Sham see Damascus
Eski§ehir Turkey 98 B3
Esmeraldas Ecuador 40 A4
Esperance Australia 129 C6
Espiritu Santo Island Vanuatu
124 D3
Espoo Finland 67 D6
Esquel Argentina 47 B6
Essaouira Morocco 52 B2
Essen Germany 76 A4
Essequibo river Guyana 41 G3
Estelí Nicaragua 34 D3
Estevan Canada 19 F5
Estonia country E Europe
88 D2
Ethiopia country E Africa 54-55
Ethiopian Highlands upland
E Africa 50 D4
Etna, Mount peak Sicily, Italy
79 D7
Etosha Pan salt basin Namibia
60 C3
Eucla Australia 129 D6
Eugene Oregon, USA 26 A3
Eugene Washington, USA
26 B1
Euphrates river SW Asia 102 C4
Europe 62-63
Evansville Indiana, USA 22 B5
Everest, Mount peak China/
Nepal 108 B5
Everett Washington, USA 26 B1
Everglades, The wetlands
Florida, USA 31 F5
Évvoia island Greece 87 C5
Exeter England, UK 71 C7
385
Elx — Faro
Exmoor region England,
UK 71 C7
Exmouth Australia 128 A4
Exmouth Gulf gulf Australia
128 A4
Exmouth Plateau undersea
feature Indian Ocean 123 E5
Eyre North, Lake salt lake
Australia131 B5
Eyre Peninsula peninsula
Australia131 A6
Eyre South, Lake salt lake
Australia131 B5
F
Fada-N·gourma Burkina Faso
57 E4
Faeroe Islands external
territory Denmark, Atlantic
Ocean Faer. Fóroyar, Dan.
Færøerne 65 F5
Færøerne see Faeroe Islands
Faguibine, Lac lake Mali 57 E3
Fairbanks Alaska, USA 18 D3
Fairlie New Zealand 133 B6
Faisalábád Pakistan 116 C2
Faízábád Afghanistan prev.
Feyzábád 105 E3
Falkland Islands external
territory UK, Atlantic Ocean
47 D7
Fallon Nevada, USA 27 C5
Falun Sweden 67 C6
Famagusta see Gazimaêusa
Farafangana Madagascar 61 G4
Faráh Afghanistan 104 C5
Farasán, Jazá·ir island group
Saudi Arabia 103 B6
Farewell, Cape headland New
Zealand 132 C4
Farewell, Cape see Nunap Isua
Farghona see Farg·ona
Farg·ona Uzbekistan prev.
Novyy Margilan, Uzb.
Farghona 105 F2
Fargo North Dakota, USA 25 E2
Farkhor Tajikistan 105 E3
Farmington New Mexico, USA
28 C1
Faro Portugal 74 C4
386
Farquhar Group — Fraser Island
Farquhar Group island group
Seychelles 61 G2
Farvel, Cap see Nunap Isua
Faxaflói bay Iceland 64 D5
Faya Chad 58 C2
Fayetteville Arkansas, USA
30 A1
Fayetteville North Carolina,
USA 31 F1
Fdérik Mauritania 56 C1
Fear, Cape coastal feature
North Carolina, USA 31 G2
Fehmarn island Germany 76 C2
Fehmarn Belt sea feature
Germany 76 C2
Feira de Santana Brazil 43 G3
Fellin see Viljandi
Fengtien see Liaoning
Fenoarivo see Fenoarivo
Atsinanana
Fenoarivo Atsinanana
Madagascar prev. Fenoarivo
61 G3
Fens, The wetland England, UK
71 E6
Fergana see Farg·ona
Ferizaj Kosovo prev. Uro#evac
83 D5
Ferrara Italy 78 C3
Ferrol Spain 74 C1
Fès Morocco Eng. Fez 52 C2
Feyzábád see Faízábád
Fez see Fès
Fianarantsoa Madagascar 61 G3
Fier Albania 83 D6
Figueira da Foz Portugal 74 C3
Figueres Spain 75 G2
Figuig Morocco 52 D2
Fiji country Pacific Ocean 127
Finland country N Europe
66-67
Finland, Gulf of sea feature
Baltic Sea 67 E6
Fiordland physical region New
Zealand 133 A7
Firenze Italy Eng. Florence
78 C3
Fishguard Wales, UK 71 C6
Fitzroy river Australia 128 C3
Fitzroy Crossing Australia
128 D3
Fiume see Rijeka
Flagstaff Arizona, USA 28 B2
Flanders region Belgium 69 A5
Flensburg Germany 76 B2
Flinders Island island Australia
131 C7
Flinders Ranges mountain
range Australia 131 B6
Flinders River river Australia
130 C3
Flin Flon Canada 19 F5
Flint Michigan, USA 22 C3
Flint Island island Kiribati
127 H4
Florence Alabama, USA 30 C2
Florence South Carolina, USA
31 F2
Florence see Firenze
Florencia Colombia 40 B3
Flores Guatemala 34 B1
Flores island Indonesia 121 E5
Flores, Laut see Flores Sea
Flores Sea Pacific Ocean Ind.
Laut Flores 121 E5
Florianópolis Brazil 44 D3
Florida state USA 31 E4
Florida, Straits of sea feature
Bahamas/USA 31 F5 36 B1
Florida Keys island chain
Florida, USA 31 F5
Flórina Greece 86 B3
Flushing see Vlissingen
Foâa Bosnia & Herzegovina
82 C4
Foc§ani Romania 90 C4
Foggia Italy 79 D5
Fogo island Cape Verde 56 A3
Foligno Italy 78 C4
Fongafale capital of Tuvalu
127 E3
Fonseca, Gulf of sea feature
El Salvador/Honduras 34 C3
Forlì Italy 78 C3
Formentera island Spain 75 G4
Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia see Macedonia
Formosa Argentina 46 D2
Formosa see Taiwan
Formosa Strait see
Taiwan Strait
Fóroyar see Faeroe Islands
Fortaleza Brazil 43 H2
Fortescue River river Australia
128 B4
Fort Collins Colorado, USA
24 D4
Fort-de-France capital of
Martinique 37 G4
Forth river Scotland, UK 70 C4
Forth, Firth of inlet Scotland,
UK 70 D4
Fort Lauderdale Florida, USA
31 F5
Fort McMurray Canada 19 F4
Fort Myers Florida, USA 31 E4
Fort Peck Lake lake Montana,
USA 24 C1
Fort Saint John Canada 19 E4
Fort Smith Canada 19 E4
Fort Smith Arkansas, USA
30 A1
Fort Wayne Indiana, USA
22 C4
Fort William Scotland, UK
70 C3
Fort Worth Texas, USA 29 G3
Foveaux Strait sea feature New
Zealand 133 A7
Fox Glacier New Zealand
133 B6
Franca Brazil 45 E1
France country W Europe
72-73
Francistown Botswana 60 D3
Frankfort Kentucky, USA
22 C5
Frankfurt see Frankfurt am
Main
Frankfurt am Main Germany
Eng. Frankfurt 77 B5
Frankfurt an der Oder
Germany 76 D5
Fränkische Alb mountains
Germany 77 C6
Frantsa-Iosifa, Zemlya islands
Russian Federation Eng.
Franz Josef Land 137 G4
Franz Josef Land see Frantsa-
Iosifa, Zemlya
Fraser Island island Australia
130 E4

Frauenburg see Saldus
Fray Bentos Uruguay 44 B5
Fredericksburg Virginia, USA
23 E4
Fredericton Canada 21 F4
Frederikshavn Denmark
67 B7
Fredrikstad Norway 67 B6
Freeport Bahamas 36 C1
Freeport Texas, USA 29 G4
Freetown capital of
Sierra Leone 56 C4
Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
77 B6
Fremantle Australia 129 B6
French Guiana external
territory France, N South
America 41
French Polynesia external
territory France, Pacific
Ocean 135 E3
French Southern and
Antarctic Territories French
overseas territory Indian
Ocean Fr. Terres Australes
et Antarctiques Françaises
123 C7
Fresnillo Mexico 32 D1
Fresno California, USA 27 B6
Fobisher Bay see Iqaluit
Frome, Lake salt lake Australia
131 B5
Frunze see Bishkek
Fu-chien see Fujian
Fuerte Olimpo Paraguay
44 B1
Fuerteventura island Spain
52 A3
Fuhkien see Fujian
Fujian province China var.
Fu-chien, Fuhkien, Fukien,
Min 111 D6
Fukien see Fujian
Fukui Japan 113 C5
Fukuoka Japan 113 A6
Fukushima Japan 112 D4
Fulda Germany 77 C5
Fünfkirchen see Pécs
Fushun China 110 D3
Furnas, Represa de Reservoir
Brazil 45 E1
Fuxin China 110 D3
Frauenburg — Gaza Strip
Fujian China prev. Linchuan
111 D6
FYR Macedonia see Macedonia
G Gand see Gent
Gaalkacyo Somalia 55 E5
Gabès Tunisia 53 E2
Gabon country W Africa 59
Gaborone capital of Botswana
60 D4
Gabrovo Bulgaria 86 D2
Gadsden Alabama, USA 30 D2
Gaeta, Golfo di sea feature
Italy 79 C5
Gafsa Tunisia 53 E2
Gagnoa Côte d’Ivoire
56 D5
Gagra Georgia 99 E1
Gairdner, Lake lake Australia
131 B6
Galapagos Fracture Zone
tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
135 F3
Galapagos Islands islands
Ecuador, Pacific Ocean
var. Tortoise Islands, Sp.
Archipiélago de Colón
135 G3
Galapagos Rise undersea
feature Pacific Ocean
135 G3
Gala√i Romania 90 D4
Galesburg Illinois, USA 22 B4
Galicia region Spain 74 C1
Galilee, Sea of see Tiberias, Lake
Galle Sri Lanka 115 E4
Gallego Rise undersea feature
Pacific Ocean 135 F3
Gallipoli Italy 79 E5
Gällivare Sweden 66 D3
Gallup New Mexico, USA
28 C2
Galveston Texas, USA
29 G4
Galway Ireland 71 A5
Gambia country W Africa 56
Gambia River Africa 56 C3
Gambier, Îles island group
French Polynesia 135 E4
387
Gan see Gansu
Gan see Jiangxi
Gäncä Azerbaijan Rus.
Gyandzha, prev. Kirovabad,
Yelisavetpol 99 G2
Gander Canada 21 H3
Gandía Spain 75 F3
Ganges river S Asia 116 F4
Ganges Fan Undersea feature
Bay of Bengal 122 D3
Ganges, Mouths of the
wetlands Bangladesh/India
117 G4
Gangtok India 117 G3
Gansu province China var. Gan,
Kansu 111 B5
Gao Mali 57 E3
Gaoual Guinea 56 C4
Gaoxiong Taiwan prev.
Kaohsiung 111 D7
Gar China var. Shiquanhe
108 A4
Garagum Kanaly canal
Turkmenistan prev.
Karakumskiy Kanal 104 C3
Garagum desert Turkmenistan
var. Kara Kum, Karakumy
104 C2
Garda, Lago di lake Italy
78 B2
Gardéz Afghanistan prev.
Gardíz105 E4
Gardíz see Gardéz
Garissa Kenya 55 C6
Garmo Peak see Communism
Peak
Garonne river France 73 B5
Garoowe Somalia 55 E5
Garoua Cameroon 58 B4
Gary Indiana, USA 22 B3
Gaspé Canada 21 F4
Gastonia North Carolina, USA
31 E1
Gävle Sweden 67 C5
Gaya India 117 F4
Gaza Gaza Strip 101 A6
Gazandzhyk see Bereket
Gazanjyk see Bereket
Gaza Strip disputed territory
SW Asia 101 A6
388
Gaziantep — Grampian Mountains
Gaziantep Turkey prev. Aintab
98 D4
Gazimaêusa Cyprus var.
Famagusta Gk. Ammochostos
98 C5
Gdaúsk Poland Ger. Danzig
80 C2
Gdingen see Gdynia
Gdynia Poland Ger. Gdingen
80 C2
Gedaref Sudan 54 C4
Geelong Australia 131 C7
Gëkdepe see Gökdepe
Gemena Dem. Rep. Congo
59 C5
General Eugenio A. Garay
Paraguay 44 A1
General Santos Philippines
121 F3
Geneva see Genève
Geneva, Lake lake France/
Switzerland Fr. Lac Léman,
var. Le Léman, Ger. Genfer
See 77 A7
Genève Switzerland Eng.
Geneva 77 A7
Genfer See see Geneva, Lake
Gengen Gol China 109 F1
Genk Belgium 69 D5
Genoa see Genova
Genova Italy see Genoa 78 B3
Genova, Golfo di sea feature
Italy 78 B3
Gent Belgium Fr. Gand, Eng.
Ghent 69 B5
Geok-Tepe see Gökdepe
George South Africa 60 D5
George V Land physical region
Antarctica 136 C4
Georgenburg see Jurbarkas
George Town capital of
Cayman Islands 36 B3
Georgetown capital of Guyana
41 G2
George Town Malaysia 120 B3
Georgia country SW Asia
99 F2
Georgia state USA 31 E3
Gera Germany 76 C4
Geraldton Australia 129 A5
Gereshk Afghanistan 104 D5
Germany country W Europe
76-77
Gerona see Girona
Getafe Spain 75 E3
Gettysburg Pennsylvania, USA
23 E4
Gevgelija Macedonia 83 E6
Ghana country W Africa 57
Ghanzi Botswana 60 C3
Ghardaïa Algeria 52 D2
Gharyán Libya 53 F2
Ghazní Afghanistan 105 E4
Ghent see Gent
Gibraltar external territory UK,
SW Europe 74 D5
Gibson Desert desert region
Australia 128 C4
Gijón Spain var. Xixón 74 D1
Gilbert Islands see Tungaru
Gilbert River river Australia
130 C3
Gillette Wyoming, USA 24 C3
Gingin Australia 129 B6
Girin see Jilin
Girne Cyprus var. Kyrenia
98 C5
Girona Spain var. Gerona 75 G2
Gisborne New Zealand 132 E3
Giurgiu Romania 90 C5
Gjirokastër Albania 83 D6
Gjøvik Norway 67 B5
Glasgow Scotland, UK 70 C4
Gleiwitz see Gliwice
Glendale Arizona, USA 28 B2
Glendive Montana, USA 24 D2
Gliwice Poland Ger. Gleiwitz
81 C5
Gloucester England, UK 71 D6
Glubokoye see Hlybokaye
Gobi desert China/Mongolia
108 D3
Godáveri river India
106 B3 115 E1
Godoy Cruz Argentina 46 B4
Godthåb see Nuuk
Godwin Austin, Mount see K2
Goiânia Brazil 43 F4
Gökdepe Turkmenistan prev.
Geok-Tepe, prev. Gëkdepe
104 B3
Golan Heights disputed
territory SW Asia 100 B4
Gold Coast coastal region
Australia 131 E5
Goldingen see Kuldíga
Golmud China 108 D4
Goma Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E6
Gomel· see Homyel·
Gómez Palacio Mexico 32 D2
Gonaïves Haiti 36 D3
Gonder Ethiopia 54 C4
Gongola river Nigeria 57 G4
Good Hope, Cape of coastal
feature South Africa 60 C5
Goondiwindi Australia 131 D5
Goose Lake lake W USA 26 B4
Goré Chad 58 C4
Goré Ethiopia 55 C5
Gore New Zealand 133 B7
Gorgán Iran 102 D3
Gorki see Horki
Gor·kiy see Nizhniy Novgorod
Gorlovka see Horlivka
Gorontalo Indonesia 121 E4
Gorzów Wielkopolski Poland
Ger. Landsberg 80 B3
Gospiá Croatia 82 B3
Gosford Australia 131 D6
Gostivar Macedonia 83 D5
Göteborg Sweden 67 B7
Gotel Mountains mountain
range Nigeria 57 G4
Gotland island Sweden 67 C7
Gotó-rettó island group Japan
113 A6
Göttingen Germany 76 C4
Gouda Netherlands 68 C4
Gough Island external territory
UK, Atlantic Ocean 49 D7
Gouin, Réservoir Reservoir
Canada 20 D4
Gouré Niger 57 G3
Governador Valadares Brazil
43 G4 45 F1
Govî Altayn Nuruu mountain
range Mongolia 109 E3
Gozo island Malta 79 C7
Grafton Australia 131 E5
Grampian Mountains mountains
Scotland, UK 70 C3

Granada Nicaragua 34 D3
Granada Spain 75 E4
Gran Canaria island Spain
52 A3
Gran Chaco region C South
America 38 C4 44 A2 46 D2
Grand Bahama island Bahamas
36 C1
Grand Banks undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 48 B3
Grand Canyon valley SW USA
28 B1
Grande, Rio river Brazil 45 E1
Grande, Rio River Mexico/
USA 17 B6
Grande Comore island
Comoros 61 F2
Grande Prairie Canada 19 E4
Grand Erg Occidental desert
region Algeria 52 D2
Grand Erg Oriental desert
region Algeria/Tunisia 53 E3
Grand Falls Canada 21 G3
Grand Forks North Dakota,
USA 25 E1
Grand Junction Colorado, USA
24 C4
Grand Rapids Michigan, USA
22 C3
Graudenz see Grudziàdz
Graz Austria 77 E7
Great Abaco island Bahamas
36 C1
Great Ararat see Ararat, Mount
Great Australian Bight sea
feature Australia 129 D6
Great Barrier Island island
N NZ 132 D2
Great Barrier Reef coral reef
Coral Sea 130 C4
Great Basin region USA 26 D4
Great Bear Lake lake Canada
19 E3
Great Dividing Range
mountain range Australia
130-131
Great Exhibition Bay inlet New
Zealand132 C1
Great Wall of China ancient
monument China 110 C4
Greater Antilles island group
West Indies 36 C3
Granada — Guaviare
Great Exuma Island island
Bahamas 36 C2
Great Falls Montana, USA
24 B1
Great Hungarian Plain plain SE
Europe Hung. Alföld 81 D7
Great Inagua island Bahamas
36 D2
Great Khingan Range see Da
Hinggan Ling
Great Lakes, The lakes N
America see Erie, Huron,
Michigan, Ontario, Superior
17 C5
Great Nicobar island India
115 H3
Great Plain of China region
China 106 E2
Great Plains region N America
16-17 C5
Great Rift Valley valley E
Africa/SW Asia 55 C6
Great Salt Desert see Kavír,
Dasht-e
Great Salt Lake salt lake Utah,
USA 24 B3
Great Sand Sea desert region
Egypt/Libya 53 H3
Great Sandy Desert desert
Australia 128 C4
Great Sandy Desert see Ar
Rub¶al Khali
Great Slave Lake lake Canada
19 E4
Great Victoria Desert desert
Australia 129 C5
Greece country SE Europe
86-87
Green Bay Wisconsin, USA 22 B2
Greenland external territory
Denmark, Atlantic Ocean var.
Grønland 64
Greenland Sea Atlantic Ocean
65 F2
Greenock Scotland, UK 70 C4
Greensboro North Carolina,
USA 31 F1
Greenville South Carolina, USA
31 E2
Greifswald Germany 76 D2
Gregory Range mountain
range Australia 130 C3
389
Grenada country West Indies
37 G5
Grenoble France 73 D5
Greymouth New Zealand 133 B5
Grey Range mountain range
Australia 124 B4
Grimsby England, UK 71 E5
Groningen Netherlands 68 E1
Grønland see Greenland
Groote Eylandt island Australia
130 B2
Grootfontein Namibia 60 C3
Grosseto Italy 78 B4
Grosskanizsa see Nagykanizsa
Groznyy Russian Federation
93 B7 96 A4
Grudziàdz Poland Ger.
Graudenz 80 C3
Grünberg in Schlesien see
Zielona Góra
Guadalajara Mexico 32 D4
Guadalcanal island Solomon
Islands 124 C3
Guadalquivir river Spain 74 D4
Guadeloupe external territory
France, West Indies 37 G4
Guadiana river Portugal/Spain
74 C4
Gualeguaychú Argentina 46 D4
Guam external territory USA,
Pacific Ocean 126 B1
Guanare Venezuela 40 D1
Guanare river Venezuela 40 D2
Guangdong province China var.
Kuang-tung, Kwangtung,
Yue 111 C6
Guangxi autonomous region
China var. Kwangsi 111 B6
Guangzhou China Eng. Canton
111 C6
Guantánamo Cuba 36 D3
Guaporé River Bolivia/Brazil
32 D3
Guarapuava Brazil 44 D3
Guatemala country Central
America 34
Guatemala Basin undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 135 G3
Guatemala City capital of
Guatemala 34 B2
Guaviare river Colombia 40 D3
390
Guayaquil — Hasselt
Guayaquil Ecuador 40 A4
Guayaquil, Golfo do sea
feature Ecuador/Peru
40 A5
Guernsey island Channel
Islands 71 D8
Güney Dogu Toroslar mountain
range SE Turkey 99 F3
Guiana Highlands upland
N South America 38 C2
Guider Cameroon 58 B4
Guimarães Portugal 74 C2
Guinea country W Africa 56
Guinea, Gulf of sea feature
Atlantic Ocean 49 D5
Guinea-Bissau country
W Africa 56
Guiyang China 111 B6
Guizhou province China var.
Kuei-chou, Kweichow, Qian
111 B6
Gujarát state India 116 C4
Gujránwála Pakistan
116 C2
Gujrát Pakistan 116 C2
Gulf, The sea feature Arabian
Sea var. Persian Gulf
122 B2
Gulfport Mississippi, USA
30 C3
Gulu Uganda 55 B6
Gumbinnen see Gusev
Gunnbjørn Fjeld
mountain Greenland 64 D4
Guri, Embalse de Reservoir
Venezuela 41 E2
Gusau Nigeria 57 F3
Gusev Kaliningrad, Russian
Federation prev. Gumbinnen
88 B4
Gushgy see Serhetabat
Guwáháti India 117 G3
Guyana country NE South
America 41
Gwalior India 116 D3
Gwangju South Korea prev.
Kwangju 111 E4
Gyandzha see Gäncä
Gyangzê China 108 C5
Györ Hungary Ger. Raab
81 C6
Gyumri Armenia Rus. Kumayri,
prev. Leninakan,
Aleksandropol·99 F2
Gyzylarbat see Serdar
H Hamadán Iran 102 C3
Ha¶apai Group islands Tonga
127 F5
Haapsalu Estonia Ger. Hapsal
88 C2
Haarlem Netherlands
68 C3
Haast New Zealand 133 B6
Hachijó-jima island Japan
113 D5
Hachinohe Japan 112 D3
Hadejia river Nigeria
57 G3
Íaçramawt Mountain range
Yemen 103 C7
Hagåtña Guam 126 B1
Hague, The see ·s-Gravenhage
Haibowan see Wuhai
Haicheng China 110 D4
Haifa see Hefa
Íá·il Saudi Arabia 102 B4
Hailar see Hulun Buir
Hainan island China var.
Hainan Dao 106 D3 111 C8
Hainan province China var.
Qiong 111 C7
Hainan Dao see Hainan Dao
Hai Phong Vietnam 118 D3
Haiti country West Indies 36
Hajdarken see Khaydarkan
Hakodate Japan 112 D3
Íalab Syria 100 B2
Íaláníyát, Juzur al Island
group Oman 103 D6
Halden Norway 67 B6
Halfmoon Bay New Zealand
133 A7
Halifax Canada 21 F4
Halle Germany 76 C4
Hallein Austria 77 D7
Halls Creek Australia
128 D3
Halmahera, Pulau island
Indonesia 121 F3
Halmahera Sea Sea Indonesia
121 F4
Halmstad Sweden 67 B7
Hamada Japan 113 B5
Íamáh Syria 100 B3
Hamamatsu Japan 113 C5
Hamar Norway 67 B5
Hamburg Germany 76 C3
Hämeenlinna Finland 67 D5
HaMela¡, Yam see Dead Sea
Hamersley Range mountain
range Australia 128 B4
Hamhûng North Korea 110 E4
Hami China 108 C3
Hamilton Canada 20 D5
Hamilton New Zealand 132 D3
Hamm Germany 76 B4
Hammerfest Norway 66 D2
Handan China 110 C4
HaNegev desert region Israel
Eng. Negev 101 A6
Hangayn Nuruu mountain
range Mongolia 108 D2
Hangzhou China 111 D5
Hannover Germany Eng.
Hanover 76 B4
Hanoi capital of Vietnam
118 D3
Hanover see Hannover
Hanzhong China 111 B5
Hapsal see Haapsalu
Íaraç Yemen 103 C5
Harare capital of Zimbabwe
61 E3
Harbin China 110 E3
Hargeysa Somalia 55 D5
Hari river Indonesia 120 B4
Harírúd river C Asia 104 D4
Harper Liberia 56 D5
Harrisburg Pennsylvania, USA
23 E4
Harstad Norway 66 C2
Hartford Connecticut, USA
23 G3
Har Us Nuur lake Mongolia
108 C2
Hasselt Belgium 69 D5

