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ENGD1005

Mechanical Principals

Simple Pendulum

Student Name: Nizamuddin Patel


P Number: 15219444
Year: 1
Course of Study: Mechanical Engineering

Lab Tutor: Dr. Nikolay Abramiv

Lecturer: Dr Hobina Rajakaruna


Date: 04/11/2015

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Name: Nizamuddin Patel P Number: 15219444

Objectives
1) To establish that the periodic time of a simple pendulum is proportional to the square
d root of its length.
𝑙
2) To verify for a simple pendulum that the periodic time T is given by 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √𝑔
3) To determine the acceleration due to gravity.

Background
A pendulum is a mass, m, attached to an end of string of length, L. When the pendulum is
swung the time it takes for one swing, a complete cycle (the time it takes for the mass to go
back and forth), is known as a ‘period’. “If the amplitude of motion of the swinging
pendulum is small, then the pendulum behaves approximately as a simple harmonic
oscillator” (Source 1)

The periodic time of a small amplitude oscillation of a small pendulum can be calculated as:
𝐿 2𝜋 1
𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔 or T=qLn , Where q= and n= 2
√𝑔

The above equation can be converted to a linear form which is more convenient for analysis
of the experimental data by taking logarithms of both sides of the above equations.

𝐿
𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔
𝐿
ln 𝑇 = ln (2𝜋√ )
𝑔
√𝐿
ln 𝑇 = ln (2𝜋 )
√𝑔
2𝜋
ln 𝑇 = ln( √𝐿 )
√𝑔
Use laws of logs, Log a +log b=log (ab)
2𝜋
ln 𝑇 = ln + ln √𝐿
√𝑔
1
Law of powers state √𝑎 = 𝑎2
1
2𝜋
ln 𝑇 = ln + ln 𝐿2
√𝑔
Use laws of logs ln 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 ln 𝑎
2𝜋 1
ln 𝑇 = ln + 2 ln 𝐿
√𝑔
2𝜋
From above we can see q= , so if we substitute this into the equation we get,
√𝑔
1
ln 𝑇 = ln 𝑞 + 𝐿
2
1
From above we can see n=2, so if we substitute this into the equation we get
ln 𝑇 = ln 𝑞 + 𝑛𝐿

The above equation gives us the linear form for one period, this can be made to fit in
the linear equation y=mx+c. Making y=lnT, m=n, x=lnL and c=lnq

ENGD1005- Mechanical Principals Simple Pendulum


Name: Nizamuddin Patel P Number: 15219444

The equation for a simple pendulum motion without the air resistance can be written as:
𝑚𝑔𝐿
𝐼𝜃̈ + 𝑚𝑔𝑙 sin 𝜃 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝜃̈ + sin 𝜃 = 0
𝐼
At small amplitude oscillations the 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 may be replaced with the value of 𝜃 in radians. The
above equation can be simplified to:
𝑚𝑔𝐿
𝜃̈ + 𝜔𝑛2 𝜃 = 0, where 𝜔𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝐼
is the natural frequency of the oscillation. Assuming that
all the mass of the bob is concentrated in its centre of gravity the moment of inertia of a
simple pendulum can be calculated as I=mL2 . The equation of natural frequency in this case
becomes
𝑚𝑔𝐿 𝑔 2𝜋
𝜔𝑛 = √ 2 = √ =
𝑚𝐿 𝐿 𝑇
Finally the period of oscillation T can be calculated as
𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑔

Apparatus
Support stand attached to the wall with a string clamp, a small mass with cord (pendulum), a
metre stick, a measuring tape and a stopwatch

Procedure
1) Adjust the length, L, of the simple pendulum to 1.2m measuring the length from the point
a of suspension to the centre of gravity of the bob.
2) Displace the bob through a small angle (about 15°) and release it.
3) Measure the time of 10 oscillations with a stop watch. Repeat this three times.
4) Repeat steps 1 to 4 for different lengths of pendulum (1.25m to 0.2m).
5) Adjust the length, L ,of the simple pendulum to 1.2m and place a rod at three different k
positions x between 3/4L‐ 1/2L and measure time of 10 oscillations with a stopwatch.