Hastings New Zealand 132 E4
Hastings Nebraska, USA
24 E4
Hatay see Antakya
Hatteras, Cape coastal feature
North Carolina, USA 31 G1
Hattiesburg Mississippi, USA
30 C3
Hat Yai Thailand 119 C7
Haugesund Norway 67 A6
Hauraki Gulf gulf New Zealand
132 D2
Havana capital of Cuba Sp. La
Habana 36 B2
Havelock North Carolina, USA
31 G1
Havre Montana, USA 24 C1
Havre-Saint-Pierre Canada
21 F3
Hawai'i state USA 135 E2
Hawai'ian Islands islands USA
125 F1
Hawai'ian Ridge undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 134 D2
Hawera New Zealand 132 D4
Hawke Bay bay New Zealand
132 E4
Hawlér see Arbíl
Hawthorne Nevada, USA 27 C6
Hay River Canada 19 E4
Hays Kansas, USA 25 E4
Hazar Turkmenistan prev.
Cheleken 104 A2
Heard & McDonald Islands
islands Indian Ocean 123 C7
Hebei province China var.
Hopeh, Hopei, Ji; prev. Chihli
110 C4
Hebron West Bank var.
Al Khalíl, El Khalil, Heb.
⁄evron 101 D7
Heerenveen Netherlands
68 D2
Heerlen Netherlands 69 D6
Hefa Israel prev. Haifa 101 A5
Hefei China 111 D5
Hei see Heilongjiang
Heidelberg Germany 77 B5
Heilbronn Germany 77 B5
Heilongjiang province China
var. Hei, Hei-lung-chiang
110 E3
Hastings — Hövsgöl Nuur
Hei-lung-chiang see
Heilongjiang
Helena Montana, USA 24 B2
Hells Canyon valley Idaho/
Oregon USA 26 C3
Helmand river Afghanistan
104 C5
Helmond Netherlands 69 D5
Helsingborg Sweden 67 B7
Helsinki capital of Finland
67 D6
Henan province China var.
Honan, Yu 111 C5
Hengduan Shan mountain
range China 111 A6
Hengelo Netherlands 68 E3
Hengyang China 111 C6
Henzada see Hinthada
Herát Afghanistan 104 C4
Hermansverk Norway
67 A5
Hermosillo Mexico 32 B2
Herning Denmark 67 A7
Heywood Islands island group
Australia 128 C3
Hiiumaa island Estonia Ger.
Dagden, Swed. Dagö 88 C2
Hildesheim Germany 76 C4
Hilversum Netherlands 68 C3
Himalayas mountain range S
Asia 106 B2
Himora Ethiopia 54 C4
Íim§ Syria 100 B3
Hinchinbrook Island island
Australia 130 D3
Hindu Kush mountain range
C Asia 105 E4
Hinthada Myanmar prev.
Henzada 118 A4
Hiroshima Japan 113 B5
Hitachi Japan 112 D4
Hjørring Denmark 67 A7
Hlybokaye Belarus Rus.
Glubokoye 89 D5
Hobart Tasmania 131 C8
Hobbs New Mexico, USA 29 E3
Hô Chi Minh Vietnam var. Ho
Chi Minh City, prev. Saigon
119 E6
Ho Chi Minh City see Hô Chi
Minh
391
Hodeida see Al Íudaydah
Hoek van Holland Netherlands
68 B4
Hoggar see Ahaggar
Hohe Tauern mountain range
Austria 77 C7
Hohhot China 109 F3
Hokitika New Zealand 133 B5
Hokkaidó island Japan 112 D2
Holguín Cuba 36 C2
Holland see Netherlands
Hollabrunn Austria 77 E6
Holon Israel 101 A5
Holyhead Wales, UK 71 C5
Hombori Mopti, Mali 57 E3
Homyel· Belarus Rus. Gomel·
89 E7
Honan see Henan
Honduras country Central
America 34-35
Honduras, Gulf of sea feature
Caribbean Sea 34 C2
Hønefoss Norway 67 B6
Hông Gai Vietnam 118 E3
Hong Kong China var
Xianggang 111 C6
Honiara capital of Solomon
Islands 126 C3
Honshú island Japan 112 D3
Hoorn Netherlands 68 C2
Hopa Turkey 99 E2
Hopedale Canada 21 F2
Hopeh see Hebei
Hopei see Hebei
Hopkinsville Kentucky, USA
22 B5
Horki Belarus Rus. Gorki 89 E5
Horlivka Ukraine Rus. Gorlovka
90 G3
Horn, Cape see Hornos, Cabo
Hornos, Cabo Eng Cape Horn
coastal feature Chile 47 C8
Horsham Australia 131 C7
Hospitalet see L·Hospitalet de
Llobregat
Hot Springs Arkansas, USA
30 B2
Houston Texas, USA 29 G4
Hovd Mongolia 108 C2
Hövsgöl Nuur lake Mongolia
108 D1
392
Hradec Králové — Invercargill
Hradec Králové Czech Republic
Ger. Königgrätz 81 B5
Hrodna Belarus Rus. Grodno
89 B5
Huacho Peru 42 A3
Huainan China 111 D5
Huambo Angola 60 B2
Huancayo Peru 42 B3
Huang He river China Eng.
Yellow River 110 C4
Huánuco Peru 42 B3
Huaraz Peru 42 B3
Hubei province China 111 C5
Hubli India 114 C2
Hudson river NE USA 23 F3
Hudson Bay sea feature
Canada 16 C4
Hudson Strait sea feature
Canada 19 H3
Huê Vietnam 118 E4
Huehuetenango Guatemala
34 B2
Huelva Spain 74 C4
Huesca Spain 75 F2
Hughenden Australia 130 C4
Hull see Kingston upon Hull
Hulun Buir China var. Hailar
109 F1
Hulun Nur lake China 109 F1
Humboldt river W USA 27 C5
Hunan province China var.
Xiang 111 C6
Hungarian Plain plain C Europe
85 E2
Hungary country C Europe 81
Huntington Beach California,
USA 27 C8
Huntington West Virginia, USA
22 D5
Huntsville Alabama, USA 30 D2
Hurghada Egypt 54 B2
Huron, Lake lake Canada/USA
22 D2
Hurunui river New Zealand
133 C5
Húsavík Iceland 65 E4
Huvadhu Atoll island Maldives
114 C5
Hvar island Croatia 82 B4
Hyargas Nuur lake Mongolia
108 D2
Hyderábád India 114 D1,
116 B3
Hyères, Îles d· islands France
73 D6
I Imatra Finland 67 E5
Ia§i Romania 90 D3
Ibadan Nigeria 57 F4
Ibagué Colombia 40 B3
Ibarra Ecuador 40 A4
Iberian Peninsula peninsula
SW Europe 84 B3
Ibérico, Sistema Mountain
range Spain 75 F2
Ibiza island Spain Cat. Eivissa
75 G4
Ica Peru 42 B4
čel see Mersin
Iceland country Atlantic Ocean
65 E4
Idaho state USA 26
Idaho Falls Idaho, USA 26 E3
Idfú Egypt 54 B2
Idlib Syria 100 B2
Ieper Belgium Fr. Ypres 69 A6
Ifôghas, Adrar des upland Mali
var. Adrar des Iforas 57 F2
Iforas, Adrar des see Ifôghas,
Adrar des
Iglau see Jihlava
Iglesias Italy 79 A5
Iguaçu River Argentina/Brazil
44 C3
Iguîdi, ¶Erg desert Algeria/
Mauritania 56 D1
Ihavananthapuram island
Maldives 114 C4
Ihosy Madagascar 61 G4
Iisalmi Finland 66 E4
IJssel river Netherlands 68 D3
IJsselmeer lake Netherlands
prev. Zuider Zee 68 D2
Ikaría island Greece 87 D5
Iki island Japan 113 A6
Ilagan Philippines 121 E1
Ilebo Dem. Rep. Congo 59 C6
Ili River China/Kazakhstan
94 D3
Iligan Philippines 121 F2
Illapel Chile 46 B3
Illinois state USA 22 B4
Iloilo Philippines 121 E2
Ilorin Nigeria 57 F4
ƒluh see Batman
Imperatriz Brazil 43 F2
Impfondo Congo 59 C5
Imphál India 117 H4
Independence Missouri, USA
25 F4
India country S Asia 114-115,
116-117
Indian Ocean 122-123
Indiana state USA 22 C4
Indianapolis Indiana, USA
22 C4
Indigirka river Russian
Federation 95 F2
Indonesia country SE Asia
120-121
Indonesian Borneo see
Kalimantan
Indore India 116 D4
Indus river S Asia 116 C1
Indus Cone see. Indus Fan
Indus Fan var. Indus Cone.
Undersea feature Arabian
Sea 122 B3
Indus, Mouths of the wetlands
Pakistan 116 B4
Ingolstadt Germany 77 C6
Inguri see Enguri
Inhambane Mozambique 61 E4
Inn river C Europe 77 D6
Innaanganeq headland
Greenland 64 C1
Inner Islands islands Seychelles
61 H1
Inner Mongolia autonomous
region China 109 F3
Innsbruck Austria 77 C7
I-n-Sâkâne, Erg Desert Mali
57 E2
I-n-Salah Algeria 52 D3
Insein Myanmar 118 B4
Inukjuak Canada prev. Port
Harrison 20 D2
Inuvik Canada 19 E3
Invercargill New Zealand 133 A7

Inverness Scotland, UK 70 C3
Investigator Ridge undersea
feature Indian Ocean 122 D4
Ioánnina Greece 86 A4
Iónia Nisiá island group Greece
Eng. Ionian Islands 87 A5
Ionian Islands see Iónia Nisiá
Ionian Sea Mediterranean Sea
87 A6
Íos island Greece 87 D6
Iowa state USA 25 F3
Ipoh Malaysia 120 B3
Ipswich England, UK 71 E6
Iqaluit Canada prev. Frobisher
Bay 19 H3
Iquique Chile 46 B1
Iquitos Peru 42 B2
Irákleio Greece 87 D7
Iran country SW Asia 102-103
Iranian Plateau upland Iran
102 D4
Iraq country SW Asia 102
Irbid Jordan 101 B5
Ireland country W Europe 70-71
Irian Jaya see Papua
Irish Sea British Isles 71 C5
Irkutsk Russian Federation
97 E4
Iron Mountain Michigan, USA
22 B2
Ironwood Michigan, USA 22 B1
Irrawaddy river Myanmar
118 B2
Irrawaddy, Mouths of the
wetlands Myanmar 118 A4
Irtysh River Asia 94 C3
Iruña see Pamplona
Ishim River Kazakhstan/Russian
Federation 94 C3
Isiro Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E5
ƒskenderun Turkey Eng.
Alexandretta 98 D4
Iskûr river Bulgaria 86 C1
Iskûr, Yazovir Reservoir
Bulgaria 86 C2
Islay island Scotland, UK 70 B4
Islámábád capital of Pakistan
116 C1
Ismaila see Al Ismá¶ílíya
Isná Egypt 54 B2
ƒsparta Turkey 98 B4
Israel country SW Asia
100-101
Issyk-Kul, Ozero lake
Kyrgyzstan 105 G2
ƒstanbul Turkey var. Stambul,
prev. Constantinople,
Byzantium, Bul. Tsarigrad
98 B2
ƒstanbul Boêazi see Bosporus
Itabuna Brazil 43 G4
Itagüí Colombia 40 B2
Italy country S Europe 78-79
Ittoqqortoormiit Greenland
65 E3
Iturup island Japan/Russian
Federation (disputed) 112 E1
Ivanhoe Australia 131 C6
Ivano-Frankivs·k Ukraine 90 C2
Ivanovo Russian Federation
92 B4
Ivittuut Greenland 64 B4
Ivory Coast see Côte d’Ivoire
Ivujivik Canada 20 D1
Iwaki Japan 112 D4
Izabal, Lago de lake Guatemala
34 C2
Izhevsk Russian Federation
93 C5 96 B3
ƒzmir Turkey prev. Smyrna
98 A3
ƒzmit Turkey var. Kocaeli 98 B2
Izu-shotó island group Japan
113 D6
J 102 E4
Jabal ash Shifá desert Saudi
Arabia 102 A4
Jabalpur India 116 E4
Jackson Mississippi, USA 30 C2
Jacksonville Florida, USA 31 E3
Jacksonville Texas, USA 29 G3
Jacmel Haiti 36 D3
Jaén Spain 75 E4
Jaffna Sri Lanka 115 E3
Jagdaqi China 109 G1
Jiangxi province China 111 C6
Jaipur India 116 D3
393
Inverness — Jena
Jajce Bosnia & Herzegovina
82 C4
Jakarta capital of Indonesia
120 C5
Jakobstad Finland 66 D4
Jakobstadt see Jékabpils
Jalálábád Afghanistan 105 E4
Jalal-Abad see Dzhalal-Abad
Jalandhar India 116 D2
Jalapa see Xalapa
Jamaame Somalia 55 D6
Jamaica country West Indies 36
Jamálpur Bangladesh 117 G4
Jambi Indonesia 120 B4
James Bay sea feature Canada
20 C4
Jammu & Kashmir disputed
region India/Pakistan 116 D2
Jámnagar India 116 B4
Jan Mayen external territory
Norway, Arctic Ocean 65 F3
Japan country E Asia 112-113
Japan, Sea of Pacific Ocean
112 B3
Jarvis Island external territory
USA, Pacific Ocean 125 F2
Java see Jawa
Java Sea Pacific Ocean var.
Laut Jawa 122 D4
Java Trench undersea feature
Indian Ocean 122 D4
Jawa island Indonesia var. Java
120 C5
Jawa, Laut see Java Sea
Jayapura Indonesia 121 H4
Jaz Múríán, Hámún-e lake Iran
Jedda see Jiddah
Jefferson City Missouri, USA
25 G4
Jeju-do island South Korea
prev. Cheju-do 111 E5
Jeju Strait sea feature South
Korea prev. Cheju Strait
111 E5
Jékabpils Latvia Ger.
Jakobstadt 88 C4
Jelgava Latvia Ger. Mitau
88 C3
Jember Indonesia 120 D5
Jena Germany 76 C4
394
Jenín — Kalinkavichy
Jenín var. Janín, Jinín; anc.
Engannim. West Bank 101 D6
Jérémie Haiti 36 D3
Jerevan see Yerevan
Jericho West Bank 101 B5
Jerid, Chott el salt lake Africa
84 D4
Jersey island Channel Islands
71 D8
Jerusalem capital of Israel
101 B5
Jhelum Pakistan 116 C2
Ji see Hebei
Ji see Jilin
Jiangsu province China var.
Chiang-su, Kiangsu, Su
111 D5
Jiangxi province China var.
Chiang-hsi, Gan, Kiangsi
111 C6
Jiaxing Zhejiang, China 111 D5
Jibuti see Djibouti
Jiddah Saudi Arabia Eng. Jedda
103 A5
Jiftlik Post West Bank
101 D7
Jihlava Czech Republic Ger.
Iglau 81 B5
Jilin province China var. Chi-lin,
Girin, Ji, Kirin 110 E3
Jilin China 110 E3
Jíma Ethiopia 55 C5
Jin see Shanxi
Jinan China 111 C4
Jingdezhen China 111 D5
Jinhua China 111 D5
Jining see Ulan Qab
Jinotega Nicaragua 34 D3
Jinsha Jiang river China 108 D5
Jinzhou China 110 D4
Jízán Saudi Arabia 103 B6
João Pessoa Brazil 43 H3
Jodhpur India 116 C3
Joensuu Finland 67 E5
Johannesburg South Africa
60 D4
Johnston Atoll US
unincorporated territory
Pacific Ocean 125 E1
Johor Bahru Malaysia 120 C3
Joinville Brazil 44 D3
Joliet Illinois, USA 22 B3
Jönköping Sweden 67 B7
Jonquière Canada 21 E4
Jordan country SW Asia
100-101
Jordan river SW Asia 101 B5
Joseph Bonaparte Gulf gulf
Australia 128 D2
Jos Plateau upland Nigeria
57 G4
Juan Fernandez, Islas islands
Chile 46 A4
Juàzeiro Brazil 43 G3
Juàzeiro do Norte Brazil 43 G3
Juba capital of South Sudan
55 B5
Júcar river Spain 75 E3
Judenburg Austria 77 D7
Juigalpa Nicaragua 34 D3
Juiz de Fora Brazil 43 G5 45 F2
Juneau Alaska, USA 18 D4
Junggar Pendi desert China
108 C2
Junín Argentina 46 D4
Jura mountains France/
Switzerland 77 A7
Jura island Scotland, UK 70 B4
Jurbarkas Lithuania Ger.
Jurburg, var. Georgenburg
88 B4
Jurburg see Jurbarkas
Juruá river Brazil/Peru 42 C2
Juticalpa Honduras 34 D2
Jutland see Jylland
Juventud, Isla de la island
Cuba 36 B2
Jylland peninsula Denmark
Eng. Jutland 67 A7
Jyväskylä Finland 67 D5
K Kalimantan geopolitical region
K2 peak China/Pakistan
Eng. Mount Godwin Austen
116 D1
Kaachka see Kaka
Kaakhka see Kaka
Kabale Uganda 55 B6
Kabinda Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D7
Kábol see Kabul
Kabul capital of Afghanistan
Per. Kabol 105 E4
Kachch, Gulf of sea feature
Arabian Sea 116 B4
Kachch, Rann of wetland India/
Pakistan var. Rann of Kutch
116 B4
Kadugli Sudan 54 B4
Kaduna Nigeria 57 G4
Kaédi Mauritania 56 C3
Kâgheœ Physical region
Mauritania 56 D1
Kagoshima Japan 113 A6
Kahramanmara§ Turkey var.
Marash, Mara§ 98 D4
Kai, Kepulauan island group
Indonesia 121 G4
Kaifeng China 111 C5
Kaikohe New Zealand 132 C2
Kaikoura New Zealand 133 C5
Kainji Reservoir Reservoir
Nigeria 57 F4
Kairouan Tunisia 53 E1
Kaiserslautern Germany
77 B5
Kaitaia New Zealand 132 C2
Kajaani Finland 66 E4
Kaka Turkmenistan prev.
Kaakhka, var. Kaachka 104 C3
Kakhovka Ukraine 91 F4
Kakhovs·ka Vodoskhovyshche
Reservoir Ukraine 91 F3
Kalahari Desert desert
southern Africa 60 C4
Kalamariá Greece 86 C3
Kalámata Greece 87 B6
Kalát see Qalát
Kalbarri Australia 129 A5
Kalemie Dem. Rep. Congo
59 E7
Kalgoorlie Australia 129 C6
Indonesia Eng. Indonesian
Borneo 120 D4
Kaliningrad external territory
Russian Federation 96 A2
Kaliningrad Kaliningrad,
Russian Federation prev.
Königsberg 88 A4
Kalinkavichy Belarus Rus.
Kalinkovichi 89 D7

Kalinkovichi see Kalinkavichy
Kalisch see Kalisz
Kalispell Montana, USA 24 B1
Kalisz Poland Ger. Kalisch
80 C4
Kalmar Sweden 67 C7
Kalpeni Island island India
114 C3
Kama river Russian Federation
92 D4
Kamchatka peninsula Russian
Federation 97 H3
Kamchiya river Bulgaria 86 E2
Kamina Dem. Rep. Congo
59 D7
Kamishli see Al Qámishlí
Kamloops Canada 19 E5
Kampala capital of Uganda
55 B6
Kâmpóng Cham Cambodia
119 D6
Kâmpóng Chhnâng Cambodia
119 D5
Kâmpóng Saôm Cambodia
119 D6
Kâmpôt Cambodia 119 D6
Kampuchea see Cambodia
Kam··yanets·-Podil·s·kyy
Ukraine 90 C3
Kananga Dem. Rep. Congo
59 D7
Kanazawa Japan 112 C4
Kandahár Afghanistan
var. Qandahár 104 D5
Kandi Benin 57 F4
Kanivs·ke Vodoskhovyshche
Reservoir Ukraine 91 E2
Kandy Sri Lanka 115 E3
Kanestron, Ákra see Palioúri,
Akrotírio
Kangaroo Island island
Australia 131 B7
Kangertittivaq region
Greenland 64 E3
Kangikajik headland
Greenland 65 E4
Kanjiªa Serbia 82 D2
Kankan Guinea 56 D4
Kano Nigeria 57 G4
Kánpur India prev. Cawnpore
117 E3
Kalinkovichi — Kemi
Kansas state USA 24-25
Kansas City Kansas, USA 25 F4
Kansas City Missouri, USA 25 F4
Kansk Russian Federation 97 E4
Kansu see Gansu
Kaohsiung see Gaoxiong
Kaolack Senegal 56 B3
Kapfenberg Austria 77 E7
Kaposvár Hungary 81 C7
Kapsukas see Marijampolë
Kapuas river Indonesia 120 D4
Kara-Balta Kyrgyzstan 105 F2
Karabük Turkey 98 C2
Karáchi Pakistan 116 B4
Karaganda Kazakhstan 96 C4
Karakol Kyrgyzstan prev.
Przheval·sk 105 G2
Kara Kum see Garagum
Karakumskiy Kanal see
Garagum Kanaly
Karakumy see Garagum
Karamay China 108 C2
Karamea Bight gulf New
Zealand 133 C5
Karasburg Namibia 60 C4
Kara Sea see Karskoye More
Kardítsa Greece 86 B4
Kariba, Lake lake Zambia/
Zimbabwe 60 D3
Karimata, Selat strait Indonesia
120 C4
Karkinits·ka Zatoka sea feature
Black Sea 91 E4
Karl-Marx-Stadt see Chemnitz
Karlovac Croatia 82 B3
Karlovy Vary Czech Republic
Ger. Karlsbad 81 A5
Karlsbad see Karlovy Vary
Karlskrona Sweden 67 C7
Karlsruhe Germany 77 B5
Karlstad Sweden 67 B6
Karnátaka state India 114 D1
Kárpathos island Greece 87 E7
Kars Turkey 99 F2
Karshi Uzbekistan prev. Bek-
Budi, Uzb. Qarshi 104 D3
Karskoye More Arctic Ocean
Eng. Kara Sea 137 H3
Kasai river Dem. Rep. Congo
59 C6
395
Kasama Zambia 61 E2
Kaschau see Ko#ice
Káshán Iran 102 C3
Kashi China 108 A3
Kasongo Dem. Rep. Congo
59 E6
Kassa see Ko#ice
Kassala Sudan 54 C4
Kassel Germany 76 B4
Kastamonu Turkey 98 C2
Katanning Australia 129 B6
Kateríni Greece 86 B4
Katha Myanmar 118 B2
Katherine Australia 128 E2
Kathmandu capital of Nepal
117 F3
Katsina Nigeria 57 G3
Katowice Poland 81 C5
Kauen see Kaunas
Kaunas Lithuania Ger. Kauen,
Pol. Kowno, Rus. Kovno
88 B4
Kavadarci Macedonia 82 E5
Kavála Greece 86 C3
Kavaratti Island island India
114 C3
Kavír, Dasht-e Salt pan Iran
102 D3
Kawasaki Japan 113 D5
Kayan river Indonesia 120 D3
Kayes Mali 56 C3
Kayseri Turkey 98 D3
Kazakhstan country C Asia 96
Kazan· Russian Federation
96 B3
Kazandzhik see Bereket
Kazanlûk Bulgaria 86 D2
Kecskemét Hungary 81 D7
Kediri Indonesia 120 D5
Keetmanshoop Namibia 60 C4
Kefalloniá island Greece Eng.
Cephalonia 87 A5
Keá see Tziá
Kelang see Klang
Kelmë Lithuania 88 B4
Kelowna Canada 19 E5
Kemerovo Russian Federation
96 D4
Kemi Finland 66 D4
Kemi river Finland 66 D3
396
Kemijärvi — Kizyl-Arvat
Kemijärvi Finland 66 D3
Kendari Indonesia 121 E4
Këneurgench see Köneürgench
Kénitra Morocco 52 C2
Kennewick Washington, USA
26 C2
Kenora Canada 20 A3
Kentucky state USA 22 C5
Kenya country E Africa 55
Kerala state India 114 D3
Kerch Ukraine 91 G4
Kerguelen island group Indian
Ocean 123 C7
Kerguelen Plateau undersea
feature Indian Ocean
123 C7
Kerki see Atamyrat
Kérkira see Kérkyra
Kérkyra Greece 86 A4
Kérkyra island Greece prev.
Kérkira, Eng. Corfu 86 A4
Kermadec Islands island group
Pacific Ocean 125 E4
Kermadec Trench undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 125 E4
Kermán Iran var. Kirman
102 D4
Kermánsháh Iran prev.
Bákhtarán 102 C3
Kerulen river China/Mongolia
109 E2
Ketchikan Alaska, USA 18 D4
Key West Florida, USA 31 E5
Khabarovsk Russian Federation
97 G4
Khanka, Lake lake China/
Russian Federation 110 E3
Khankendy see Xankändi
Kharkiv Ukraine Rus. Khar·kov
91 G2
Khar’kov see Kharkiv
Khartoum capital of Sudan
var. Al Khur√úm 54 B4
Khásh Iran 102 E4
Khaskovo Bulgaria 86 D2
Khaydarkan Kyrgyzstan var.
Khaydarken, Hajdarken
105 E2
Khaydarken see Khaydarkan
Kherson Ukraine 91 E4
Kheta river Russian Federation
94 D2
Khíos see Chíos
Khirbet el ¶Aujá et Tahtá West
Bank 101 D6
Khmel ·nyts·kyy Ukraine 90 D2
Khodzhent see Khûjand
Khojend see Khûjand
Khokand see Qo·qon
Kholm see Khulm
Khon Kaen Thailand 118 C4
Khorog see Khorugh
Khorugh Tajikistan Rus. Khorog
105 F3
Khouribga Morocco 52 C2
Khudzhand see Khûjand
Khûjand Tajikistan var.
Khodzheut, Khojend, Rus.
Khudzhand prev. Leninabad
105 E2
Khulna Bangladesh 117 G4
Khulm Afghanistan prev.
Kholm 105 E3
Khvoy Iran 102 B3
Kiangsi see Jiangxi
Kiangsu see Jiangsu
Kiâevo Macedonia 83 D5
Kiel Germany 76 C2
Kielce Poland 80 D4
Kiev capital of Ukraine
Ukr. Kyyiv 91 E2
Kiffa Mauritania 56 C3
Kigali capital of Rwanda 55 B6
Kigoma Tanzania 55 B7
Kikládhes see Kyklades
Kikwit Dem. Rep. Congo 59 C6
Kilimanjaro peak Tanzania
55 C7
Kilkís Greece 86 B3
Killarney Ireland 71 A6
Kimberley South Africa 60 D4
Kimberley Plateau upland
Australia 128 D3
Kindia Guinea 56 C4
Kindu Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D6
King Island island Australia
131 C7
Kingissepp see Kuressaare
Kingman Reef external
territory USA, Pacific Ocean
125 F2
King Sound sound Australia
128 C3
Kingsport Tennessee, USA
31 E1
Kingsville Texas, USA 29 G5
Kingston Canada 20 C5
Kingston capital of Jamaica
36 C3
Kingston upon Hull England,
UK var. Hull 71 E5
Kingstown St Vincent & The
Grenadines 36 G4
King William Island island
Canada 19 F3
Kinneret, Yam see Tiberius,
Lake
Kinshasa capital of Dem. Rep.
Congo prev. Léopoldville
59 B6
Kirghizia see Kyrgyzstan
Kiribati country Pacific Ocean
127
Kirin see Jilin
Kiritimati island Kiribati var.
Christmas Island 127 G2
Kirkenes Norway 66 E2
Kirklareli Turkey 98 A2
Kirksville Missouri, USA 25 F4
Kirkúk Iraq 102 B3
Kirkwall Scotland, UK 70 C2
Kirman see Kermán
Kirov Russian Federation
92 C4 96 B3
Kirovabad see Gäncä
Kirovakan see Vanadzor
Kirovohrad Ukraine 91 E3
Kiruna Sweden 66 C3
Kisangani Dem. Rep. Congo
prev. Stanleyville 59 D5
Kishinev see Chi§inâu
Kismaayo Somalia 55 D6
Kisumu Kenya 55 C6
Kitakyúshú Japan 113 A5
Kitami Japan 112 D2
Kitchener Canada 20 C5
Kitwe Zambia 60 D2
Kivu, Lake lake Rwanda/Dem.
Rep. Congo 55 B6 59 E6
Kızıl Irmak river Turkey 98 C2
Kizyl-Arvat see Serdar

Kladno Czech Republic 81 A5
Klagenfurt Austria 77 D7
Klaipëda Lithuania Ger. Memel
88 B4
Klamath Falls Oregon, USA
26 B4
Khang Malaysia var. Kelang
120 B2
Kljuâ Bosnia & Herzegovina
82 B3
Knin Croatia 82 B4
Knoxville Tennessee, USA
31 E1
Knud Rasmussen Land region
Greenland 64 D1
Kóbe Japan 113 C5
Koblenz Germany 77 B5
Kobryn Belarus 89 B6
Kocaeli see ƒzmit
Koâani Macedonia 83 E5
Kóchi Japan 113 B6
Kochi India see Cochin 114 D3
Kodiak Alaska, USA 18 C3
Kodiak Island island Alaska,
USA 18 C3
Koedoes see Kudus
Kohíma India 117 H3
Kohtla-Järve Estonia 88 D2
Kokand see Qo·qon
Kokchetav Kazakhstan 96 C4
Kokkola Finland 66 D4
Koko Nor see Qinghai
Koko Nor see Qinghai Hu
Kokshaal-Tau mountain range
Kyrgyzstan 105 G2
Kola Peninsula see Kol·skiy
Poluostrov
Kolguyev, Ostrov island
Russian Federation 92 D2
Kolhumadulu Atoll island
Maldives 114 C5
Kolka Latvia 88 C3
Kolkata India var. Calcutta
117 F4
Köln Germany Eng. Cologne
76 B4
Kol·skiy Poluostrov peninsula
Russian Federation
Eng. Kola Peninsula
63 F1 92 C2
Kolwezi Dem. Rep. Congo
59 D8
Kladno — Krasnodar
Kolyma river Russian
Federation 95 G2
Kommunizma, Pik see
Communism Peak
Komoé river Côte d’Ivoire 57 E4
Komotiní Greece 86 D3
Komsomol·sk-na-Amure
Russian Federation 97 G4
Kondoz see Kunduz
Konduz see Kunduz
Köneürgench Turkmenistan
prev. Kunya-Urgench,
prev. Këneurgench 104 C2
Kong Christian IX Land region
Greenland 64 D4
Kong Christian X Land region
Greenland 64 E3
Kong Frederik VI Kyst region
Greenland 64 C4
Kong Frederik VIII Land region
Greenland 64 E2
Kong Frederik IX Land region
Greenland 64 C3
Kong Karls Land island group
Svalbard 65 G2
Kong Oscar Fjord fjord
Greenland 65 E3
Konia see Konya
Königgrätz see Hradec Králové
Königsberg see Kaliningrad
Konispol Albania 83 D7
Konjic Bosnia & Herzegovina
82 C4
Konya Turkey prev. Konia
98 C4
Kopaonik mountains Serbia
83 D4
Koper Slovenia 77 D8
Koprivnica Croatia 82 B2
Korçë Albania 83 D6
Korâula island Croatia 82 B4
Korea Bay bay China/North
Korea 110 D4
Korea Strait sea feature Japan/
South Korea
110-111 E5
Korinthiakós Kólpos sea
feature Greece Eng. Gulf of
Corinth 87 B5
Kórinthos Greece Eng. Corinth
87 B5
397
Kóriyama Japan 113 D4
Korla China 108 C3
Korosten· Ukraine 90 D1
Kortrijk Belgium 69 A6
Kos island Greece 87 E6
Kosciusko, Mount peak
Australia 131 D7
Ko#ice Slovakia Ger. Kaschau,
Hung. Kassa 81 D6
Köslin see Koszalin
Kosovo country SE Europe
83 D5
Kosovska Mitrovica see
Mitrovicë
Kosrae island Micronesia 126 C2
Kossou, Lac de lake Côte
d·Ivoire 56 D4
Kostanay Kazakhstan var.
Kustanay 96 C4
Kostyantynivka Ukraine 91 G3
Koszalin Poland Ger. Köslin
80 B2
Kota India 116 D4
Kota Bharu Malaysia 120 B3
Kota Kinabalu Malaysia 120 D3
Kotka Finland 67 E5
Kotlas NW Russia 92 C4
Kotuy river Russian Federation
95 E2
Koudougou Burkina Faso 57 E4
Kourou French Guiana 41 H2
Kousséri Cameroon 58 B3
Kouvola Finland 67 E5
Kovel· Ukraine 90 C1
Kovno see Kaunas
Kowno see Kaunas
Kozáni Greece 86 B4
Kozhikode India see Calicut
114 D2
Kra, Isthmus of coastal feature
Myanmar/Thailand 119 B6
Kragujevac Serbia 82 D4
Krakau see Kraków
Kraków Poland Eng. Cracow,
Ger. Krakau 81 D5
Kralendijk Bonaire 37 E5
Kraljevo Serbia 82 D4
Kranj Slovenia 77 D7
Krasnodar Russian Federation
93 A6
398
Krasnovodsk — La Coruña
Krasnovodsk see Türkmenba§y
Krasnoyarsk Russian
Federation 96 D4
Krasnyy Luch Ukraine 91 H3
Kremenchuk Ukraine 91 F2
Kremenchuts·ke
Vodoskhovyshche Reservoir
Ukraine 91 E2
Krems an der Donau Austria
77 E6
Kretinga Lithuania Ger.
Krottingen 88 B3
Krichev see Krychaw
Krishna river India 114 C1
Kristiansand Norway 67 A6
Kristianstad Sweden 67 B7
Kríti island Greece Eng. Crete
87 C7
Kritikó Pélagos see Crete, Sea
of
Krivoy Rog see Kryvyy Rih
Krk island Croatia 82 A3
Kroonstad South Africa
60 D4
Krottingen see Kretinga
Krung Thep see Bangkok
Kru#evac Serbia 83 E4
Kru#né Hory see Erzgebirge
Krychaw Belarus Rus. Krichev
89 E6
Kryms’kyy Pivostriv peninsula
Ukraine var. Crimea 90 F4
Kryvyy Rih Ukraine Rus. Krivoy
Rog 91 E3
Kuala Lumpur capital of
Malaysia 120 B3
Kuala Terengganu Malaysia
120 B3
Kuang-tung see Guangdong
Kuantan Malaysia 120 C3
Kuba see Quba
Kuching Malaysia 120 C3
Kuçovë Albania prev. Qyteti
Stalin 83 D6
Kudus Indonesia prev. Koedoes
120 D5
Kuei-chou see China Guizhou
Kugluktuk Canada prev.
Coppermine 19 E3
Kuito Angola 60 C2
Kuldíga Latvia Ger. Goldingen
88 B3
Kullorsuaq Greenland 64 C2
Kûlob Tajikistan Rus. Kulyab
105 E3
Kulyab see Kûlob
Kum see Qom
Kuma river Russian Federation
93 B7
Kumamoto Japan 113 B6
Kumanovo Macedonia 83 E5
Kumasi Ghana 57 E5
Kumayri see Gyumri 99 F2
Kumo Nigeria 57 G4
Kumon Range mountain range
Myanmar 118 B1
Kunashir island Japan/Russian
Federation (disputed) 112 E1
Kunduz Afghanistan var.
Kondoz, Konduz, Qondúz
105 E3
Kunja-Urgenâ see Köneürgench
Kunlun Mountains see Kunlun
Shan
Kunlun Shan mountain range
China Eng. Kunlun
Mountains 106 B4
Kunming China 111 B6
Kununurra Australia 128 D3
Kupang Indonesia 120 E5
Kür see Kura
Kura river Azerbaijan/Georgia
Az. Kür 99 G2
Kurashiki Japan 113 B5
Kurdistan region Turkey 99 F4
Küre Daêları mountains Turkey
98 C2
Kuressaare Estonia prev.
Kingissepp, Ger. Arensburg
88 C2
Kurgan–Tyube see
Qûrghonteppa
Kurile Islands islands Pacific
Ocean 112 E1
Kurile Trench undersea feature
Pacific Ocean 134 C2
Kurnool India 114 D2
Kushiro Japan 112 E2
Kushka see Serhetabat
Kustanay see Kostanay
Kütahya Turkey prev. Kutaiah
98 B3
Kutaiah see Kütahya
Kutaisi Georgia 99 F2
Kutch, Rann of see Kachch,
Rann of
Kuujjuaq Canada 21 E2
Kuujjuarapik Canada prev.
Poste-de-la-Baleine 20 D2
Kuusamo Finland 66 E3
Kuwait country SW Asia 102 C4
Kuwait City capital of Kuwait
102 C4
Kuytun China 108 C2
Kvitøya island Svalbard 65 G1
Kwangju see Gwangju
Kwango river Dem. Rep.
Congo 59 C7
Kwangtung see Guangdong
Kweichow see Guizhou
Kykládes island group Greece
prev. Kikládhes, Eng.
Cyclades 87 D6
Kyrenia see Girne
Kyrgyzstan country C Asia var.
Kirghizia 105
Kÿthira island Greece 87 B6
Kyushu-Palau Ridge undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 124 B1
Kyyiv see Kiev
Kyyivs·ke Vodoskhovyshche
Reservoir Ukraine 91 E1
Kyóto Japan 113 C5
Kyúshú island Japan 113 B6
Kyzylorda Kazakhstan 96 B5
L
Laâyoune Western Sahara 52 B3
Labé Guinea 56 C4
Laborca see Laborec
Laborec river Slovakia Hung.
Laborca 81 E5
Labrador region Canada 21 F2
Labrador Sea Atlantic Ocean
64 B5
Laccadive Islands see
Lakshadweep
La Ceiba Honduras 34 D2
Lachlan River river Australia
131 C6
La Coruña see A Coruña

La Crosse Wisconsin, USA
22 A2
Ladoga, Lake see Ladozhskoye
Ozero
Ladozhskoye Ozero lake
Russian Federation Eng. Lake
Ladoga 92 B3
Ladysmith Wisconsin, USA
22 A2
Lae Papua New Guinea 126 B3
La Esperanza Honduras 34 C2
Lafayette Louisiana, USA 30 B3
Laghouat Algeria 52 D2
Lagos Nigeria 57 F5
Lagos Portugal 74 C4
Lagouira Western Sahara 52 A4
La Grande Oregon, USA 26 C3
La Habana see Havana
Lahore Pakistan 116 C2
Laï Chad 58 C4
Laila see Laylá
Lajes Brazil 44 D3
Lake Charles Louisiana, USA
30 B3
Lake District region England,
UK 71 C5
Lakewood Colorado, USA
24 D4
Lakshadweep island group
India Eng. Laccadive Islands
114 B2
La Ligua Chile 46 B4
La Louvière Belgium 69 B6
Lambaré Paraguay 44 B3
Lambaréné Gabon 59 B6
Lamía Greece 86 B4
Lancaster England, UK 71 D5
Lancaster California, USA 27 C7
Lancaster Sound sea feature
Canada 19 F2
Landsberg see Gorzów
Wielkopolski
Land·s End coastal feature
England, UK 71 C7
Landshut Germany 77 D6
Lang Sòn Vietnam 118 D3
Länkäran Azerbaijan Rus.
Lenkoran· 99 H3
Lansing Michigan, USA 22 C3
Lanzarote island Spain 52 B3
La Crosse — Leshan
Lanzhou China 110 B4
Laon France 72 D3
La Oroya Peru 42 B3
Laos country SE Asia 118
La Palma island Spain 52 A3
La Paz capital of Bolivia 42 C4
La Paz Mexico 32 B3
La Pérouse Strait sea feature
Japan 112 D1
Lapland region N Europe
66 C3
La Plata Argentina 46 D4
Lappeenranta Finland 67 E5
Laptev Sea see
Laptevykh, More
Laptevykh, More Arctic Ocean
Eng. Laptev Sea 97 F2
L·Aquila Italy 78 C4
Laramie Wyoming, USA 24 C4
Laredo Texas, USA 29 F5
La Rioja Argentina 46 C3
Lárisa Greece 86 B4
Lárkána Pakistan 116 B3
Larnaca Cyprus var. Larnaka,
Larnax 98 C5
Larnaka see Larnaca
Larnax see Larnaca
La Rochelle France 72 B4
La Roche-sur-Yon France 72 B4
La Romana Dominican Republic
36 E3
Las Cruces New Mexico, USA
28 D3
Las Piedras Uruguay 44 C5
La Serena Chile 46 B3
La Spezia Italy 78 B3
Las Tablas Panama 35 F5
Las Vegas Nevada, USA 27 D7
Latakia see Al Ládhiqíyah
Latvia country NE Europe 88
Launceston Tasmania 131 C8
Laurentian Basin see Canada
Basin
Laurentian Mountains upland
Canada 16 D4
Lausanne Switzerland 77 A7
Laut, Pulau prev. Laoet. Island
Indonesia 120 D4
Laval France 72 B4
Lawton Oklahoma, USA 29 F2
399
Laylá Saudi Arabia 103 C5
Lazarev Sea sea Antarctica
136 B2
Lebanon country SW Asia
100-101
Lebu Chile 47 B5
Lecce Italy 79 E5
Leduc Canada 19 E5
Leeds England, UK 71 D5
Leeuwarden Netherlands 68 D1
Leeward Islands see Sotavento,
Ilhas de
Lefkáda island Greece prev.
Levkás 87 A5
Lefko§a see Nicosia
Lefkosia see Nicosia
Legaspi see Legazpi City
Legazpi City Philippines var.
Legaspi 120 E2
Legnica Poland Ger. Liegnitz
80 B4
Le Havre France 72 B3
Leicester England, UK 71 D6
Leiden Netherlands 68 C3
Leipzig Germany 76 D4
Lek river Netherlands 68 C4
Le Léman see Geneva, Lake
Lelystad Netherlands 68 D3
Léman, Lac see Geneva, Lake
Le Mans France 72 B4
Lemesos see Limassol
Lemnos see Límnos
Lena river Russian Federation
97 F3
Leninabad see Khûjand
Leninakan see Gyumri
Leningrad see St Petersburg
Leninsk see Türkmenabat
Lenkoran· see Länkäran
León Mexico 33 E4
León Nicaragua 34 C3
León Spain 74 D1
Léopoldville see Kinshasa
Lepel· see Lyepyel·
Le Puy France 73 C5
Lérida see Lleida
Lerwick Scotland, UK 70 D1
Lesbos see Lésvos
Leshan China 111 B5
400
Leskovac — Lord Howe Rise
Leskovac Serbia 82 E4
Lesotho country southern
Africa 60
Lesser Antilles island group
West Indies 37 G4
Lésvos island Greece Eng.
Lesbos 86 D4
Lethbridge Canada 19 E5
Leti, Kepulauan island group
Indonesia 121 F5
Leuven Belgium 69 C6
Leverkusen Germany 76 A4
Levin New Zealand 132 D4
Levkás see Lefkáda
Lewis island Scotland, UK
70 B2
Lewiston Idaho, USA 26 C2
Lewiston Maine, USA 23 G2
Lexington Kentucky, USA
22 C5
Lezhë Albania 83 D5
Lhasa China 108 C5
Lhazê China 108 C4
L·Hospitalet de Llobregat var.
Hospitalet. Spain 75 G2
Liao see Liaoning
Liaoning province China
var. Liao, Shengking; hist.
Fengtien, Shenking. Admin.
region 110 D3
Libau see Liepája
Liberec Czech Republic Ger.
Reichenberg 80 B4
Liberia country W Africa 56
Liberia Costa Rica 34 D4
Libreville capital of Gabon
59 A5
Libya country N Africa 53
Libyan Desert desert N Africa
50 C3
Lichuan China 111 B5
Liechtenstein country C Europe
77 B7
Liège Belgium 69 D6
Liegnitz see Legnica
Lienz Austria 77 D7
Linz Austria 77 D7
Liepája Latvia Ger. Libau 88 B3
Liffey river Ireland 71 B5
Ligurian Sea Mediterranean
Sea 78 A3
Likasi Dem. Rep. Congo
59 E8
Lille France 72 D2
Lillehammer Norway 67 B5
Lilongwe capital of Malawi
61 E2
Lima capital of Peru 42 B4
Limassol Cyprus var. Lemesos
98 C5
Limerick Ireland 71 A6
Límnos island Greece var.
Lemnos 86 D4
Limoges France 72 C5
Limón Costa Rica 35 E4
Limpopo river southern Africa
60 D3
Linares Chile 46 B4
Linares Spain 75 E4
Linchuan see Fuzhou
Lincoln England, UK 71 D5
Lincoln Nebraska, USA 25 F4
Lincoln Sea Arctic Ocean 64 E1
Linden Guyana 41 G2
Lindi Tanzania 55 C8
Line Islands island group
Kiribati 127 G2
Linköping Sweden 67 C6
Linz Austria 77 D6
Lion, Golfe du sea feature
Mediterranean Sea 73 D6
Lipari, Isola island Italy
79 D6
Lipari Islands see Isole Eolie
Lira Uganda 55 B6
Lisbon capital of Portugal Port.
Lisboa 74 B3
Litani river SW Asia 91 B4
Lithuania country E Europe
88-89
Little Andaman island India
115 G2
Little Minch sea feature
Scotland, UK 70 B3
Little Rock Arkansas, USA
30 B2
Liuzhou China 111 C6
Liverpool England, UK 71 D5
Livingstone Zambia 60 D3
Livno Bosnia & Herzegovina
82 B4
Livorno Italy 78 B3
Ljubljana capital of Slovenia
77 D7
Ljusnan river Sweden 67 B5
Llanos region Colombia/
Venezuela 41 E2
Lleida Spain Cast. Lérida
75 F2
Lobatse Botswana 60 D4
Lobito Angola 60 B2
Locarno Switzerland 77 B7
Lodja Dem. Rep. Congo 59 D6
Îód¶ Poland Rus. Lodz 80 D4
Lofoten island group Norway
66 B3
Logroño Spain 75 E2
Loire river France 72 B4
Loja Ecuador 40 A5
Lokitaung Kenya 55 C5
Loksa Estonia Ger. Loxa 88 D2
Lombok, Pulau island Indonesia
120 D5
Lomé capital of Togo 57 E5
Lomond, Loch lake Scotland,
UK 70 C4
London Canada 20 C5
London capital of UK 71 E6
Londonderry Northern Ireland,
UK 70 B4
Londonderry, Cape coastal
feature Australia 128 D2
Londrina Brazil 44 D2
Long Beach California, USA
27 C8
Long Island island Bahamas
34 D2
Long Island island NE USA
23 G3
Longreach Australia 130 C4
Long Strait Strait Russian
Federation 95 H2
Longview Texas, USA 29 G3
Longview Washington, USA
26 B2
Longyearbyen Svalbard 65 F2
Lop Nur lake China 108 C3
Lorca Spain 75 E4
Lord Howe Island island
Australia 124 C4
Lord Howe Rise undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 124 D4

Lorient France 72 A4
Los Alamos New Mexico, USA
28 D1
Los Angeles California, USA
27 C7
Loslau see Wodzisîaw ⁄làski
Los Mochis Mexico 32 C3
Losonc see Luâenec
Losontz see Luâenec
Lot river France 73 B5
Louangphrabang Laos 118 C3
Loubomo Congo 59 B6
Louisiana state USA 30 B3
Louisville Kentucky, USA 22 C5
Louisville Ridge undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 125 E4
Lovech Bulgaria 86 C2
Lower California see Baja
California
Lower Hutt New Zealand
Loxa see Loksa
Loyauté, Îles island group
New Caledonia 126 D5
Loznica Serbia 82 C3
Lu see Shandong
Luanda capital of Angola
60 B1
Luanshya Zambia 60 D2
Lubango Angola 60 B2
Lubbock Texas, USA 29 E2
Lübeck Germany 76 C3
Lublin Poland Rus. Lyublin
80 E4
Lubny Ukraine 91 F2
Lubumbashi Dem. Rep. Congo
59 E8
Lucapa Angola 60 C1
Lucena Philippines 120 E2
Luâenec Slovakia Hung. Losonc,
Ger. Losontz 81 D6
Lucerne see Luzern
Lucknow India 117 E3
Lüderitz Namibia 60 C4
Ludhiána India 116 D2
Lugano Switzerland 77 B7
Lugo Spain 74 C1
Luhans·k Ukraine 91 H3
Luleå Sweden 66 D4
Lumsden New Zealand 133 A7
Lüneburg Germany 76 C3
Luninyets Belarus 89 C6
Lorient — Mährisch-Ostrau
Luoyang var. Honan, Lo-yang.
China 110 C4
Lusaka capital of Zambia 60 D2
Lushnjë Albania 83 D6
Lút, Baírat see Dead Sea
Luts·k Ukraine 90 C1
Luxembourg country W Europe
69 D8
Luxembourg capital of
Luxembourg 69 D8
Luxor see Al Uq∞ur
Luzern Switzerland Fr. Lucerne
77 B7
Luzon island Philippines 121 E1
Luzon Strait sea feature
Philippines/Taiwan 107 E3
L·viv Ukraine Rus. L·vov 90 C2
L·vov see L·viv
Lyepyel· Belarus Rus. Lepel·
89 D5
Lyon France 73 D5
Lyublin see Lublin
M Peru 42 C3
Ma¶án Jordan 101 B6
Maas see Meuse
Maastricht Netherlands
69 D6
Macao external territory
Portugal, E Asia var. Macau
111 C7
Macapá Brazil 43 F1
Macau see Macao
Macdonnell Ranges mountains
Australia 130 A4
Macedonia country SE Europe
officially Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia,
abbrev. FYR Macedonia 83
Maceió Brazil 43 H3
Machala Ecuador 40 A5
Mackay Australia 130 D4
Mackay, Lake lake Australia
128 D4
Mackenzie river Canada 19 E4
Mackenzie Bay sea feature
Atlantic Ocean 136 D3
401
Macleod, Lake lake
Australia128 A4
Mâcon France 72 D5
Macon Georgia, USA 31 E2
Madagascar country Indian
Ocean 61
Madagascar Basin undersea
feature Indian Ocean 123 B5
Madagascar Plateau undersea
feature Indian Ocean 123 A6
Madang Papua New Guinea
126 B3
Madeira river Bolivia/Brazil
42 D2
Madeira island group Portugal
52 A2
Madhya Pradesh state India
117 E4
Madison Wisconsin, USA 22 B3
Madiun prev. Madioen.
Indonesia 120 D5
Madona Latvia Ger. Modohn
88 D3
Madras see Chennai
Madre de Dios river Bolivia/
Madrid capital of Spain 75 E3
Madurai India 114 D3
Magadan Russian Fed. 97 G3
Magallanes see Punta Arenas
Magallanes, Estrecho de see
Magellan, Strait of
Magdalena river Colombia
40 B2
Magdeburg Germany 76 C4
Magelang Indonesia 120 C5
Magellan, Strait of sea feature
S South America Sp. Estrecho
de Magallanes 47 B8
Maggiore, Lake lake Italy/
Switzerland 78 B2
Mahajanga Madagascar
61 G3
Mahalapye Botswana 60 D4
Mahanádi river India 117 F5
Mahárashtra state India
116 D5
Mahé island Seychelles 61 H1
Mahilyow Belarus Rus. Mogilëv
89 E6
Mährisch-Ostrau see Ostrava
402
Maicao — Marías, Islas
Maicao Colombia 40 C1
Maiduguri Nigeria 57 H4
Maímanah Afghanistan prev.
Meymaneh 104 D4
Maine state USA 23 G1
Maine, Gulf of gulf USA 23 G2
Mainz Germany 77 B5
Maio Island Cape Verde 56 A3
Maíz, Islas del islands
Nicaragua 35 E3
Majorca see Mallorca
Majuro island Marshall Islands
126 D1
Makarska Croatia 82 B4
Makarov Basin undersea
feature Arctic Ocean 137 G3
Makassar Indonesia prev.
Ujungpandang 121 E4
Makassar Strait strait Indonesia
120 D4
Makeyevka see Makiyivka
Makhachkala Russian
Federation 93 B7 96 A4
Makiyivka Ukraine Rus.
Makeyevka 91 G5
Makkah Saudi Arabia Eng.
Mecca 103 A5
Makkovik Canada 21 F2
Malabo capital of Equatorial
Guinea 59 A5
Malacca, Strait of sea feature
Indonesia/ Malaysia
106 C4 119 C8 120 B3
Maladzyechna Belarus Rus.
Molodechno, Pol.
Molodeczno 89 C5
Málaga Spain 74 D5
Malakal South Sudan 55 B5
Malang Indonesia 120 D5
Malanje Angola 60 C2
Malatya Turkey 99 E3
Malawi country southern
Africa 61
Malay Peninsula peninsula
Malaysia/Thailand 119 D8
Malaysia country Asia 120
Malden Island atoll Kiribati
125 F2
Maldives country Indian Ocean
114 C4
Male· capital of Maldives
114 C4
Malekula island Vanuatu 124 D3
Mali country W Africa 57
Malindi Kenya 55 C7
Mallorca island Spain Eng.
Majorca 75 H3
Malmö Sweden 67 B7
Malta country Mediterranean
Sea 79 C8
Malta Montana, USA 24 C1
Malta Channel sea feature
Mediterranean Sea 79 C7
Maluku island group
Indonesia var. Moluccas
107 E4 121 F4
Maluku, Laut Pacific Ocean
Eng. Molucca Sea 121 F4
Mamberamo river Indonesia
121 H4
Mamoudzou capital of
Mayotte 61 G2
Man, Isle of island UK 71 C5
Manado Indonesia 121 F3
Managua capital of Nicaragua
34 D3
Manama capital of Bahrain Ar.
Al Manámah 103 C5
Mananjary Madagascar 61 G3
Manaus Brazil 42 D2
Manchester England, UK
71 D5
Manchester New Hampshire,
USA 23 G2
Manchurian Plain plain E Asia
107 E1
Mandalay Myanmar 118 B3
Mangalia Romania 90 D5
Mangalore India 114 C2
Manicouagan, Réservoir
Reservoir Canada 21 E3
Manihiki atoll Cook Islands
125 F3
Maniitsoq Greenland 64 C3
Manila capital of Philippines
121 E1
Manisa Turkey prev. Saruhan
98 A3
Manitoba province Canada
19 G4
Manizales Colombia 40 B3
Manjimup Australia 129 B7
Mannar Sri Lanka 115 E3
Mannar, Gulf of sea feature
Indian Ocean 114 D3
Mannheim Germany 77 B5
Manono Dem. Rep. Congo
59 E7
Mansel Island island Canada
20 C1
Mansfield Ohio, USA 22 D4
Manta Ecuador 40 A4
Mantes-la-Jolie France 72 C3
Mantova Italy Eng. Mantua
78 B2
Mantua see Mantova
Manurewa New Zealand
132 D3
Manzhouli China 109 F1
Mao Chad 58 B3
Maoke, Pegunungan
mountains Indonesia
121 H4
Maputo capital of
Mozambique 61 E4
Mar, Serra do mountains Brazil
38 D4
Maracaibo Venezuela 40 C1
Maracaibo, Lago de inlet
Venezuela 40 C1
Maracay Venezuela 40 D1
Maradi Niger 57 F3
Marágheh Iran 102 C3
Marajó, Ilha de island Brazil
43 F2
Marañón river Peru 42 B2
Mara§ see Kahramanmara§
Marash see Kahramanmara§
Marbella Spain 74 D5
Marble Bar Australia 128 B4
Mar Chiquita, Laguna salt lake
Argentina 46 C3
Mardán Pakistan 116 C1
Mar del Plata Argentina 47 D5
Mardin Turkey 99 E4
Margarita, Isla de island
Venezuela 41 E1
Márgow, Dasht-e- desert
Afghanistan 104 C5
Mariana Trench undersea
feature Pacific Ocean
124 B1 126 B1
Marías, Islas islands Mexico
32 C4