Results
Results
L, m
1.25 1.10 0.95 0.75 0.6 0.45 0.3 0.25 0.2
t1 20.53 21.06 19.69 17.47 15.63 13.72 11.43 10.28 8.97
T, sec

t2 20.31 21.16 19.78 17.37 15.85 13.84 11.5 10.22 8.88


t3 20.56 20.84 19.56 17.81 16.28 14.10 11.62 10.35 9.22
Tav 2.05 2.10 1.97 1.76 1.59 1.39 1.15 1.03 0.9
lnTav 0.72 0.74 0.68 0.57 0.46 0.33 0.14 0.03 -0.11

m 0.46 0.68 0.93


T,sec 20.22 18.63 16.72

ENGD1005- Mechanical Principals Simple Pendulum


Name: Nizamuddin Patel P Number: 15219444

Experimental results processing

Periodic Time and experimental results against L


2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Theory Tav Experimental Tav

Experimental results for lnTav against lnL


0.9
0.8
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 0.69 0.7
2
0.6
0.5
0.4 Slope= 1/2
lnTav

0.3
0.2 C= 0.69
0.1
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 -0.1 0 0.5
-0.2
lnL

The theoretical slope is ½, and the slope I got from my experiment is the same ½.
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 0.9
I worked out my slope by change in x . Which was 1.8 which gave me ½.
The slope of the experiment proves that the theory is right.

I got the y-intercept by plotting and looking at the graph. I got 0.69 for the y-intercept, which
is almost equal to the theory value of 0.696, this reinforces the theory.

ENGD1005- Mechanical Principals Simple Pendulum


Name: Nizamuddin Patel P Number: 15219444

Discussion and conclusion

𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔 By rearranging this formula you can determine the acceleration due to gravity,
g. this gave us:

𝐿
𝑔 = (𝑇÷2𝜋)2
0.3
𝑔 = (1.15/2𝜋)2
𝑔 = 9. 19 𝑚/𝑠
𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑔

0.3
𝑇 = 2𝜋√9.81
𝑇 = 1.098 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

From doing the experiment I got 1.15 seconds which is almost equal to the theory of 1.098
seconds

By measuring 10 oscillations three times, the average period is determined by adding the
three values and diving by 30. This helps reduce the error since the error propagation will
provide an uncertainty in the period that is uncertainty in the time management divided by
thirty. However, some little errors while conducting the experiment like the delay in clicking
the stop button on the timer or a few millimetres short whilst measuring the length of the
string may also pay a part in the reliability of the results.

A simple pendulum can be used as a timer. If the length of the string is 0.2485m, the period
𝑙
of one oscillation using the formula 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔 will be 1.0 second. By counting the amount of
oscillations the pendulum does you can work out the amount of time in seconds. This will be
useful in a survival situation where you don’t have a timer or batteries to operate your
timer.

The periodic time of one oscillation will be different as the gravity on moon and Jupiter is
different to earth’s gravitational force which is 9.81 m/s2. The pendulum will swing slower
on the moon that it will on the earth, because the gravity on the moon is more than on the
earth. It will be faster on Jupiter as the gravity on Jupiter is more than earth.

From doing the experiment I can conclude that the time period of the pendulum is directly
proportional to the square root of the length
That the period time for the simple pendulum is
𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑔
Appendices

Source number Type URL

1 Text http://nano-
optics.colorado.edu/fileadmin/Teaching/phys1140/lab_manuals/LabManualM1.pdf

ENGD1005- Mechanical Principals Simple Pendulum


Name: Nizamuddin Patel P Number: 15219444

ENGD1005- Mechanical Principals Simple Pendulum

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