Maribor Slovenia 77 E7
Marie Byrd Land region
Antarctica 136 B4
Mariehamn Finland 67 D6
Marijampolë Lithuania prev.
Kapsukas 88 B4
Marília Brazil 44 D2
Maringá Brazil 44 D2
Marion, Lake lake South
Carolina, USA 31 F2
Mariscal Estigarribia Paraguay
44 B2
Maritsa river SE Europe 86 D3
Mariupol· Ukraine prev.
Shdanov 91 G3
Marka Somalia 55 D6
Marmara, Sea of see Marmara
Denizi
Marmara Denizi Turkey Eng.
Sea of Marmara 98 B2
Marne river France 72 D3
Marotiri Island group French
Polynesia 125 F4
Maroua Cameroon 58 B3
Marowijne river French
Guiana/Suriname 41 H3
Marquesas Fracture Zone
tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
125 G3
Marquesas Islands island group
French Polynesia Fr. Îles
Marquises 125 G3
Marquette Michigan, USA
22 B1
Marquisas, Îles see Marquesas
Islands
Marrakech Morocco Eng.
Marrakesh 52 C2
Marrawah Australia 131 C8
Marree Australia 131 B5
Marsala Italy 79 C6
Marseille France 73 D6
Marshall Islands country Pacific
Ocean 126-127
Martin Slovakia prev.
Turâianskÿ Svätÿ Martin, Ger.
Sankt Martin, Hung.
Turócszentmárton 81 C5
Martinique external territory
France, West Indies 37
Mary Turkmenistan prev. Merv
104 C3
Maribor — Melanesian Basin
Maryborough Australia 131 E5
Maryland state USA 23 F4
Masai Steppe grassland
Tanzania 55 C7
Mascarene Basin undersea
feature Indian Ocean 123 B5
Mascarene Islands island group
Indian Ocean 61 H4
Mascarene Plain undersea
feature Indian Ocean 123 B5
Mascarene Plateau undersea
feature Indian Ocean 123 B5
Maseru capital of Lesotho
60 D4
Mas-ha Bank 101 D6
Mashhad Iran var. Meshed
100 E3
Masindi Uganda 55 B6
Ma§írah, Jazírat Island Oman
103 E6
Ma§írah, Khalíj bay Oman
103 E6
Mason City Iowa, USA 25 F3
Masqa√ see Muscat
Massachusetts state USA
23 G3
Massawa see Mitsǁiwa
Massif Central upland France
73 C5
Massoukou Gabon 59 B6
Masterton New Zealand
133 D5
Matadi Dem. Rep. Congo 59 B7
Matagalpa Nicaragua 34 D3
Matamoros Mexico 33 E2
Matanzas Cuba 36 B2
Matara Sri Lanka 115 E4
Mataram Indonesia 120 D5
Mataró Spain 75 G2
Mato Grosso upland Brazil
43 E3
Matosinhos Portugal 74 C2
Matsue Japan 113 B5
Matsuyama Japan 113 B5
Matterhorn peak Italy/
Switzerland 77 B7
Maturín Venezuela 41 E1
Maun Botswana 60 D3
Mauritania country W Africa 56
Mauritius country Indian
Ocean 61 H4 123 B5
403
Mawlamyine Myanmar prev.
Moulmein 118 B4
Mayaguana island Bahamas
36 D2
Mayfield New Zealand 133 C6
Mayotte external territory
France, Indian Ocean 61 G2
Mayyit, Al Baír al see Dead
Sea
Mazár-e Sharíf Afghanistan
104 D3
Mazatlán Mexico 32 C3
Maªeikiai Lithuania 88 B3
Mazury region Poland 80 D3
Mazyr Belarus Rus. Mozyr·
89 D7
Mbabane capital of Swaziland
61 E4
Mbaké Senegal 56 B3
Mbala Zambia 61 E1
Mbale Uganda 55 C6
Mbandaka Dem. Rep. Congo
59 C5
Mbeya Tanzania 55 B8
Mbuji-Mayi Dem. Rep. Congo
59 D7
McKinley, Mount peak Alaska,
USA var. Denali 18 C3
Mead, Lake lake SW USA 28 A1
Mecca see Makkah
Mechelen Belgium 69 C5
Mecklenburger Bucht bay
Germany 76 C2
Medan Indonesia 120 B3
Medellín Colombia 40 B2
Médenine Tunisia 53 F2
Medford Oregon, USA 26 A4
Medina see Al Madínah
Mediterranean Sea Atlantic
Ocean 84-85
Meekatharra Australia
129 B5
Meerut India 116 D3
Megísti island Greece 98 B4
Mek·elé Ethiopia 54 C4
Mekong river SE Asia 106 D3
Mekong, Mouths of the
wetlands Vietnam 119 D6
Melanesia region Pacific Ocean
126 C3
Melanesian Basin undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 134 C3
404
Melbourne — Minto, Lake
Melbourne Australia 131 C7
Melbourne Florida, USA 31 F4
Melghir, Chott Salt lake Algeria
53 E2
Melilla external territory Spain,
N Africa 52 C1
Melitopol· Ukraine 91 F4
Melo Uruguay 44 C4
Melville Island island Australia
128 E2
Melville Island island Canada
19 E2
Memel see Klaipëda
Memel see Neman
Memphis Tennessee, USA 30 C1
Mendaña Fracture Zone
tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
135 G3
Mende France 73 C6
Mendeleyev Ridge undersea
feature Arctic Ocean 137 G2
Mendocino Fracture Zone
tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
134 D2
Mendoza Argentina 46 B4
Menengiyn Tal plain Mongolia
109 F2
Menongue Angola 60 C2
Menorca island Spain Eng.
Minorca 75 H3
Metairie Louisiana, USA 30 C3
Mentawai, Kepulauan island
group Indonesia 120 B4
Meppel Netherlands 68 D2
Merced California, USA 27 B6
Mercedes Uruguay 44 B5
Mergui see Myeik
Mergui Archipelago island
chain Myanmar 119 B6
Mérida Mexico 33 H3
Mérida Spain 74 D3
Mérida Venezuela 40 C2
Meridian Mississippi, USA 30 C2
Merredin Australia 129 B6
Mersin Turkey var. čel 98 C4
Meru Kenya 55 C6
Merv see Mary
Mesa Arizona, USA 28 B2
Meshed see Mashhad
Messina Italy 79 D6
Messina, Stretto di sea feature
Ionian Sea/Tyrrhenian Sea
79 D7
Mestre Italy 78 C2
Meta river Colombia/Venezuela
40 C2
Metkoviá Croatia 82 C4
Metz France 72 E3
Meuse river W Europe var.
Maas 72 D3
Mexicali Mexico 32 A1
Mexico country North America
32-33
México, Golfo de see Mexico,
Gulf of
Mexico, Gulf of sea feature
Atlantic Ocean/Caribbean
Sea 48 A4
Mexico City capital of Mexico
Sp. Ciudad de México 33 E4
Meymaneh see Maímanah
Mezen· river Russian
Federation 92 D3
Miami Florida, USA 31 F5
Miami Beach Florida, USA
31 F5
Mianyang China 111 B5
Michigan state USA 22 C2
Michigan, Lake lake USA 17 C5
Micronesia country Pacific
Ocean 126 B2
Micronesia region Pacific
Ocean 126
Mid Atlantic Ridge undersea
feature Atlantic Ocean
48 B4
Middelburg South Africa 60 D5
Middle Andaman island India
115 G2
Middlesbrough England, UK
71 D5
Mid-Indian Basin undersea
feature Indian Ocean 122 C4
Mid-Indian Ridge undersea
feature Indian Ocean 123 C5
Midland Texas, USA 29 E3
Mid-Pacific Mountains var.
Mid-Pacific Seamounts.
Undersea feature Pacific
Ocean 124 C1
Mid-Pacific Seamounts see
Mid-Pacific Mountains
Midway Islands US territory
Pacific Ocean 134 D2
Mikhaylovka Russian
Federation 93 B6
Milagro Ecuador 40 A4
Milan see Milano
Milano Italy Eng. Milan 78 B2
Mildura Australia 131 C6
Millennium Island island
Kiribati prev. Caroline Island
127 H3
Miles Australia 131 D5
Miles City Montana, USA 24 C2
Milford Haven Wales, UK 71 C6
Milford Sound New Zealand
133 E6
Milford Sound inlet New
Zealand 133 A6
Mílos island Greece 87 C6
Milwaukee Wisconsin, USA
22 B3
Min see Fujian
Minatitlán Mexico 33 G4
Minch, The Strait Scotland,
UK 70 C3
Mindanao island Philippines
121 F2
Mindoro island Philippines
121 E2
Mindoro Strait sea feature
South China Sea/Sulu Sea
121 E2
Mingäàevir Azerbaijan Rus.
Mingechaur 99 G2
Mingechaur see Mingäàevir
Minho river Portugal/Spain Sp.
Miño 74 C2
Minicoy Island island India
114 C3
Minneapolis Minnesota, USA
23 F2
Minnesota state USA 25 F2
Miño river Portugal/Spain Port.
Minho 74 C1
Minorca see Menorca
Minot North Dakota, USA
24 D1
Míná· Qábús Oman 122 B3
Minsk capital of Belarus 89 C5
Minto, Lake lake Canada
20 D2

Miranda de Ebro Spain 75 E1
Mirim, Lake see Mirim Lagoon
Mirim Lagoon lagoon Brazil/
Uruguay var. Mirim, Lake
44 C5
Mirtóo Pelagos sea feature
Mediterranean Sea 87 C6
Miskitos Cayos islands
Nicaragua 35 E2
Miskolc Hungary 81 D6
Mi§rátah Libya 53 F2
Mississippi state USA 30 C2
Mississippi river USA 16 C5
Mississippi Delta wetlands USA
30 C4
Missoula Montana, USA 24 B2
Missouri state USA 25 G4
Missouri river USA 17 C5
Mistassini, Lake lake Canada
20 D3
Mitau see Jelgava
Mitchell S Dakota, USA
25 E3
Mitchell River river Australia
130 C3
Mitilíni Greece 86 D4
Mito Japan 112 D4
Mitrovicë Kosovo prev.
Kosovska Mitrovica 83 D5
Mits'iwa Eritrea var. Massawa
54 C4
Mitumba, Monts Mountain
range Dem. Rep. Congo 59 E7
Miyazaki Japan 113 B6
Mjøsa lake Norway 67 B5
Mljet island Croatia 83 C5
Mmabatho South Africa 60 D4
Mo Norway 66 C3
Mobile Alabama, USA 30 C3
Moçambique Mozambique
61 F2
Mocímboa da Praia
Mozambique 61 F2
Mocoa Colombia 40 B4
Mocuba Mozambique 61 E3
Modena Italy 78 B3
Modesto California, USA 27 B6
Modohn see Madona
Modriâa Bosnia & Herzegovina
82 C3
Miranda de Ebro — Moselle
Mogadiscio see Mogadishu
Mogadishu capital of Somalia
Som. Muqdisho, It.
Mogadiscio 55 D6
Mogilëv see Mahilyow
Mo i Rana Norway 66 C3
Mojave California, USA 27 C7
Mojave Desert desert W USA
27 C7
Moldavia see Moldova
Molde Norway 67 A5
Moldova country E Europe var.
Moldavia 90
Molodechno see Maladzyechna
Molodeczno see Maladzyechna
Molotov see Perm·
Moluccas see Maluku
Molucca Sea see Maluku, Laut
Mombasa Kenya 55 C7
Monaco country W Europe
73 E6
Monclova Mexico 33 E2
Moncton Canada 21 F4
Mongo Chad 58 C3
Mongolia country NE Asia
108-109
Monroe Louisiana, USA 30 B2
Monrovia capital of Liberia
56 C5
Mons Belgium 69 B6
Montague Seamount undersea
feature Atlantic Ocean 45 H1
Montana state USA 24 C2
Montauban France 73 C6
Mont Blanc peak France/Italy
62 D4
Mont-de-Marsan France
72 B6
Monte Cristi Dominican
Republic 37 E3
Montego Bay Jamaica 36 C3
Montenegro Country
SE Europe 83 D5
Monterey California, USA
27 B6
Montería Colombia 40 B2
Montero Bolivia 42 D4
Monterrey Mexico 33 E2
Montes Claros Brazil 43 G4
Montevideo capital of Uruguay
44 C5
405
Montgomery Alabama, USA
30 D2
Monthey Switzerland 77 A7
Montpelier Vermont, USA
23 F2
Montpellier France 73 C6
Montréal Canada 21 E4
Montserrat external territory
UK, West Indies 37
Monywa Myanmar 118 A3
Monza Italy 78 B2
Moora Australia 129 B6
Moore, Lake lake Australia
129 B6
Moorhead Minnesota, USA
25 E2
Moosonee Canada 20 C3
Mopti Mali 57 E3
Morava river C Europe 82 E4
Moravská Ostrava see Ostrava
Moray Firth inlet Scotland, UK
70 C3
Moree Australia 131 D5
Morelia Mexico 33 E4
Morena, Sierra mountain
range Spain 74 D4
Murgháb, Daryá-ye river
Afghanistan/Turkmenistan
104 D4
Morioka Japan 112 D3
Mornington Abyssal Plain
undersea feature Pacific
Ocean 135 G5
Morocco country N Africa 52
Morogoro Tanzania 55 C7
Mörön Mongolia 108 D2
Morondava Madagascar 61 F3
Moroni capital of Comoros
61 F2
Morotai, Pulau island Indonesia
121 F3
Morova river Poland 80 C6
Morris Jesup, Kap headland
Greenland 65 E1
Moscow capital of Russian
Federation Rus. Moskva
92 B4 96 B2
Mosel river W Europe Fr.
Moselle 77 A5
Moselle river W Europe Ger.
Mosel 72 E4
406
Mosgiel — Nampa
Mosgiel New Zealand 133 B7
Moshi Tanzania 55 C7
Moskva see Moscow
Mosquito Coast coastal region
Nicaragua 35 E3
Moss Norway 67 B6
Mossendjo Congo 59 B6
Mossoró Brazil 43 H2
Most Czech Republic Ger. Brüx
80 A4
Mostaganem Algeria 52 D1
Mostar Bosnia & Herz. 82 C4
Mosul see Al Maw§il
Motril Spain 75 E5
Motueka New Zealand 133 C5
Moulins France 72 C4
Moulmein see Mawlamyine
Moundou Chad 58 C4
Mount Gambier Australia
131 B7
Mount Isa Australia 130 B4
Mount Magnet Australia
129 B5
Mount Vernon Illinois, USA
22 B5
Mouscron Belgium 69 A6
Moyobamba Peru 42 B2
Moyu China 108 B2
Mozambique country
SE Africa 61
Mozambique Channel sea
feature Indian Ocean 61 F3
Mozyr· see Mazyr
Mpika Zambia 61 E2
Mtwara Tanzania 55 C8
Muang Không Laos 119 D5
Muang Xaignabouri see
Xaignabouri
Mudanjiang China 110 E3
Mufulira Zambia 60 D2
Muêla Turkey 98 A4
Mulhouse France 72 E4
Mull island Scotland, UK 70 B3
Muller, Pegunungan mountains
Indonesia 120 C3
Multán Pakistan 116 C2
Mumbai India var. Bombay
117 C5
München Germany Eng.
Munich 77 C6
Muncie Indiana, USA 22 C4
Munich see München
Münster Germany 76 B4
Muqdisho see Mogadishu
Mur river C Europe 77 E7
Murchison River river Australia
129 B5
Murcia Spain 75 F4
Mures river Hungary/Romania
81 D7
Murfreesboro Tennessee, USA
30 D1
Murgab Tajikistan 105 F3
Murgap river Turkmenistan var.
Murghab 104 C3
Murghab see Murgap
Müritz lake Germany 76 D3
Murmansk Russian Federation
92 C2 96 C1
Murray river Australia 131 B6
Murray Fracture Zone tectonic
feature Pacific Ocean 135 E2
Murray Ridge Undersea
feature Arabian Sea 122 B3
Murwillumbah Australia
131 E5
Murzuq Libya 53 F3
Mu§ Turkey 99 F3
Muscat capital of Oman Ar.
Masqa√ 103 E5
Musgrave Ranges mountain
range Australia 129 D5
Musters, Lago lake Argentina
46 C6
Mu Us Shadi Desert China
109 E3
Mvonioälv river Finland/
Sweden 66 D3
Mwali island Comoros 61 F2
Mwanza Tanzania 55 B6
Mwene-Ditu Dem. Rep. Congo
59 D7
Mweru, Lake lake Dem. Rep.
Congo/Zambia 59 D7
Myanmar country SE Asia var.
Myanmar 118-119
Myeik Myanmar prev. Mergui
119 B5
Mykolayiv Ukraine Rus.
Nikolayev 91 E4
Mykonos island Greece 87 D5
Mysore India 114 D2
Mzuzu Malawi 61 E2
N
Naberezhnyye Chelny Russian
Federation prev. Brezhnev
93 C5
Nablus West Bank var. Nâbulus,
Heb. Shekhem 101 D6
Nâbulus see Nablus
Nacala Mozambique 61 F2
Naga Philippines 120 E2
Nagano Japan 112 C4
Nagasaki Japan 113 A6
Nágercoil India 114 D3
Nagorno-Karabakh region
Azerbaijan 99 G2
Nagoya Japan 113 C5
Nágpur India 116 D4
Nagqu China 108 C5
Nagykanizsa Hungary Ger.
Grosskanizsa 81 C7
Nagyszombat see Trnava
Naha Japan 113 A8
Nain Canada 21 F2
Nairobi capital of Kenya
55 C6
Najaf see An Najaf
Najrán Saudi Arabia 103 B6
Nakamura Japan 113 B6
Nakhichevan· see Naxàıvan
Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
119 C5
Nakhon Sawan Thailand 119 C5
Nakhon Si Thammarat
Thailand 119 C6
Nakuru Kenya 55 C6
Nal·chik Russian Federation
96 A4
Namangan Uzbekistan 105 E2
Nam Co lake China 108 C4
Nam Ãinh Vietnam 118 D3
Namib Desert desert Namibia
60 B3
Namibe Angola 60 B2
Namibia country southern
Africa 60
Nampa Idaho, USA 26 C3

Namp·o North Korea 110 E4
Nampula Mozambique 61 F2
Namur Belgium 69 C6
Nanchang China 111 C5
Nancy France 72 D3
Nánded India 116 D5 114 D1
Nanjing China 111 D5
Nanning China 111 B6
Nanortalik Greenland 64 C5
Nansen Basin undersea feature
Arctic Ocean 137 G4
Nantes France 72 B4
Napier New Zealand 132 E4
Naples see Napoli
Napo river Ecuador/Peru 42 B2
Napoli Italy Eng. Naples 79 D5
Narbonne France 73 C6
Nares Strait sea feature
Canada/Greenland 64 C1
Narew river Poland 80 E3
Narmada river India 116 D4
Narva Estonia 88 E2
Narva river Estonia/Russian
Federation 88 E2
Narva Bay sea feature Gulf of
Finland Est. Narva Laht, Rus.
Narvskiy Zaliv 88 E2
Narva Laht see Narva Bay
Narvik Norway 66 C3
Narvskiy Zaliv see Narva Bay
Naryn Kyrgyzstan 105 G2
Náshik India 116 C5
Nashville Tennessee, USA 30 D1
Nâ¢ir, Buìeiret see Nasser, Lake
Nassau capital of Bahamas
36 C1
Nasser, Lake reservoir Egypt
var. Nâ¢ir, Buìeiret 54 B2
Natal Brazil 43 H3
Natal Basin Undersea feature
Indian Ocean 123 A5
Natitingou Benin 57 E4
Naturaliste Plateau undersea
feature Indian Ocean 123 E6
Natzrat Israel Eng. Nazareth
101 A5
Nauru country Pacific Ocean
126 D3
Navapolatsk Belarus Rus.
Novopolotsk 89 D5
Namp·o — New Haven
Navassa Island external territory
USA, West Indies 36 D3
Navoiy Uzbekistan
Uzb. Nawoly 104 D2
Nawábsháh Pakistan 116 B3
Nawoly see Navoiy
Naxàıvan Azerbaijan Rus.
Nakhichevan· 99 G3
Náxos island Greece 87 D6
Nay Pyi Taw capital of
Myanmar 118 B3
Nazareth see Natzrat
Nazca Peru 42 B4
Nazrét Ethiopia 55 C5
Nazwá Oman 103 E5
N·Dalatando Angola 60 B2
Ndélé Central African Republic
58 C4
N·Djamena capital of Chad
58 B3
Ndola Zambia 60 D2
Nebitdag see Balkanabat
Nebraska state USA 24-25 E3
Neches river S USA 29 H3
Neckar river Germany
77 B5
Necochea Argentina 47 D5
Neftezavodsk see Seÿdi
Negélé Ethiopia 55 C5
Negev see HaNegev
Negro, Río river Argentina
47 C5
Negro, Rio river Brazil/Uruguay
44 C4
Negro, Rio river N South
America 40 C1
Neiva Colombia 40 B3
Nellore India 115 E2
Neman river NE Europe Bel.
Nyoman, Lith. Nemunas, Ger.
Memel, Pol. Niemen 88 B4
Nemunas see Neman
Nemuro Japan 112 E2
Nepal country S Asia 117
Neris river Belarus/Lithuania
Bel. Viliya, Pol. Wilja 88 C4
Ness, Loch lake Scotland, UK
70 C3
Netherlands country W Europe
var. Holland 68-69
407
Netherlands Antilles external
territory Netherlands, West
Indies prev. Dutch West
Indies 37 E5
Netze see Noteá
Neubrandenburg Germany
76 D3
Neuchâtel, Lac de lake
Switzerland 77 A7
Neumünster Germany 76 C2
Neuquén Argentina 47 C5
Neusiedler See lake Austria/
Hungary 77 E6
Neusohl see Banská Bystrica
Neutra see Nitra
Nevada state USA 26-27
Nevers France 72 C4
Nev§ehir Turkey 98 C3
New Amsterdam Guyana 41 G2
Newark New Jersey, USA 23 F3
New Britain island Papua New
Guinea 126 B3
New Brunswick province
Canada 21 F4
New Caledonia external
territory France, Pacific
Ocean 126 C5
New Caledonia island Pacific
Ocean 124 D3
New Caledonia Basin undersea
feature Pacific Ocean
124 D4
Newcastle Australia 131 D6
Newcastle upon Tyne
England, UK 70 D4
New Delhi capital of India
116 D3
Newfoundland & Labrador
province Canada 21 F2
Newfoundland island Canada
21 G3
Newfoundland Basin undersea
feature Atlantic Ocean
48 B3
New Georgia Islands island
group Solomon Is 126 C3
New Guinea island Pacific
Ocean 126 B3
New Hampshire state USA
23 G2
New Haven Connecticut, USA
23 G3
408
New Ireland — North Island
New Ireland island Papua New
Guinea 126 C3
New Jersey state USA 23 F4
Newman Australia 128 B4
New Mexico state USA
28-29
New Orleans Louisiana, USA
30 C3
New Plymouth New Zealand
132 D3
Newport Oregon, USA 26 A3
Newport News Virginia, USA
23 F5
New Providence island
Bahamas 36 C1
Newry Northern Ireland, UK
71 B5
New Siberian Islands see
Novosibirskiye Ostrova
New South Wales state
Australia 131 C6
New York state USA 23 F3
New York New York, USA 23 F3
New Zealand country Pacific
Ocean 132-133
Neyshábúr Iran 102 D3
Ngaoundéré Cameroon 58 B4
Ngerulmud capital of Palau
126 A1
N·Giva Angola 60 C3
N·Guigmi Niger 57 H3
Nha Trang Vietnam 119 E5
Niagara Falls waterfall Canada/
USA 23 E3
Niamey capital of Niger 57 F3
Niangay, Lac lake Mali 56 E3
Nias, Pulau island Indonesia
120 B3
Nicaragua country Central
America 34-35
Nicaragua, Lago de lake
Nicaragua 34 D3
Nice France 73 E6
Nicobar Islands island group
India 115 H3
Nicosia capital of Cyprus
var. Lefkosia, Turk. Lefko§a
98 C5
Nicoya, Península de peninsula
Costa Rica 34 D4
Niemen see Neman
Nieuw Amsterdam Suriname
41 H2
Niêde Turkey 98 D4
Niger country W Africa 57
Niger river W Africa 56-57 D3
Niger, Mouths of the delta
Nigeria 57 F5
Nigeria country W Africa 57
Niigata Japan 112 C4
Nijmegen Netherlands
68 D4
Nikolayev see Mykolayiv
Nikopol· Ukraine 91 F3
Nile river N Africa 54 B3
Nile Delta wetlands Egypt
54 B1
Nîmes France 73 D6
Ninetyeast Ridge undersea
feature Indian Ocean 123 C5
Ningbo China 111 D5
Ningxia autonomous region
China 110-111 B4
Nioro Mali 56 D3
Nipigon, Lake lake Canada
20 B4
Ni# Serbia 82 E4
Nitra Slovakia Ger. Neutra,
Hung. Nyitra 81 C6
Nitra river Slovakia Ger.
Neutra, Hung. Nyitra 81 C6
Niue external territory New
Zealand, Pacific Ocean
127 F4
Nizámábád India 114 D1
Nizhnevartovsk Russian
Federation 96 D3
Nizhniy Novgorod Russian
Federation prev. Gor·kiy
93 C5 96 B3
Nkongsamba Cameroon
58 B4
Norak Tajikistan 105 E3
Nord Greenland 65 E2
Nordaustlandet island Svalbard
65 G1
Norfolk Virginia, USA 23 F5
Norfolk Island external
territory Australia, Pacific
Ocean 124 D4
Nori·lsk Russian Federation
96 D3
Norfolk Ridge undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 124 D4
Norman Oklahoma, USA 28 F2
Normandie region France Eng.
Normandy 72 B3
Normandy see Normandie
Normanton Australia 130 C3
Norrköping Sweden 67 C6
Norseman Australia 129 C6
North Albanian Alps
mountains Albania/
Montenegro 83 D5
North America 16-17
North Andaman island India
115 G2
North Atlantic Ocean 64-65
North Australian Basin
undersea feature Indian
Ocean 124 A2 128 A2
North Bay Canada 20 D4
North Cape coastal feature
New Zealand 132 C1
North Cape coastal feature
Norway 66 D2
North Carolina state USA 31 F1
North Dakota state USA
24-25 D2
North Fiji Basin undersea
feature Coral Sea 124 D3
Northern Cook Islands islands
Cook Islands 127 G4
Northern Cyprus, Turkish
Republic of disputed region
Cyprus 98 C5
Northern Dvina river Russian
Federation see Severnaya
Dvina 63 G2
Northern Ireland province UK
70-71
Northern Mariana Islands
external territory USA,
Pacific Ocean 124 C1
Northern Sporades see Vóreies
Sporádes
Northern Territory territory
Australia 130 A3
North European Plain region
N Europe 62 E3
North Frisian Islands islands
Denmark/Germany 76 B2
North Island island New
Zealand 132 G2

North Korea country E Asia 110
North Little Rock Arkansas,
USA 30 B1
North Platte Nebraska, USA
25 E4
North Platte river C USA 24 D3
North Pole ice feature Arctic
Ocean 137 G3
North Sea Atlantic Ocean 70 E2
North Siberian Lowland
lowlands Russian Federation
94-95
North Taranaki Bight gulf New
Zealand 132 D3
North Uist island Scotland, UK
70 B3
Northwest Territories territory
Canada 19 E3
Norway country N Europe 66-67
Norwegian Sea Arctic Ocean
137 G5
Norwich England, UK 71 E6
Noteá river Poland Ger. Netze
80 C3
Nottingham England, UK 71 D6
Nottingham Island island
Hudson Strait 20 D1
Nouâdhibou Mauritania
56 B2
Nouakchott capital of
Mauritania 56 B2
Nouméa capital of New
Caledonia 126 D5
Nova Gradi#ka Croatia 82 C3
Nova Iguaçu Brazil 43 F5 45 F2
Novara Italy 78 B2
Nova Scotia province Canada
21 F4
Novaya Zemlya islands Russian
Federation 137 H4
Novaya Zemlya Trench see East
Novaya Zemlya Trench
Novi Sad Serbia 82 D3
Novokuznetsk Russian
Federation prev. Stalinsk
96 D4
Novopolotsk see Navapolatsk
Novosibirsk Russian Federation
96 D4
Novosibirskiye Ostrova islands
Russian Federation Eng. New
Siberian Islands 95 F1
North Korea — Okhotsk
Novo Urgench see Urgench
Novyy Margilan see Farg·ona
Nsanje Malawi 61 E3
Nsawam Ghana 57 E5
Nubian Desert desert Sudan
54 B3
Nu’eima West Bank 101 D7
Nuevo Laredo Mexico 33 E2
Nuku¶alofa capital of Tonga
127 F5
Nukus Uzbekistan 104 C2
Nullarbor Plain region
Australia 129 D6
Nunap Isua Island coastal
region Greenland var.
Uummannaruaq Dan. Kap
Farvel 64 C5
Nunavut Territory Canada
19 F3
Nunivak Island island Alaska,
USA 18 B2
Nuoro Italy 79 A5
Nuremberg see Nürnberg
Nürnberg Germany Eng.
Nuremberg 77 C5
Nusa Tenggara islands East
Timor / Indonesia 120 E5
Nuuk Greenland var. Godthåb
64 C4
Nyainqêntanglha Shan
mountain range China 108 D5
Nyala Sudan 54 A4
Nyasa, Lake lake E Africa
51 D5
Nyeri Kenya 55 C6
Nyima China 108 C4
Nyíregyháza Hungary 81 E6
Nyitra see Nitra
Nykøbing Denmark 67 B8
Nyköping Sweden 67 C6
Nyngan Australia 131 D6
Nyoman see Neman
O Botswana 60 C3
Oakland California, USA 27 B6
Oakley Kansas, USA 25 E4
Oamaru New Zealand 133 B7
Oaxaca Mexico 33 F5
409
Ob· river Russian Federation
96 D4
Oban Scotland, UK 70 C4
Obihiro Japan 112 D2
Obo Central African Republic
58 D4
Oceania 124-125
Ocean Island see Banaba
Oceanside California, USA
27 C8
Ochamchira see Och·amch·ire
Och·amch·ire Georgia Rus.
Ochamchira 99 E1
Ödenburg see Sopron
Odense Denmark 67 B7
Oder river C Europe 80 C4
Odesa Ukraine Rus. Odessa
91 E4
Odessa see Odesa
Odessa Texas, USA 29 E3
Odienné Côte d’Ivoire 56 D4
Oesel see Saaremaa
Ofanto river Italy 79 D5
Offenbach Germany 77 B5
Ogaden plateau Ethiopia 55 D5
Ogallala Nebraska, USA 24 D4
Ogbomosho Nigeria 57 F4
Ogden Utah, USA 24 B3
Ogdensburg New York, USA
23 F2
Oger see Ogre
Ogre Latvia Ger. Oger 88 C3
Ogulin Croatia 82 B3
Ohio state USA 22 D4
Ohio river N USA 22 B5
Ohrid Macedonia 83 D6
Ohrid, Lake lake Albania/
Macedonia 83 D6
Ohüe river Czech Republic/
Germany Ger. Eger 81 A5
Óita Japan 113 B6
Okavango river var. Cubango
southern Africa 60 C3
Okavango Delta wetland
Okayama Japan 113 B5
Okazaki Japan 113 C5
Okeechobee, Lake lake Florida,
USA 31 F4
Okhotsk Russian Federation
97 G3
410
Okhotsk, Sea of — Owensboro
Okhotsk, Sea of Pacific Ocean
134 C1
Okinawa island Japan 113 A8
Oki-shotó island group Japan
113 B5
Oklahoma state USA 29 F1
Oklahoma City Oklahoma, USA
29 F2
Okushiri-tó island Japan 112 C2
Okára Pakistan 116 C2
Öland island Sweden 67 C7
Olavarría Argentina 46 D4
Olbia Italy 79 B5
Oldenburg Germany 76 B3
Oleksandriya Ukraine Rus.
Aleksandriya 91 E3
Olenëk Russian Federation 97 E3
Ölgiy Mongolia 108 C2
Olhão Portugal 74 C4
Olita see Alytus
Olmaliq see Almalyk
Olmütz see Olomouc
Olomouc Czech Republic Ger.
Olmütz 81 C5
Olsztyn Poland Ger. Allenstein
80 D2
Olt river Romania 90 B5
Olympia Washington, USA
26 B2
Omaha Nebraska, USA 25 F4
Oman country SW Asia 103 D6
Oman, Gulf of sea feature
Indian Ocean 103 E5, 122 B3
Omdurman Sudan 54 B4
Omsk Russian Federation 96 C4
Onega river Russian Federation
92 C4
Onega, Lake see Onezhskoye
Ozero
Onezhskoye Ozero lake
Russian Federation Eng. Lake
Onega 92 B3
Ongole India 115 E2
Onitsha Nigeria 57 F5
Onslow Australia 128 A4
Ontario province Canada
18 B3
Ontario, Lake lake Canada/USA
17 D5
Oostende Belgium Eng. Ostend
69 A5
Opole Poland Ger. Oppeln 80 C4
Oporto see Porto
Oppeln see Opole
Oradea Romania 90 B3
Oran Algeria 52 D1
Orange River river southern
Africa 60 C4
Oranjestad Aruba 37 E5
Orantes River Asia 100 B3
Ordu Turkey 98 D2
Ordzhonikidze see Vladikavkaz
Örebro Sweden 67 C6
Oregon state USA 26
Orël Russian Federation 83 A5
Orem Utah, USA 24 B4
Orenburg Russian Federation
93 C6 96 B4
Orense see Ourense
Orestiáda Greece 86 D3
Orinoco river Colombia/
Venezuela 41 E3
Oristano Italy 79 A5
Orkney islands Scotland, UK
70 C2
Orlando Florida, USA 31 E4
Orléans France 72 C4
Örnsköldsvik Sweden 67 C5
Orantes river SW Asia 100 B3
Orosirá Rodópis see Rhodope
Mountains
Orsha Belarus 89 E5
Orsk Russian Federation
93 D6 96 B4
Oruro Bolivia 42 C4
Ósaka Japan 113 C5
Osborn Plateau undersea
feature Indian Ocean 123 C5
Ösel see Saaremaa
Osh Kyrgyzstan 105 F2
Oshawa Canada 20 D5
Oshkosh Wisconsin, USA 22 B2
Osijek Croatia 82 C3
Oslo capital of Norway 67 B6
Osmaniye Turkey 98 D4
Osnabrück Germany 76 B3
Osorno Chile 47 B5
Oss Netherlands 68 D4
Ossora Russian Federation
97 H2
Ostend see Oostende
Östersund Sweden 67 C5
Ostrava Czech Republic Ger.
Mährisch-Ostrau, prev.
Moravská Ostrava 81 C5
Ostroîèka Poland 80 D3
Ostrowiec ⁄wiètokrzyski
Poland 80 D4
Ósumi-shotó island group
Japan 113 A7
Otago Peninsula peninsula
New Zealand 133 B7
Otaru Japan 112 D2
Oti river Africa 57 E4
Otranto, Strait of sea feature
Albania/Italy 79 E5
Ottawa capital of Canada
20 D4
Ottawa river Canada 20 D4
Ou river Laos 118 C3
Ouachita river SE USA 30 B2
Ouagadougou capital of
Burkina Faso 57 E3
Ouarâne desert Mauritania
56 D2
Ouargla Algeria 53 E2
Ouessant, Île d· island France
72 A3
Ouésso Congo 59 C5
Oujda Morocco 52 D2
Oulu Finland 66 D4
Oulu river Finland 66 D4
Oulujärvi lake Finland 66 E4
Ounasjoki river Finland
66 D3
Our river W Europe 69 E7
Ourense Spain Cast. Orense
74 C2
Ourinhos Brazil 44 D2
Ourthe river Belgium 69 D6
Outer Hebrides island group
UK var. Western Isles 70 B3
Outer Islands island group
Seychelles 61 H2
Ouyen Australia 131 C6
Oviedo Spain 74 D1
Owando Congo 59 C6
Owen Fracture Zone tectonic
feature Arabian Sea 122 B3
Owensboro Kentucky, USA
22 B5

Oxford England, UK 71 D6
Oxnard California, USA 29 C7
Oyem Gabon 59 B5
Oyo Nigeria 57 F4
Ozark Plateau plain Arkansas/
Missouri, USA 25 G5
Ózd Hungary 81 D6
P India/Sri Lanka 115 E3
Paamiut Greenland 64 B4
Pachuca Mexico 33 E4
Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
undersea feature Pacific
Ocean 136 B5
Pacific Ocean 134-135
Padang Indonesia 120 B4
Paderborn Germany 76 B4
Padova Italy Eng. Padua
78 C2
Padre Island island Texas, USA
29 G5
Padua see Padova
Paducah Kentucky, USA 22 B5
Paeroa Waikato, New Zealand
132 D3
Pafos see Paphos
Pag island Croatia 82 A3
Pago Pago capital of American
Samoa 127 F4
Paide Estonia Ger. Weissenstein
88 D2
Paihia New Zealand 132 D2
Painted Desert desert SW USA
28 C1
País Valenciano cultural region
Spain 75 F3
Pakistan country S Asia 116
Pakokku Myanmar 118 A3
Palagruza island Croatia 83 B5
Palau country Pacific Ocean
var. Belau 124 B2 126
Palawan island Philippines
121 E2
Palawan Passage passage
Philippines 121 E2
Paldiski Estonia prev. Baltiski,
Eng. Baltic Port, Ger.
Baltischport 88 C2
Oxford — Paysandú
Palembang Indonesia 120 C4
Palencia Spain 74 D2
Palermo Italy 79 C6
Palikir capital of Micronesia
126 C2
Palioúri, Akrotírio coastal
feature Greece var. Akra
Kanestron 86 C4
Palk Strait sea feature
Palliser, Cape headland New
Zealand 133 D5
Palm Springs California, USA
27 D8
Palma Spain 75 G3
Palmer Land physical region
Antarctica 136 A3
Palmerston North New Zealand
132 D4
Palmyra see Tudmur
Palmyra Atoll external territory
USA, Pacific Ocean 125 F2
Palu Indonesia 121 E4
Pamir river Afghanistan/
Tajikistan 105 F3
Pamirs mountains Tajikistan
105 F3
Pampa Texas, USA 29 E2
Pampas region South America
46 C4
Pamplona Spain var. Iruña 75 F1
Pánáji India 114 C2
Panama country Central
America 35
Panamá, Golfo de sea feature
Panama 35 F5
Panama Canal canal Panama
35 F4
Panama City capital of Panama
35 F5
Panama City Florida, USA
30 D3
Panáevo Serbia 82 D3
Panevëªys Lithuania 88 C4
Pantanal region Brazil 38 C4
Pantelleria island Italy 79 B7
Papeete capital of French
Polynesia 127 H4
Paphos Cyprus var. Pafos 98 C5
Papua province Indonesia prev.
Irian Jaya 121 H4
411
Papua New Guinea country
Pacific Ocean 126
Paracel Islands disputed
territory Asia 120 D1
Paragua river Venezuela 41 E3
Paraguay country South
America 44
Paraguay river C South
America 38 C4 44 B2
Parakou Benin 57 F4
Paramaribo capital of Suriname
41 G2
Paraná Argentina 46 D4
Paraná river C South America
46 D3
Paranaíba Brazil 43 G2
Paraparaumu New Zealand
132 D4
Pardubice Czech Republic Ger.
Pardubitz 81 B5
Pardubitz see Pardubice
Parepare Indonesia 121 E4
Paris capital of France 72 C3
Paris Texas, USA 29 G2
Parma Italy 78 B3
Pärnu Estonia Rus. Pyarnu,
prev. Pernov, Ger. Pernau
88 C2
Páros island Greece 87 D6
Pasadena California, USA 27 C7
Pasadena Texas, USA 29 G4
Passo Fundo Brazil 44 D3
Pasto Colombia 40 B4
Patagonia region S South
America 47 C6
Pathein Myanmar prev. Bassein
118 A4
Patna India 117 F3
Patos, Lagoa dos lagoon Brazil
44 D4
Pátra Greece 87 B5
Pattani Thailand 119 C7
Pattaya Thailand 119 C5
Patuca river Honduras 34 D2
Pau France 73 B6
Pavlodar Kazakhstan 96 C4
Pavlograd see Pavlohrad
Pavlohrad Ukraine Rus.
Pavlograd 91 G3
Paysandú Uruguay 44 B4
412
Pazardzhik — Piraiévs
Pazardzhik Bulgaria prev. Tatar
Pazardzhik 86 C2
Pearl river SE USA 30 C3
Peawanuck Canada 20 C2
Peá see Pejë
Pechora river Russian
Federation 92 D3
Pecos Texas, USA 29 E3
Pecos river SW USA 28 D2
Pécs Hungary Ger. Fünfkirchen
81 C7
Pegasus Bay bay New Zealand
133 C5
Pegu see Bago
Peipsi Järv see Peipus, Lake
Peipus, Lake lake Estonia/
Russian Federation Est. Peipsi
Järv, Rus. Chudskoye Ozero
88 D2
Peiraías Greece var. Piraiévs,
Eng. Piraeus 87 C5
Pejë Kosovo prev. Peá 83 D5
Pekalongan Jawa, Indonesia
120 C4
Pekanbaru Indonesia 120 B3
Peking see Beijing
Pelagie, Isola island Italy 79 B8
Peloponnese see Pelopónnisos
Pelopónnisos peninsula Greece
Eng. Peloponnese 87 B5
Pelotas Brazil 44 C4
Pelotas river Brazil 44 C3
Pematangsiantar Indonesia
120 B3
Pemba island Tanzania 51 E5
Pendleton Oregon, USA 26 C2
Pennines hills England, UK
70 D4
Pennsylvania state USA
23 E3
Penong Australia 131 A6
Penonomé Panama 35 F5
Penrhyn atoll Cook Islands
125 F3
Penrhyn Basin undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 135 E2
Pensacola Florida, USA 30 D3
Penza Russian Federation
93 B5
Penzance England, UK 71 C7
Peoria Illinois, USA 22 B4
Percival Lakes lakes Australia
128 C4
Pereira Colombia 40 B3
Périgueux France 73 B5
Perm· Russian Federation prev.
Molotov 93 D5 96 B3
Pernau see Pärnu
Pernik Bulgaria prev. Dimitrovo
86 C2
Pernov see Pärnu
Perpignan France 73 C6
Persian Gulf sea feature
Arabian Sea var. The Gulf
122 B2
Perth Australia 129 B6
Perth Scotland, UK 70 C3
Perth Basin undersea feature
Indian Ocean 123 E6
Peru C South America 42
Peru-Chile Trench undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 135 G3
Perugia Italy 78 C4
Pescara Italy 78 D4
Pesháwar Pakistan 116 C1
Petah Tikva Israel 101 A5
Peterborough England, UK
71 E6
Peterborough Canada 20 D5
Peter the First Island island
Antarctica 136 A4
Petra see Wádí Músá
Petrich Bulgaria 86 C3
Petroaleksandrovsk see
To·rtko·O
Petrograd see St Petersburg
Petropavlovsk Russian
Federation 96 C4
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy
Russian Federation 97 H3
Petrozavodsk Russian
Federation 92 B3
Pevek Russian Federation
97 G1
Pforzheim Germany 77 B6
Phangan, Ko island Thailand
119 C6
Philadelphia Pennsylvania, USA
23 F4
Philippine Basin undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 124 B1
Philippine Trench undersea
feature Philippine Sea 124 A2
Philippines country Asia 121
Philippine Sea Pacific Ocean
121 F1 124 A1
Philippopolis see Plovdiv
Phnom Penh capital of
Cambodia 119 D6
Phoenix Arizona, USA 28 B2
Phoenix Islands island group
Kiribati 127 F3
Phôngsali Laos 118 C3
Phuket Thailand 119 B7
Phuket, Ko island Thailand
119 B7
Phumî Sâmraông Cambodia
119 D5
Piacenza Italy 78 B2
Piatra-Neam√ Romania 90 C3
Piave river Italy 78 C2
Picton New Zealand 133 C5
Pielinen lake Finland 66 E4
Pierre South Dakota, USA 25 E3
Pie#˚any Slovakia Ger. Pistyan,
Hung. Pöstyén 81 C6
Pietermaritzburg South Africa
60 D4
Pihkva Järv see Pskov, Lake
Piîa Poland Ger. Schneidemühl
80 C3
Pilar Paraguay 44 B3
Pilchilemu Chile 46 B4
Pilcomayo river C South
America 44 B2 46 D2
Pilsen see Plzeõ
Pinar del Río Cuba 36 A2
Píndos mountain range Greece
Eng. Pindus Mountains
86 A4
Pindus Mountains see Píndos
Pine Bluff Arkansas, USA 30 B2
Pine Creek Australia 128 E2
Pinega river Russian Federation
92 C3
Pineiós river Greece 86 B4
Pínes, Akrotírio coastal feature
Greece 86 C4
Ping, Mae Nam river Thailand
118 C4
Pinsk Belarus Pol. Piúsk 89 B4
Piraeus see Peiraías
Piraiévs see Peiraías

Pisa Italy 78 B3
Pisco Peru 42 B4
Pishpek see Bishkek
Pistyan see Pie#˚any
Pitcairn Islands external
territory UK, Pacific Ocean
125 G4
Piteå Sweden 66 D4
Pite§ti Romania 90 C4
Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA
23 E4
Piura Peru 42 A2
Pivdennyy Bug river Ukraine
91 E3
Plasencia Spain 74 D3
Plata, Rio de la river Argentina/
Uruguay var. River Plate
44 B5 46 D4
Plate, River see Plata, Rio de la
Platte river C USA 25 E4
Plattensee see Balaton
Plenty, Bay of bay New
Zealand 132 E3
Pleven Bulgaria 86 C1
Pîock Poland 80 D3
Ploie§ti Romania 90 C4
Plovdiv Bulgaria Gk.
Philippopolis 86 C2
Plungë Lithuania 88 B4
Plymouth capital of Montserrat
37 G3
Plymouth England, UK
71 C7
Plzeõ Czech Republic Ger.
Pilsen 81 A5
Po river Italy 78 B2
Pocatello Idaho, USA 26 E4
Po Delta wetland Italy 78 C3
Podgorica capital of
Montenegro 83 C5
Pohnpei Island island
Micronesia 126 C2
Pointe-Noire Congo 59 B6
Poitiers France 72 B4
Poland country E Europe 80-81
Polatsk Belarus 89 D5
Pol-e Khomrí see Pul-e Khumrí
Poltava Ukraine 91 F2
Poltoratsk see A§gabat
Polynesia region Pacific Ocean
127
Pisa — Presque Isle
Pomeranian Bay bay Germany/
Poland 80 B2
Pompano Beach Florida, USA
31 F5
Ponca City Oklahoma, USA
29 G1
Pondicherry India 115 E2
Ponta Grossa Brazil 44 D2
Pontevedra Spain 74 C1
Pontianak Indonesia 120 C4
Poona see Pune
Poopó, Lake lake Bolivia 42 C5
Popayán Colombia 40 B3
Poprad Slovakia Ger.
Deutschendorf 81 D5
Porbandar India 116 B4
Pori Finland 67 D5
Porsgrunn Norway 67 B6
Portalegre Portugal 74 C3
Port Angeles Washington, USA
26 A1
Port Arthur Texas, USA 29 H4
Port Augusta Australia
131 B6
Port-au-Prince capital of Haiti
36 D3
Port Blair India 115 G2
Port Douglas Australia 130 D3
Port Elizabeth South Africa
60 D5
Port-Gentil Gabon 59 A6
Port Harcourt Nigeria 57 F5
Port Hardy Canada 18 D5
Port Harrison see Inukjuak
Port Hedland Australia 128 B4
Portland Australia 131 B7
Portland Maine, USA 23 G2
Portland Oregon, USA 26 B2
Port Lincoln Australia 131 A6
Port Louis capital of Mauritius
61 H4
Port Macquarie Australia
131 E6
Port Moresby capital of Papua
New Guinea 126 B3
Porto Portugal Eng. Oporto
74 C2
Porto Alegre Sao Tome and
Principe 44 D4
Port-of-Spain capital of
Trinidad & Tobago 37 G5
413
Porto-Novo capital of Benin
57 F5
Porto Velho Brazil 42 C3
Portoviejo Ecuador 40 A4
Port Said see Búr Sa¶íd
Portsmouth England, UK
71 D7
Port Sudan Sudan 54 C3
Portugal country SW Europe 74
Port-Vila capital of Vanuatu
126 D5
Porvenir Chile 47 B7
Posadas Argentina 46 E3
Posen see Poznaú
Poste-de-la-Baleine see
Kuujjuarapik
Pöstyén see Pie#˚any
Potenza S Italy 79 D5
Poti Georgia 99 E2
Potosí Bolivia 42 C5
Potsdam Germany 76 D4
Póvoa de Varzim Portugal
74 C2
Powder river N USA 24 C2
Powell, Lake lake SW USA
24 B5
Poza Rica Mexico 33 F4
Poznaú Poland Ger. Posen
80 C3
Pozo Colorado Paraguay 44 B2
Pozsony see Bratislava
Prag see Prague
Prague capital of Czech
Republic Cz. Praha, Ger. Prag
81 B5
Praha see Prague
Praia capital of Cape Verde
56 A3
Prato Italy 78 B3
Pratt Kansas, USA 25 E5
Preschau see Pre#ov
Prescott Arizona, USA 28 B2
Presidente Prudente Brazil
44 D2
Pre#ov Slovakia Ger. Eperies,
var. Preschau, Hung. Eperjes
81 D5
Prespa, Lake lake SE Europe
83 D6 86 A3
Presque Isle Maine, USA 23 G1
414
Pressburg — Qitai
Pressburg see Bratislava
Preston England, UK 71 D5
Pretoria capital of South Africa
see Tshwane 60 D4
Préveza Greece 86 A4
Prijedor Bosnia & Herzegovina
82 B3
Prilep Macedonia 83 E5
Prince Albert Canada 19 F5
Prince Edward Island province
Canada 21 F4
Prince Edward Islands island
group South Africa 123 A7
Prince George Canada 19 E5
Prince of Wales Island island
Canada 19 F2
Prince Rupert Canada 18 D4
Princess Charlotte Bay bay
Australia 130 C2
Princess Elizabeth Land region
Antarctica 136 C3
Príncipe island Sao Tome &
Principe 59 A5
Pripet river Belarus/Ukraine
90 C1
Pripet Marshes wetlands
Belarus/Ukraine 90 C1
Prishtinë capital of Kosovo
83 D5
Prizren Kosovo 83 D5
Prome see Pyay
Prossnitz see Prostêjov
Prostêjov Czech Republic Ger.
Prossnitz 81 C5
Provence region France 73 D6
Providence Rhode Island, USA
23 G3
Providencia, Isla de island
Colombia 35 E3
Provo Utah, USA 24 B4
Prudhoe Bay Alaska, USA
18 D2
Przheval·sk see Karakol
Pskov Russian Federation
92 A4
Pskov, Lake lake Estonia/
Russian Federation Est.
Pihkva Järv, Rus. Pskovskoye
Ozero 88 D3
Pskovskoye Ozero
see Pskov, Lake
Ptich· see Ptsich
Ptsich river Belarus Rus. Ptich·
89 D6
Pucallpa Peru 42 B3
Puebla Mexico 33 F4
Pueblo Colorado, USA 22 D4
Puerto Aisén Chile 47 B6
Puerto Barrios Guatemala
34 C2
Puerto Carreño Colombia
40 D2
Puerto Cortés Honduras
34 C2
Puerto Deseado Argentina
47 C6
Puerto Maldonado Peru
42 C4
Puerto Montt Chile 47 B5
Puerto Natales Chile 47 B7
Puerto Plata Dominican
Republic 37 E3
Puerto Princesa Philippines
120 E2
Puerto Rico external territory
USA, West Indies 37 F3
Puerto San Julián Argentina
47 C7
Puerto Suárez Bolivia 42 D4
Puerto Vallarta Mexico 32 D4
Pula Croatia 82 A3
Pul-e Khumrí Afghanistan
prev. Pol-e Khomrí 105 E4
Pune India prev. Poona 114 C1
Puno Peru 42 C4
Punta Arenas Chile prev.
Magallanes 47 B7
Puntarenas Costa Rica 34 D4
Purmerend Netherlands
68 C3
Purus river Brazil/Peru 42 C3
Pusan see Busan
Putrajaya capital of Malaysia
120 B3
Putumayo river NW South
America 38 B3
Pyapon Myanmar 118 B4
Pyarnu see Pärnu
Pyay Myanmar prev. Prome
118 A4
Pyongyang capital of North
Korea 110 E4
Pyramid Lake lake Nevada,
USA 27 C5
Pyrenees mountain range SW
Europe 62 C4
Q
Qaanaaq Greenland var. Thule
64 D1
Qábatiya West Bank 101 D7
Qaidam Pendi basin China
108 D4
Qalát Afghanistan prev.
Kalát104 D5
Qalqílya West Bank 101 D7
Qamdo China 108 D5
Qandahár see Kandahár
Qaqortoq Greenland 64 C4
Qara Qum see Karakumy
Qarshi see Karshi
Qasigiannguit Greenland 64 C3
Qatar country SW Asia 103 D5
Qattara Depression see
Qa√√árah, Munkhafaç al
Qa√√árah, Munkhafaç al desert
basin Egypt Eng. Qattara
Depression 54 A1
Qausuittuq see Resolute
Qeqertarsuaq Greenland 64 B3
Qeqertarsuaq island Greenland
64 B3
Qian see Guizhou
Qilian Shan mountain range
China 108 A4
Qimusseriarsuaq bay
Greenland 64 C2
Qiná Egypt 54 B2
Qingdao China 110 D4
Qinghai province China var.
Chinghai, Koko Nor, Qing,
Tsinghai 108 D4
Qinghai Hu lake China var.
Koko Nor 108 D4
Qingzang Gaoyuan plateau
China Eng. Plateau of Tibet
110 A4
Qiong see Hainan
Qiqihar China 110 D3
Qira China 108 B4
Qitai China 108 C3

Qom Iran var. Kum 102 C3
Qondúz river Afghanistan
105 E4
Qondúz see Kunduz
Qo’qon Uzbekistan prev.
Kokand, var. Khokand,
105 E2
Quba Azerbaijan Rus. Kuba
99 H2
Québec Canada 21 E4
Québec province Canada
20 D3
Queen Charlotte Islands
islands Canada 18 D4
Queen Charlotte Sound sea
feature Canada 18 D5
Queen Elizabeth Islands
islands Canada 19 F1
Queensland state Australia
130 C4
Queenstown New Zealand
133 B6
Quelimane Mozambique
61 E3
Querétaro Mexico 33 E4
Quetta Pakistan 116 B2
Quezaltenango Guatemala
34 B2
Quibdó Colombia 40 B2
Quimper France 72 A3
Quy Nhòn Vietnam 119 E5
Qing see Qinghai
Quito capital of Ecuador 40 A4
Qûrghonteppa Tajikistan Rus.
Kurgan–Tynbe 105 E3
Qyteti Stalin see Kuàovë
R Rat Islands island group
Raab see Györ
Raab see Rába
Rába river Austria/Hungary
Ger. Raab 81 C7
Rabat capital of Morocco
52 C2
Race, Cape coastal feature
Canada 21 H4
Rach Gia Vietnam 119 D6
Radom Poland 80 D4
Qom — Rhode Island
Radvili#kis Lithuania 88 C4
Ragusa Italy 79 D7
Rahímyár Khán Pakistan
116 C3
Raipur India 117 E5
Rájahmundry India 115 E1
Rájasthán state India 116 C3
Rájkot India 116 C4
Rájsháhi Bangladesh 117 G4
Rakaia river New Zealand
133 C6
Rakvere Estonia Ger.
Wesenberg 88 D2
Raleigh North Carolina, USA
31 F1
Ralik Chain islands Marshall
Islands 126 D1
Râmnicu Vâlcea Romania prev.
Rîmnicu Vîlcea 90 B4
Ramallah West Bank 101 D7
Ramree Island island Myanmar
118 A3
Rancagua Chile 46 B4
Ránchi India 117 F4
Randers Denmark 67 A7
Rangiora New Zealand 133 C6
Rangitikei river New Zealand
132 D4
Rangoon see Yangon
Rankin Inlet Canada 19 G3
Rapid City South Dakota, USA
24 D3
Rarotonga island Cook Islands
127 G5
Rasht Iran 102 C3
Ratak Chain islands Marshall
Islands 126 D1
Ratchaburi Thailand 119 C5
Alaska, USA 18 A2
Raukumara Range mountain
range New Zealand 132 E3
Rauma Finland 67 D5
Ravenna Italy 78 C3
Ráwalpindi Pakistan 116 C1
Rawson Argentina 47 C6
Razgrad Bulgaria 86 D1
Reading England, UK 71 D6
Rebecca, Lake lake Australia
129 C6
Rebun-tó island Japan 112 D1
415
Rechytsa Belarus 89 D7
Recife Brazil 43 H3
Recklinghausen Germany
76 G4
Red Deer Canada 19 E5
Redding California, USA
27 B5
Red River river S USA 30 B3
Red River river China/ Vietnam
118
Red Sea Indian Ocean 122 A3
Reefton New Zealand 133 C5
Regensburg Germany 77 C5
Reggane Algeria 52 D3
Reggio di Calabria Italy 79 D6
Reggio nell· Emilia Italy 78 B3
Regina Canada 19 F5
Rehoboth Namibia 60 C4
Reichenberg see Liberec
Reid Australia 129 D6
Reims France Eng. Rheims
72 D3
Reindeer Lake lake Canada
17 C4
Reni Ukraine 90 D4
Rennes France 72 B3
Reno Nevada, USA 27 B5
Resistencia Argentina 46 D3
Re§i√a Romania 90 B4
Resolute Canada Var.
Qausuittuq 19 F2
Réunion external territory
France, Indian Ocean 123 B5
Reus Spain 75 G2
Reutlingen Germany 77 B6
Reval see Tallinn
Revel see Tallinn
Revillagigedo, Islas island
Mexico 32 B4
Rey, Isla del island Panama
35 F5
Reykjavík capital of Iceland
65 E5
Reynosa Mexico 33 E2
Rézekne Latvia Ger. Rositten,
Rus. Rezhitsa 88 D4
Rezhitsa see Rézekne
Rheims see Reims
Rhine river W Europe 62 D3
Rhode Island state USA 23 G3
416
Rhodes — Ryúkyú-rettó
Rhodes see Ródos
Rhodope Mountains mountain
range Bulgaria/Greece Gk.
Orosirá Rodópis, Bul.
Despoto Planina 86 C3
Rhône river France/Switzerland
62 C4
Ribeirão Preto Brazil 45 E1
Riberalta Bolivia 42 C3
Rîbni√a Moldova 90 D3
Richfield Utah, USA 24 B4
Richland Washington, USA
24 C2
Richmond Kentucky, USA
22 C5
Richmond New Zealand 133 C5
Richmond Virginia, USA 23 E5
Richmond Range mountain
range New Zealand 133 C5
Ricobayo, Embalse de reservoir
Spain 74 D2
Riga capital of Latvia Latv. Ríga
88 C3
Riga, Gulf of sea feature
Baltic Sea 88 C3
Riihimäki Finland 67 D5
Rijeka Croatia It. Fiume 82 A3
Rimah, Wádí ar dry
watercourse Saudi Arabia
103 B5
Rimini Italy 78 C3
Rîmnicu Vîlcea see
Râmnicu Vâlcea
Riobamba Ecuador 40 A4
Rio Branco Brazil 42 C3
Río Cuarto Argentina 46 C4
Rio de Janeiro Brazil 45 F2
Río Gallegos Argentina 47 C7
Rio Grande Brazil 44 D4
Rio Grande river N America
16 B6
Rio Grande Rise undersea
feature Atlantic Ocean 49 C6
Río Verde Mexico 33 E3
Rishiri-tó island Japan 112 D1
Rivas Nicaragua 34 D3
Rivera Uruguay 44 C4
Riverside California, USA
27 C8
Riverton New Zealand 133 A7
Rivne Ukraine Rus. Rovno 90 C2
Riyadh capital of Saudi Arabia
Ar. Ar Riyáç 103 C5
Rize Turkey 99 E2
Rkîz Mauritania 56 C3
Road Town capital of British
Virgin Islands 37 F3
Roanne France 73 D5
Roanoke Virginia, USA 23 E5
Roanoke river SE USA 31 G1
Robinson Range mountain
range Australia 129 B5
Rochester Minnesota, USA
25 F3
Rochester New York, USA
23 E3
Rockford Illinois, USA 22 B3
Rockhampton Australia 130 D4
Rock Island Illinois, USA 22 B3
Rock Springs Wyoming, USA
24 C3
Rockstone Guyana 41 G2
Rocky Mountains mountain
range Canada/USA 18-19 D4
Rodez France 73 C6
Ródhos see Ródos
Ródos island Greece var.
Ródhos, Eng. Rhodes 87 E6
Ródos Greece Eng. Rhodes
87 E6
Rodosto see Tekirdaê
Roeselare Belgium 69 A5
Roma Australia 131 D5
Roma see Rome
Romania country SE Europe 90
Rome capital of Italy It. Roma
78 C4
Rome Georgia, USA 30 D2
Rønne Denmark 67 B8
Ronne Ice Shelf ice feature
Antarctica 136 B3
Roosendaal Netherlands
68 C4
Rosario Argentina 46 D4
Roseau capital of Dominica
37 G4
Rosenau see Roªõava
Rositten see Rézekne
Ross Ice Shelf ice feature
Antarctica 136 B4
Ross Sea Antarctica 136 B4
Rostak see Ar Rustáq
Rostock Germany 76 C2
Rostov-na-Donu Russian
Federation 96 A3
Roswell New Mexico, USA
28 D2
Rotorua New Zealand
132 D3
Rotorua, Lake lake New
Zealand 132 D3
Rotterdam Netherlands
68 C4
Rouen France 72 C3
Rovaniemi Finland 66 D3
Rovno see Rivne
Rovuma river Mozambique/
Tanzania 61 F2
Roxas City Philippines
121 E2
Roªõava Slovakia Ger.
Rosenau, Hung. Rozsnyó
81 D6
Rozsnyó see Roªõava
Ruatoria New Zealand
132 E3
Ruawai New Zealand
132 D2
Rudnyy Kazakhstan 96 C4
Rudolf, Lake see Lake Turkana
Rügen headland Germany
76 D2
Rukwa, Lake lake Tanzania
55 B7
Rumbek South Sudan 55 B5
Rundu Namibia 60 C3
Ruoqiang China 108 C3
Ruse Bulgaria 86 D1
Russian Federation country
Europe/Asia 92-93 96-97
Rustavi Georgia 99 F2
Rutland Vermont, USA 23 F2
Rutog China 108 B4
Rwanda country C Africa 55
Ryazan· Russian Federation
93 B5 96 B3
Rybinskoye Vodokhranilishche
Reservoir Russian Federation
Eng. Rybinsk Reservoir 92 B4
Rybnik Poland 81 C5
Ryúkyú-rettó island group
Japan 113 A8

Ryukyu Trench Undersea
feature East China Sea
134 B2
Rzeszów Poland 81 E5Saale
river Germany 76 C4
S St Joseph Missouri, USA 25 F4
Saarbrücken Germany 77 A5
Saare see Saaremaa
Saaremaa island Estonia var.
Saare, Sarema, Ger. Ösel, var.
Oesel 88 C2
‹abac Serbia 82 C3
Sabadell Spain 75 G2
Sabah cultural region Borneo
120 D3
Sab·atayn, Ramlat as desert
Yemen 103 C7
Sabhá Libya 53 F3
Sabzevár Iran 102 D3
Sacramento California, USA
27 B6
fla¶dah Yemen 103 B6
Sado island Japan 112 C4
Safi Morocco 52 B2
Saginaw Michigan, USA 22 C3
Sahara desert N Africa 50 B3
Sahel region W Africa 50 B3
Saïda Lebanon anc. Sidon 100 B4
Saidpur Bangladesh 117 G3
Saigon see Hô Chi Minh
Saimaa lake Finland 67 E5
Saint-Brieuc France 72 A3
Saint Catherines Canada
20 D5
Saint-Chamond France 73 D5
St Christopher & Nevis see St
Kitts & Nevis
St Cloud Minnesota, USA 25 F2
St-Denis capital of Réunion
61 H4
Saintes France 72 B5
Saint-Étienne France 73 D5
Saint George Australia 131 D5
St. George·s capital of Grenada
37 G5
St Helena external territory
UK, Atlantic Ocean 49 D5
Ryukyu Trench — Samsun
St Helier capital Jersey 71 D8
Saint-Jean, Lake lake Canada
21 E4
Saint John Canada 21 F4
St John·s country capital
Antigua and Barbuda 37 G3
Saint John·s Canada 21 H3
St Kitts & Nevis country West
Indies var. St Christopher &
Nevis 37
St.-Laurent-du-Maroni French
Guiana 41 H2
Saint Lawrence river Canada
21 E4
Saint Lawrence, Gulf of sea
feature Canada 21 F3
St. Lawrence Island island
Alaska, USA 18 C2
Saint-Lô France 73 B3
Saint Louis Senegal 56 B3
St Louis Missouri, USA 25 G4
St Lucia country West Indies 37
Saint-Malo France 72 B3
Saint-Nazaire France 72 B4
Saint Paul Minnesota, USA
25 F2
St-Paul, Île island French
Southern and Antarctic
Territories 123 C6
St Peter Port capital of
Guernsey 71 D8
St Petersburg Russian
Federation Rus. Sankt-
Peterburg, prev. Leningrad,
Petrograd 92 B3 96 B2
St Petersburg Florida, USA
31 E4
Saint Pierre & Miquelon
external territory France,
Atlantic Ocean 21 G4
St Vincent, Cape see São
Vicente, Cabo de
St Vincent & The Grenadines
country West Indies 37
Saipan island country capital
Northern Mariana Islands
124 B1
Sakákah Saudi Arabia 102 B4
Sakakawea, Lake lake North
Dakota, USA 24 D2
Sakarya see Adapazarı
417
Sakhalin island Russian
Federation 97 H4
Sal island Cape Verde 56 A2
Salado river Argentina 46 C3
flalálah Oman 103 D6
Salamanca Spain 74 D2
Sala y Gómez island Chile,
Pacific Ocean 135 F4
Saldus Latvia Ger. Frauenburg
88 B3
Salekhard Russian Federation
96 D3
Salem India 114 D2
Salem Oregon, USA 26 A3
Salerno Italy 79 D5
Salerno, Golfo di sea feature
Italy 79 D5
Salihorsk Belarus Rus. Soligorsk
89 C6
Salima Malawi 61 E2
Salinas California, USA 27 B6
Salisbury England, UK 71 D7
Salisbury Island island Canada
20 D1
Salonica see Thessaloníki
Salso river Italy 79 C7
Salt see As Sal√
Salta Argentina 46 C2
Saltillo Mexico 33 E2
Salt Lake City Utah, USA 24 B4
Salto Uruguay 44 B4
Salton Sea lake California, USA
27 D8
Salvador Brazil 43 G4
Salween river SE Asia 111 A6
Salzburg Austria 77 D6
Salzgitter Germany 76 C4
Samara Russian Federation
93 C6 96 B3
Samarinda Indonesia 121 E4
Samarkand Uzbekistan 104 D2
Sambre river Belgium 69 B7
Samoa country Pacific Ocean
127 F4
Samobor Croatia 82 B3
Sámos island Greece 87 D5
Samothrace see Samothráki
Samothráki island Greece Eng.
Samothrace 86 D3
Samsun Turkey 98 D2
418
Samui, Ko — Saragossa
Samui, Ko island group
Thailand 119 C6
San river Poland 81 E5
Saña Peru 42 A3
Sana capital of Yemen var.
flan¶á· 103 B7
Sanandaj Sinneh. Iran 102 C3
San Andrés, Isla de island
Colombia 35 E3
San Angelo Texas, USA 29 F3
San Antonio Chile 46 B4
San Antonio Texas, USA 29 F4
San Antonio river S USA 29 G4
San Antonio Oeste Argentina
47 C5
Sanáw Yemen 103 C6
San Bernardino California, USA
27 C7
San Carlos Uruguay 44 C5
San Carlos de Bariloche
Argentina 47 B5
San Clemente Island island W
USA 27 C8
San Cristóbal Venezuela 40 C2
San Diego California, USA
27 C8
Sandwich Island see Efate
San Fernando Trinidad &
Tobago 37 G5
San Fernando Venezuela 40 D2
San Fernando de Noronha
island Brazil 43 H2
San Francisco California, USA
27 B6
Sangir, Kepulauan island group
Indonesia 121 F3
San Ignacio Belize 34 C1
San Joaquin Valley valley W
USA 27 B6
San José capital of Costa Rica
34 D4
San Jose California, USA 27 B6
San José del Guaviare
Colombia 40 C3
San Juan Argentina 46 B3
San Juan river Costa Rica/
Nicaragua 34 D4
San Juan capital of Puerto Rico
37 F3
San Juan Bautista Paraguay
44 B3
San Juan de los Morros
Venezuela 40 D1
Sankt Martin see Martin
Sankt-Peterburg see St
Petersburg
Sankt Pölten Austria 77 E6
flanlıurfa Turkey prev. Urfa
98 E4
San Lorenzo Honduras 34 C3
San Luis Potosí Mexico 33 E3
San Marino country S Europe
78 C3
San Matías, Golfo sea feature
Argentina 39 C6
San Miguel El Salvador 34 C3
San Miguel de Tucumán
Argentina 46 C3
San Nicolas Island island W
USA 27 B8
San Pedro Sula Honduras
34 C2
San Remo Italy 78 A3
San Salvador capital of El
Salvador 34 C3
San Salvador de Jujuy
Argentina 46 C2
San Sebastián Spain Bas.
Donostia 75 E1
Santa Ana El Salvador 34 B2
Santa Ana California, USA 27 C8
Santa Barbara California, USA
27 B7
Santa Catalina Island island W
USA 27 C8
Santa Clara Cuba 36 B2
Santa Cruz Bolivia 42 D4
Santa Cruz California, USA
27 B6
Santa Cruz Islands island group
Solomon Islands 126 C4
Santa Fe Argentina 46 D3
Santa Fe New Mexico, USA
28 D2
Santa Maria Brazil 44 C4
Santa Marta Colombia 40 C1
Santander Spain 75 E1
Santanilla, Islas islands
Honduras 35 E1
Santarém Brazil 43 E2
Santarém Portugal 74 C3
Santaren Channel Channel
Bahamas 36 C2
Santa Rosa Argentina 47 C4
Santa Rosa California, USA
27 A6
Santa Rosa de Copán Honduras
34 C2
Santa Rosa Island island W
USA 27 B8
Santiago island Cape Verde
56 A3
Santiago capital of Chile 46 B4
Santiago Dominican Republic
37 E3
Santiago Panama 35 F5
Santiago de Compostela Spain
74 C1
Santiago de Cuba Cuba 36 C3
Santiago del Estero Argentina
46 C3
Santo Antão island Cape Verde
56 A2
Santo Domingo capital of
Dominican Republic 37 E3
Santo Domingo de los
Colorados Ecuador 40 A4
Santoríni island Greece
87 D6
Santos Brazil 45 E2
São Borja Brazil 44 C3
São Francisco river Brazil
43 G3
São José do Rio Preto Brazil
44 D1
São Luís Brazil 43 G2
São Nicolau island Cape Verde
56 A2
Saône river France 72 D4
São Paulo Brazil 43 F5 45 E2
São Tomé capital of Sao Tome
& Principe 59 A5
São Tomé island Sao Tome &
Principe 59 A5
Sao Tome & Principe country
W Africa 59
São Vincente island Cape
Verde 56 A2
São Vicente, Cabo de coastal
feature Portugal Eng. Cape
St Vincent 74 B4
Sapele Nigeria 57 F5
Sapporo Japan 112 D2
Saragossa see Zaragoza

Sarajevo capital of Bosnia &
Herzegovina 82 C4
Sarandë Albania 83 D6
Saransk Russian Federation
93 B5
Saratov Russian Federation
93 B6
Sarawak state Malaysia 120 D3
Sardegna island Italy Eng.
Sardinia 79 A5
Sardinia see Sardegna
Sarema see Saaremaa
Sargasso Sea Atlantic Ocean
48 B4
Sargodha Pakistan 116 C2
Sarh Chad 58 C4
Sárí Iran 102 D3
Saruhan see Manisa
Sasebo Japan 113 A6
Saskatchewan province
Canada 19 F5
Saskatchewan river Canada
19 F5
Saskatoon Canada 19 F5
Sassandra River Côte d·Ivoire
56 D5
Sassari Italy 79 A5
Satu Mare Romania 90 B3
Saudi Arabia country SW Asia
102-103
Sault Sainte Marie Canada
20 C4
Sault Sainte Marie Michigan,
USA 22 C1
Saurimo Angola 60 C2
Sava river SE Europe 82 C3
Savannah Georgia, USA
31 F3
Savannah river SE USA 31 E2
Savissivik Greenland 64 C2
Savona Italy 78 A3
Savu Sea sea Indonesia 120 E5
Sawíáj Egypt var. Sohâg 54 B2
flawqirah Oman 103 D6
Saÿat Turkmenistan 104 D3
Sayhút Yemen 103 D7
Saynshand Mongolia 109 E2
Say ·ún Yemen 103 C6
Scandinavia geophysical region
Europe 48 D2
Sarajevo — Shache
Schaffhausen Switzerland
77 B6
Schaulen see ‹iauliai
Schefferville Canada 21 E2
Scheldt river W Europe 69 B5
Schiermonnikoog island
Netherlands 68 D1
Schneidemühl see Piîa
Schwäbische Alb mountains
Germany 77 B6
Schwarzwald Forested
mountain region Germany
Eng. Black Forest 77 B6
Schwerin Germany 76 C3
Scilly, Isles of islands UK 71 B7
Scotia Sea Atlantic Ocean
136 A1
Scotland national region UK 70
Scottsbluff Nebraska, USA
24 D3
Scottsdale Arizona, USA 28 B2
Scranton Pennsylvania, USA
23 F3
Scutari, Lake lake Albania/
Montenegro 83 C5
Seddon New Zealand 133 C5
Seattle Washington, USA 26 B2
Ségou Mali 56 D3
Segovia Spain 75 E2
Segura river Spain 75 E4
Seikan Tunnel tunnel Japan
112 D3
Seinäjoki Finland 67 D5
Seine river France 72 C3
Selfoss Iceland 65 E5
Semara see Smara
Semarang Indonesia 120 D4
Semipalatinsk Kazakhstan
96 D4
Sendai Japan 112 D4
Senegal country W Africa 56
Senegal river Africa 56 C3
Sên, Stœng river Cambodia
119 D5
Seoul capital of South Korea
Kor. Sôul 110 E4
Sept-Iles Canada 21 F3
Seraing Belgium 69 D6
Seram, Pulau island Indonesia
121 F4
419
Serbia country SE Europe
82 D3
Serdar Turkmenistan prev.
Gyzylarbat, prev. Kizyl-Arvat
104 B2
Serhetabat Turkmenistan prev.
Gushgy, Kushka
104 C4
Serov Russian Federation 96 C3
Serpent·s Mouth, The sea
feature Trinidad & Tobago/
Venezuela Sp. Boca de la
Serpiente 41 F1
Serra do Mar mountains Brazil
44 D3
Sérres Greece 86 C3
Setesdal valley Norway 67 A6
Sétif Algeria 53 E1
Setúbal Portugal 74 C4
Seul, Lake lake Canada 20 A3
Sevana Lich lake Armenia
99 G2
Sevastopol· Ukraine 91 F5
Severn river Canada 20 B3
Severn river England/Wales,
UK 71 D6
Severnaya Dvina river Russian
Federation Eng. Northern
Dvina 92 C3
Severnaya Zemlya island group
Russian Federation 137 H3
Sevilla Spain Eng. Seville
74 D4
Seville see Sevilla
Seychelles country Indian
Ocean 61 122 B4
Seydhisfjördhur Iceland
65 E4
Seÿdi Turkmenistan prev.
Neftezavodsk 104 D2
Seyhan see Adana
Sfax Tunisia 53 F2
·s-Gravenhage capital of
Netherlands Eng. The Hague
68 B3
Shaan see Shaanxi
Shaanxi province China var.
Shaan, Shan-hsi, Shaanxi
Sheng, Shenshi, Shensi
111 C5
Shaanxi Sheng see Shaanxi
Shache China 108 A3
420
Shackleton Ice Shelf — Skopje
Shackleton Ice Shelf ice feature
Antarctica 136 D3
Shandong province China var.
Lu, Shantung 110 D4
Shanghai China 111 D5
Shangrao China 111 D6
Shan-hsi see Shaanxi
Shannon river Ireland 71 B5
Shan Plateau upland Myanmar
118 B3
Shantou China 111 D6
Shantung see Shandong
Sharjah see Ash Sháriqah
Shawnee Oklahoma, USA
29 G2
Shdanov see Mariupol·
Shebeli river Ethiopia/Somalia
55 D5
Sheberghán see Shibirghán
Sheffield England, UK 71 D5
Shengking see Liaoning
Shenking see Liaoning
Shenshi see Shaanxi
Shensi see Shaanxi
Shenyang China 110 D3
Sherbrooke Canada 21 E4
Sheridan Wyoming, USA 22 C2
·s-Hertogenbosch Netherlands
68 C4
Shetland islands Scotland, UK
70 D1
Shevchenko see Aktau
Shihezi China 108 C2
Shijiazhuang China 110 C4
Shikoku island Japan 113 B6
Shikoku Basin undersea
feature Philippine Sea 134 B2
Shikotan island Japan/Russian
Federation (disputed) 112 E2
Shikárpur Pakistan 116 B3
Shimonoseki Japan 113 A5
Shinano-gawa river Japan
112 C4
Shingú Japan 113 C5
Shinyanga Tanzania 55 B7
Shiquanhe see Gar
Shibirghán Afghanistan
prev. Sherberghán 104 D3
Shíráz Iran 102 D4
Shkodër Albania 83 D5
Shostka Ukraine 91 E1
Shreveport Louisiana, USA
30 A2
Shrewsbury England, UK 71 D6
Shumen Bulgaria 86 D2
Shymkent Kazakhstan prev.
Chimkent 96 B5
‹iauliai Lithuania Ger. Schaulen
88 B4
‹ibenik Croatia 82 B4
Siberia region Russian
Federation 97 E3
Siberut, Pulau island Indonesia
120 B4
Sibiu Romania 90 B4
Sibolga Indonesia 120 B3
Sibu Malaysia 120 C3
Sibut Central African Republic
58 C4
Sibuyan Sea sea Philippines
121 E2
Sichuan province China var.
Chuan, Ssu-ch·uan, Szechwan
111 B5
Sichuan Pendi depression
China 111 B5
Sicilia island Italy Eng. Sicily
79 C7
Sicily, Strait of sea feature
Mediterranean Sea 79 B7
Sicily see Sicilia
Sidi Bel Abbès Algeria 52 D1
Sidon see Saïda
Siednesibirskoye Ploskogor’ye
plateau Russian Federation
Eng. Central Siberian Plateau
97 E3
Siegen Germany 76 B4
Siena Italy 78 B3
Sierra Leone country W Africa
56
Sierra Madre del Sur mountain
range Mexico 33 E5
Sierra Madre Occidental
mountain range Mexico var.
Western Sierra Madre 17 B6
Sierra Madre Oriental
mountain range Mexico var.
Eastern Sierra Madre 32 D2
Sierra Nevada mountain range
Spain 75 E4
Sierra Nevada mountain range
W USA 27 B6
Sighi∞oara Romania 90 C4
Siglufjördhur Iceland 65 E4
Siguiri Guinea 56 D4
Siirt Turkey 99 F3
Siling Co lake China 108 C5
Silkeborg Denmark 67 A7
Sillein see ·ilina
‹ilutë Lithuania 88 B4
Simeulue, Pulau island
Indonesia 120 A3
Simferopol·Ukraine 91 F5
Simpson Desert desert
Australia 130 C4
Sinai desert Egypt 54 B1
Sincelejo Colombia 40 B1
Sines Portugal 74 B4
Singapore country SE Asia 120
Singapore capital of Singapore
120 C3
Sinkiang see Xinjiang Uygur
Zizhiqu
Sinnamary French Guiana
41 H2
Sinop Turkey 98 D2
Sint-Niklaas Belgium 69 B5
Sintra Portugal 74 B3
Sion Switzerland 77 B7
Sioux City Iowa, USA 25 F3
Sioux Falls South Dakota, USA
25 E3
Siracusa Italy Eng. Syracuse
79 D7
Siret river Romania/Ukraine
90 C4
Sirikit Reservoir Reservoir
Thailand 118 C4
Sirte, Gulf of see Surt, Khalíj
Sisak Croatia 82 B3
Sisimiut Greenland 64 C3
Sittoung river Myanmar 118 B4
Sittwe Myanmar prev. Akyab
118 A3
Sivas Turkey 98 D3
Sjælland island Denmark
67 B7
Skagerrak sea feature
Denmark/Norway 67 A6
Skellefteå Sweden 66 D4
Skopje capital of Macedonia
83 E5

Skövde Sweden 67 B6
Skovorodino Russian
Federation 97 F4
Skye island Scotland, UK
70 B3
Slavonski Brod Croatia 82 C3
Sligo Ireland 71 B5
Sliven Bulgaria 86 D2
Slonim Belarus 89 C6
Slovakia country C Europe 81
Slovenia country SE Europe 77
Slov·yans·k Ukraine 91 G3
Sîupsk Poland Ger. Stolp
78 C2
Slutsk Belarus 89 C6
Smallwood Reservoir reservoir
Canada 21 E3
Smara Western Sahara var.
Semara 52 B3
Smederevo Serbia 82 D3
Smolensk Russian Federation
92 A4
Smyrna see ƒzmir
Snake river NW USA 26 D4
Snowdonia mountains Wales,
UK 71 C5
Sobradinho, Represa de
Reservoir Brazil 43 G3
Sochi Russian Federation
93 A7 96 A3
Société, Îles de la islands
French Polynesia Eng. Society
Islands 127 H4
Society Islands see
Société, Îles de la
Socotra see Suqu√rá
Sodankylä Finland 66 D3
Sofia capital of Bulgaria var.
Sofija, Bul. Sofiya 86 C2
Sofija see Sofia
Sofiya see Sofia
Sognefjorden inlet Norway
67 A5
Sohâg see Sawháj
Sokhumi Georgia Rus. Sukhumi
99 E1
Sokodé Togo 57 E4
Sokoto Nigeria 57 F3
Sokoto river Nigeria 57 F3
Solápur India 116 D5 114 D1
Skövde — South West Cape
Sol, Costa del coastal region
Spain 75 E5
Soligorsk see Salihorsk
Solomon Islands country Pacific
Ocean 126
Solomon Islands island group
PNG/Solomon Islands 124 C3
Solomon Sea Pacific Ocean
126 B3
Somalia country E Africa 54-55
Somali Basin undersea feature
Indian Ocean 122 A4
Somaliland Disputed territory
E Africa 55 D5
Sombor Serbia 82 C3
Somerset Island island Canada
19 F2
Somme river France 72 C3
Somoto Nicaragua 34 D3
Songea Tanzania 55 C8
Songkhla Thailand 119 C7
Sonoran Desert see Altar,
Desierto de
Sopron Hungary Ger.
Ödenburg 81 B6
Soria Spain 75 E2
Sorocaba Brazil 43 F5 45 E2
Sorong Indonesia 124 G4
Sotavento, Ilhas de island
group Cape Verde var.
Leeward Islands 56 A3
Soûr Lebanon anc. Tyre 100 A4
Sousse Tunisia 53 F1
South Africa country southern
Africa 60-61
South America 38-39
Southampton England, UK
71 D7
Southampton Island island
Canada 17 G3
South Andaman island India
115 G2
South Australia state Australia
131 A5
South Australian Basin
undersea feature Southern
Ocean 124 B5
South Bend Indiana, USA 22 C3
South Carolina state USA 31 F2
South Carpathians see Carpa√ii
Meridionali
421
South China Sea Pacific Ocean
119 E7
South Dakota state USA
24-25 E3
South East Point coastal
feature Australia 131 C7
Southeast Indian Ridge
undersea feature Indian
Ocean 123 E6
Southeast Pacific Basin
undersea feature Pacific
Ocean 135 E5
Southend-on-Sea England, UK
71 E6
Southern Alps mountain range
New Zealand 133 B6
Southern Cook Islands islands
Cook Islands 127 G5
Southern Cross Australia
129 B6
Southern Ocean ocean 123 D7
Southern Upland mountain
range Scotland, UK 70 C4
South Fiji Basin undersea
feature Pacific Ocean
124 D4
South Geomagnetic Pole pole
Antarctica 136 C3
South Georgia external
territory UK, Atlantic Ocean
136 A1
South Indian Basin undersea
feature Indian Ocean 123 E7
South Island island New
Zealand 133 D5
South Korea country E Asia
110-111
South Orkney Islands islands
Antarctica 136 A2
South Pole ice feature
Antarctica 136 B3
South Sandwich Islands
external territory UK,
Atlantic Ocean 136 A1
South Shetland Islands islands
Antarctica 136 A2
South Sudan country NE Africa
55 B5
South Taranaki Bight bight
New Zealand 132 C4
South Uist island UK 70 B3
South West Cape headland
New Zealand 133 A8
422
Southwest Indian Ridge — Suntar
Southwest Indian Ridge
undersea feature Indian
Ocean 123 B6
Southwest Pacific Basin
undersea feature Pacific
Ocean 125 F4
Soweto South Africa 60 D4
Spain country SW Europe 74-75
Sparks Nevada, USA 27 B5
Sparta see Spárti
Spartanburg South Carolina,
USA 31 E2
Spárti Greece Eng. Sparta
87 B6
Spencer Gulf gulf Australia
131 B6
Spitsbergen island Svalbard
65 F2
Split Croatia 82 B4
Spokane Washington,
USA 26 C2
Spratly Islands islands South
China Sea 120 D2
Spree river Germany 76 D4
Springfield Illinois, USA 22 B4
Springfield Massachusetts,
USA 23 G3
Springfield Missouri, USA
23 F5
Springfield Oregon, USA
26 A3
Srebrenica Bosnia &
Herzegovina 82 C4
Srednesibirskoye Ploskogor·ye
var. Central Siberian Uplands,
Eng. Central Siberian Plateau.
mountain range Russian
Federation 97 E3
Sri Jayewardenapura Kotte
legislative capital of Sri
Lanka115 E4
Sri Lanka country S Asia prev.
Ceylon 115
Srinagarind Reservoir Reservoir
Thailand 119 C5
Srpska, Republika republic
Bosnia and Herzegovina
82 C3
Ssu-ch·uan see Sichuan
Stalinabad see Dushanbe
Stalingrad see Volgograd
Stalin Peak see Communism
Peak
Stalinsk see Novokuznetsk
Stambul see ƒstanbul
Stanley capital of Falkland
Islands 47 D7
Stanleyville see Kisangani
Stara Planina see Balkan
Mountains
Stara Zagora Bulgaria 86 D2
Starbuck Island island Kiribati
125 F2
Stavanger Norway 67 A6
Stavropol· Russian Federation
93 A7 96 A3
Steinamanger see Szombathely
Steinkjer Norway 66 B4
Stepanakert see Xankändi
Stettin see Szczecin
Stewart Island island New
Zealand 133 A8
‹tip Macedonia 83 E5
Stirling Scotland, UK 70 C4
Stockholm capital of Sweden
67 C6
Stockton California, USA 27 B6
Stœng Treng Cambodia 119 D5
Stoke-on-Trent England, UK
71 D6
Stolp see Sîupsk
Storfjorden fjord Norway
65 F2
Stornoway Scotland, UK 70 B2
Stralsund Germany 76 D2
Stranraer Scotland, UK 70 C4
Strasbourg France Ger.
Strassburg 72 E4
Stratford New Zealand 132 D4
Stratford-upon-Avon England,
UK 71 D6
Stratonice Czech Republic
81 A5
Stromboli island Italy 79 D6
Struma see Stymonas
Strumica Macedonia 83 E5
Strymonas river Bulgaria/
Greece var. Struma 86 C3
Studholme New Zealand
133 B6
Stuhlweissenburg see
Székesfehérvár
Stuttgart Germany 77 B6
Subotica Serbia 82 D2
Suceava Romania 90 C3
Sucre capital of Bolivia 42 C5
Sudan country NE Africa 54 B3
Sudbury Canada 20 C4
Sudd region South Sudan
55 B5
Sudeten mountains Central
Europe var. Sudetes, Sudetic
Mountains, Cz./Pol. Sudety
81 B5
Sudetes see Sudeten
Sudetic Mountains see Sudeten
Sudety see Sudeten
Suez see As Suways
Suez, Gulf of sea feature
Red Sea 101 A8
Suez Canal canal Egypt Ar.
Qanát as Suways 54 B1
fluíár Oman 103 D5
Sühbaatar Mongolia 109 E1
Suhl Germany 76 C5
Sukabumi Indonesia 120 C5
Sukhumi see Sokhumi
Sukkur Pakistan 116 B3
Sula, Kepulauan island group
Indonesia 121 F4
Sulawesi island Indonesia Eng.
Celebes 121 E4
Sulu Archipelago island group
Philippines 121 E3
Sülüktü see Sulyukta
Sulu Sea Pacific Ocean 121 E2
Sulyukta Kyrgyzstan Kir.
Sülüktü 105 E2
Sumatra island Indonesia
120 B4
Sumba, Selat island Indonesia
121 E5
Sumbawanga Tanzania 55 B7
Sumbe Angola 60 B2
Sumgait see Sumqayıt
Sumqayıt Azerbaijan Rus.
Sumgait 99 H2
Sumy Ukraine 91 F1
Sunda, Selat strait Indonesia
120 D5
Sunderland England, UK 70 D4
Sundsvall Sweden 67 C5
Suntar Russian Federation
97 F3

Sunyani Ghana 57 E4
Superior Wisconsin, USA 22 A1
Superior, Lake lake Canada/
USA 16 C5
Suqu√rá island Yemen var.
Socotra 103 D7 122 B3
flúr Oman 103 E5
Surabaya Indonesia 120 D5
Surakarta Indonesia 120 D5
Súrat India 116 C5
Surat Thani Thailand 119 C6
Sûre river W Europe 69 D7
Surfers Paradise Australia
131 E5
Surinam see Suriname
Suriname country NE South
America var. Surinam 41
Surkhob river Tajikistan 105 E3
Surt Libya var. Sidra 53 G2
Surt, Khalíj sea feature
Mediterranean Sea Eng. Gulf
of Sirte, Gulf of Sidra 85 E4
Surtsey island S Iceland 65 E5
Susanville California, USA
27 B5
Suways, Qanát as see Suez
Canal
Suva capital of Fiji 127 E4
Svalbard external territory
Norway, Arctic Ocean 65 G2
Svay Riêng Cambodia 119 D6
Sverdlovsk see Yekaterinburg
Svetlogorsk see Svyetlahorsk
Svyataya Anna Trough
undersea feature Kara Sea
137 H4
Svyetlahorsk Belarus Rus.
Svetlogorsk 89 D6
Swakopmund Namibia 60 B3
Swansea Wales, UK 71 C6
Swaziland country southern
Africa 61
Sweden country N Europe
66-67
Sweetwater Texas, USA 29 F3
Swindon England, UK 71 D6
Switzerland country C Europe
77
Sydney Australia 131 D6
Sydney Canada 21 G4
Syeverodonets·k Ukraine
91 G1
Sunyani — Tampere
Syktyvkar Russian Federation
92 D4 96 C3
Sylhet Bangladesh 117 G4
Syracuse see Siracusa
Syracuse New York, USA 23 E3
Syr Darya river C Asia 104 D1
Syria country SW Asia 100-101
Syrian Desert desert SW Asia
Ar. Bádiyat ash Shám 101 C5
Szczecin Poland Ger. Stettin
80 B3
Szczeciúski, Zalew bay
Germany/Poland 80 A2
Szechwan see Sichuan
Szeged Hungary Ger. Szegedin
81 D7
Szegedin see Szeged
Székesfehérvár Hungary Ger.
Stuhlweissenburg 81 C6
Szekszárd Hungary 81 C7
Szolnok Hungary 81 D6
Szombathely Hungary Ger.
Steinamanger 81 B6
T region China var. Takla
Tabariya, Bahrat see
Tiberius, Lake
Tábor Czech Republic 81 B5
Tabora Tanzania 55 B7
Tabríz Iran 102 C2
Tabuaeran island Kiribati
127 G2
Tabúk Saudi Arabia 102 A4
Tacloban Philippines 120 F2
Tacna Peru 42 C4
Tacoma Washington, USA
26 B2
Tacuarembó Uruguay 44 C4
Tadmur see Tudmur
Taegu see Daegu
Taejôn see Daejeon
Tafassâsset, Ténéré du desert
Niger 57 G2
Taguatinga Brazil 43 F3
Tagus river Portugal/Spain Port.
Tejo, Sp. Tajo 74 C3
Tahiti island French Polynesia
127 H5
423
Tahoe, Lake lake W USA 27 B5
Tahoua Niger 57 F3
T’aichung see Taizhong
Taieri 129 New Zealand 133 B7
Taihape New Zealand 132 D4
T’ainan see Tainan
Tainan Taiwan prev.
T'ainan111 D6
Taipei capital of Taiwan 111 D6
Taiping Malaysia 120 B3
Taiwan country E Asia prev.
Formosa 111
Taiwan Strait sea feature East
China Sea/South China Sea
var. Formosa Strait 111 D7
Taiyuan China 110 C4
Taizhong Taiwan prev.
T'aichung 111D6
Ta¶izz Yemen 103 B7
Tajikistan country C Asia 105
Tajo see Tagus
Takapuna New Zealand 132 D2
Takla Makan see Taklimakan
Shamo
Taklimakan Shamo desert
Makan 108 B3
Talamanca, Cordillera de
mountains Costa Rica
35 E4
Talas Kyrgyzstan 105 F2
Talaud, Kepulauan island
group Indonesia 121 F3
Talca Chile 46 B4
Talcahuano Chile 46 B4
Taldykoigan Kazakhstan 96 C5
Tallahassee Florida, USA 30 D3
Tallinn capital of Estonia prev.
Revel, Ger. Reval, Rus. Tallin
88 D2
Talsen see Talsi
Talsi Latvia Ger. Talsen 88 B3
Tamale Ghana 57 E4
Tamanrasset Algeria 53 E4
Tambo Australia 130 C4
Tambov Russian Federation
93 B5
Tamil Nádu state India
114 D2
Tampa Florida, USA 31 E4
Tampere Finland 67 D5
424
Tampico — Terni
Tampico Mexico 33 F3
Tamworth Australia
131 D6
Tanami Desert desert Australia
128 E3
Tananarive see Antananarivo
Tanega-shima island Japan
113 B7
Tanga Tanzania 55 C7
Tanganyika, Lake lake E Africa
51 D5
Tanger Morocco var. Tangiers
52 C1
Tanggula Shan mountain
range China 108 C4
Tangiers see Tanger
Tangra Yumco lake China
108 B5
Tangshan China 110 D4
Tanimbar Islands see Tanimbar,
Kepulauan
Tanimbar, Kepulauan island
group Indonesia Eng.
Tanimbar Islands 121 F5
Tanjungkarang see Bandar
Lampung
Tan-Tan Morocco 52 B3
Tanzania country E Africa 55
Taoudenni Mali 57 E2
Tapa Estonia Ger. Taps 88 D2
Tapachula Mexico 33 G5
Tapajós river Brazil 43 E2
Taps see Tapa
◊arábulus see Tripoli, Lebanon
◊arábulus al-Gharb see Tripoli,
Libya
Taranto Italy 79 E5
Taranto, Golfo di sea feature
Mediterranean Sea 79 E5
Tarapoto Peru 42 B2
Tarawa island Kiribati
127 E2
Taraz Kazakhstan prev.
Dzhambul, Zhambyl 96 C5
Tarbes France 73 B6
Tarcoola Australia 131 A5
Târgovi§te Romania prev.
Tîrgovi∞te 90 C4
Târgu Mure§ Romania prev.
Tîrgu Mure∞ 90 C4
Tarija Bolivia 42 C5
Tarim Basin basin China
108 B3
Tarim He river China 108 B3
Tarn river France 73 C6
Tarnów Poland 81 D5
Tarragona Spain 75 G2
Tarsus Turkey 98 D4
Tartu Estonia prev. Yur·yev, var.
Yurev, Ger. Dorpat 88 D3
◊ar√us Syria 100 B3
Tashauz see Da§oguz
Tashkent capital of Uzbekistan
var. Ta#kent, Uzb. Toshkent
105 E2
Ta#kent see Tashkent
Tasman Bay inlet New Zealand
132 C4
Tasmania state Australia
131 C8
Tasman Basin undersea feature
Tasman Sea 124 D5
Tasman Plateau undersea
feature Pacific Ocean 124 C5
Tasman Sea Pacific Ocean
134 C4
Tassili-n-Ajjer desert plateau
Algeria 53 E4
Tatabánya Hungary 81 C6
Tatar Pazardzhik see
Pazardzhik
Taubaté Brazil 43 F5 45 E2
Taumarunui New Zealand
132 D3
Taunggyi Myanmar 118 B3
Taunton England, UK 71 D7
Taupo New Zealand 132 D3
Taupo, Lake lake New Zealand
132 D3
Tauragë Lithuania 88 B4
Tauranga New Zealand 132 D3
Taurus Mountains mountain
range Turkey see Toros
Daêları 94 D4
Tavoy see Dawei
Tawau Malaysia 120 D3
Taymyr, Ozero lake Russian
Federation 97 E2
Taymyr, Poluostrov peninsula
Russian Federation Eng.
Taymyr Peninsula 97 E2
Taymyr Peninsula see Taymyr,
Poluostrov
Tbilisi capital of Georgia prev.
Tiflis 99 F2
Te Anau New Zealand
133 A7
Te Anau, Lake lake New
Zealand 133 A7
Tedzhen see Tejen
Tegal Indonesia 120 C5
Tegucigalpa capital of
Honduras 34 C2
Teheran see Tehrán
Tehrán capital of Iran prev.
Teheran 102 C3
Tehuacán Mexico 33 F4
Tehuantepec, Golfo de sea
feature Mexico 33 G5
Tejen Turkmenistan prev.
Tedzhen 104 C3
Tejo see Tagus
Te Kao New Zealand131 C1
Tekirdaê Turkey It. Rodosto
98 A2
Te Kuiti Waikato, New Zealand
132 D3
Tel Aviv-Yafo Israel 101 A5
Teles Pires river Brazil 43 E3
Tell Atlas plateau Africa 84 C3
Telschen see Tel#iai
Tel#iai Lithuania Ger. Telschen
88 B4
Temuco Chile 47 B5
Ténéré physical region Niger
57 G2
Tenerife island Spain 52 A3
Tennant Creek Australia 130 A3
Tennessee state USA 30 D1
Tennessee river SE USA 31 C1
Tepelenë Albania 83 D6
Tepic Mexico 32 D4
Teplice Czech Republic Ger.
Teplitz, prev. Teplice-‹anov,
Ger. Teplitz-Schönau 80 A4
Teplice-‹anov see Teplice
Teplitz see Teplice
Teplitz-Schönau see Teplice
Teraina island Kiribati 127 G2
Teresina Brazil 43 G2
Termez Uzbekistan 105 E3
Terneuzen Netherlands 69 B5
Terni Italy 78 C4

Ternopil· Ukraine Rus.
Ternopol· 90 C2
Ternopol·see Ternopil·
Terrassa Spain 75 G2
Terre Haute Indiana, USA 22 B4
Terres Australes et
Antarctiques Françaises
see French Southern and
Antarctic Territories
Terschelling island Netherlands
68 C1
Teruel Spain 75 F3
Teseney Eritrea 54 C4
Tessalit Mali 57 E2
Tete Mozambique 61 E3
Tétouan Morocco 52 C1
Tetovo Macedonia 83 D5
Tetschen see Dêâín
Tevere river Italy 78 C4
Texas state USA 28-29 F3
Texarkana Arkansas, USA
30 A2
Texas City Texas, USA 29 G4
Texel island Netherlands 68 C2
Thailand country SE Asia 118-
119
Thailand, Gulf of sea feature
South China Sea 119 C6
Thames river England, UK 71 D6
Thar Desert desert India/
Pakistan 116 C3
Tharthár, Buíayrat ath lake
Iraq 102 B3
Thásos island Greece 86 C3
Thaton Myanmar 118 B4
Theiss see Tisza
Thermaic Gulf see Thermaïkós
Kólpos
Thermaïkós Kólpos sea feature
Greece Eng. Thermaic Gulf
86 B4
Thessaloníki Greece var.
Salonica 86 B3
The Valley dependent territory
capital Anguilla 37 G5
Thimphu capital of Bhutan
117 G3
Thionville France 72 E3
Thiruvananthapuram India see
Trivandrum 114 D3
Thompson Canada 19 F4
Ternopil· — Tongking, Gulf of
Thorn see Toruú
Thorshavn see Tórshavn
Thracian Sea Greece Gk.
Thrakikó Pélagos 86 D3
Thrakikó Pélagos see
Thracian Sea
Three Kings Islands island
group New Zealand 132 C1
Thule see Qaanaaq
Thunder Bay Canada 20 B4
Thuner See lake Switzerland
77 B7
Thurso Scotland, UK 70 C2
Tianjin China var. Tientsin
110 D4
Tiberias, Lake lake Israel var.
Sea of Galilee, Heb. Yam
Kinneret, Ar. Bahrat Tabariya
101 B5
Tibesti mountains Chad/Libya
50 C3
Tibet autonomous region
China Chin. Xizang 108 C5
Tibet, Plateau of see Qingzang
Gaoyuan
Tienen Belgium 69 C6
Tien Shan mountain range C
Asia 105 G2
Tientsin see Tianjin
Tierra del Fuego island
Argentina/Chile 47 C8
Tiflis see Tbilisi
Tighina Moldova prev. Bendery
90 D4
Tigris river SW Asia 94 B4
Tijuana Mexico 32 A1
Tiki Basin undersea feature
Pacific Ocean 135 E3
Tiksi Russian Federation 97 F2
Tilburg Netherlands 68 C4
Timaru New Zealand 133 B6
Timi∞oara Romania 90 A4
Timmins Canada 20 C4
Timor island Indonesia 121 F5
Timor Sea Indian Ocean 121 F5
Tindouf Algeria 52 B3
Tínos island Greece 87 D5
Tirana capital of Albania 83 D6
Tiraspol Moldova 90 D4
Tîrgovi∞te see Târgovi∞te
Tîrgu Mure∞ see Târgu Mure∞
425
Tirol region Austria var. Tyrol
77 C7
Tiruchchiráppalli India 114 D3
Tisa see Tisza
Tisza river E Europe Ger. Theiss,
Cz./Rom./SCr. Tisa
81 D6
Titicaca, Lake lake Bolivia/Peru
42 C4
Tlemcen Algeria 52 D2
Toamasina Madagascar 61 G3
Toba, Danau lake Indonesia
120 B3
Tobago island Trinidad and
Tobago 37 G5
Toba Kákar Range mountains
Pakistan 116 B2
Tobruk see ◊ubruq
Tocantins river Brazil 43 F3
Tocopilla Chile 46 B2
Togo country W Africa 57 E4
Tokat Turkey 98 D3
Tokelau external territory New
Zealand, Pacific Ocean
127 F3
Tokmak Kyrgyzstan 105 F2
Tokuno-shima island Japan
113 A8
Tokushima Japan 113 B5
Tokyo capital of Japan 113 D5
Toledo Spain 75 E3
Toledo Ohio, USA 22 C3
Toledo Bend Reservoir
Reservoir S USA 29 H3
Toliara Madagascar 61 E3
Tol·yatti prev. Stavropol·
Russian Federation 93 C5
Tomakomai Japan 112 D2
Tombouctou Mali 57 E3
Tombua Angola 60 B2
Tomini, Gul of sea feature
Indonesia 121 E4
Tomsk Russian Federation
96 D4
Tonga country Pacific Ocean
127 E5
Tongatapu island Tonga
125 E3
Tongking, Gulf of sea feature
South China Sea var. Gulf of
Tonkin 111 B7
426
Tongliao — Tuguegarao
Tongliao China 109 G2
Tongtian He river China 108 C4
Tonkin, Gulf of see Tongking,
Gulf of
Tônle Kông river Cambodia/
Vietnam 118 E5
Tônlé Sap lake Cambodia
119 D5
Tonopah Nevada, USA 27 C6
Toowoomba Australia 131 D5
Topeka Kansas, USA 25 F4
Top Springs Australia 130 A3
Torino Italy Eng. Turin 78 A2
Tornio Finland 66 D4
Tornionjoki river Finland/
Sweden 66 D3
Toronto Canada 20 D5
Toros Daêları mountain range
Turkey Eng. Taurus
Mountains 98 C4
Torre del Greco Italy 79 D5
Torrens, Lake lake Australia
131 B5
Torreón Mexico 32 D2
Torres Strait sea feature
Arafura Sea/Coral Sea 126 B4
Torrington Wyoming, USA
24 D3
Tórshavn capital of Faeroe
Islands Dan. Thorshavn 65 F5
To·rtko·l Uzbekistan prev.
Petroaleksandrovsk, prev.
Turtkul·, Uzb. Tûrtkûl 104 C2
Tortoise Islands see Galapagos
Islands
Tortosa Spain 75 F2
Toruú Poland Ger. Thorn
80 C3
Toscana region Italy Eng.
Tuscany 78 B3
Toscano, Archipelago island
group Italy 78 B4
Toshkent see Tashkent
Tottori Japan 113 B5
Touggourt Algeria 53 E2
Toulon France 73 D6
Toulouse France 73 B6
Toungoo Myanmar 118 B4
Tournai Belgium 69 B6
Tours France 72 C4
Townsville Australia 130 D3
Toyama Japan 112 C4
Tozeur Tunisia 53 E2
Trâblous see Tripoli, Lebanon
Trabzon Turkey Eng. Trebizond
99 E2
Tralee Ireland 71 A6
Trang Thailand 119 C7
Transantarctic Mountains
mountain range Antarctica
136 B3
Transnistria region Moldova
90 D3
Transylvania region Romania
90 B3
Transylvanian Alps see Carpa√ii
Meridionali
Trapani Italy 79 C6
Traralgon Australia 131 C7
Trasimeno, Lago Lake Italy
78 C4
Traverse City Michigan, USA
22 C2
Travis, Lake lake Texas, USA
29 F4
Trebinje Bosnia & Herzegovina
83 C5
Trebizond see Trabzon
Trelew Argentina 47 C6
Trenâín Slovakia Ger. Trentschin
Hung. Trencsén 81 C6
Trencsén see Trenâín
Trento Italy Ger. Trient 78 C2
Trenton New Jersey, USA
23 F4
Trentschin see Trenâín
Tres Arroyos Argentina 47 D5
Treviso Italy 78 C2
Trient see Trento
Trieste Italy 78 D2
Tríkala Greece 86 B4
Trincomalee Sri Lanka 115 E3
Trindade external territory
Brazil, Atlantic Ocean
49 C6
Trinidad Bolivia 42 C4
Trinidad Uruguay 44 B5
Trinidad island Trinidad &
Tobago 38 C2
Trinidad & Tobago country
West Indies 37 G5
Trípoli Greece 87 B5
Tripoli Lebanon var. Trâblous,
◊arábulus 100 B4
Tripoli capital of Libya Ar.
◊arábulus al-Gharb 53 F2
Tristan da Cunha external
territory UK, Atlantic Ocean
49 D6
Trivandrum India see
Thiruvananthapuram 114 D3
Trnava Slovakia Ger. Tyrnau,
Hung. Nagyszombat
81 C6
Trois-Rivières Canada
21 E4
Trollhättan Sweden 67 B6
Tromsø Norway 66 C2
Trondheim Norway 66 B4
Trondheimsfjorden inlet
Norway 66 B4
Troyes France 72 D4
Trujillo Honduras 34 D2
Trujillo Peru 42 A3
Tsarigrad see ƒstanbul
Tschenstochau see
Czèstochowa
Tselinograd see Astana
Tsetserleg Mongolia 108 D2
Tshikapa Dem. Rep. Congo
59 C7
Tshwane capital of South
Africa see Pretoria 60 D4
Tsinghai see Qinghai
Tsumeb Namibia 60 C3
Tsushima island Japan
113 A5
Tuamotu Fracture Zone
tectonic feature Pacific Ocean
125 H3
Tuamotu Islands island group
French Polynesia 125 G3
Tubmanburg Liberia 56 C4
◊ubruq Libya Eng. Tobruk
53 H2
Tucson Arizona, USA 28 B3
Tucupita Venezuela 41 F1
Tucuruí, Represa de Reservoir
Brazil 43 F2
Tudmur Syria var. Tadmur,
Eng. Palmyra 100 C3
Tuguegarao Philippines
121 E1

Tuktoyaktuk Canada 137 E2
Tula Russian Federation
93 B5 96 A3
Tulancingo Mexico 33 E4
Tulcán Ecuador 40 B4
Tulcea Romania 90 D4
Túlkarm West Bank 101 D7
Tully Australia 130 D3
Tulsa Oklahoma, USA 29 G1
Tundzha river Bulgaria
86 D2
Tungaru island group Kiribati
prev. Gilbert Islands
127 E2
Tunis capital of Tunisia 53 F1
Tunisia country N Africa
53 F2
Tunja Colombia 40 C2
Tupiza Bolivia 42 C5
Turan Lowland lowland
Turkmenistan/Uzbekistan
var. Turan Plain, Rus.
Turanskaya Nizmennost·
104 C2
Turan Plain see Turan Lowland
Turanskaya Nizmennost· see
Turan Lowland
Turâianskÿ Svätÿ Martin see
Martin
Turin see Torino
Turkana, Lake lake Ethiopia/
Kenya var. Lake Rudolf
50 D4 55 C5
Turkey country SW Asia
98-99
Türkmenabat Turkmenistan
prev. Chardzhev, prev.
Chardzhou, prev. Leninsk,
Turkm. Chärjew 104 D3
Türkmenba§y Turkmenistan
prev. Krasnovodsk 104 A2
Turkmenistan country C Asia 104
Turks & Caicos Islands external
territory UK, West Indies 37
Turku Finland 67 D5
Turnagain, Cape headland New
Zealand 132 E4
Turnhout Belgium 69 C5
Turnu Severin see Drobeta-
Turnu Severin
Turócszentmárton see Martin
Turpan China 108 C3
Tuktoyaktuk — Urfa
Turtkul· see To·rtko·l
Tûrtkûl see To·rtko·l
Tuscany see Toscana
Tuvalu country Pacific Ocean
127 E3
Tuxtla Mexico 33 G5
Tuz Gölü lake Turkey 98 C3
Tuzla Bosnia & Herz. 82 C3
Tver· Russian Federation
92 B4
Twin Falls Idaho, USA 26 D4
Tyler Texas, USA 29 G3
Tyre see Soûr
Tyrnau see Trnava
Tyrol see Tirol
Tyrrhenian Sea Mediterranean
Sea 78 C6
Tyup Kyrgyzstan 105 G2
Tziá island Greece prev. Kéa
87 C5
U Herzegovina/Croatia
Ubangi river C Africa 59 C5
Uberaba Brazil 43 F5, 45 E1
Uberlândia Brazil 43 F5, 45 E1
Ubon Ratchathani Thailand
119 D5
Ucayali river Peru 42 B3
Uchkuduk Uzbekistan Uzb.
Uchquduq 104 D2
Uchquduq see Uchkuduk
Udine Italy 78 C2
Udon Thani Thailand 118 C4
Uele river Dem. Rep. Congo
58 D5
Ufa Russian Federation
96 B3
Uganda country E Africa 55
Uíge Angola 60 B1
Ujungpandang see Makassar
Ukhta Russian Federation
92 D4
Ukiah California, USA
27 A5
Ukmergë Lithuania 88 C4
Ukraine country E Europe
90-91
427
Ulaanbaatar see Ulan Bator
Ulaangom Mongolia 108 C2
Ulan Bator capital of Mongolia
var. Ulaanbaatar 109 E2
Ulanhad see Chifeng
Ulan Qab China var. Jining
109 F3
Ulan-Ude Russian Federation
97 E4
Ullapool Scotland, UK 70 C3
Ulm Germany 77 C6
Ulster region Ireland/UK
71 B5
Ulungur Hu lake China
108 C2
Uluru peak Australia var. Ayers
Rock 129 E5
Ul·yanovsk Russian Federation
93 C5
Umeå Sweden 66 D4
Umnak Island island Alaska,
USA 18 B3
Una river Bosnia &
82 B3
Unalaska Island island Alaska,
USA 18 B3
Ungava, Péninsule d· peninsula
Canada 20 D1
Ungava Bay sea feature
Canada 21 E1
United Arab Emirates country
SW Asia 103 D5
United Kingdom country NW
Europe 70-71
United States of America
country North America
16-17
Uppsala Sweden 67 C6
Ural river Kazakhstan/Russian
Federation 96 B4
Ural Mountains mountain
range Russian Federation
var. Ural·skiy Khrebet,
Ural·skiye Gory 92-93
Ural·sk Kazakhstan
96 B3
Ural·skiy Khrebet see Ural
Mountains
Ural·skiye Gory see Ural
Mountains
Urfa see flanlıurfa
428
Urganch — Verkhoyanskiy Khrebet
Urganch see Urgench
Urgench Uzbekistan prev. Novo
Urgench, Uzb. Urganch
104 C2
Urosevac see Ferizaj
Ûroteppa Tajikistan 105 E2
Uruapan Mexico 33 E4
Uruguaiana Brazil 44 B4
Uruguay country SE South
America 44
Uruguay river S South America
46 D3
Urumchi see Ürümqi
Ürümqi China prev. Urumchi
108 C3
Usa river Russian Federation
92 D3
U§ak Turkey prev. Ushak 98 B3
Ushak see U§ak
Ushuaia Argentina 47 C8
Ust·-Chaun Russian Federation
97 G1
Ustica, Isola de island Italy
79 C6
Ústí nad Labem Czech Republic
Ger. Aussig 80 A4
Ust·-Kamchatsk Russian
Federation 97 H2
Ust·-Kamenogorsk Kazakhstan
96 D5
Ustyurt Plateau upland
Kazakhstan/Uzbekistan
104 B1
Usumacinta river Guatemala/
Mexico 34 B1
Usumbura see Bujumbura
Utah state USA 24 B4
Utena Lithuania 88 C4
Utica New York, USA 23 F2
Utrecht Netherlands 68 C3
Uttar Pradesh state India
117 E3
Uummannarsuaq see
Nunap Isua
Uvs Nuur lake Mongolia
108 C2
Uyo Nigeria 57 G5
Uyuni Bolivia 43 C5
Uzbekistan country C Asia
104-105
Uzhgorod see Uzhhorod
Uzhhorod Ukraine Rus.
Uzhgorod 90 B2
V Varaªdin Croatia 82 B2
Vaal river South Africa 60 D4
Vaasa Finland 67 D5
Vadodara India 116 C4
Vaduz capital of Liechtenstein
77 B7
Vág see Váh
Váh river Slovakia Ger. Waag,
Hung. Vág 81 C6
Valdés, Península peninsula
Argentina 47 C5
Valdez Alaska, USA 18 D3
Valdivia Chile 47 B5
Valdosta Georgia, USA 31 E3
Valence France 73 D5
Valencia Spain 75 F3
Valencia Venezuela 40 D1
Valencia region Spain 75 F3
Valera Venezuela 40 C1
Valga Estonia Ger. Walk 88 D3
Valladolid Spain 74 D2
Valledupar Colombia 40 C1
Vallenar Chile 46 B3
Valletta capital of Malta 79 C8
Valley, The capital of Anguilla
37 G3
Valmiera Latvia Ger. Wolmar
88 C3
Valparaíso Chile 46 B4
Van Turkey 99 F3
Van, Lake see Van Gölü
Vanadzor Armenia prev.
Kirovakan 99 F2
Vancouver Canada 19 E5
Vancouver Washington, USA
26 B2
Vancouver Island island
Canada 18 D5
Vänern lake Sweden 67 B6
Vangaindrano Madagascar
61 G4
Van Gölü lake Turkey Eng. Lake
Van 99 F3
Vantaa Finland 67 D5
Vanua Levu island Fiji 127 E4
Vanuatu country Pacific Ocean
126 D4
Váránasi India 117 E3
Vardar river Greece/Macedonia
prev. Axios 83 E6
Vardø Norway 66 E2
Varkaus Finland 67 E5
Varna Bulgaria 86 E2
Västerås Sweden 67 C6
Vatican City country S Europe
78 C4
Vättern lake Sweden 67 B6
Vava¶u Group island group
Tonga 127 F4
Vawkavysk Belarus Rus.
Volkovysk, Pol. Woîkowysk
89 B5
Växjö Sweden 67 C7
Vaygach, Ostrov island Russian
Federation 92 E3
Veles Macedonia 83 E5
Velikaya river Russian
Federation 95 G2
Velikiye Luki Russian
Federation 92 A4
Velikiy Novgorod Russian
Federation 92 B4 96 B2
Velingrad Bulgaria 86 C2
Vellore India 114 D2
Venezia Italy Eng. Venice
78 C2
Venezuela country N South
America 40-41
Venezuela, Gulf of sea feature
Caribbean Sea 40 C1
Venice see Venezia
Venice, Gulf of sea feature
Adriatic Sea 78 C2
Venlo Netherlands 69 D5
Venta river Latvia/Lithuania
88 B3
Ventspils Latvia Ger. Windau
88 B3
Vera Argentina 46 D3
Veracruz Mexico 33 F4
Verkhoyanskiy Khrebet
mountain range Russian
Federation Eng. Verkhoyansk
Range 97 F3

Verkhoyansk Range see
Verkhoyanskiy Khrebet
Vermont state USA 23 F2
Vernon Texas, USA 29 F2
Véroia Greece 86 B3
Verona Italy 78 C2
Versailles France 72 C3
Verviers Belgium 69 D6
Vesoul France 72 D4
Veszprém Hungary Ger.
Veszprim 81 C7
Veszprim see Veszprém
Viana do Castelo Portugal
74 C2
Viareggio Italy 78 B3
Vicenza Italy 78 C2
Vichy France 73 C5
Victoria state Australia 131 C7
Victoria Canada 18 D5
Victoria capital of Seychelles
61 H1
Victoria Texas, USA 29 G4
Victoria river Australia 128 D3
Victoria, Lake lake E Africa var.
Victoria Nyanza 55 B6
Victoria Falls waterfall Zambia/
Zimbabwe 51 C6
Victoria Island island Canada
19 F2
Victoria Land region Antarctica
137 C4
Victoria Nyanza see
Victoria, Lake
Vidin Bulgaria 86 B1
Viedma Argentina 47 C5
Vienna capital of Austria
Ger. Wien 77 E6
Vientiane capital of Laos
118 C4
Vietnam country SE Asia
118-119
Vigo Spain 74 C2
Vijayawáda India 115 E1
Vila Nova de Gaia Portugal
74 C2
Vila Real Portugal 74 C2
Viliya see Neris
Viljandi Estonia Ger. Fellin
88 D2
Villach Austria 77 D7
Villahermosa Mexico 33 G4
Verkhoyansk Range — Wabash
Villa Mercedes Argentina
46 C4
Villarrica peak Chile 39 B6
Villavicencio Colombia 40 C3
Villeurbanne France 73 D5
Vilna see Vilnius
Vilnius capital of Lithuania Pol.
Wilno, Ger. Wilna, Rus. Vilna
89 C5
Viña del Mar Chile 46 B4
Vinh Vietnam 118 D4
Vinnitsa see Vinnytsya
Vinnytsya Ukraine Rus.
Vinnitsa 90 D2
Virgin Islands external territory
USA, West Indies 37 F3
Virginia Minnesota, USA 25 F2
Virginia state USA 22-23
Virovitica Croatia 82 C3
Virtsu Estonia Ger. Werder
88 C2
Visákhapatnam India 117 E5
Visalia California, USA 27 C7
Visby Sweden 67 C7
Viscount Melville Sound sea
feature Arctic Ocean 19 F2
Viseu Portugal 74 C3
Vistula see Wisîa
Vitebsk see Vitsyebsk
Viterbo Italy 78 C4
Viti Levu island Fiji 127 E4
Vitim river Russian Federation
95 E3
Vitória Brazil 43 G5 45 G1
Vitória da Conquista Brazil
43 G4
Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain 75 E1
Vitsyebsk Belarus Rus. Vitebsk
88 E5
Vjosës, Lumi i river Albania
83 D6
Vladikavkaz Russian Federation
prev. Ordzhonikidze,
Dzaudzhikau 93 B7
Vladimir Russian Federation
93 B5
Vladimirovka see
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Vladivostok Russian Federation
97 G5
Vlieland island Netherlands
68 C1
429
Vlissingen Netherlands
Eng. Flushing 69 B5
Vlorë Albania 83 D6
Vojvodina region Serbia
82 D3
Volga river Russian Federation
96 A3
Volgograd Russian Federation
prev. Stalingrad 93 B6, 96 A3
Volkovysk see Vawkavysk
Vologda Russian Federation
96 B2
Vólos Greece 86 B4
Volta river Ghana 57 E4
Volta, Lake lake Ghana 57 E4
Volta Redonda Brazil 45 E2
Vóreies Sporádes island group
Greece Eng. Northern
Sporades 86 C4
Vorkuta Russian Federation
92 E3 96 C2
Vormsi island Estonia Ger.
Worms, Swed. Ormsö
88 C2
Voronezh Russian Federation
93 B5
Võru Estonia Ger. Werro 88 D3
Vosges mountain range
France 72 E4
Vostochno-Sibirskoye More
Arctic Ocean Eng. East
Siberian Sea 137 G2
Vostok Island island Kiribati
127 H4
Vrangel·ya, Ostrov island
Russian Federation Eng.
Wrangel Island 97 G1
Vratsa Bulgaria 86 C2
Vr#ac Serbia 82 D3
Vukovar Croatia 82 C3
Vulcano, Isola island Italy
79 D6
Vyatka river Russian Federation
93 C5
W
Wa Ghana 57 E4
Waag see Váh
Waal river Netherlands 68 D4
Wabash river C USA 22 B4
430
Waco — White Sea
Waco Texas, USA 29 G3
Waddeneilanden island group
Netherlands Eng. West
Frisian Islands 68 C1
Waddenzee sea feature
Netherlands 68 D1
Wadi Halfa Sudan 54 B3
Wádí Músá Jordan var. Petra
101 B6
Wad Medani Sudan 54 B4
Wagga Wagga Australia
131 C6
Wagin Australia 129 B6
Wahai Indonesia 121 F4
Wahíbah, Ramlat Ál Desert
Oman 103 E5
Waiau river New Zealand
133 A7
Waipawa New Zealand
132 E4
Wairau river New Zealand
133 C5
Wairoa New Zealand 132 E3
Waitaki river New Zealand
133 B6
Waiuku New Zealand 132 D3
Wakatipu, Lake lake New
Zealand 133 D7
Wakayama Japan 113 C5
Wake Island atoll Pacific Ocean
124 D1
Wake Island US unincorporated
territory Pacific Ocean
134 C2
Wakkanai Japan 112 D1
Waîbrzych Poland Ger.
Waldenburg 80 B4
Waldenburg see Waîbrzych
Wales national region UK Wel.
Cymru 71
Walgett Australia 131 D5
Walk see Valga
Walla Walla Washington, USA
26 C2
Wallis & Futuna external
territory France, Pacific
Ocean 127 E4
Walnut Ridge Arkansas, USA
30 B1
Walvis Bay Namibia 60 B4
Walvis Ridge undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 49 D6
Wan see Anhui
Wanaka New Zealand
133 B6
Wanaka, Lake lake New
Zealand 133 B6
Wandel Sea Arctic Ocean
137 G4
Wanganui New Zealand 132 D4
Wanlaweyn Somalia 55 D6
Warangal India 117 E5
Warkworth New Zealand D2
Warrnambool Australia 131 C7
Warsaw capital of Poland Pol.
Warszawa, Ger. Warschau
80 D3
Warschau see Warsaw
Warszawa see Warsaw
Warta river Poland Ger. Warthe
80 C4
Warthe see Warta
Wash, The inlet England, UK
71 E5
Washington state USA 26
Washington, D.C. capital of
USA 23 E4
Waterford Ireland 71 B6
Watertown New York, USA
23 E2
Watertown South Dakota, USA
25 E2
Wau South Sudan 55 B5
Waukegan Illinois, USA
22 B3
Wawa Canada 20 C4
Weddell Plain undersea feature
Atlantic Ocean 136 B2
Weddell Sea Antarctica 136 A2
Weichsel see Wisîa
Weissenstein see Paide
Wellesley Islands island group
Australia 130 B3
Wellington capital of New
Zealand 133 D5
Wellington, Isla island Chile
47 B7
Wells, Lake lake Australia
129 C5
Wels Austria 77 D6
Wenden see Césis
Wenzhou China 111 D6
Werder see Virtsu
Werro see Võru
Wesenberg see Rakvere
Weser river Germany 76 B3
Wessel Islands island group
Australia 130 B2
West Antarctica region
Antarctica 134 B3
West Bank disputed territory
SW Asia 101 A5
West Bengal state India
117 F4
Western Australia state
Australia 128-129
Western Dvina river E Europe
Bel. Dzvina, Ger. Düna,
Latv. Daugava, Rus.
Zapadnaya Dvina 88 C4
Western Ghats mountain
range India 106 B3, 114 C1
Western Isles see Outer
Hebrides
Western Sahara region
occupied by Morocco
N Africa 52 A3
Western Sierra Madre see
Sierra Madre Occidental
Westerschelde inlet
Netherlands 69 B5
West Falkland island Falkland
Islands 47 D7
West Frisian Islands see
Waddeneilanden
West Indies island group North
America 48 A4
West Palm Beach Florida, USA
31 F4
Westport New Zealand 133 C5
West Siberian Plain see
Zapadno-Sibirskaya Ravnina
West Virginia state USA
22-23
Wetar Strait sea feature
Indonesia 121 F5
Wexford Ireland 71 B6
Whakatane New Zealand
132 E3
Whangarei New Zealand
132 D2
Wharton Basin undersea
feature Indian Ocean 123 D5
Wheeling Ohio, USA 22 D4
Whitehorse Canada 18 D4
White Nile river Sudan / South
Sudan 55 B5
White Sea see Beloye More

White Volta river Burkina Faso
/Ghana 57 E4
Whitianga New Zealand
132 E3
Whitney, Mount peak W USA
27 C6
Whitsunday Group island
group Australia 130 D3
Whyalla Australia 131 B6
Wichita Kansas, USA 25 E5
Wichita Falls Texas, USA 29 F2
Wicklow Mountains mountains
Ireland 71 B5
Wien see Vienna
Wiener Neustadt Austria
77 E6
Wiesbaden Germany 77 B5
Wight, Isle of island England,
UK 71 D7
Wilcannia Australia 131 C6
Wilhelm, Mount peak Papua
New Guinea 126 B3
Wilja see Neris
Wilkes Land region Antarctica
137 C4
Willemstad Curaçao 37 E5
Williamsport Pennsylvania,
USA 23 E3
Williston North Dakota, USA
24 D1
Wilmington Delaware, USA
23 F4
Wilmington North Carolina,
USA 31 G2
Wilna see Vilnius
Wilno see Vilnius
Windau see Ventspils
Windhoek capital of Namibia
60 C3
Windorah Australia 130 C4
Windsor Canada 20 C5
Windward Islands see
Barlavento, Ilhas de
Winisk river Canada
20 B3
Winnemucca Nevada, USA
27 C5
Winnipeg Canada 19 G5
Winnipeg, Lake lake Canada
19 G5
Winston-Salem North Carolina,
USA 31 F1
White Volta — Yarmouth
Winton Australia 130 C4
Wisconsin state USA 22 B2
Wismar Germany 76 C3
Wisîa river Poland Ger.
Weichsel, Eng. Vistula
63 E3 80 D4
W.J. van Blommesteinmeer
Reservoir Suriname 41 H3
Wîocîawek Poland 80 C3
Wodzisîaw ⁄làski Poland Ger.
Loslau 81 C5
Wolfsburg Germany 76 C3
Wollongong Australia 131 D6
Wolmar see Valmiera
Woods, Lake of the lake
Canada/USA 20 A3
Woodville New Zealand 132 D4
Worcester England, UK 71 D6
Worcester Massachusetts, USA
23 G3
Worms see Vormsi
Woîkowysk see Vawkavysk
Wrangel Island see Vrangel·ya,
Ostrov
Wrocîaw Poland Ger. Breslau
80 C4
Wuday ¶ah Saudi Arabia
103 C6
Wuhai China var. Haibowan
109 E3
Wuhan China 111 C5
Wuliang Shan mountain range
China 111 A6
Wuppertal Germany 76 A4
Würzburg Germany 77 C5
Wuxi China 111 D5
Wyndham Australia 128 D3
Wyoming state USA 24 C3
X Yana river Russian Federation
Xaignabouli Laos prev. Muang
Xainabouri 118 C3
Xalapa Mexico var. Jalapa
118 C3
Xai-Xai Mozambique 61 E4
Xalapa Mexico 33 F4
Xam Nua Laos 118 D3
Xankändi Azerbaijan Rus.
Khankendy, prev.
Stepanakert 99 G2
431
Xánthi Greece 86 C3
Xiamen China 111 D6
Xi·an China 111 B5
Xiang see Hunan
Xianggang see Hong Kong
Xiao Hinggan Ling mountain
range China 110 D2
Xilinhot China 109 F2
Xingu river Brazil 43 E2
Xingxingxia China 108 D3
Xining China 109 E4
Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu
autonomous region China
var. Sinkiang 108 B3
Xinxiang China 110 C4
Xixón see Gijon
Xizang Zizhiqu see Tibet
Xuzhou China 111 D5
Y
Yafran Libya 53 F2
Yakima Washington, USA 26 B2
Yaku-shima island Japan 113 B7
Yakutsk Russian Federation
97 F3
Yala Thailand 119 C7
Yalong Jiang river China 111 A5
Yalta Ukraine 91 F5
Yamaguchi Japan 113 B5
Yambio South Sudan 55 B5
Yambol Bulgaria 86 D2
Yamdena, Pulau island
Indonesia 121 G5
Yamoussoukro capital of Côte
d’Ivoire 56 D5
Yamuna river India 117 E3
95 F2
Yangon Myanmar Eng.
Rangoon 118 B4
Yangtze see Chang Jiang
Yaoundé capital of Cameroon
59 B5
Yap island Micronesia 126 A1
Yap Trench undersea feature
Philippine Sea 124 B2
Yaqui river Mexico 32 B2
Yarmouth Canada 21 F4
432
Yaroslavl· — Zwolle
Yaroslavl· Russian Federation
96 B2
Yazd Iran 102 D4
Yazoo river SE USA 30 C2
Yecheng China 108 A3
Yekaterinburg Russian
Federation prev. Sverdlovsk
96 C3
Yelisavetpol see Gäncä
Yellowknife Canada 19 E4
Yellow River see Huang He
Yellow Sea Pacific Ocean
110-111
Yellowstone river NW USA 24 C2
Yemen country SW Asia 103 C7
Yenakiyeve Ukraine 91 G3
Yengisar China 108 A3
Yenisey river Russian
Federation 96 D3
Yerevan capital of Armenia
var. Erevan, Jerevan, Eng.
Erivan 99 F2
Yevpatoriya Ukraine 91 F4
Yinchuan China 110 B4
Yining China 108 B2
Yogyakarta Indonesia 120 D5
Yokohama Japan 113 D5
Yopal Colombia 40 C2
York England, UK 71 D5
York, Cape headland Australia
130 C1
Yorkton Canada 19 F5
Youngstown Ohio, USA 22 D3
Ypres see Ieper
Yu see Henan
Yuba City California, USA 27 B5
Yucatan Channel channel
Caribbean Sea 36 A2
Yucatan Peninsula peninsula
Mexico 33 H4
Yue see Guangdong
Yueyang China 111 C5
Yukon river Canada/USA 18 C2
Yukon Territory territory
Canada 18 D3
Yuma Arizona, USA 28 A3
Yun see Yunnan
Yunnan province China var.
Yun, Yun-nan 111 B6
Yun-nan see Yunnan
Yurev see Tartu
Yur·yev see Tartu
Yushu China 108 D4
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Russian
Federation var. Vladimirovka
97 H4
Yverdon Switzerland 77 A7
Z Zeya river Russian Federation
Zacapa Guatemala 34 C2
Zacatecas Mexico 32 D3
Zadar Croatia 82 A4
Zagreb capital of Croatia 80 B3
Zágros, Kuhhá-ye mountain
range Iran/Iraq 102 D4
Záhedán Iran 102 E4
Zahlé Lebanon 100 B4
Zaire country see Dem. Rep.
Congo
Zaire river see Congo
Zajeâar Serbia 82 E4
Zákinthos see Zákynthos
Zákynthos island Greece prev.
Zákinthos 87 A5
Zalaegerszeg Hungary 81 B7
Zambezi Zambia 60 D2
Zambezi river southern Africa
60 D3
Zambia country southern
Africa 60-61
Zamboanga Philippines 120 E3
Zamora Spain 74 D2
Zanda Xizang Zizhiqu, W China
108 B4
Zanján Iran 102 C3
Zanzibar Tanzania 55 C7
Zaozhuang China 111 D5
Zapadnaya Dvina see
Western Dvina
Zapadno-Sibirskaya Ravnina
Eng. West Siberian Plain.
Plain Russian Federation
96 C3
Zapala Argentina 47 B5
Zaporizhzhya Ukraine Rus.
Zaporozh·ye 91 F3
Zaporozh·ye see Zaporizhzhya
Zarafshon Uzbekistan 104 D2
Zaragoza Spain Eng. Saragossa
75 F2
Zaranj Afghanistan 104 C5
Zaria Nigeria 57 G4
Zaysan, Ozero lake Kazakhstan
94 D3
Zeebrugge Belgium 69 A5
Zenica Bosnia & Herzegovina
82 C4
Zeravshan river C Asia 105 E3
95 F3
Zhambyl see Taraz
Zhdanov see Mariupol·
Zhe see Zhejiang
Zhejiang province China var.
Che-chiang, Chekiang, Zhe
111 D5
Zhengzhou China 111 C5
Zhezkazgan Kazakhstan prev.
Zdhezkazgan 96 C4
Zhitomir see Zhytomyr
Zhlobin Belarus 89 D6
Zhodzina Belarus 89 D5
Zhytomyr Ukraine Rus.
Zhitomir 90 D2
Zibo China 110 D4
Zielona Góra Poland Ger.
Grünberg in Schlesien 80 B5
Zigong China 111 B6
·ilina Slovakia Hung. Zsolna,
Ger. Sillein 81 C5
Zimbabwe country southern
Africa 60-61
Zinder Niger 57 C3
Zoetermeer Netherlands 68 C4
Zomba Malawi 61 E2
Zonguldak Turkey 98 C2
Zouérat Mauritania 56 C1
Zrenjanin Serbia 82 D3
Zsolna see ·ilina
Zug Switzerland 77 B7
Zuider Zee see IJsselmeer
Zürich Switzerland Eng. Zurich
77 B6
Zurich see Zürich
Zürichsee lake Switzerland
77 B7
Zuwárah Libya 53 F2
Zvornik Bosnia & Herzegovina
82 C3
Zwedru Liberia 56 D5
Zwickau Germany 76 D4
Zwolle Netherlands 68 D3